Search

Copyright of Agroindustrial Science is the property of Agroindustrial Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Analecta Veterinaria is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: To assess hypertension prevalence and the extent and associated factors of hypertension diagnosis, follow‐up, treatment and control gaps in low‐income urban Medellin, Colombia. Methods: We randomly sampled 1873 adults aged 35 or older. Unaware hypertensive individuals were defined as those without previous diagnosis whose average blood pressure was equal to or above 140/90 mmHg. For aware hypertensive patients, control was delimited as average blood pressure below 140/90 if under 59 years old or diabetic, and as less than 150/90 otherwise. We used logistic regression to identify care gap‐associated factors. Results: Hypertension prevalence was 43.5% (95% CI 41.2–45.7). We found 28.2% aware and 15.3% unaware hypertensive individuals, which corresponds to a 35.1% (95% CI 31.9–38.5) underdiagnosis. This gap was determined by age, sex, education and lifestyle factors. 14.4% (95% CI 11.6–17.6) of aware hypertensive patients presented a follow‐up gap, 93.4% (95% CI 90.9–95.2) were prescribed antihypertensive drugs, but 38.9% (95% CI 34.7–43.3) were not compliant. The latter was strongly associated with follow‐up. The hypertension control gap in aware hypertensive patients, 39.0% (95% CI: 34.9–43.2), was associated with being older, having diabetes, weakly adhering to pharmacological treatment and receiving poor non‐pharmacological advice. Overall, 60.4% (95% CI 57.0–63.8) of aware and unaware hypertensive participants had either diagnosed but uncontrolled or undiagnosed hypertension. Conclusions: We found high hypertension prevalence coupled with, from an international perspective, encouraging awareness and control figures. Still, there remains ample room for improvement. Our findings can assist in designing integrated primary healthcare measures that further strengthen equitable and effective access to hypertension care and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Gerencia y Políticas de Salud is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública is the property of Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad Nacional de Salud Publica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Colombian Journal of Anesthesiology is the property of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The safety climate (SC) measurement in the hospitals, is essential for the development of a patient safety policy (PSP). Information about SC in the operating rooms is scarce. Objective: To measure the dimensions of SC in Colombian Operating Rooms according to characteristics of surgical staff. Methods: Cross-sectional study. The Hospital Survey on Patient Safety and an additional module for operating rooms were administered to healthcare workers in 6 high-complexity hospitals in the Metropolitan Area of Medellín (Colombia). The positive responses percentage for each dimension was measured. Differences by profession and type of contract were analyzed. Results: A total of 442 participants were included. The workers in the operating rooms perceive a weak SC in terms of nonpunitive response to error and workload (49.4% and 59.3% positive responses, respectively). Differences were found between physicians and nurses with lower scores in nursing for dimensions related to patient care. Anesthesiologists present low scores in events reporting. There are also differences by the type of work contract. Conclusion: Despite the PSP, the perception of a punitive culture to error, with a high workload. Recognizing differences between the groups within the surgical units helps to focus interventions strengthening the patient safety. Introducción: La medición del clima de seguridad (CS) en las instituciones de salud es parte fundamental del desarrollo de una política de seguridad del paciente (PSP). Existe poca informacion acerca de la medició de clima de seguridad en las unidades quiróurgicas. Objetivo: Medir las dimensiones del CS en las unidades quirurgicas de seis instituciones de salud colombianas segun las características del personal. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal. El cuestionario sobre seguridad del paciente en los hospitales (HSOPS) más la adición de un módulo para unidades quirurgicas se aplicó al personal de seis hospitales de III nivel de Medellín (Colombia). Se midio el porcentaje de respuestas positivas para cada dimension del CS. Se analizaron las diferencias por profesion y tipo de contrataci on. Resultados: Se incluyeron 442 participantes. El personal de las unidades quirurgicas percibe un CS débil en respuesta no punitiva al error y carga de trabajo (49,4% y 59,3% de respuestas positivas respectivamente). Se encontraron diferencias entre personal médico y de enfermería con puntajes más bajos de percepcion de CS en enfermería para aquellas dimensiones relacionadas con cuidado del paciente. Los anestesiologos presentan puntajes bajos en el reporte de eventos. Existen además diferencias segun el tipo de contrato de trabajo. Conclusiones: A pesar de la implementacion de políticas de seguridad del paciente, persiste la percepcion de una cultura punitiva frente al error, con una carga de trabajo elevado. El reconocimiento de las diferencias entre los grupos en las unidades quirurgicas permitirá focalizar intervenciones que fortalezcan la seguridad del paciente. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertension requires life-long medical care, which may cause economic burden and even lead to catastrophic health expenditure. To estimate the extent of out-of-pocket expenditure for hypertension care at a population level and its impact on households’ budgets in a low-income urban setting in Colombia. We conducted a cross-sectional survey in Santa Cruz, a commune in the city of Medellin. In 410 randomly selected households with a hypertensive adult, we estimated annual basic household expenditure and hypertension-attributable out-of-pocket expenditure. For socioeconomic stratification, we categorised households according to basic expenditure quintiles. Catastrophic hypertension-attributable expenditure was defined as out-of-pocket expenditure above 10% of total household expenditure. The average annual basic household expenditure was US dollars at purchasing power parity (USD-PPP) $12,255.59. The average annual hypertension-attributable out-of-pocket expenditure was USD-PPP $147.75 (95% CI 120.93–174.52). It was incurred by 73.9% (95% CI 69.4%-78.1%) of patients, and consisted mainly of direct non-medical expenses (76.7%), predominantly for dietary requirements prescribed as non-pharmacological treatment and for transport to attend health care consultations. Medical out-of-pocket expenditure (23.3%) was for the most part incurred for pharmacological treatment. Hypertension-attributable out-of-pocket expenditure represented on average 1.6% (95% CI 1.3%-1.9%) of the total annual basic household expenditure. Eight households (2.0%; 95% CI 1.0%-3.8%) had catastrophic health expenditure; six of them belonged to the two lowest expenditure quintiles. Payments related to dietary requirements and transport to consultations were critical determinants of their catastrophic expenditure. Out-of-pocket expenditure for hypertension care is moderate on average, but frequent, and mainly made up of direct non-medical expenses. Catastrophic health expenditure is uncommon and affects primarily households in the bottom socioeconomic quintiles. Financial protection should be strengthened by covering the costs of chronic diseases-related dietary requirements and transport to health services in the most deprived households. NCDs: Non-communicable diseases; LMICs: Low and middle-income countries; WHO: World Health Organization; HTN: hypertension; CVDs: Cardiovascular diseases; OOPE: out-of-pocket expenditure; USD-PPP: US dollars at purchasing power parity; CI: Confidence interval [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: this Reflection paper intends to question some theoretical issues that cloud the practice and whose improvement could increase the social benefit of management. Methodology: an interpretative and critical reflection was made on the social phenomenon of Public Policies (PP); thus, the analysis of some issues from the fundamental theoretical perspectives on the subject were taken into account such as the cited original sources. This reflection was particularly focused on five issues to help understand the rationality of PP and their performance: the formal issues, the actors, the contexts, the processes, and the results. Results: It was found that in many social scenarios, including academic, the PPs are introduced as technocratic options that political leaders assume neutrally and rationally for the benefit of people. Although this concept is very interesting, it is ideological and far from reality. The PPs are political devices that were developed in late modernity to control the tangible and intangible resources of society, and, as such, they are administered by different subgroups in defense of their own interests. Unlike the aim of the official discourse, the PPs are not always decisions made in favor of public interests, rather they are changeable expressions of social conflicts between antagonistic groups fighting for their own benefit. Conclusions: beyond technical matters, the PPs are political issues whose main characteristic comes from the particular interests of their defenders. The PPs have become a good opportunity to face and solve priority public problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of DYNA - Ingeniería e Industria is the property of Publicaciones Dyna SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of CES Medicina is the property of Universidad CES and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Participation in aerobic exercise generates increased cardiorespiratory fitness, which results in a protective factor for cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. High-intensity interval training might cause higher increases in cardiorespiratory fitness in comparison with moderate-intensity continuous training; nevertheless, current evidence is not conclusive. To our knowledge, this is the first study to test the effect of high-intensity interval training with total load duration of 7.5 min per session.Methods: A randomized controlled trial will be performed on two groups of healthy, sedentary male volunteers (n = 44). The study protocol will include 24 exercise sessions, three times a week, including aerobic training on a treadmill and strength training exercises. The intervention group will perform 15 bouts of 30 s, each at an intensity between 90 % and 95 % of maximal heart rate. The control group will complete 40 min of continuous exercise, ranging between 65 % and 75 % of maximal heart rate. The primary outcome measure to be evaluated will be maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure will be evaluated as secondary outcome measures. Waist circumference, body mass index, and body composition will also be evaluated.Discussion: Epidemiological evidence shows the link between VO2max and its association with chronic conditions that trigger CVD. Therefore, finding ways to improve VO2max and reduce blood pressure it is of vital importance to public health.Trial Registration: NCT02288403 . Registered on 4 November 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Panamericana de Infectología is the property of Asociacion Panamericana de Infectologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Data fitting with B-splines is a challenging problem in reverse engineering for CAD/CAM, virtual reality, data visualization, and many other fields. It is well-known that the fitting improves greatly if knots are considered as free variables. This leads, however, to a very difficult multimodal and multivariate continuous nonlinear optimization problem, the so-called knot adjustment problem. In this context, the present paper introduces an adapted elitist clonal selection algorithm for automatic knot adjustment of B-spline curves. Given a set of noisy data points, our method determines the number and location of knots automatically in order to obtain an extremely accurate fitting of data. In addition, our method minimizes the number of parameters required for this task. Our approach performs very well and in a fully automatic way even for the cases of underlying functions requiring identical multiple knots, such as functions with discontinuities and cusps. To evaluate its performance, it has been applied to three challenging test functions, and results have been compared with those from other alternative methods based on AIS and genetic algorithms. Our experimental results show that our proposal outperforms previous approaches in terms of accuracy and flexibility. Some other issues such as the parameter tuning, the complexity of the algorithm, and the CPU runtime are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Salud UIS is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The health reform adopted in Colombia in 1993 was promoted by different agencies as the model to follow in matters of health policy. Following the guidelines of the Washington Consensus and the World Bank, the Government of Colombia, with the support of national political and economic elites, reorganized the management of health services based on market principles, dismantled the state system, increased finances of the sector, assigned the management of the system to the private sector, segmented the provision of services, and promoted interaction of actors in a competitive scheme of low regulation. After 20 years of implementation, the Colombian model shows serious flaws and is an object of controversy. The Government has weakened as the governing entity for health; private groups that manage the resources were established as strong centers of economic and political power; and violations of the right to health increased. Additionally, corruption and service cost overruns have put a strain on the sustainability of the system, and the state network is in danger of closing. Despite its loss of prestige at the internal level, various actors within and outside the country tend to keep the model based on contextual reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Gerencia y Políticas de Salud is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Investigaciones ANDINA is the property of Fundacion Universitaria del Area Andina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective. The objective of this study was to determine whether there is an association between severe maternal mortality (SMM) and the characteristics of access to and use of obstetric services by the participating women. Methods. A study of cases and controls was conducted in a group of 600 women who were attended during pregnancy or the puerperium between 2011 and 2012 by obstetric services located in Medellín, Colombia. The study considered cases (n = 150) in obstetric patients who met the criteria for SMM established by the surveillance system being used in Medellín at the time of their admission. The controls (n = 450) were randomly selected in the same institutions where the patients were being treated. The information was obtained through an in-person interview, review of the patient's clinical history, and rating of the medical care provided by surveillance program personnel. The analysis was based on the model Road Map for Preventing Maternal Death developed jointly by Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control, United Nations Population Fund for Latin America and the Caribbean, and Mothercare UK. Results. The proportion of unplanned pregnancies in the women studied was 57.6%, while the proportion of delay in the decision to seek care was 32.0%. Two variables were found to be associated with SMM: ethnicity (OR = 1.79) and delays due to deficiencies in the quality of care provided (OR = 8.54). Conclusions. The findings suggest that improving the effectiveness and quality of family planning, prenatal check-up, and hospital obstetric care programs could help to reduce avoidable cases of SMM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Double-layer tensegrity grids (DLTGs) may be defined as tensegrity spatial systems containing two parallel horizontal networks of members in tension forming the top and bottom layers, whose nodes are linked by vertical and/or inclined bracing members in compression and/or tension. In this paper, a new approach is described. Conventional double-layer grids (DLGs) are composed of three layers: top, bottom and bracing members.This paper shows new rules for generating original DLGs following a recent methodology for their composition, from the mosaic of the bracing members and additional laws. Finally, from them, a new technique, known as Rot-Umbela manipulation, is applied to obtain their tensegrity form, opening and endless catalogue of DLTGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Salud Pública is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives. To develop a list of indicators of avoidable mortality (LIAM) in order to analyze failed efforts to control the mortality risks prevalent in Colombia, and to compare its results to those of two widely-used approaches. Methods. The official mortality records of Colombia for 1985-2001 were reviewed; the basic causes of death were classified according to the ICD-9. Indicators of avoidable mortality (AM) were selected using an algorithm that combined the lists of Holland and Taucher, the definition of Rutstein and colleagues, and the principle of Uemura. The proportions of avoidable deaths that resulted from applying the LIAM and the two AM lists were compared to a database containing Colombia's official death records from 1993-1996. Results. Of the 680 617 deaths registered during the study period, 18.2% were classified as avoidable according to Holland's list, and 51.3%, by Taucher's list. According to the LIAM, avoidable mortality rose to 76.7%. This pattern remained relatively stable in 1993-1996. The differences observed between the proportions of avoidable deaths according to the LIAM and that of the two other lists were related to the local epidemiological profile and the conceptual approach of each list. Conclusions. The differences between the LIAM and the AM lists of Taucher and of Holland attest to the consequences of using one or another classification in the Colombian context. The LIAM can be a valuable resource for undergirding and evaluating health policies, but must be adjusted to the specific situation in which it is applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: People's different responses to HIV prevention programs have been related to collective patterns of significance that are imposed to their behaviors, and affect the success of health interventions. Objective: To understand the social conditions by which men who have sex with men (MSM) face their risks. Methodology: A qualitative study based on the symbolic interactionism was carried out in Medellín between 1993 and 2006. The places where MSM meet were identified and visited. Focus groups with key informants and 100 in-depth interviews were conducted, of which 39 of them were conducted with MSM. Results: The study identified and studied seven scenarios where MSM face the risk of HIV. In the region, homosexuality continues to be object of social stigma and MSM must create for themselves special stages, where sexual activity can be less difficult. These conditions have been exploited by the market, which perceives MSM as consumers with payment capacity, and it has generated an expansive offer of stages where MSM act out several of their fundamental needs but, at the same time, are also exposed to different risks. The scenarios are built as normative systems generated by the market whose structure is imposed to the individual behaviors, frequently restricting their capacity to be protected from the risk of infection. Conclusion: The findings illustrate the complexity of the subjective decisions involved with the personal protection and the management of the risks; and they question the paradigm of the rational consumer. On the contrary, the conjunction of the structural vulnerability and the individual vulnerability, in a context of social exclusion, conform an intricate net that should be assumed in its complexity and integrity by health policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Colombia Medica is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)