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The article presents information about the wholesale wallpaper trade in the United States. The author presents a brief overview of the history of the U.S. wallpaper trade and census records of the industry's earning in 1849. Statistical information related to earnings and growth in the wallpaper industry are presented. A discussion is presented about the differences between wallpaper wholesaling and the distribution of other commodities, specifically the difference in marketing strategies used by buyers and distributors of wallpaper. Various trade organizations related to the wallpaper industry are mentioned.

This paper evaluates an editorial and seven invaluable and interesting review papers for the Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM). The topics covered include the rising complexity of bank regulatory capital requirements from global guidelines to their United States (US) implementation, connections among big data, computational science, economics, finance, marketing, management and psychology, factors, outcome, and the solutions of supply chain finance, with a review and future directions, time-varying price-volume relationship, adaptive market efficiency, and a survey of the empirical literature, improved covariance matrix estimation for portfolio risk measurement, stock investment and excess returns, with a critical review in the light of the efficient market hypothesis, and a cross section analysis of country equity returns, and a review of the empirical literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an in-depth analysis of the archives of the Brown family, collected at the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. In it the business activities of the family from the 18th to 20th centuries are charted. Comments are given highlighting the historical value of the papers, citing their remarkable comprehensiveness for such a long period. Issues addressed within the collection include records of business conditions and transactions during the Revolutionary War, the transitions in international business networks after the war, and the family's Western frontier land speculation ventures during the 19th-century.

Education is the core of the factors that improved people for a better lifestyle and increases the level of society' development. Quality education is one of the most vital goals of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) due to actualizing these factors. Using relational network data envelopment analysis (DEA), which have three interrelated substages, this current paper computes the educational economy efficiency of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries bearing in mind the characteristics related to SDGs. The contribution of our study is the use of a novel approach to computing the educational economy efficiency using relational network DEA with GAMS. Even though some interesting differences reveal in the efficiency of the countries, the findings show that countries with high-efficiency scores are clustered around countries like Latvia, Slovenia, and Korea.

On May 28, 2015 the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (hereafter, the Board) issued Staff Consultation Paper No. 2015-01 (hereafter, the Staff Consultation Paper) to seek information and input on the potential need to improve standards related to the auditor's use of the work of specialists. The Board requested input from investors, accounting firms, specialists, companies, and others (such as academics) about (1) current practices, (2) the potential need for changes, and (3) possible alternative regulatory approaches, and any associated economic implications, for potential improvement in standards related to oversight and assessing the objectivity of employed and engaged specialists. The comment period ended July 31, 2015. This commentary summarizes the contributors' views on selected questions posed in the Staff Consultation Paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mortgage foreclosure crisis raises legal questions as important as its economic impact. Questions that were straightforward and uncontroversial a generation ago today threaten the stability of a $13 trillion mortgage market: Who has standing to foreclose? If a foreclosure was done improperly, what is the effect? And what is the proper legal method for transferring mortgages? These questions implicate the clarity of title for property nationwide and pose a too-big-to-fail problem for the courts. The legal confusion stems from the existence of competing systems for establishing title to mortgages and transferring those rights. Historically, mortgage title was established and transferred through the "public demonstration" regimes of UCC Article 3 and land recordation systems. This arrangement worked satisfactorily when mortgages were rarely transferred. Mortgage finance, however, shifted to securitization, which involves repeated bulk transfers of mortgages. To facilitate securitization, deal architects developed alternative "contracting" regimes for mortgage title: UCC Article 9 and MERS, a private mortgage registry. These new regimes reduced the cost of securitization by dispensing with demonstrative formalities, but at the expense of reduced clarity of title, which raised the costs of mortgage enforcement. This trade-off benefitted the securitization industry at the expense of securitization investors because it became apparent only subsequently with the rise in mortgage foreclosures. The harm, however, has not been limited to securitization investors. Clouded mortgage title has significant negative externalities on the economy as a whole. This Article proposes reconciling the competing title systems through an integrated system of note registration and mortgage recordation, with compliance as a prerequisite to foreclosure. Such a system would resolve questions about standing, remove the potential cloud to real-estate title, and facilitate mortgage financing by clarifying property rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author comments on the papers by economists Robert H. Rasche and Leonall Andersen. The aim of the author is to demonstrate why the research conducted by Rasche and Andersen presents an important professional event and the analytical problems this event raises. It is explained that the event the author references is the establishment of monetarism as "conventional wisdom." In Andersen's research he attests to the legitimacy of the monetarist succession by citing the now-familiar litany of impressive empirical research results achieved at the St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank. Rasche's research demonstrates that the FRB-MIT-Penn Model has to incorporate what the author takes as being the critical structural element of monetarism.

Economic effects of public policy alternatives often are analyzed with simulation models. The value of simulation is enhanced when model parameters can credibly be estimated econometrically. But unrestricted estimation can be expected to result in problematic estimates, for example, estimated parameters contrary in sign to what economic theory dictates. The information contract curve (ICC), developed by Leamer, provides a flexible means to impose regularity on estimated parameters at minimum-likelihood cost. We extend the ICC methodology, using conically uniform priors, and apply it to measuring the welfare costs of environmental regulations in the U.S. pulp, paper, and paperboard industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the summer of 1861, the United States embarked on its first widespread use of paper money: the Demand Notes of 1861. Although their convertibility into gold ended at the end of that year, they remained acceptable for tariff payment at a par with gold coin while they were gradually replaced with paper money that did not share this provision, the Greenbacks. We present daily observations of exchange rates between the Notes, Greenbacks, and gold for the extended period during which they simultaneously circulated. These exchange rates substantiate our revisionist notion that the Notes were replaced because the tariff provision prevented them from generating sufficient seigniorage for wartime needs. ( JEL E42, N12, N22) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the significance of the field-oriented academic conference series in the U.S. According to the author, the publication was a unique inception in 1970 because it has inspired imitation of the editors Arthur Okun and George Perry who were the first to understand the value of field-oriented academic conference series. Its hostility to the real business cycle model is easier to explain and reflects well on the editors. It has been said that the smaller general-equilibrium models was an easy way to better understand the transition from hostility to the big models to the smaller ones.

This section presents a call for papers significant to the field of economics in the U.S., as of August 2004.

Unlike scholars in many other disciplines, economists show little organized concern for preserving disciplinary archives. Consider the contrast between the community of mathematicians and the community of economists: the American Mathematical Society and the Mathematical Association of America have embarked on a joint project to preserve official archives and to advise individuals and groups about the preservation of personal and organization-related papers: these two large organizations have recognized that mathematicians' "personal papers and the records of mathematical institutions and organizations are a source for an understanding of history." Generally, donors are asked to sign an agreement that gives property of the papers to the repository; rarely do repositories accept collections on loan or deposit. Before signing such an agreement, one should become familiar with the repository's policies on availability and publication of the papers. Most repositories are willing to attempt to address any concerns one may have, such as a desire to restrict part of the collection to protect the privacy of others.

Our current globalized economic regimes of financialized capital have systematically altered relations of learning and labour through the dynamics of precarity, debt, and the political economy of new wars. The risks of these regimes are absorbed unevenly across transnational landscapes, creating cartographies of violence and dispossession, particularly among youth, indigenous, working class, and racialized women. Presently there is surprisingly little discussion on the relevance of financialization for adult educators. Transnational resistances organizing against neoliberal restructuring, austerity policies, and debt crises are emerging at the same time that massive investments are being made into homeland security and the carceral state. This paper opens up discussion on the implications of financialized times for educators, and develops an analytic framework for examining how these global realities are best addressed at local sites of adult and higher education.

The article discusses the printing and use of scrip-money during the early twentieth century in isolated areas of the U.S. where mining and forestry where the dominant industries. It is noted that private money such as was printed by lumbering and mining companies would have been common tender and not legal tender. The article concludes by postulating what might have happened if the scrip system had become an intercommunity system and if there had not been laws regarding the private printing of money.

The author comments on the usefulness of a monetary commission in the United States. The author cites the work of economists, Robert Z. Aliber, William G. Dewald, and Scott Gordon. It is suggested that the economists do not take a position on the question of the prospective usefulness of the monetary commission. The author asserts that they should have used a cross-sectional study of a number of commissions according to type. The author also expresses criticism towards the authors for not offering ideas for the formation of a new commission.

With the development of the market economy, agricultural trade has become more and more significant for the development of the agricultural economy, which has triggered people's further thinking and exploration on the impact of agricultural trade on agricultural carbon emissions. This paper takes the measurement of trade implied carbon as the carbon dioxide emission index under the impact of agricultural trade and analyzes the impact of trade implied carbon and implied carbon balance on carbon emission. Taking the impact of Sino-US agricultural trade as an empirical background, this paper measures the impact of environmental changes in agricultural trade opening on China's agricultural development and its carbon emissions, so as to predict changes in China's regional agricultural carbon emissions performance. After calculation, it is found that the scale of China's exports has decreased by 0.089%, which is lower than the decline of 0.361% in the United States. The trade conflict has a significant impact on China's import and export structure. Under the scenario of mutual tariffs on agricultural products, China's exports to the United States are expected to decrease by 6.28%, while China's imports from the United States decreased by 13.02%. The Sino-US agricultural trade dispute will reduce China's carbon emissions by 0.013% and the United States' carbon emissions by 0.024%, which is related to the negative impact on the economy. Improving the performance of agricultural carbon emissions is not only the need for the green and sustainable development of the agricultural economy but also conducive to improving the international competitiveness of agricultural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suggests that in the last 20 years, the normal rate of inequality in the United States, except in the category of gender, has jumped. Cites specific examples of economic inequality and offers solutions to the problem. Responses are given by union representatives, economic researchers, the Secretary of Labor, a financial forecaster, and a bank president. (JOW)

Contains 18 articles published in International Labour Review from 1921-1975 that discuss the International Labour Organisation, international labor movement and law, economics and the labor market, family security, full employment, population growth, industrial welfare, trade policy and employment growth, and income expectations and rural-urban migration. The last article gives a retrospective and a future view. (SK)

Comments on a paper about the relevant lessons from the U.S. Federal Convention of 1787 in the context of the role of institutions in political economy and the performance of economies. Reasons for studying institutions; Path of historical change in terms of the way in which institutions evolved through time; Similarity of the sequential pattern of institutional evolution with the way in which the evolution of common law is perceived.