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Objectives To investigate the effect of nutritional therapy on body composition and resting energy expenditure(REE) post bariatric surgery in patients with obesity. Methods Six-step post-operative nutrition therapy during 3 months was performed for 47 patients undergoing bariatric surgery with laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Body composition, REE and nutritonal biochemical indexes were determined in pre-surgery and post-surgery 1, 3 months. Predictive REE was calculated with Bernestin Formula. Repeated ANOVA analysis was done for the changes in the indicators of patients. Results Muscle mass reduced 8.33%±3.49% in post-surgery 1 month, and 2.86%±3.96% in post-surgery 3 months. Fat mass reduced 14.73%±5.44% in post-surgery 1 month and 16.61%±8.26% in post-surgery 3 months. There was no significant difference between REE and predicted REE with (9 339.16±2 620.59) kJ vs. (9 058.06±2 098.61) kJ in pre-surgery, P=0.593; and (7 228.20±2 066.61) kJ vs. (7 973.15±1 747.49) kJ in post-surgery 3 months, P=0.098. However, predicted REE (8 286.81±1 764.25) kJ was significant higher than REE (7 418.33±1 764.25) kJ in post-surgery 1 month, P=0.032. There was no significant difference in levels of vitamin-A, vitamin-B1, vitamin-B2, vitamin-B6, vitamin-C and serum ferritin between pre-surgery and post-surgery 1 month and post-surgery 3 months(P>0.05). A significant reduction of C-reactive protein was present with (9.03±9.42) mg/L in pre-surgery, (6.61±7.89) mg/L in post-surgery 1 month and (4.69±4.66) mg/L in post-surgery 3 months, P=0.020. Conclusions Nutritional therapy after bariatric surgery 3 months could delay the loss of skeletal muscle mass and adapt REE and reduce the inflammation level in patients with obesity.

Objective: To analyze the short-term efficacy of distal pancreatectomy with en bloc celiac axis resection (DP-CAR) in the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic body or tail cancer and the effect of vascular variation on morbidity after DP-CAR. Methods: A retrospective study was undertaken of 43 cases with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma diagnosed by pathological examination in the treatment of DP-CAR. R0 resection, morbidity and mortality were analyzed perioperatively with the effect of vascular variation. Results: R0 resection by DP-CAR was 81.4% in this study with mortality 7.0% and morbidity 45.6%. Eight cases were found with vascular variation. The postoperative morbidity in the group with vascular variation and in the group without vascular variation was 3/8 (37.5%) vs 17/35 (48.5%) and the mortality 1/8 (12.5%) vs 2/35 (5.7%), respectively. There was no significant difference statistically in morbidity and mortality between 2 groups. Conclusions: DP-CAR has the advantage of safety and feasibility. There would be no effect of vascular variation on morbidity after DP-CAR.

Emerging evidence has linked the gut microbiome to human obesity. We performed a metagenome-wide association study and serum metabolomics profiling in a cohort of lean and obese, young, Chinese individuals. We identified obesity-associated gut microbial species linked to changes in circulating metabolites. The abundance of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a glutamate-fermenting commensal, was markedly decreased in obese individuals and was inversely correlated with serum glutamate concentration. Consistently, gavage with B. thetaiotaomicron reduced plasma glutamate concentration and alleviated diet-induced body-weight gain and adiposity in mice. Furthermore, weight-loss intervention by bariatric surgery partially reversed obesity-associated microbial and metabolic alterations in obese individuals, including the decreased abundance of B. thetaiotaomicron and the elevated serum glutamate concentration. Our findings identify previously unknown links between intestinal microbiota alterations, circulating amino acids and obesity, suggesting that it may be possible to intervene in obesity by targeting the gut microbiota., Author(s): Ruixin Liu [1]; Jie Hong [1]; Xiaoqiang Xu [2, 3]; Qiang Feng [2, 4]; Dongya Zhang [2]; Yanyun Gu [1]; Juan Shi [1]; Shaoqian Zhao [1]; Wen Liu [1]; [...]

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease leading to dementia in the elderly. Ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is critical for protein homeostasis, while the functional decline of UPS with age contributes to the pathogenesis of AD. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2O (UBE2O), an E2-E3 hybrid enzyme, is a major component of UPS. However, its role in AD pathogenesis has not been fully defined. Objective: We aimed to identify the age-associated expression of UBE2O and its role AD pathogenesis. Methods: Western blot analysis were used to assess expression of UBE2O in organs/tissues and cell lines. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to examine the cellular distribution of UBE2O. Neuronal death was determined by the activity of lactate dehydrogenase. Results: UBE2O is highly expressed in the cortex and hippocampus. It is predominantly expressed in neurons but not in glial cells. The peak expression of UBE2O is at postnatal day 17 and 14 in the cortex and hippocampus, respectively. Moreover its expression is gradually reduced with age. Importantly, UBE2O is significantly reduced in both cortex and hippocampus of AD mice. Consistently, overexpression of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) with a pathogenic mutation (AβPPswe) for AD reduces the expression of UBE2O and promotes neuronal death, while increased expression of UBE2O rescues AβPPswe-induced neuronal death. Conclusion: Our study indicates that age-associated reduction of UBE2O may facilitates neuronal death in AD, while increasing UBE2O expression or activity may be a potential approach for AD treatment by inhibiting neuronal death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The pre‐adjuvant chemotherapy (PAC) status of postoperative pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients has not been studied and elaborated well previously. Method: The association of PAC variables and prognoses was explored using a multivariable Cox model, restricted cubic spline analysis, and correlation analysis. The main outcomes were overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS). The secondary outcome was chemotherapy completeness (CHC). Results: A total of 401 eligible patients were enrolled in sequential surgery and chemotherapy. The chemotherapy regimen, PAC fasting blood glucose (FBG), and elevated fasting blood glucose (eFBG) status were associated with CHC (regimen types: p = 0.005, continuous FBG: p = 0.014, eFBG status: p = 0.012). Early administration of adjuvant chemotherapy (<34 days) was a risk factor for the limited OS and PFS (OS: aHR: 1.61 [1.09–2.38], p = 0.016; PFS: aHR: 1.91 [1.29–2.82], p = 0.001). Patients with higher PAC body mass index (BMI), receiving Gemcap regimen, and with lower PAC tumor marker value were observed with better survival prognoses (PAC BMI: OS: 0.927 [0.875–0.983], p = 0.011; Gemcap: OS: 0.533 [0.312–0.913], p = 0.022; Gemcap: PFS: 0.560 [0.341–0.922], p = 0.023; PAC CA125: OS: 1.004 [1.002–1.006], p < 0.001; PAC CA125: PFS: 1.003 [1.000–1.005], p = 0.031; PAC CEA: OS: 1.050 [1.026–1.074], p < 0.001). The BMI decrease was mainly concentrated in the first 3 months of chemotherapy courses (first 3 months: p < 0.001; latter 3 months: p = 0.097). And CEA, compared to CA125 and CA199, was a better prognostic indicator (CEA: first 3 months: PFS p = 0.011, OS p < 0.001; latter 3 months: PFS p = 0.024, OS p = 0.041). Conclusion: PDAC patients should be treated with adjuvant chemotherapy over 34 postoperative days. PAC sarcopenia was a risk factor for OS, but not PFS and limited CHC. Those with higher PAC FBG levels were more likely to finish chemotherapy. CEA, compared to CA125 and CA199, was a better prognostic indicator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polarization selectivity has a great impact on multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) relay channels. In this letter, the channel capacity of MIMO relay channels is analyzed, revealing the polarization dependency of multipath components. Polarization optimization schemes are proposed, including a regular optimization and a dynamic weight particle swarm optimization (DWPSO) for MIMO relay channels. The performance analysis shows that the DWPSO can significantly improve the link capacity of MIMO relay channels based on the COST 2100 channel model. This study indicates that it is necessary to optimize the polarization direction of MIMO relay channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate diagnosis and grading are critical for pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm (pNEN) management. This study compares the diagnostic and grading value of 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/MR and 18F-FDG PET/MR for pNENs separately as well as in combination. A total of 36 patients with histologically confirmed pNENs, who underwent both 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/MR and 18F-FDG PET/MR within 2 weeks from 2020 to 2021, were retrospectively collected and analyzed. The maximum standardized uptake values of 68Ga-DOTATATE (G-SUVmax) and 18F-FDG (F-SUVmax) on PET and the minimum values of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADCmin) on MR were measured on the lesions with known histological grading (25 by surgery, 11 by biopsy). Receiver-operating characteristic analysis was applied to determine the cutoffs of these parameters or their combinations for differentiation between G1 and G2, as well as between low-grade and high-grade pNENs. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used to assess the correlation between the imaging parameters and the maximum tumor diameters. The detection rate of 68Ga-DOTATATE PET imaging alone was 95%, 87.5%, and 37.5% for G1, G2, and G3, respectively. Adding 18F-FDG PET or MR sequences of PET/MR increased the detection rate to 100% in all grades. Among the three parameters, G-SUVmax had the highest diagnostic rate in predicting tumor grade. It presented a sensitivity of 87.5% and a specificity of 80.0% with a cutoff value of 42.75 for differentiating G2 from G1 pNETs and a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 71.4% with a cutoff value of 32.75 in predicting high-grade pNENs. The ratio of G-SUVmax to F-SUVmax (G-SUVmax/F-SUVmax) showed slight improvement in the diagnostic rate, while the product of G-SUVmax and ADCmin (G-SUVmax*ADCmin) did not improve the diagnostic rate. 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/MR alone is sufficient for the diagnosis of pNENs and the prediction of various grades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the deadliest gastrointestinal cancers, accounting for the fourth highest number of cancer-related fatalities. Increasing data suggests that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) might influence the drug resistance of GC cells in the tumor microenvironment and play essential roles in drug resistance development. However, the precise underlying process remains a mystery. The purpose of this study was to look at the control of MSC-induced SNHG7 in pancreatic cancer. In vitro and in vivo sphere formation, colony formation, and flow cytometry investigations revealed the stemness and Folfirinox resistance in pancreatic cancer cells. To confirm the direct connections between SNHG7 and other related targets, RNA pulldown and immunoprecipitation tests were performed. MSC co-culture enhanced the stemness and Folfirinox resistance in pancreatic cancer cells according to the findings. MSC co-culture increased SNHG7 expression in pancreatic cancer cells, contributing to the stemness and Folfirinox resistance. We demonstrated that Notch1 interacted with SNHG7 and could reverse the facilitative effect of SNHG7 on the stemness and Folfirinox resistance in pancreatic cancer cells. Finally, our findings showed that MSCs increased SNHG7 expression in pancreatic cancer cells, promoting the stemness and Folfirinox resistance via the Notch1/Jagged1/Hes-1 signaling pathway. These findings could provide a novel approach and therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On‐body propagation channels show significant polarization selectivity that has dominant impacts on the on‐body link quality in wireless body area networks. For on‐body relay channels over long distances across the body, the antenna polarization configurations of the relaying nodes are crucial to determine the relay performance, thereby requiring polarization optimization schemes. In this article, narrow band flat‐fading on‐body channels at 2.484 GHz are measured to analyse their polarization distribution above the skin under static postures. The measured on‐body channels show full‐space polarization convergence and dispersion, which are modelled by an extended 3 by 3 channel polarization matrix, and a statistical channel model is also proposed. Multi‐hop polarized on‐body relay channels are analysed on the relay link capacity, which shows polarization dependency between adjacent hop channels when relaying nodes are mounted by linearly polarized antennas. Both regular and iterative polarization selection algorithms are then designed to optimise the antenna polarization configuration of the nodes. Simulations based on the proposed polarization distribution model show significant link capacity increases for two‐hop and tfhree‐hop on‐body relay channels by the optimization algorithms. The results confirm the necessity of proper polarization selection schemes for on‐body relay channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is an important risk factor for metabolic syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Bariatric surgery has been shown to effectively reduce weight and obesity-related comorbidities. However, the prevalence and severity of OSA in obese patients with different baseline metabolic states and the improvements of OSA after bariatric surgery remain unknown. The main aims of this study were to ascertain the prevalence of OSA in young Chinese obese patients with different metabolic states and to evaluate their respective OSA remission after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. We first performed a cross-sectional study involving 123 metabolically healthy obese patients and 200 metabolically unhealthy obese patients (who had the same age and BMI ranges) to estimate the prevalence of OSA at baseline. Then we performed a retrospective study, which was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (ref. NCT02653430) of 67 patients who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy to evaluate the remission of OSA. Metabolically healthy and unhealthy obese patients had similar apnea-hypopnea index levels (16.6 ± 22.0 vs. 16.7 ± 18.7 events/h, P = 0.512) and prevalence of OSA (66.7% vs. 69.0%, P = 0.662). Male sex, age, waist circumference and lower liver-to-spleen ratio were independent risk factors for OSA. After laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, no difference was found in the decrease in body mass index (BMI) change (10.8 ± 4.8 vs. 10.8 ± 3.0 kg/m2, P = 0.996) or the decrease in the apnea-hypopnea index (18.9 ± 24.6 vs. 17.0 ± 24.0 events/h, P = 0.800). The remission of moderate-to-severe OSA was observed in the MHO (36.3%; 54.5–18.2%, P = 0.125) and MUO (32.2%; 66.1–33.9%, P = 0.001) patients. These results suggest that, in patients with obesity, metabolic syndrome does not add extra risk for the prevalence or severity of OSA. Both metabolically healthy and unhealthy obese patients could benefit equally from laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in terms of weight loss and obstructive sleep apnea remission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: There are few reports about the survival rate of patients with pancreatic adenosquamous cancer (PASC). This study evaluated and analyzed prognostic factors of patients with resectable pancreatic adenosquamous cancer (rPASC), which might fulfill the blank in the research of PASC. Methods: In this study, we identified and analyzed 55 patients who were diagnosed with rPASC from January 2013 to May 2019 at the Pancreatic Disease Center of the Shanghai Ruijin Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine. Age, sex, BMI, tumor position, and other important demographic data were collected and analyzed. The follow-up was updated by December 31th, 2019 with a median follow-up of nine months. Results: Among the 55 patients, 23 (41.8%) patients were female, and the mean age was 62.0 ± 10.3 years. The median overall survival (OS) time was 10 ± 2.1 months, and the median disease-free survival (DFS) time was 4 ± 0.9 months. The 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates were 40.9, 17.5, and 11.6%, respectively. The multivariate analysis showed that normal serum level of Ca199 (HR = 0.464, 95% CI = 0.222–0.970, P = 0.041) and Ca125 (HR = 0.441, 95% CI = 0.233–0.835, P = 0.012) were independent favorable prognostic factors. Conclusion: Patients with rPASC had poor survival. The 5-year survival rate was only 11.6%. Normal serum levels of Ca199 and Ca125 were independent favorable prognostic factors that predicted prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) causing ectopic adrenal corticotropic hormone (ACTH) syndrome (EAS) are rare and aggressive with little known information. We aimed to elucidate the clinical features and molecular mechanisms of pNETs with EAS by methylation analysis.Methods: Seven patients with ectopic ACTH-secreting pNETs who were diagnosed at Shanghai Clinical Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Center and Pancreatic Disease Center in Ruijin Hospital between 2001 and 2019 were enrolled. Twenty patients with ectopic ACTH-secreting thymic neuroendocrine tumors (TNETs) and 7 with nonfunctional pNETs (nf-pNETs) were also enrolled as controls. We collected clinical data and measured POMC promoter CpG methylation.Results: All 7 patients had elevated ACTH and urinary free cortisol (UFC) levels with positive ACTH staining in the pancreas and were diagnosed with ectopic ACTH-secreting pNET. Of the 7 patients, 6 underwent surgery and 1 underwent transarterial embolization (TAE). Two patients were free of disease after surgery; 2 died within 90 days after surgery; and 3 had metastases and died within 1 year. Compared with ACTH-secreting TNETs, ACTH-secreting pNETs had similar clinical and biochemical features but a significantly poorer prognosis. POMC promoter CpG methylation was significantly lower in ACTH-secreting pNETs than in nf-pNETs and normal pancreas.Conclusions: ACTH-secreting pNETs are aggressive and fatal. Surgery is definitively curative for patients with resectable primary tumors without metastasis. Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) promoter hypomethylation caused pNETs to produce ACTH. This study further supplements the genetic features of ACTH-secreting NETs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Our study examined the association between molecular features and clinical results of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients, aiming to explore the genomic determinants of the recurrence and prognosis of PDAC after surgical removal. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 181 PDAC patients who received pancreatectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy, with 67 patients in the training set. An internal validation set of 48 patients and an external validation set of 66 patients were used to validate the result. Comprehensive genomic profiling was performed on formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tumor specimens to determine genomic features using the designed cancer‐related gene panel based on next‐generation sequencing (NGS). Results: Significant differences were identified between the late recurrence (LR) group and early recurrence (ER) group in tumor copy number instability (CNI) levels. Next, the utility of low CNI (the middle and lowest tertile) with regard to predicting LR was confirmed in the training, internal, and external validation sets. Further univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that CNI was an independent predictive and prognostic biomarker, and had higher predictive accuracy for LR than CA19‐9 level, pathological stage, tumor size, and age. In addition, CNI combined with lymph node (LN) metastasis status could provide a more accurate model for predicting LR of PDAC. Conclusion: We discovered and validated the association between CNI and clinical outcome in 181 patients with resectable PDAC, demonstrating the utility of lower tumor CNI levels as biomarkers of postoperative LR and favorable prognosis. Moreover, the combination of CNI and LN metastasis status elevated the predictive accuracy and illuminated strategies for patient stratification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The peptide segment of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP248–286) aggregates to form SEVI (semen‐derived enhancer of virus infection) amyloid fibrils. These are characteristic seminal amyloids that have the ability to promote the effect of HIV infection. In this paper, we explore the binding of sulfonated compounds with PAP248–286 through an in silico study. Three derivatives of suramin, NF110, NF279, and NF340, are selected. All of these sulfonated molecules bind to PAP248–286 and alter the conformation of the peptide, even though they have various structures, sizes, and configurations. The compounds bind with PAP248–286 through multiple interactions, such as hydrogen‐bonding interactions, hydrophobic interactions, π–π stacking interactions, and electrostatic interactions. However, NF110, which has an X‐shaped configuration, has the highest binding affinity of the three derivatives investigated. We also perform surface plasmon resonance and a Congo red assay to validate the results. The interactions between PAP248–286 and the sulfonated compounds are proposed to depend on the orientations of the sulfonate groups and the specific configurations of the compounds instead of the number of sulfonate groups. NF110 molecules occupy the exposed binding sites of PAP248–286, blocking interactions between the peptides. Therefore, these compounds are important in inhibiting the aggregation of PAP248–286. Herein, we provide useful information to develop new efficient microbicides to antagonize seminal amyloid fibrils and to block HIV transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer in ecosystems is an important criterion for assessing environmental risks of contaminants. This study investigated bioaccumulation and biomagnification of 13 organic ultraviolet absorbents (UVAs) in marine wildlife organisms in the Pearl River Estuary, South China Sea. The UVAs could accumulate in the organisms with biota - sediment accumulation factors (BSAF) of 0.003–2.152. UV531 was the most abundant and showed the highest tendency to accumulate in the organisms with a median BSAF of 1.105. The UVAs demonstrated species - and compound-specific accumulation in the marine organism. Fishes showed significantly higher capability than the cephalopods and crustaceans in accumulation of the UVAs. Habitat did not demonstrate obvious impact on accumulation of the UVA. On the other hand, benzophenone-3, UV328, and UV234 showed significantly higher concentration in the detritus feeding fishes than carnivorous and planktivorous fishes, suggesting governing effect of dietary habits of the organisms on bioaccumulation of these UVAs. Direct uptake from growth media was a significant exposure pathway of the organisms to the UVAs. The estimated trophic magnification factors and biomagnification factors revealed that UV329, UV531, and octocrylene could potentially biomagnify in the marine food web. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-MS) has been frequently used for chemical analysis. A redox reaction in the ESI source has been observed during the ionization process. However, it is still unclear whether this redox reaction can take place on UPLC columns. Methods: In this study, the oxidation reactions potentially occurring on UPLC columns were investigated using polyphenols including baicalin, baicalein, propyl gallate (PG), quercetin-3-rhamnoside (QR), rutin, naringin and 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2- Ο-β-D-glucoside (THS-G) as model compounds. The on-column oxidation reaction was ascertained by post-column infusion of antioxidants such as ammonium sulfide ((NH4)2S). The oxidized products were reduced to their parent forms in the ESI source. This on-column oxidation reaction was further confirmed by means of post-column infusion of baicalin solution. Results: On-column oxidation reactions were observed and confirmed for baicalin, baicalein, PG, rutin, and QR. The exact reaction site was located at the outlet frits of the UPLC columns. (NH4)2S was proved to be the most suitable reducing agent among the tested antioxidants for eliminating negative effects caused by on-column oxidation reaction. It was subsequently proposed to be an efficient additive to suppress oxidation reactions in the ESI source. Conclusions: Oxidation reactions can take place at the outlet frits of UPLC columns. Ascertaining on-column oxidation reactions and consequently eliminating relevant negative effects are of great interest for determination of oxidation-sensitive compounds such as polyphenols. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RuO2–Au compositenanoparticles (RuO2–Au CNPs) are synthesized viaa simple calcination of RuNPsand AuNPs encapsulated within extra-large mesocages of mesoporoussilica (EP-FDU-12). Both the Ru/Au ratio (0.02:0.2) and the nanostructureof the mesoporous supports are critical for its successful formation.Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effects are observed forRuO2composite because of the interaction between RuO2and Au of the RuO2–Au CNPs. The nanocontactmodifies the electronic and chemical properties of Au and RuO2, respectively, which in turn benefits their catalytic performancewith enhanced activities and reduced coking-deposition content ingas-phase cyclohexanol-selective oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), including antibiotics, azole anti-fungals, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, lipid regulators, parabens, antiseptics, and bisphenol A, were investigated in groundwater and reservoirs in the vicinity of two municipal landfills in the metropolis of Guangzhou, South China. Dehydroerythromycin, sulfamethoxazole, fluconazole, salicylic acid, methylparaben, triclosan, and bisphenol A were the mostly frequently detected PPCPs in the groundwater at low ng L − 1 levels. In the reservoirs, the PPCPs were widely detected at higher frequencies and concentrations, especially sulfamethoxazole, propiconazole, and ibuprofen, with maximal concentrations above 1 μg L − 1 . The PPCPs in the groundwater did not show significant seasonal differences or spatial trends. However, in the reservoirs, higher PPCP concentrations were observed in spring than in other seasons. The anti-bacterials in the groundwater posed medium risks to algae. In the reservoirs, the sulfonamides and macrolides posed low to high risks, while ibuprofen, salicylic acid, and clofibric acid presented low to medium risks to aquatic organisms. Overall, the results showed that the PPCP contaminants and subsequent ecological risks in the groundwater and surface water in the vicinity of the landfills may be of serious concern. More research is needed to better correlate the landfill leachates and PPCP contamination in the nearby aquatic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]