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6. Radiation exposure and leukaemia risk among cohorts of persons exposed to low and moderate doses of external ionising radiation in childhood

Author

Little, Mark P., Wakeford, Richard, Zablotska, Lydia B., Borrego, David, Griffin, Keith T., Allodji, Rodrigue S., de Vathaire, Florent, Lee, Choonsik, Brenner, Alina V., Miller, Jeremy S., Campbell, David, Pearce, Mark S., Sadetzki, Siegal, Doody, Michele M., Holmberg, Erik, Lundell, Marie, French, Benjamin, Adams, Michael Jacob, Berrington de González, Amy, and Linet, Martha S.

Published
2023
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9. Viral predation pressure on coral reefs

Author

Silveira, Cynthia B., Luque, Antoni, Haas, Andreas F., Roach, Ty N. F., George, Emma E., Knowles, Ben, Little, Mark, Sullivan, Christopher J., Varona, Natascha S., Wegley Kelly, Linda, Brainard, Russel, Rohwer, Forest, and Bailey, Barbara

Published
2023
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10. Lympho-hematopoietic malignancies risk after exposure to low dose ionizing radiation during cardiac catheterization in childhood

Author

Abalo, Kossi D, Malekzadeh-Milani, Sophie, Hascoët, Sébastien, Dreuil, Serge, Feuillet, Tiphaine, Damon, Cecilia, Bouvaist, Hélène, Bouzguenda, Ivan, Cohen, Sarah, Dauphin, Claire, Di Filippo, Sylvie, Douchin, Stéphanie, Godart, François, Guérin, Patrice, Helms, Pauline, Karsenty, Clément, Lefort, Bruno, Mauran, Pierre, Ovaert, Caroline, Piéchaud, Jean-François, Thambo, Jean-Benoît, Lee, Choonsik, Little, Mark P, Bonnet, Damien, Bernier, Marie-Odile, and Rage, Estelle

Published
2023
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13. The utility of a genetic kidney disease clinic employing a broad range of genomic testing platforms: experience of the Irish Kidney Gene Project

Author

Elhassan, Elhussein A. E., Murray, Susan L., Connaughton, Dervla M., Kennedy, Claire, Cormican, Sarah, Cowhig, Cliona, Stapleton, Caragh, Little, Mark A., Kidd, Kendrah, Bleyer, Anthony J., Živná, Martina, Kmoch, Stanislav, Fennelly, Neil K., Doyle, Brendan, Dorman, Anthony, Griffin, Matthew D., Casserly, Liam, Harris, Peter C., Hildebrandt, Friedhelm, Cavalleri, Gianpiero L., Benson, Katherine A., and Conlon, Peter J.

Published
2022
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19. Society of Interventional Radiology Research Reporting Standards for Genicular Artery Embolization.

Author

Ahmed, Osman, Epelboym, Yan, Haskal, Ziv J., Okuno, Yuji, Taslakian, Bedros, Sapoval, Marc, Nikolic, Boris, Golzarian, Jafar, Gaba, Ron C., Little, Mark, Isaacson, Ari, Padia, Siddharth A., and Sze, Daniel Y.

Abstract

Genicular artery embolization (GAE) is an emerging, minimally invasive therapy to address the global burden of knee osteoarthritis (OA) and the unmet needs for medically refractory disease. Although total knee arthroplasty has been a standard intervention for severe cases, GAE is developing into a promising alternative, particularly for patients ineligible for or unwilling to undergo surgery. GAE targets the inflammatory cascade underlying OA pathophysiology by arresting neoangiogenesis and preventing pathological neoinnervation, offering potential pain relief. Although early studies have established safety and short-term effectiveness, ensuing studies are needed to validate long-term safety, durability, and comparative effectiveness and to optimize patient selection, embolic agent selection, and administration techniques. Standardized reporting guidelines are therefore essential to enhance transparency and reproducibility across clinical trials, facilitating data aggregation and comparison. This Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR)–endorsed reporting standards consensus document provides a framework to harmonize future research efforts and to improve the interpretation of outcomes. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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20. A Historical Survey of Key Epidemiological Studies of Ionizing Radiation Exposure.

Author

Little, Mark P., Bazyka, Dimitry, Gonzalez, Amy Berrington de, Brenner, Alina V., Chumak, Vadim V., Cullings, Harry M., Daniels, Robert D., French, Benjamin, Grant, Eric, Hamada, Nobuyuki, Hauptmann, Michael, Kendall, Gerald M., Laurier, Dominique, Lee, Choonsik, Lee, Won Jin, Linet, Martha S., Mabuchi, Kiyohiko, Morton, Lindsay M., Muirhead, Colin R., and Preston, Dale L.

Subjects
IONIZING radiation, NUCLEAR reactor accidents, EXPOSURE dose, ATOMIC bomb, RADIATION exposure
Abstract

In this article we review the history of key epidemiological studies of populations exposed to ionizing radiation. We highlight historical and recent findings regarding radiation-associated risks for incidence and mortality of cancer and non-cancer outcomes with emphasis on study design and methods of exposure assessment and dose estimation along with brief consideration of sources of bias for a few of the more important studies. We examine the findings from the epidemiological studies of the Japanese atomic bomb survivors, persons exposed to radiation for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, those exposed to environmental sources including Chornobyl and other reactor accidents, and occupationally exposed cohorts. We also summarize results of pooled studies. These summaries are necessarily brief, but we provide references to more detailed information. We discuss possible future directions of study, to include assessment of susceptible populations, and possible new populations, data sources, study designs and methods of analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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21. Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules in Residents of Ukraine Exposed as Children or Adolescents to Iodine-131 from the Chornobyl Accident.

Author

Cahoon, Elizabeth Khaykin, Grimm, Eric, Mabuchi, Kiyohiko, Mai, Jim Zhiming, Zhang, Rui, Drozdovitch, Vladimir, Hatch, Maureen, Little, Mark P., Peters, Kamau O., Bogdanova, Tetiana I., Shelkovoy, Evgeniy, Shpak, Viktor M., Terekhova, Galyna, Zamotayeva, Galyna, Pasteur, Ihor P., Masiuk, Sergii V., Chepurny, Mykola, Zablotska, Lydia B., McConnell, Robert, and O'Kane, Patrick

Subjects
THYROID nodules, TEENAGERS, ODDS ratio, THYROID cancer, LOGISTIC regression analysis
Abstract

Background: Although childhood exposure to radioactive iodine-131 (I-131) is an established risk factor for thyroid cancer, evidence for an association with thyroid nodules is less clear. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between childhood I-131 exposure and prevalence of ultrasound-detected thyroid nodules overall and by nodule histology/cytology (neoplastic/suspicious/non-neoplastic), size (<10 mm/≥10 mm), and number (single/multiple). Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of radiation dose (mean = 0.53 gray, range: 0.0003–31 gray) and screen-detected thyroid nodules conducted in 1998–2000 (median population age 21.5 years) in a cohort of 13,243 residents of Ukraine who were under 18 years at the time of the Chornobyl accident on April 26, 1986. Excess odds ratios per gray (excess odds ratio [EOR]/Gy) and confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using logistic regression. Results: Among 13,078 eligible individuals, we identified 358 (2.7%) with at least one thyroid nodule. Significantly increased dose–response associations were found for all nodules and nodule groups with doses <5 Gy except individuals with non-neoplastic nodules. Among individuals with doses <5 Gy, the EOR/Gy for neoplastic nodules (5.35; CI: 2.19–15.5) was significantly higher than for non-neoplastic nodules (0.24; CI: 0.07–0.74), but the EOR/Gy did not vary by nodule size or number. Conclusions: Childhood exposure to I-131 is associated with an increased risk of thyroid nodules detected 12–14 years following exposure, and the risk for neoplastic nodules is higher than for non-neoplastic nodules. Analyses of incident thyroid nodules may help clarify dose–response patterns by nodule characteristics and provide insights into thyroid nodule etiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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22. Revisiting an Inverse Dose-Fractionation Effect of Ionizing Radiation Exposure for Ischemic Heart Disease: Insights from Recent Studies.

Author

Zablotska, Lydia B., Little, Mark P., and Hamada, Nobuyuki

Subjects
MYOCARDIAL ischemia, CORONARY disease, RADIATION protection, RADIATION exposure, DOSE fractionation, IONIZING radiation, RADIATION doses
Abstract

Over the last two decades, there has been emerging evidence suggesting that ionizing radiation exposures could be associated with elevated risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD), particularly ischemic heart disease (IHD). Excess CVD risks have been observed in a number of exposed groups, with generally similar risk estimates both at low and high radiation doses and dose rates. In 2014, we reported for the first time significantly higher risks of IHD mortality when radiation doses were delivered over a protracted period of time (an inverse dose-fractionation effect) in the Canadian Fluoroscopy Cohort Study. Here we review the current evidence on the dose-fractionation effect of radiation exposure, discuss potential implication for radiation protection policies and suggest further directions for research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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24. Lymphoma and multiple myeloma in cohorts of persons exposed to ionising radiation at a young age

Author

Little, Mark P., Wakeford, Richard, Zablotska, Lydia B., Borrego, David, Griffin, Keith T., Allodji, Rodrigue S., de Vathaire, Florent, Lee, Choonsik, Brenner, Alina V., Miller, Jeremy S., Campbell, David, Sadetzki, Siegal, Doody, Michele M., Holmberg, Erik, Lundell, Marie, Adams, Michael Jacob, French, Benjamin, Linet, Martha S., and Berrington de Gonzalez, Amy

Published
2021
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30. Radiotherapy for non-cancer diseases: benefits and long-term risks.

Author

Thariat, Juliette, Little, Mark P., Zablotska, Lydia B., Samson, Pamela, O'Banion, M. Kerry, Leuraud, Klervi, Bergom, Carmen, Girault, Gilles, Azimzadeh, Omid, Bouffler, Simon, and Hamada, Nobuyuki

Subjects
*VENTRICULAR tachycardia, *COVID-19, *ALZHEIMER'S disease, *OSTEOARTHRITIS, *RADIOTHERAPY
Abstract

The discovery of X-rays was followed by a variety of attempts to treat infectious diseases and various other non-cancer diseases with ionizing radiation, in addition to cancer. There has been a recent resurgence of interest in the use of such radiotherapy for non-cancer diseases. Non-cancer diseases for which use of radiotherapy has currently been proposed include refractory ventricular tachycardia, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. Alzheimer's disease and dementia), and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia, all with ongoing clinical studies that deliver radiation doses of 0.5–25 Gy in a single fraction or in multiple daily fractions. In addition to such non-cancer effects, historical indications predominantly used in some countries (e.g. Germany) include osteoarthritis and degenerative diseases of the bones and joints. This narrative review gives an overview of the biological rationale and ongoing preclinical and clinical studies for radiotherapy proposed for various non-cancer diseases, discusses the plausibility of the proposed biological rationale, and considers the long-term radiation risks of cancer and non-cancer diseases. A growing body of evidence has suggested that radiation represents a double-edged sword, not only for cancer, but also for non-cancer diseases. At present, clinical evidence has shown some beneficial effects of radiotherapy for ventricular tachycardia, but there is little or no such evidence of radiotherapy for other newly proposed non-cancer diseases (e.g. Alzheimer's disease, COVID-19 pneumonia). Patients with ventricular tachycardia and COVID-19 pneumonia have thus far been treated with radiotherapy when they are an urgent life threat with no efficient alternative treatment, but some survivors may encounter a paradoxical situation where patients were rescued by radiotherapy but then get harmed by radiotherapy. Further studies are needed to justify the clinical use of radiotherapy for non-cancer diseases, and optimize dose to diseased tissue while minimizing dose to healthy tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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36. Reconstruction of organ doses for patients undergoing computed tomography examinations in Canada 1992–2019.

Author

Lee, Choonsik, Moroz, Brian, Thome, Christopher, Gaudreau, Katherine, Emami, Pirouz, and Little, Mark P

Subjects
COMPUTED tomography, MEDICAL dosimetry, RADIATION exposure, LUNGS, RISK assessment, TORSO, ADULTS
Abstract

We derived the first comprehensive organ dose library for Canadian pediatric and adult patients who underwent computed tomography (CT) scans between 1992 and 2019 to support epidemiological analysis of radiation risk. We calculated organ absorbed doses for Canadian CT patients in two steps. First, we modeled Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDI) values by patient age, scan body part, and scan year for the scan period between 1992 and 2019 using national survey data conducted in Canada and partially the United Kingdom survey data as surrogates. Second, we converted CTDI values to organ absorbed doses using a library of organ dose conversion coefficients built in an organ dose calculation program, the National Cancer Institute dosimetry system for CT. In result, we created a library of doses delivered to 33 organs and tissues by different patient ages and genders, scan body parts and scan years. In the scan period before 2000, the organs receiving the greatest dose in the head, chest and abdomen–pelvis scans were the active marrow (3.7–15.2 mGy), lungs (54.7–62.8 mGy) and colon (54.9–68.5 mGy), respectively. We observed organ doses reduced by 24% (pediatric head and torso scans, and adult head scans) and 55% (adult torso scans) after 2000. The organ dose library will be used to analyse the risk of radiation exposure from CT scans in the Canadian CT patient cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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37. Assessment of Cataract Risk after Diagnostic Head CT Scan Radiation Exposure in Ontario, Canada.

Author

Emami, Pirouz, Gaudreau, Katherine, Little, Mark P., Lee, Choonsik, Moroz, Brian, Boreham, Douglas R., and Thome, Christopher

Subjects
COMPUTED tomography, RADIATION exposure, RISK assessment, IONIZING radiation, RADIATION sources, CRYSTALLINE lens
Abstract

Ionizing radiation is one of the known risk factors for cataract development, however, there is still debate regarding the level of risk after low dose exposures. One of the largest sources of radiation exposure to the lens of the eye is diagnostic CT scans. The aim of this study was to examine whether ionizing radiation associated with head CT scans increases cataract risk in residents of Ontario, Canada. Data were collected from January 1, 1994 to December 31, 2015 (22 years) from anonymized Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP) medical records for over 16 million subjects. A lens dose was estimated for each CT scan using the National Cancer Institute dosimetry system for CT (NCICT) program combined with Canada-specific CTDIvol data. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed with cataract extraction surgery as the primary outcome and lens dose as the main variable of interest, with inclusion of various medical and demographic covariates. Lag periods of 3, 5 and 7 years were incorporated. When lens dose was treated as a continuous variable, hazard ratios (per 100 mGy) ranged from 0.82 (0.80–0.84) to 1.10 (1.09–1.11) depending on the lag period. As a secondary analysis, when individuals were binned based on their total cumulative dose, no significant dose response pattern was observed in the low dose region. Overall, within the bounds of this study, the data do not support an increased risk of vision impairing cataracts after diagnostic head CT scan radiation exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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40. Leukaemia and myeloid malignancy among people exposed to low doses (

Author

Little, Mark P, Wakeford, Richard, Borrego, David, French, Benjamin, Zablotska, Lydia B, Adams, M Jacob, Allodji, Rodrigue, de Vathaire, Florent, Lee, Choonsik, Brenner, Alina V, Miller, Jeremy S, Campbell, David, Pearce, Mark S, Doody, Michele M, Holmberg, Erik, Lundell, Marie, Sadetzki, Siegal, Linet, Martha S, and Berrington de González, Amy

Published
2018
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41. Polaron spin dynamics in high-mobility polymeric semiconductors

Author

Schott, Sam, Chopra, Uday, Lemaur, Vincent, Melnyk, Anton, Olivier, Yoan, Di Pietro, Riccardo, Romanov, Igor, Carey, Remington L., Jiao, Xuechen, Jellett, Cameron, Little, Mark, Marks, Adam, McNeill, Christopher R., McCulloch, Iain, McNellis, Erik R., Andrienko, Denis, Beljonne, David, Sinova, Jairo, and Sirringhaus, Henning

Published
2019
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42. Long spin diffusion lengths in doped conjugated polymers due to enhanced exchange coupling

Author

Wang, Shu-Jen, Venkateshvaran, Deepak, Mahani, M. R., Chopra, Uday, McNellis, Erik R., Di Pietro, Riccardo, Schott, Sam, Wittmann, Angela, Schweicher, Guillaume, Cubukcu, Murat, Kang, Keehoon, Carey, Remington, Wagner, Thomas J., Siebrecht, Janis N. M., Wong, Daniel P. G. H., Jacobs, Ian E., Aboljadayel, Razan O., Ionescu, Adrian, Egorov, Sergei A., Mueller, Sebastian, Zadvorna, Olga, Skalski, Piotr, Jellett, Cameron, Little, Mark, Marks, Adam, McCulloch, Iain, Wunderlich, Joerg, Sinova, Jairo, and Sirringhaus, Henning

Published
2019
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44. Neonatal outcomes following exposure in utero to fallout from Chernobyl

Author

Hatch, Maureen, Little, Mark P., Brenner, Alina V., Cahoon, Elizabeth K., Tereshchenko, Valery, Chaikovska, Ludmyla, Pasteur, Igor, Likhtarov, Ilya, Bouville, Andre, Shpak, Victor, Bolshova, Olena, Zamotayeva, Galyna, Grantz, Katherine, Sun, Liping, Mabuchi, Kiyohiko, Albert, Paul, and Tronko, Mykola

Published
2017

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