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Background: A mismatch between organizational priorities and system-level policies can negatively impact implementation and sustainment of classroom-based physical activity (PA) interventions. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) present methods to systematically identify organization- and system-level implementation barriers, and (2) align organizational priorities and system policies by designing multi-level implementation strategies. This alignment will support implementation scale-up of a tailored PA intervention in one low-resource intermediate school district (ISD; 16 districts, 32 schools) in central Michigan. Methods: Multi-level assessments of organizational readiness were conducted using the Hexagon Discussion and Analysis Tool to assess intervention-context fit, the Wellness School Assessment Tool 3.0 to evaluate district PA policy strength and comprehensiveness, and semi-structured interviews were conducted to assess administrative support and priorities related to PA programming. Results: Our assessments revealed three implementation barriers: limited structural capacity to sustain teacher training, limited resources across districts and school buildings to support teachers, and misalignment of ISD and district PA policies and priorities. Conclusions: Greater attention to organizational capacity and existing infrastructure should be considered "a priori" to support effective implementation and sustainment of PA interventions in low-resource schools.

Background: Over the past several decades, scholars have regularly reviewed qualitative research published in the "Journal of Teaching in Physical Education," among other outlets, to understand the developing role of qualitative methods in physical education and sport pedagogy. In this review, the authors present a descriptive and thematic analysis of qualitative research articles published between 2009 and 2019, extending previous reviews. Methods: A total of 137 empirical articles were published that included a qualitative component (38.48%). This included purely qualitative studies (28.37%) as well as those using mixed methods (10.11%). Results: Descriptive results include analyses of article classifications, authorship, participants, theoretical/conceptual frameworks, qualitative methodologies, data collection methods, and data analysis and trustworthiness strategies. Inductive analysis of the 137 qualitative containing articles resulted in six themes and corresponding subthemes of research foci. Conclusions: Suggestions for future submissions to the "Journal of Teaching in Physical Education" are also presented.

This study examines the associations of physical activity and gross motor skills in parent-child dyads. Parent-child dyads (N = 61, 84% mothers, children aged 8-11 years) participated in this study. Anthropometrics were self-reported through Qualtrics. Physical activity was assessed using accelerometers. Motor skills were measured through four skills: catch, kick, throw, and jump. These skills were assessed using process (i.e., performance criteria of the Test of Gross Motor Development-3) and product (i.e., catch percentage and jump distance) measures. A complete motor skill score was computed by standardizing both process and product scores and summing them. Correlation coefficients and ordinary least square regressions were computed to examine the associations of physical activity and motor skills. Parents' and children's moderate to vigorous physical activity were significantly associated ([beta] = 0.30 ± 0.11; p = 0.008). Parents' and children's motor skills were significantly associated ([beta] = 0.46 ± 0.18; p = 0.012). Understanding parent determinants can support effective interventions targeting children's low physical activity levels and improving motor competence. Our results highlight the importance of parents' physical activity and motor skills, which are significantly associated with those of their children. These parent factors may be a key consideration for effective family-based physical activity interventions.

In response to the global pressure that has led to an increased emphasis on international comparisons of student achievement since the 1980s, multiple federal reforms aimed at producing greater consistency in curricula have been initiated in the United States. The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of a national curriculum and whether it has the potential to improve the quality of physical education. Twenty-eight national leaders in physical education teacher education participated in formal and informal interviews. The themes that emerged indicated a uniform curriculum would not be readily realized or successfully implemented in the US due to the polyphonic governance structure and anti-federal sentiment, and widespread convictions among the educational community about an idiosyncratic curriculum approach.

Teacher change in physical education has long been called for; however, current theoretical models guiding the change process do not address contextual aspects of the teaching workplace. Occupational Socialization Theory (OST) addresses contextual factors related to change but omits individual teacher characteristics that develop independently of socializing factors. To better understand the teacher change process and guide reform efforts such as continuing professional development, a more comprehensive model is required. The purpose of this article, therefore, is to propose an integrative model of teacher change that merges OST with research on teacher dispositions toward change, including related behavior change theories. Practical applications for teacher professional learning utilizing the model and future directions are suggested.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors associated with high school physical education (PE) teachers' adoption of a supplemental online instructional system. Method: Semistructured, open-ended phone interviews with 28 high school PE teachers were used as the primary data collection method. All teachers were using or had used a supplemental online instructional system at the time of the study. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) guided the directed content analysis. Results: Four main categories were generated, including perceived programmatic, instructional, and inclusivity improvements; minimal personal and student usage effort; school and curriculum provider support facilitated use; and administrators' dictated long-term use. Discussion/Conclusion: The results aligned well with the UTAUT and served to situate the theory within the secondary PE context. The participants' perceptions and experiences were also contradictory to much of the current research on teachers' technology adoption in PE and K-12 education, more generally.

Physical education teachers face considerable sociopolitical challenges that can impede quality instruction and complicate recruitment into the profession. Physical education teacher education faculty members may not be prepared to address these challenges during their doctoral education. Accordingly, the purpose of the paper was to utilize the lessons learned from occupational socialization research to propose competencies that can be integrated into doctoral education to help future faculty members integrate sociopolitical learning into physical education teacher education. These include: (a) understanding socialization literature and the implications for teacher education, (b) helping doctoral students understand their own prior socialization experiences, (c) recruiting highly qualified preservice teachers, (d) helping preservice teachers question their subjective theories, (e) developing and coordinating field experiences, and (f) preparing preservice teachers for the sociopolitical realities of schools. These competencies align with the proposed addition of a new standard for initial teacher education that addresses sociopolitical learning.

Background: Over the past several decades, scholars have regularly reviewed qualitative research published in the Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, among other outlets, to understand the developing role of qualitative methods in physical education and sport pedagogy. In this review, the authors present a descriptive and thematic analysis of qualitative research articles published between 2009 and 2019, extending previous reviews. Methods: A total of 137 empirical articles were published that included a qualitative component (38.48%). This included purely qualitative studies (28.37%) as well as those using mixed methods (10.11%). Results: Descriptive results include analyses of article classifications, authorship, participants, theoretical/conceptual frameworks, qualitative methodologies, data collection methods, and data analysis and trustworthiness strategies. Inductive analysis of the 137 qualitative containing articles resulted in six themes and corresponding subthemes of research foci. Conclusions: Suggestions for future submissions to the Journal of Teaching in Physical Education are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 2 (see EJ1202568) overviewed the teacher pipeline and documented some of the challenges faced by the physical education profession in relation to teacher education recruitment and retention. Given declining program enrollments and the elimination of some once-prominent programs, a theory of action is recommended for understanding how the field can better recruit and retain diverse, highly qualified preservice teachers. In this chapter, we argue that occupational socialization theory presents one such theory of action. We begin with an overview of the theory in a general sense and then discuss possible implications for preservice teacher recruitment and retention. Recommended recruitment efforts focus on leveraging both physical education teacher education faculty members and in-service teachers as agents of recruitment; retention strategies relate to developing field-based teacher education programs that adopt a constructivist approach to teaching and learning. We conclude by describing how occupational socialization theory relates to guide research presented within this monograph.

Physical education teacher education is at a "tipping point" in history, where the survivability of the profession in many institutions of higher education may be in question. This monograph reflects an initial attempt to understand recruitment and retention in physical education teacher education programs from the perspective of program coordinators. The purpose of this culminating chapter is to connect key points identified throughout the monograph and critically assess how the results add to the knowledge base in physical education teacher education. The chapter authors present a historical perspective on reduced enrollments and identified strategies for the promotion of student recruitment and retention. It will become evident that if a favorable future for physical education is to become reality, then a vision must be developed and enacted through the concentrated efforts of multiple stakeholders who have the time and commitment necessary to enact positive change at local, state, and national levels.

Physical education teacher education programs have a responsibility to prepare preservice teachers in the technical aspects of teaching while also preparing them for the sociopolitical realities of teaching a marginalized subject. There is also a need for inservice teachers to engage in continuing professional development related to socialization and school sociopolitics to build upon lessons learned during initial teacher education. In the United States, one such professional development opportunity is reflected in master's degree programs. These programs are typically guided by the National Association for Sport and Physical Education advanced standards for physical education teacher education. However, these standards do not currently have any reference to socialization or sociopolitical learning. The purpose of this article is to propose that an additional standard focusing on sociopolitical skills and teacher socialization be added to the National Association for Sport and Physical Education advanced standards for U.S.-based post-licensure master's degree programs.

Background and Purpose: Although the Brief COPE is a widely used instrument to measure coping, its factor structure is understudied in young adults. The purpose of this article was to determine the psychometric properties of the dispositional version of the Brief COPE among young adults. Methods: Two hundred young adults completed the dispositional version of the Brief COPE. Measures of depression, anxiety, and stress tested predictive validity. Confirmatory factor analyses and exploratory structural equation modeling were conducted. Results: The final model achieved good fit (minimum discrepancy/degrees of freedom = 1.59; comparative fit index =.93; standardized root mean square residual =.07). Three second-order factors were identified: adaptive (α =.81), support (α = 78), and disengaged coping (α = 71). Adaptive and disengaged coping were differentially associated with mental health outcomes. Conclusions: The results are consistent with a growing body of evidence to support the construct validity of the Brief COPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupational socialization theory has been used to guide research related to the lives and careers of teachers and, more recently, teacher educators for around 50 years. Across this time, much has been learned about the factors that attract or deter prospective recruits from seeking occupations in the field, the effectiveness of professional development programming, and individuals' experiences working in educational systems or scholarly contributions toward larger institutional missions. In this paper, we provide an overview of research stemming from occupational socialization theory before presenting and discussing vignettes that provide illustrative examples of the socialization of physical education teachers and faculty members in action. Building from the discussion across these vignettes, we describe lessons learned related to applying the findings of socialization research in practice before closing with research recommendations. We emphasize topical and methodological diversity in socialization research and provide example studies linked to the current literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Emerging evidence notes increased depression, anxiety, and stress among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, little is known about populations at increased risk for emotional distress as the pandemic continues. Persons with adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are one group that may be at higher risk for emotional distress. Aim: The aim of this study is to examine whether young adults, particularly Black young adults, with histories of ACEs report more emotional distress during the pandemic than those with no ACE exposure. Method: Using a cross-sectional, quota sampling approach, 100 Black and 100 White young adults were recruited using online sources (e.g., University website, Facebook). Due to the pandemic, participants were screened via Zoom and, if eligible, completed a demographic questionnaire, emotional distress measures (i.e., anxiety, depression, stress), and the ACE Questionnaire online via a Qualtrics survey. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis examined the ACE and emotional distress relationship, and multigroup SEM assessed racial differences. Results: High levels of both emotional distress and ACEs were observed. Black young adults reported significantly more ACEs than Whites. ACEs were significantly associated with each measure of emotional distress regardless of race or other covariates. Conclusions: Findings reveal that during the pandemic, persons exposed to ACEs reported greater emotional distress than those with no ACE exposure. Nurses must screen patients for both emotional distress and ACE to target those at higher risk for early intervention and initiate treatment as needed to mitigate long-term mental health consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research suggests that progress in the physical education profession is slowed by a cycle of nonteaching and dominance of traditional methodologies. Socialization factors operate to preserve and perpetuate the status quo of the profession, which is rooted primarily in team sport content. Teacher education programs are challenged to persuade pre-service teachers to question their initial belief structures while also preparing them for the sociopolitical realities of schools. There is not, however, a formal mechanism through which to accomplish these goals, because current accreditation standards do not include an emphasis on socialization. As a result, the purpose of this article is to stimulate further discussion by reviewing relevant research related to socialization, describe evidence-based practices for overcoming these challenges, and propose an addition to the Society of Health and Physical Educators America (2017) standards for initial physical education teacher education to specifically focus attention on socialization issues.

Teaching has been characterised as a stressful profession that is prone to burnout. Less is known about the specific ways in which teachers experience and navigate stressors associated with their work. This study aimed to qualitatively understand how teachers who perceive high and low levels of burnout characterise their lived experiences in school environments. Data were collected through interviews with 28 inservice teachers (11 male, 17 female) from the US Midwest who reported high- or low-burnout on a psychometric survey. Data were analysed by two experienced qualitative researchers. Results indicated that (a) low-burnout teachers perceived nurturing teaching environments, (b) high-burnout teachers perceived combative and constraining teaching environments, and (c) all teachers had to manage workplace stress. Building from these findings, we present a model for understanding how the school environment influences teacher burnout. This model highlights the importance of developing optimal working conditions that nurture teacher development.

Background: The effect of multiple stressors on immigrant young adults' endocrine functioning and health outcomes has not been comprehensively investigated. Aims: This study tested a theoretical model of cumulative and current stressor effects on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis functioning and health-related quality of life (HRQL) among Arab American young adults. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, we recruited 160 participants, ages 18 to 24 years, from an urban university in the Midwest. Cumulative stress was assessed by self-report measures of childhood adversity, bullying victimization, and perceived ethnic discrimination. Current perceived stress was measured using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) while cortisol levels were measured in participants' hair. Structural equation modeling tested the effects of cumulative and current stress on cortisol and HRQL. Results: Cumulative stress was negatively associated with HRQL (standardized path coefficient = −.51, p <.05). Interestingly, however, cumulative stress was inversely associated with hair cortisol level (standardized path coefficient = −.51, p <.05). Current stress was positively associated with cortisol level (standardized path coefficient =.43, p <.05) and negatively associated with the mental HRQL (standardized path coefficient < −.37, p <.05). Conclusion: Cumulative stress exhibited a different effect on HPA functioning from current perceived stress. Mental health was significantly impaired by both cumulative and current perceived stress. Implications for mental health nursing practice and research among Arab Americans are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pre-Conference Workshop in conjunction with the Annual Meeting of the Geriatrics Society of America San Diego Convention Center, San Diego, CA, USA, 14 November 2012 In 2004, the NIH awarded contracts to initiate the development of high-quality psychological and neuropsychological outcome measures for the improved assessment of health-related outcomes. The workshop introduced these measurement development initiatives, the measures created and the NIH-supported resource (Assessment Center) for internet or tablet-based test administration and scoring. Presentations covered item response theory and assessment of test bias, construction of item banks and computerized adaptive testing, and the different ways in which qualitative analyses contribute to the definition of construct domains and the refinement of outcome constructs. The panel discussion included questions about representativeness of samples and the assessment of cultural bias.

In response to the global pressure that has led to an increased emphasis on international comparisons of student achievement since the 1980s, multiple federal reforms aimed at producing greater consistency in curricula have been initiated in the United States. The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of a national curriculum and whether it has the potential to improve the quality of physical education. Twenty-eight national leaders in physical education teacher education participated in formal and informal interviews. The themes that emerged indicated a uniform curriculum would not be readily realized or successfully implemented in the US due to the polyphonic governance structure and anti-federal sentiment, and widespread convictions among the educational community about an idiosyncratic curriculum approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of a teacher is becoming increasingly complex, and it is more important than ever that teachers develop resilience to overcome stress and burnout. A conceptual framework to explain the ability of resilience to decrease role stress and burnout was developed and tested. Participants included 415 teachers (174 elementary, 241 secondary) who taught in three adjacent school districts in the Midwest of the United States. Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey that included measures of resilience, role stressors, and burnout. Structural equation modeling was used to test the conceptual framework, and invariance analysis examined the equivalence of relationships across elementary and secondary teacher groups. Results generally supported the conceptual framework, and commonly experienced pathways were found to be invariant across groups. This study emphasizes the importance of resilience in helping to reduce perceived teacher stress and feelings of burnout.

In this article, we will explore the current landscape of teacher education programs in general, and specifically, physical education teacher education (PETE) from the national level down to the local level. Furthermore, we will explore the impact that the elimination of undergraduate PETE programs can have on PETE doctoral programs, including the teaching, research, and engagement of their faculty. We present ideas for preparing doctoral students for their future higher education roles that may or may not include the preparation of future physical educators.

Secondary professional socialization is a phase of occupational socialization theory that focuses on graduate education in preparation for a career in academia. Due to the need to present and publish research and make professional contacts, professional organizations likely serve an important socializing function during graduate education. The purpose of this exploratory study was to understand graduate students' perspectives of participating in professional organizations. Participants included 16 health and physical education graduate students who shared their experiences in focus group interviews. Data were analyzed using constant comparison and inductive analysis. Results indicate graduate students become involved in professional organizations primarily due to faculty encouragement. Participants highlighted networking as a benefit of involvement, and viewed professional learning and opportunities to present research as important to their career development. Results are discussed through the lens of occupational socialization theory, and limitations and implications for graduate student training are shared.

Research in education and physical education has emphasized the need for continuing professional development (CPD) programs that are aligned with best practices. More specifically, scholars interested in teaching personal and social responsibility (TPSR) have emphasized the need to examine teachers' CPD. The purpose of this study was to provide a novel responsibility-based CPD experience to three physical educators and examine its impact on a middle school physical education program in the USA. Data were collected through systematic observations, interviews, nonparticipant observations and document analysis. Findings showed that the physical educators increased their awareness of responsibility-based teaching strategies, perceived them to positively impact students and integrated the strategies into their teaching. Furthermore, descriptive statistics illustrate frequent use of the teaching strategies and confirms the reliability of the observation instrument. The findings suggest that systematic observations can support responsibility-based CPD for the purposes of research, peer evaluations, or as a reflection tool. The long-term approach enhanced the potential for sustainability.