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Background: In China's post-epidemic era, the income of rural households has decreased, and the function of property preservation and appreciation is expected to weaken, which gives the financial market an increasingly prominent role in blocking the barrier of poverty caused by disease. Method: Based on CHARLS data, this paper empirically explores the relationship between financial assets and health expenditure and catastrophic health expenditure (representing the incidence of return to poverty due to illness) to provide evidence for the development of financial markets to help stop the return to poverty due to illness and consolidate the achievements of poverty alleviation. Results: The results show that the influence of financial assets on the incidence of catastrophic health expenditures is significant and has a threshold effect. At the same time, financial assets have a greater impact than housing on preventing the return to poverty due to illness. Therefore, moving to the financial market can be a viable option for rural households to stop the return to poverty due to illness in the future. Policy suggestion: The government should standardize the development of the financial market and scientifically allocate financial resources to ensure the stable preservation and appreciation of household financial investment. Rural family members should actively improve personal financial literacy and reasonable planning of family assets to achieve stable preservation and appreciation of family financial investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calibrating the redshift distributions of photometric galaxy samples is essential in weak lensing studies. The self-calibration method combines angular auto- and cross-correlations between galaxies in multiple photometric redshift (photo- z) bins to reconstruct the scattering rates matrix between redshift bins. In this paper, we test a recently proposed self-calibration algorithm using the DECaLS Data Release 9 and investigate to what extent the scattering rates are determined. We first mitigate the spurious angular correlations due to imaging systematics by a machine learning based method. We then improve the algorithm for χ2 minimization and error estimation. Finally, we solve for the scattering matrices, carry out a series of consistency tests, and find reasonable agreements: (1) finer photo- z bins return a high-resolution scattering matrix, and it is broadly consistent with the low-resolution matrix from wider bins; (2) the scattering matrix from the Northern Galactic Cap is almost identical to that from Southern Galactic Cap; (3) the scattering matrices are in reasonable agreement with those constructed from the power spectrum and the weighted spectroscopic subsample. We also evaluate the impact of cosmic magnification. Although it changes little the diagonal elements of the scattering matrix, it affects the off-diagonals significantly. The scattering matrix also shows some dependence on scale cut of input correlations, which may be related to a known numerical degeneracy between certain scattering pairs. This work demonstrates the feasibility of the self-calibration method in real data and provides a practical alternative to calibrate the redshift distributions of photometric samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an experimental study on the compressive behavior of steel fiber–reinforced polymer composite bars (SFCBs) confined in concrete columns. Thirty reduced-scale concrete columns, reinforced with different longitudinal SFCBs and fiber-reinforced polymer spirals, were tested under monotonic compression. The results showed that the maximum compressive peak stress of the SFCBs was approximately 50% of their tensile strength, and it was generally lower for those SFCBs that had a relatively high postyield stiffness ratio. The postyield stage of the compressive stress–strain curve of well-confined SFCBs did not develop with a stable postyield stiffness as in nonconfined monotonic compression, but first developed with a stiffness almost equal to zero and then increased rapidly until the compressive peak stress point was reached, which was potentially due to the forced transverse deformation effect. Because the actual compressive contribution of the SFCBs in concrete columns could be overestimated due to this effect, a tentative modification method was first proposed in this paper to calibrate the existing compressive stress–strain model of the SFCBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We then established a gut microbiota-deficient model of I P. akamusi i with the support of antibiotics for the first time and attempted to reveal a possible interaction between bacterial colonizers and the regulation of detoxification-associated genes, particularly P450s, in gut tissues of larvae treated with both a lethal and a sublethal dosage of CPF. Keywords: Propsilocerus akamusi; P450 gene; gut microbiota deficient; chlorpyrifos; regulation EN Propsilocerus akamusi P450 gene gut microbiota deficient chlorpyrifos regulation N.PAG N.PAG 17 09/27/22 20220901 NES 220901 1. 10.1002/ps.4879 6 Jing T.X., Wang D.F., Ma Y.P., Zeng L.L., Meng L.W., Zhang Q., Dou W., Wang J.J. Genome-wide and expression-profiling analyses of the cytochrome P450 genes in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and screening of candidate P450 genes associated with malathion resistance. Thus, gut microbiota of chironomid larvae could be considered as a modifier for CPF-mediated regulation of P450s in digestive tracts and the altered pattern is relevant to the concentration of invading CPF. [Extracted from the article]

We measure the cross-correlation between galaxy groups constructed from DESI Legacy Imaging Survey DR8 and Planck cosmic microwave background (CMB) lensing, over overlapping sky area of 16 876 |$\rm deg^2$|⁠. The detections are significant and consistent with the expected signal of the large-scale structure of Universe, over group samples of various redshift, mass, and richness N g, and over various scale cuts. The overall signal-to-noise ratio is 40 for a conservative sample with N g ≥ 5, and increases to 50 for the sample with N g ≥ 2. Adopting the Planck 2018 cosmology, we constrain the density bias of groups with N g ≥ 5 as b g = 1.31 ± 0.10, 2.22 ± 0.10, and 3.52 ± 0.20 at 0.1 < z ≤ 0.33, 0.33 < z ≤ 0.67, and 0.67 < z ≤ 1, respectively. The group catalogue provides the estimation of group halo mass and therefore allows us to detect the dependence of bias on group mass with high significance. It also allows us to compare the measured bias with the theoretically predicted one using the estimated group mass. We find excellent agreement for the two high-redshift bins. However, it is lower than the theory by ∼3σ for the lowest redshift bin. Another interesting finding is the significant impact of the thermal Sunyaev Zel'dovich. It contaminates the galaxy group-CMB lensing cross-correlation at |$\sim \! 30{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$| level, and must be deprojected first in CMB lensing reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural robustness is the property of a structure to resist accidental events such as explosions, impacts and earthquakes. In the design field of structural engineering, structural robustness has attained unprecedented significance in the present design environment. This paper presents a probabilistic framework for the robustness quantification of precast concrete frames under seismic loading. After the essences of structural robustness and the philosophy of robustness quantification are examined, the probabilistic framework is developed by investigating the relationship between the failure of structural components and the failure of structural systems. Its process consists of the identification of the relationship, the uncertainty characterization, the reliability and the robustness indices formulations. The proposed probabilistic framework is demonstrated to be feasible and effective in quantifying the robustness of precast concrete frame structures by employing an example illustration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A precast concrete structure reinforced by steel-fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite bars (SFCBs) shows good durability and controllable post-yield stiffness, which makes this kind of structure suitable for marine infrastructure. The connection technology is one of the critical issues of a precast concrete structure with hybrid reinforcement. This paper presents an experimental study on the bond-slip testing (27 pullout specimens) of composite bars connected by a grouted deformed pipe splice (GDPS) connector with different bond lengths. The reinforcement included SFCBs and pure FRP bars. The test results showed that the failure modes could be classified into three categories: rebar pullout before or after the inner steel bar yielded, rupture of the FRP wrapped on the SFCB, and mixed failure of bar pullout with a partial fiber fracture. The average bond strength of the ordinary steel bar was approximately 146.8% that of the SFCB connector with the same anchored length. When the anchored length of the SFCB specimen was 15 d (d : bar diameter), the specimen could be fully anchored to fracture. An explicit hardening bond-slip model considering the post-yield stiffness of the SFCB was used to predict the bond-slip behavior of the GDPS connector, and the experimental and analytical results agreed well with each other, which demonstrates that the proposed model could provided a reference for the analysis and design of connectors for SFCB-reinforced precast concrete structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lncosh cost function is regarded as a natural logarithm obtaining from a hyperbolic cosine function, which has drawn growing attention due to its robust to impulsive noise. In this brief, a nonnegative adaptive algorithm is proposed based on lncosh function, named as NNLlncosh, which is derived by incorporating the nonnegativity constraint into lncosh cost function to deal with a nonnegativity constraint optimization problem under impulsive system noises. The steady-state excess mean square error (EMSE) for the newly constructed NNLlncosh algorithm is presented. Obtained results from the computer simulation validate the theoretical analysis and verify the excellent characteristics of the NNLlncosh over various non-Gaussian system noises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Strontianite and witherite reorder faster than aragonite, calcite, and dolomite. • cAIMD simulations reveal the mechanism of clumped isotope reordering. • Orthorhombic carbonates are more susceptible to reordering than trigonal carbonates. • Lattice-bound H 2 O greatly reduces the energy barrier for clumped isotope reordering. • Water content and cation chemistry must be considered for accurate paleothermometry. The carbonate clumped isotope (∆ 47) thermometer is a powerful tool for temperature reconstruction based on the thermodynamical 13C—18O bonding preference. Accurate interpretation of temperatures requires preservation of original carbonate ∆ 47 signatures, which are susceptible to resetting at elevated temperatures during burial. Kinetic models of carbonate 13C—18O bond reordering derived from experimental studies constrain the evaluation of ∆ 47 preservation and the reconstruction of thermal histories and initial temperatures for reordered carbonates. However, application of these models to different carbonates is limited because kinetic parameters vary with materials and are believed to be affected by factors such as crystal structure, cation, trace element composition, crystal defects, and internal water whose roles in reordering are still not well-understood. Here we present reordering data for strontianite and witherite from heating experiments and evaluate the effects of crystal structure, cation chemistry, cation vacancy and substitution, and internal water on reordering using constrained ab-initio molecular dynamics (cAIMD) simulations. We show that strontianite and witherite reorder significantly faster than other carbonates. Comparing experimental studies yields the following reordering rate sequence: strontianite > witherite > aragonite > calcite > dolomite. The general trend in Arrhenius activation energy for reordering is strontianite < witherite < aragonite < dolomite < calcite (with calcite values based on the average of individual materials). Our cAIMD simulations reveal a similar trend in free energy of activation for oxygen exchange in these carbonates. We suggest that orthorhombic carbonates are more susceptible to reordering than trigonal carbonates because of the shorter distance between carbonate groups and because the weaker M—O interaction in orthorhombic carbonates reduces the structural distortion and the energy cost during transition state formation. For carbonates sharing the same structure, the weak M—O bonding can be compensated by a large unit cell volume, leading to a non-systematic relationship between the free energy of activation and the cation radius. In simulations with lattice-bound water, the free energy of activation is greatly reduced compared with cation vacancy and substitution. The influence of fluid inclusions on measured reordering rates depends on the fraction of carbonates that can exchange with water as suggested by strontianite δ¹⁸O data. Our results serve as a starting point for a more sophisticated but flexible kinetic model containing material-specific factors (e.g., substituted ions, structure water, etc.) for reordering in abiotic and biotic carbonates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seismic performance of the bridge column, such as pier or pile, is a time-dependent property which may decrease in resistance to the deterioration or natural hazards along the structure’s service life. The most effective strengthened method for degraded bridge columns is the jacketing method, which has been widely developed and investigated through numerous studies since the 1980s. This paper presented a modeling method, as well as a comprehensive parametric study, on seismic performance of bridge columns strengthened by a newly developed strengthening method with prestressed precast concrete panels and fiber-reinforced polymer reinforcements (PPCP-FRP). A modeling method of bridge columns strengthened with PPCP-FRP was first presented and validated with test results. The influence of design parameters, such as axial load ratio, equivalent FRP reinforcement ratio rate (EQFRR), expansion ratio, and shear span ratio of strengthened columns, were then further evaluated in terms of lateral load capacity, ductility, energy dissipation, lateral stiffness, and residual displacement of strengthened columns. The peak load of strengthened columns increases with the increasing of EQFRR due to the unique failure model of strengthened columns characterized by the fracture of FRP bars. The initial stiffness of strengthened columns increased by 300% with the increasing of expansion ratio by 45%, and a stable postyield stiffness stage was obtained by most strengthened columns in analysis. The residual displacement of strengthened columns decreases rapidly with the increasing of EQFRR, which indicated that a better repairability could be achieved by the strengthened column with a relatively high EQFRR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Improved transformer network used in predicting nonlinear structural response and damage state. • A new fragility analysis method considering multiple damage indexes simultaneously. • Considering structural peak and residual damages in unison to estimate post-disaster resilience. • Quickly giving the assurance rate that the structure meets certain performance objectives. This paper is devoted to the research on applying the deep learning method to nonlinear structural post-disaster damage state assessment. Transformer and Informer networks with a classification network customized according to the adopted damage assessment framework are proposed for data-driven structural seismic response and damage state modeling. Compared with recurrent neural network and convolution neural network, the networks in this paper can predict the elastoplastic response of nonlinear structures more effectively. In addition, this paper presents a method for rapid structural fragility analysis, which can consider multiple damage assessment indexes at the same time. The performance of the proposed approach is successfully demonstrated through two examples, including a numerical analysis validation and a field sensing validation. The results show that the Transformer network used in this paper is a reliable and computationally efficient approach for predicting the structural seismic response and damage category, and appears great potential in structural health monitoring and rapid assessment on post-disaster structural resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A steel-fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite bar (SFCB) is a kind of rebar with inner steel bar wrapped by FRP, which can achieve a better anticorrosion performance than that of ordinary steel bar. The high ultimate strength of FRP can also provide a significant increase in load bearing capacity. Based on the adequate simulation of the load-displacement behaviors of concrete beams reinforced by SFCBs, a parametric analysis of the moment-curvature behaviors of concrete beams that are singly reinforced by SFCB was conducted. The critical reinforcement ratio for differentiating the beam’s failure mode was presented, and the concept of the maximum possible peak curvature (MPPC) was proposed. After the ultimate curvature reached MPPC, it decreased with an increase in the postyield stiffness ratio (rsf), and the theoretical calculation method about the curvatures before and after the MPPC was derived. The influence of the reinforcement ratio, effective depth, and FRP ultimate strain on the ultimate point was studied by the dimensionless moment and curvature. By calculating the envelope area under the moment-curvature curve, the energy ductility index can obtain a balance between the bearing capacity and the deformation ability. This paper can provide a reference for the design of concrete beams that are reinforced by SFCB or hybrid steel bar/FRP bar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective post-yield stiffness of reinforced concrete (RC) columns can significantly contribute to the seismic performance of RC structures. However, because of the elastoplastic properties of steel bars, the post-yield stiffness of an ordinary RC column can be very slight or even negative. Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) can provide a high degree of ultimate strength, light weight, and protection from corrosion. By combining steel and FRP, a designable post-yield stiffness can be achieved for concrete structures reinforced with steel-FRP composite bars (SFCBs) or hybrid steel/FRP bars. This paper conducted cyclic loading tests on four concrete columns with different reinforcement types, including steel bars, hybrid steel/FRP bars, and SFCBs. The test results showed that (1) the columns reinforced with different bars had similar strain distributions from column base to cap prior to yielding. After yielding, the plastic deformation of the ordinary RC column concentrated at the column base and the loading capacity decreased with the increase of lateral drift because of the P - δ effect. (2) Unlike the negative post-yield stiffness of an ordinary RC column, the post-yield stiffness of a column with hybrid reinforcements was positive. As the post-yield stiffness ratio of the longitudinal reinforcement increased by 27 percent, the post-yield stiffness of the concrete column increased by 7.4 percent. Therefore, the corresponding displacement ductility could reach 11—much greater than that of the RC column (6.28). (3) As a result of the more robust hysteretic curve of the RC column, the equivalent viscous damping coefficients of the RC column were greater than those of the hybrid column, whereas the hybrid reinforced concrete columns could dissipate earthquake energy without a corresponding loss of strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The factory-produced steel-fiber reinforced polymer composite bar (SFCB) is a new kind of reinforcement for concrete structures. The manufacturing technology of SFCB is presented based on a large number of handmade specimens. The calculated stress-strain curves of ordinary steel bar and SFCB under repeated tensile loading agree well with the corresponding experimental results. The energy-dissipation capacity and residual strain of both steel bar and SFCB were analyzed. Based on the good simulation results of ordinary steel bar and FRP bar under compressive loading, the compressive behavior of SFCB under monotonic loading was studied using the principle of equivalent flexural rigidity. There are three failure modes of SFCB under compressive loading: elastic buckling, postyield buckling, and no buckling (ultimate compressive strength is reached). The increase in the postyield stiffness of SFCB rsf can delay the postyield buckling of SFCB with a large length-to-diameter ratio, and an empirical equation for the relationship between the postbuckling stress and rsf is suggested, which can be used for the design of concrete structures reinforced by SFCB to consider the effect of reinforcement buckling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chironomids are characterized by their ubiquitous distribution, global diversity and tolerant ability to deal with environmental stressors. To our knowledge, this is the first study presenting the gut microbial structure of chironomid larvae and examining the microbial alteration induced by invading chlorpyrifos and copper with different dosages. Lethal bioassay displayed a significantly decreased percentage survival of Propsilocerus akamusi larvae exposed to 800 mg/L copper and 50 μg/L chlorpyrifos at 96 h. Larvae with deficient gut microbiota exhibited a depressed level of glutathione S-transferase activity after stressful exposure. The high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing was adopted to investigate the community structure and it turned out that both copper and chlorpyrifos were able to generate distinguished variations of gut microbiota in the stressor-specific and concentration-dependent manner. Of note, the relative abundance of Comamonas , Stenotrophomonas , and Yersinia remarkably elevated in the presence of copper while chlorpyrifos exposure upregulated the prevalence of certain genera (e.g. Serratia). Flavobacterium was greatly attenuated in chlorpyrifos group with lethal dosage exhibiting more severe impacts. The predicted gene functions of the gut commensals differed between normal samples and those subjected to distinct toxins. Besides, more positive associations and limited modularity of microbial interactions were observed in stressor-challenged larvae, presenting a network with impaired complexity and stability. The appearance of either copper or chlorpyrifos exhibited strong positive correlations with genera belonging to Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Collectively, this investigation introduces a general outline of gut microbiota obtained from chironomid individuals with latent adaptive tactics to nocuous factors (heavy metal and pesticide), which could build a fundamental basis for us to further explore the protective roles of chironomid gut bacterial colonizers in defending against aquatic contaminants. [Display omitted] • High dosage of Cu and CPF had lethal effects on survivorship of chironomid larvae. • Gut microbiota depletion decreased GST activity in stressor-treated chironomids. • Gut bacterial consortium remarkably shifted under Cu and CPF challenge. • Cu and CPF exhibited positive correlations with Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. • Microbial networks with attenuated complexity and stability were induced by stressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is one important member of MAPK family and reported to serve a predominant function in regulating innate immunity after the occurrence of certain infection. In the present study, one novel p38 MAPK gene was acquired from Cyclina sinensis based on the RNA-seq analysis and designated as Csp38 MAPK. This novel gene contained a full length of 1781 bp, 1104 bp of which was deemed as open reading frames and gave rise to a peptide of 367 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 42.31 KDa. A conserved serine/threonine protein kinase (S_Tkc) region along with a Thr-Gly-Tyr motif was discovered in the deduced sequence. According to the phylogenetic analysis, there was a close relationship between this kinase and Meretrix petechialis p38 MAPK. As for the expression pattern, this newly-identified Csp38 MAPK was ubiquitously distributed in several tissues throughout the body but with varied abundance. After the challenge of Vibrio anguillarum , both the transcription and phosphorylation level of Csp38 MAPK in hemolymph were coordinately altered with a time-dependent manner. Besides, with the application of double strand RNA homologous to myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) of C. sinensis , the activation of Csp38 MAPK was found to obviously decrease in hemolymph after the pathogen stimulation. Hence, our experimental data presented evidence for the potential involvement of p38 MAPK in response to bacterial invaders in C. sinensis , possibly facilitating the understanding for pathogen-induced innate immunity in clams. [Display omitted] • One novel p38 MAPK of C. sinensis was identified and characterized • Csp38 MAPK was widely distributed in various tissues under physiological condition • V. anguillarum could induce elevated transcription and phosphorylation of Csp38 MAPK • A decline of Csp38 MAPK activation was observed in CsMyD88-silenced samples • TLRs-MyD88-p38 MAPK pathway was inevitable for clam innate immunity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Pull-out tests of bundled steel/FRP bars embedded in concrete were performed. • The influence of bond-slip effect of bundled bars in RC beams was investigated. • Equivalent bond-slip model of bundled steel/FRP bars was theoretically derived and validated. • High-fidelity FE model incorporating bond-slip effect by cohesive elements is developed. Due to the controllable bond performance and high-efficiency construction of bundled hybrid reinforcements, the seismic performance and accelerated construction of a precast concrete structure can be guaranteed. Eighteen pullout specimens of bundled deformed steel bars and basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars (single, double, three-bundle) were tested under monotonic loading. The peak bond strength decreased by 40.7% as the reinforcement bundles increased from one to three. The corresponding experimental investigations on five concrete beams reinforced by different types of bundled reinforcement showed that, compared to a beam with ordinary distributed reinforcement (control beam), the ultimate displacement of the beams with three bundles and six bundles increased by 60% and 90%, respectively. The load bearing capacity of the six-bundle beam was 9.6% larger than that of the control beam. A simplified bond-slip model based on the concept of equivalent bond area was proposed and showed good agreement with the test results. In addition, finite element analysis considering the bond-slip between the reinforcement and concrete was conducted to predict the load–deflection relationships of the new composite beam. A comparison of the analytical and experimental results showed that the analytical model could accurately predict the failure modes, load–deflection relationships and strain developments of bundled hybrid reinforced beams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents experimental studies on the compressive behavior of a sustainable steel-fiber reinforced composite bar (SFCB) under uniaxial compressive loading. The SFCB, combined with steel and fiber reinforced polymer (FRP), is expected to significantly enhance structural safety and sustainability. A new test method with LVDT and extensometer sensors was developed and verified through experiments to test the tensile and compressive behavior of the SFCB. Fifty-four specimens including SFCB and inner steel bar (ISB) with different slenderness ratios were tested. The test results indicated that the initial compressive elastic modulus of the SFCB was essentially the same as its initial tensile elastic modulus. The compressive yield load of the SFCB was essentially irrelevant to the slenderness ratio, and the ultimate compressive stress of the SFCBs varied inversely with the slenderness ratios. The squash load of the SFCB tended to be conservative for predicting the compressive yield load of the SFCB, while the equivalent critical global buckling load of the SFCB was much higher than its corresponding compressive yield load and ultimate load due to the inelastic buckling mechanism of the SFCB within the range of the equivalent slenderness ratios studied in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chouioia cunea (Yang) is a pupal parasitoid wasp and this species is able to seek host insects depending on its olfactory system. However, the molecular mechanism of the olfactory system in the C. cunea is still limited. To identify putative semiochemicals bound to CcOBP2, a protein specifically expressed in antennae, 14 compounds from the pupae of H. cunea and 11 common volatile compounds from plants were selected for competitive fluorescence binding assay. The result of the binding assay showed that five compounds were able to bind toCcOBP2. The electroantennogram (EAG) demonstrated that the antennae had a significant response to the 3-Carene, a bicyclic monoterpene, and C. cunea could be obviously attracted by this compound. The behavioral response to 3- carene was dramatically weakened when CcOBP2 was specifically knocked down. The molecular docking result indicated that several amino acids especially Ile-81, Val-122, Phe-123 of CcOBP2 were responsible for binding to 3-Carene. Furthermore, there was a repellent effect on the host H. cunea with the treatment of the 3-Carene. This study illustrated that CcOBP2 might be a crucial protein involved in the olfactory signaling pathway and the 3-Carene, secreted from plants, could probably have a potential role in repelling pests as well as attracting natural enemies. Image 1 • Three compounds from the pupae of H. cunea and 2 common volatile compounds from plants were able to bind to CcOBP2. • The antennae of C. cunea had a significant response to 3-carene, a bicyclic monoterpene. • C. cunea could be obviously attracted by 3-carene. • The attractive response to 3-carene was dramatically weaken when CcOBP2 was specifically knocked down in female C. cunea. • 3-carene had a repellent effect on the host H. cunea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]