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A powerhouse under development, India is slowly breaking free from its traditional methods of operations. It has been chosen for analysis as it offers a plethora of diverse cultures and a variety of indigenous groups of people. The energy sector of the country is transitioning to adopt policies that are in line with its sustainable goals. Focusing on peer-to-peer energy trading and the development of blockchain technologies, unconventional methods are slowly being incorporated with the help of various experimental projects. This is backed up by peer-to-peer trading of energy providing a prosumer with an autonomous environment. The paper looks into the ongoing trends in this sector and major reforms that are required to bring about the necessary shift. Challenges and their recommendations are also been discussed along with the need to implement them. Suitable conclusions have been drawn that aim towards favoring the P2P style of open-source electricity trading as the need for such an analysis is vital to achieve a decentralized energy system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is endowed with a lot of solar radiation as a result of its location. The Indian government therefore intends to maximize the usage of its solar energy resources through the development of solar power plants across the country. The concentrated solar power plant (CSP) is one of the technologies that rely on solar energy for its electricity generation. The type of condenser model in the CSP technology has the potential to affect its techno-economic viability. In this paper, a 100 MW solar tower power plant (STPP) with two different condenser models, i.e., the dry-cooled STPP and wet-cooled STPP models, are studied using the System Advisor Model (SAM) at six different geographical areas in India. The study employed the optimization of the thermal energy storage and the solar field size to identify the minimum levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for all six locations. Results from the simulation show that the LCOE will range between 13 and 17 cents/kWh under the optimization conditions for the STPP dry-cooled condenser model, while that of the wet-cooled condenser model will range between 12.40 and 12.96 USD cents/kWh for the study locations. It was also observed that the optimized solar multiple (SM) for the dry-cooled STPP model ranges between 1.4 and 1.8, whereas that of the wet-cooled model ranges between 1 and 1.8. The study identified Bhopal as the best location for installing the STPP plant for both condenser models. In addition, this paper also discusses major potential barriers and government policies that are needed to develop CSP technologies in India. The outcome of the study is expected to help both government and other stakeholders in decision making and policy formulation for the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explores the status of nuclear energy developments for generation of electric power. Notably, India's pivotal role in advancing nuclear technology is highlighted, particularly with the development of a cutting-edge nuclear Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) technology-based power plant. India has been developing the latest nuclear Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) technology-based power plant having power generation capacity 10 times higher than the existing nuclear power plants. The review incorporates the most important component of the FBR system i.e. cold trap. Model Sodium Cold Trap (MSCT) is used by India to demonstrate the regeneration of secondary sodium cold trap.The development, advancements and challenges towards the Model Sodium Cold Trap (MSCT) are discussed in detail. It is possible to increase the maximum in-situ regeneration of MSCT up to 82%. This paper also reviews status of energy production using renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Finally, the scope in the advancements of nuclear reactor technology and related future opportunities has also been included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a hybrid fuzzy-based method is suggested for determining India's best system for power generation. This suggested approach was created using a fuzzy-based combination of the Giza Pyramids Construction (GPC) and Recalling-Enhanced Recurrent Neural Network (RERNN). GPC is a meta-heuristic algorithm that deals with solutions for many groups of problems, whereas RERNN has selective memory properties. The evaluation of the current load requirements and production profile information system is the main objective of the suggested method. The Central Electricity Authority database, the Indian National Load Dispatch Centre, regional load dispatching centers, and annual reports of India were some of the sources used to compile the data regarding profiles of electricity loads, capacity factors, power plant generation, and transmission limits. The RERNN approach makes advantage of the ability to analyze the ideal power generation from energy data, however the optimization of RERNN factor necessitates the employment of a GPC technique. The proposed method was tested using MATLAB, and the findings indicate that it is effective in terms of accuracy, feasibility, and computing efficiency. The suggested hybrid system outperformed conventional models, achieving the top result of 93% accuracy with a shorter computation time of 6814 seconds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India has set aggressive targets to install more than 400 GW of wind and solar electricity generation by 2030, with more than two-thirds of that capacity coming from solar. This paper examines the electricity and carbon mitigation costs to reliably operate India's grid in 2030 for a variety of wind and solar targets (200 GW to 600 GW) and the most promising options for reducing these costs. We find that systems where solar photovoltaic comprises only 25 to 50% of the total renewable target have the lowest carbon mitigation costs in most scenarios. This result invites a reexamination of India's proposed solar-majority targets. We also find that, compared to other regions and contrary to prevailing assumptions, meeting high renewable targets will avoid building very few new fossil fuel (coal and natural gas) power plants because of India's specific weather patterns and need to meet peak electricity demand. However, building 600 GW of renewable capacity, with the majority being wind plants, reduces how often fossil fuel power plants run, and this amount of capacity can hold India's 2030 emissions below 2018 levels for less than the social cost of carbon. With likely wind and solar cost declines and increases in coal energy costs, balanced or wind-majority high renewable energy systems (600 GW or - 45% share by energy) could result in electricity costs similar to a fossil fuel-dominated system. As an alternative strategy for meeting peak electricity demand, battery storage can avert the need for new fossil fuel capacity but is cost effective only at low capital costs (USD 150 per kWh). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I enumerate some of the narratives about the electricity sector in India and examine them in detail. Coal is a major source for energy in India and forms a significant part of India's present electricity mix, while the share of renewable energy sources is increasing. Share of hydro has declined over the years, and the share of nuclear is set to rise as several reactors are under construction and more have been approved. The paper comments on limitations of using levelized cost of electricity generation as a metric for comparing different technology options and suggests replacing it by an approach based on system modelling. Electricity demand is rising, and renewable energy sources and large hydro cannot meet the total projected demand. Switching over to a mix that addresses environment concerns has a cost attached to it and these costs need to be recognized and paid. After an examination of narratives, the paper ends with detailed observations about the electricity sector with the objective of providing evidence-supported perspective to public and also inputs for the formulation of policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common information model (CIM) in vogue represents transmission and distribution components, and market operations in the perspective of electrical system, as unified modeling language (UML) objects. UML is object centric. CIM can offer interoperability and facilitate model exchange for large systems and is being adopted by many utilities. However, dealing effectively with multiple business processes is the backbone of the restructured power systems. Since CIM lacks chronological process sense, this has to be superimposed on CIM models, which is not easy due to inherent limitations of UML. To overcome this, this paper proposes to utilize business process modeling notation (BPMN) standards as a kind of pre-processor. BPMN is used to represent process centric interoperability requirements as business objects. UML object representation in CIM model is derived subsequently from it. The proposal is illustrated with an application use case—deriving CIM model of day-ahead market (DAM) transaction of distribution company, from its business process representation. Semantic model of DAM transaction using CIM IEC 62325 (Markets) and extensions required are presented with a sample Indian system. DAM models in BPMN and CIM can be utilized to build an efficient software application. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents an effective method of congestion management in power systems. Congestions or overloads in transmission network are alleviated by generation rescheduling and/or load shedding of participating generators and loads. The two conflicting objectives 1) alleviation of overload and 2) minimization of cost of operation are optimized to provide pareto-optimal solutions. A multiobjective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) method is used to solve this complex nonlinear optimization problem. A realistic frequency and voltage dependent load flow method which considers the voltage and frequency dependence of loads and generator regulation characteristics is used to solve this problem. The proposed algorithm is tested on IEEE 30-bus system, IEEE 118-bus system, and Northern Region Electricity Board, India (NREB) 390-bus system with smooth as well as nonsmooth cost functions due to valve point loading effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing awareness towards environmental concern, efforts are made to reduce harmful effects of conventional electricity generation methods and uses of renewable sources of energy to generate electricity. India has enormous potential of renewable energy resources to meet its power generation requirements. India can meet with global footsteps in the economic and social advances through the advancement in field of renewable sources. In remote area applications, where grid approach is either not feasible or very costly, hybrid energy systems are recommended to supply electric power needs of single or multiple user utility for household or irrigation applications. In the areas where grids are not connected, electrical power can be generated by solar cells, wind turbine generators, hydro power plants or diesel engine generators. Multiple sources can be combined for generating the desired electrical energy for remote areas. When majority of the sources are renewable generating sources, then the combination is known as Hybrid Energy System. The purpose of this study is to provide a conceptual framework for hybrid system setup, modeling, renewable energy sources, criteria for hybrid system optimization and control strategies, and software utilized for optimal sizing. In addition, this paper gives a mathematical model of the hybrid system components, highlighting the significance of power reliability and system cost, and discusses a comparison of the most popular topologies utilized for the implementation and sizing of HRES. This article concludes with a comprehensive review of the various algorithms and software programmes utilized for size optimization. Then the paper also discuss the various uncertainty analysis in HRES size optimization. • This paper present a review of HRES size optimization and forecasting methodologies. • The comprehensive review of HRES optimization and software tools is presented. • For knowledge collection of HRES, various reviews and surveys are conducted in past. • Old literature not give social, technical, economic, environmental, reliability aspect. • Review of solar and wind forecasting methods are not discussed for HRES optimization.. • Effect of using forecasted weather data on HRES is not properly analyzed till date.. • Performance of HRES optimization algorithm and forecasting effects are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental impact assessment of a process over its entire operational lifespan is an important issue. Estimation of life cycle emission helps in predicting the contribution of a given process to abate (or to pollute) the environmental emission scenario. Considering diminishing and time-dependent effect of emission, assessment of the overall effect of emissions is very complex. The paper presents a generalized methodology for arriving at a single emission discounting number for a process option, using the concept of time value of carbon emission flow. This number incorporates the effect of the emission resulting from the process over the entire operational lifespan. The advantage of this method is its quantitative aspect as well as its flexible nature. It can be applied to any process. The method is demonstrated with the help of an Intermediate Pyrolysis process when used to generate off-grid electricity and opting biochar route for disposing straw residue. The scenarios of very high net emission to very high net carbon sequestration is generated using process by careful selection of process parameters for different scenarios. For these different scenarios, the process discounting rate was determined and its outcome is discussed. The paper also proposes a process specific eco-label that mentions the discounting rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrary to conventional fossil fuel-based electricity generation technologies, renewable energy centered technologies, specifically small hydropower, release a lesser amount of anthropogenic greenhouse gases but are normally more expensive. A major segment of the capital investment in the current small hydropower scenario accounts for equipment and construction process costs. The construction and cost administration process are generally limited to analysis of the capital cost of civil constructions, electro-mechanical equipment works, neglecting the costs related to operating and maintaining the plant, replacement or refurbishment, certified emission reductions, among others. Contemporary studies indicate that these costs form a substantial fraction of the total capital investment. Consequently, for cost management and investment decision making, small hydropower plant developers are drawing increased attention in recent years towards conducting life cycle costing studies that take into account the ignored costs. In addition, small hydropower plants in developing nations can become more competitive by trading the emission reductions achieved under the provision of the Clean Development Mechanism, an outcome of the Kyoto Protocol proposed at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In this paper, a modest attempt has been made to determine the Levelized cost of electricity generation using life cycle costing methodology, which accounts for all the costs over operating lifetime on a range of small hydropower plants and the results are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrological interdependence of plants in cascaded hydroelectric system means that operation of any plant has an effect on water levels and storage at other plants in the system. Hydro-logically efficient operation of power plants in such cascaded system requires that water resources should be managed efficiently, so that it can dispatched to predicted demand considering all physical and operational constraints. Meta-heuristic optimization techniques particularly Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and its variants have been successfully used to solve such problem. In this paper Time Varying Acceleration coefficients PSO (TVAC_PSO) has been used to determine the optimal generation schedule of real operated cascaded hydroelectric system located at Narmada river in state Madhya Pradesh, India. Results thus obtained from TVAC_PSO are compared with Novel Self Adaptive Inertia Weight PSO (NSAIW_PSO) and found to give better solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work intends to perform technical and 2E (economic & environmental) analysis for the proposed hybrid energy generating system for a part load at SRM IST at the Delhi-NCR campus, India. The investigation has been done for electricity generation and hydrogen production through renewable energy sources, mainly solar energy. It is in line with the Indian Government's initiatives. The proposed hybrid system has to meet the electric load demand of 400 kWh/day with a peak load of 74.27 kW and hydrogen load demand of 10 kg/day with a peak demand of 1.86 kg/h. The analysis has been performed for both on-grid and off-grid conditions. As a result, optimum results have been obtained off-grid condition, with $0.408 per kWh cost of energy, $16.6 per kg cost of hydrogen, low O&M cost ($21,955 per year), a high renewable fraction (99.8%), and low greenhouse emissions (247 kg/year). In addition, sensitivity analysis has been performed between—(1) the solar PV array size & the number of battery strings, with NPC, renewable fraction & CO2 emissions as sensitivity variables, and (2) reformer capacity & hydrogen tank capacity, with NPC as sensitivity variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture residue is a promising resource of energy. It can be seen as a source of power production. In India, there is a huge amount of biomass available, but it cannot be used in proper ways, and with the help of GIS it can be customised. In the present paper, it is estimated that biomass reserves are available for power generation. The biomass produced by the surplus agricultural crops is reflected as a source of fuel for electricity generation. The data taken by satellite are useful for assessment of the areas with the help of satellite images taken in high resolution, which increases the preciseness of estimation. An agriculture cropland map with agricultural statistics has been analyzed in GIS to discover the agricultural straw potential for bioenergy generation. Due to unawareness about the benefits and uses of GIS, the modern farming sector bears a loss of huge bioenergy potential every year. To overcome the above mentioned challenges, the agricultural system needs a major shift from conventional farming to smart farming practices with the help of GIS. Agricultural waste is the best source for bioenergy production, and it can be used as biomass for meeting renewable energy goals in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As resources of electricity generation in India are not sufficient, this paper analyses the potential of electricity import from neighboring countries to meet the future electricity requirements of India. Based on the data of electricity generation, consumption, and future generation potential, we work out projected electricity generation/ demand of India and its neighboring countries by 2050 to identify the possibility of India’s cross-border electricity trading with its neighboring countries, more particularly the electricity import potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A tool Smart Glazing Simulator (SGLSim), has been developed to perform parametric simulation analysis of different window systems with several window-to-wall ratios and orientations to compute and compare the annual energy performance. The net annual energy performance of the building is based on the electricity consumption in heating, cooling, interior lighting, and appliances, along with the electricity generation by the photovoltaic (PV) glazing, which is used to evaluate the energy performance of smart glazing. Performing parametric energy simulations and calculating the net annual electricity consumption of different combinations requires building modeling and energy simulation expertise. A web-based parametric tool can assist the user in carrying out the desired studies without requiring extensive technical knowledge. A case study is prepared for India's warm and humid climatic zone. This study examines the benefits of double pane semi-transparent photovoltaics (STPV) glazing, STPV glazing with dynamic internal blind, and electrochromic (EC) glazing over other traditional glazing systems. The study shows that the optimal net annual electricity consumption in the case of STPV windows is 10–12% less than the optimal value obtained in a simple glazing case. Additionally, the result suggested that glare-controlled interior blinds in the STPV window further reduce the net annual electricity consumption by up to 15% compared to conventional glazing. Similarly, installing the EC glazing reduces the yearly electricity consumption by up to 5% compared to standard glazing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing urgency towards integration of renewable sources into electricity generation so as to minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Renewable power sources are highly specific in prevalence, both regionally and temporally, and their utilization at utility scale for round-the-clock power supply poses the problem of matching power generation capacity and power demand at every instant of time. In the present work, we propose a model that integrates geographically distributed and diverse power sources with geographically spread-out power consumption centres and distributed and diverse electrical energy storage systems through transmission and storage loss models. For a regional electricity grid, the model computes, over a given day, the minute-by-minute power demand from and power generation in all districts, extracts matching power from a hierarchy of power sources so as to minimize transmission and storage losses, and stores/draws excess power in/from a variety of power storage options. For the specific case of the South Indian Power Grid (catering to about 285 million people in South India), the model shows that about 240 GWh of new electrical storage is required for round-the-clock power supply from non-GHG power sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine whether the unbundling of generation from transmission and distribution services at state-owned power plants in India improved operating efficiency at these power plants. Between 1995 and 2009, 85 percent of coal-based generation capacity owned by state governments was unbundled from vertically integrated State Electricity Boards into state generating companies. We find that generating units in states that unbundled before the Electricity Act of 2003 experienced reductions in forced outages of about 25% and improvements in availability of about 10%, with the largest results occurring 3-5 years after unbundling. We find no evidence of improvements in thermal efficiency at state-owned power plants due to unbundling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent events like heatwaves and abnormal rainfall are a glimpse of the devastating effects of human induced climate change. No country is immune to its effects, but a developing country like India is particularly vulnerable. This research, for the individual states of India, explores the technical feasibility and economic viability of a renewable transition pathway for the power sector. Based on the assumptions of this study, we show that a renewables-based power system by 2050 is lower in cost than the current coal dominated system, has zero greenhouse gas emissions and provides reliable electricity to around 1.7 billion people. Electricity generation will be based on solar PV, wind energy, and hydropower, while batteries and multi-fuel reciprocating internal combustion engines based on synthetic fuels provide the required flexibility to the power system. This transition would address multiple imperatives: affordability, accessibility, and sustainability without compromising economic growth. A new study assesses the feasibility of a fully renewable based power system by 2050 across India, finding this option to be cost competitive with the status quo and with zero GHG emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small Hydro Power (SHP) is one of the most important renewable energy generation sources. It is a cost-effective technology that is being used for rural electrification in the developing countries including India. The Indian government is providing attractive initiatives to the private investors to promote faster development of SHP. Until now, a lot has been written about assessment, potential, advantages and the technical aspects of the SHP plants. However, the important business sustainability perspective has not been yet subjected to empirical analysis. Sustainable development involves three interconnected dimensions: social, economic and environmental sustainability. This paper attempts to investigate whether SHP business in India is a sustainable business. The study is based on the analysis of qualitative data acquired through 28 in-depth interviews with various actors that are connected to the SHP industry in India which include Independent Power Producers (IPPs), manufacturers, designers, consultants and representatives of various government organizations. The empirical material was collected in four states of India namely New Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) in February, 2013. The data was acquired by individual in-depth interviews, group discussions and direct observation of one SHP plant. The results show that all the three dimensions of sustainability are being realized to a certain extent. However, utmost efforts have to be undertaken in order to call this sector completely sustainable. Both benefits and challenges in all these dimensions are highlighted and recommendations towards a sustainable SHP sector are provided. Further, this study also proposes suggestions for the interested investors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to bridge the gaps to produce sustainable energy cost-effectively and technically efficient. The paper explores the techno-economic-environmental viability of photovoltaic (PV)/biomass energy potential for a rural village, Sidhwanbet, Punjab, India. The data investigation was performed by HOMER Pro v3.14 software. A hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) was designed, simulated and modelled to ensure the continuous energy supply for 770 households. The proposed optimal HRES consists of a PV module, biomass generator, converter and battery with the static specification and further improved by optimization. The optimal HRES out of the best five configurations was elected with Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) based on net present cost (NPC), cost of energy generation (COE), operating cost (ƠƇ), initial capital cost (ƗƇƇ), energy generation (ĖƓ), and a renewable fraction (Ȓϯ). The selected optimal HRES has been analyzed for economic, renewable energy and environmental aspects. The sensitivity study had performed while considering the discount and inflation rate. A simulation was performed for a 10-kW biomass generator, 1.1 kW solar array, five lithium-ion batteries, and a 3.96 kW converter. Results revealed that the PV's payback period (PBP) was 1.58 years, less than the useful life of optimal HRES. The cost of constructing an HRES for 25 years was equivalent to $21087, including initial cost, operating, replacement, and project costs. Thus, 35.6% of the necessary electricity is generated with PV and 64.4% biomass under optimal conditions for a 100% renewable energy integration. The CO 2 /year emission performance of optimal HRES is much better than Grid-only and PV-diesel generators. This technique may be used in rural regions in every other developing nation. [Display omitted] • Study of hybrid PV/Biomass/Battery energy for India rural area. • Design and optimization for off-grid electricity generation system using HOMER. • Technically and financially viable optimal configuration costs 0.0362 $/kWh. • System performance economically and environmentally analyzed by sensitivity analysis. • HRES reduced GHG compared to conventional grid and PV-biogas generator only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the life cycle assessment (LCA) of an onshore wind farm in India. The study is conducted on 10 Vestas 1.65 MW wind turbines situated in the Karnataka state of India. Following the ISO 14044 standard, SimaPro LCA software is used to model the process. The functional unit is chosen as 1 MWh sent out electricity. The results of the life cycle-based emissions of wind farm are compared with those of the coal power plant. The global warming potential is found to be 11.3 g CO2-eq/MWh for wind power, which is 98.8% lower than that for the coal power plant. A comparison of data available in SimaPro LCA software was carried out with data in GaBi software. There is a small difference between the two databases. This may be due to different boundary and inclusion of input items. Steel, aluminium, and concrete contributed 86%, 84%, 84% and 85% of total CO2, NOx, SO2 and PM2.5 emissions, respectively. Recycling the materials of a wind turbine at the end of its life can reduce the environmental impact. Higher capacity factors can increase the electricity generation with reduced environmental impact. A 22% increase in capacity factor can reduce environmental impact by 19%. In addition, the increase in the life of wind turbines reduces the environmental impact, as a wind turbine only has a few moving parts and requires minimum regular maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The total installed capacity of electric power generating in India is170288MW. The maximum demand during summer is 8000MW, during winter is 5500MW and during monsoon is 7000MW. The power generation is always less than the required demand. The power shortage varies from 2000MW to 4000MW. The gap between the generation and demand is to increase the generation capacity. But in developing country like India, it is not possible to install more capacity instantly. So the other important way to reduce the gap is energy conservation. In this paper it was proposed to implement energy conservation through energy efficiency and energy management. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Presently the installed capacity of electricity generation in India is 160 GWe. The integrated ene rgy policy aims at an installed capacity of 778 GWe by 2031-32 to achieve per capita electricity consumption of 2700 kWh/year as against the 700 kWh/year. The share of nuclear power in India is around 3% presently. The increase in installed capacity is possible by increasing the share of nuclear power. India has opted for a unique three-stage power programme based on closed nuclear fuel cycle, which provides a multiplier effect through breeding. Consequent to the 123 agreement and clearance from Nuclear Supplier‟s Group (NSG) for international cooperation in the field of nuclear energy, the reactor technology options are wide open. Some of the technologies which are being pursued are: Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) fueled with domestic Natural Uranium (NU), PHWRs fueled with imported Natural Uranium/Slightly Enriched Uranium (SEU), Light Water Reactors (LWRs) procured from abroad using imported Lightly Enriched Uranium (LEU) fuel, PHWRs with Reprocessed Uranium (RU) obtained from reprocessing spent fuel of LWRs, indigenous Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) and Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs) using MOX/metallic fuel. The increase in the share of nuclear power through above technologies require setting up of fuel fabrication facilities such as: new PHWR Fuel Fabrication with indigenous sources, joint collaboration with foreign countries for fabricating fuel for imported LWRs, setting up PHWR fuel fabrication facilities with SEU/RU under international safeguards, setting up of enrichment and fuel fab rication facilities for indigenous PWRs and a series of fast reactor fuel fabrication facilities for fabricating fuel for FBRs. In addition to fuel fabrication facilities, facilities for manufacturing zirconium alloy and stainless steel structurals, tubes and components are also required to be set up. The paper gives in detail the emerging nuclear fuel fabrication activities in India. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents the modeling and analysis of a greenhouse-integrated power system consisting of solar photovoltaic panels, electrolyzer bank and Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell stacks. Electric power is generated in an array of solar photovoltaic modules. Excess energy after meeting the requirements of the greenhouse during peak sunshine hours, is supplied to an electrolyzer bank to generate hydrogen gas, which is consumed by the PEM fuel cell stack to support the power requirement during the energy deficit hours. The predicted performance of the integrated system is presented for different climatic conditions, for a given location (Kolkata) in the Indian subcontinent. The study reveals that 51 solar photovoltaic modules each of 75W p along with a 3.3kW electrolyzer and 2 PEM fuel cell stacks, each of 480W, can support the energy requirement of a 90m2 floriculture greenhouse with fan-pad ventilated system. The study shows that this integrated power system provides a viable option for powering stand-alone greenhouses in a self-sustained manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, energy metrics (energy pay back time, electricity production factor and life cycle conversion efficiency) of hybrid photovoltaic (PV) modules have been analyzed and presented for the composite climate of New Delhi, India. For this purpose, it is necessary to calculate (1) the energy consumption in making different components of the PV modules and (2) the annual energy (electrical and thermal) available from the hybrid-PV modules. A set of mathematical relations have been reformulated for computation of the energy metrics. The manufacturing energy, material production energy, energy use and distribution energy of the system have been taken into account, to determine the embodied energy for the hybrid-PV modules. The embodied energy and annual energy outputs have been used for evaluation of the energy metrics. For hybrid PV module, it has been observed that the EPBT gets significantly reduced by taking into account the increase in annual energy availability of the thermal energy in addition to the electrical energy. The values of EPF and LCCE of hybrid PV module become higher as expected. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Many developing countries have emphasis on distributed generation (DG) technology for their generation expansion planning. The planning considerations and judicious choice of attributes are dictated by prevailing conditions. The attributes considered are capital costs, energy not served per annum, and profits from injecting power into the grid at peak load, all of which are important for a developing country. The uncertain futures considered are three possible loading conditions, which can be low, medium and high. Different scenarios (plans) are generated by various combinations of configurations. DGs can be configured as stand-alone mode, hybrid operation, or micro-grid formation with or without grid connection. With the increased complexities in DG planning options along with the multiple attributes to be accounted, more sophisticated techniques other than conventional economic analysis are needed to arrive at correct decisions by decision makers. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is used for obtaining relative weights in an objective way. Further, the statistical method like interval-based multi-attribute decision making with tradeoff analysis is used for shortlisting the feasible plans and identifying the most appropriate plan. It is proposed to use the weights obtained from AHP for finding the performance efficiencies in data envelopment analysis (DEA) for evaluating the plans. A new composite utility function is proposed to resolve cases where performance efficiency is insufficient for evaluation in DEA application. The sample system is derived with reference to a rural electrification scheme in India. The assessment of plans is presented and discussed. The comparative strengths and weaknesses of the methods are reported on the basis of the results obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Full exploitation of solar photovoltaic electricity generation potential is being pegged back by land availability and the imbalance between demand and generation capacity. In the present work, a land-use-constrained generation model is proposed to identify natural pathways for energy flows within a politically administered region so as to evolve a sustainable nexus between electricity generation and consumption in a decentralized power generation scenario. The model envisages district-level coordination of electricity generation on barren rocky waste land and state-level coordination of distribution. Application of the model to five south Indian states, individually and together, demonstrates how the model is able to account for intra- and interstate disparities in electricity consumption and photovoltaic electricity generation potential. Two of these states can go completely renewable by using all available barren rocky area for electricity generation while the other three will have to rely on as yet untapped off-shore wind power and nuclear power to move towards carbon neutrality in power generation. When considered together, almost all the day time electrical energy demand of all the states can be met by utilizing barren rocky waste land for harnessing solar energy, thus saving considerably on storage losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The coal power plants will continue to be the backbone of the Indian power sector for next few decades in India. • The Advanced Coal Technologies (ACT) have higher Sustainability Index. • The ACTs coupled with Carbon Capture Systems help to meet the future electricity demand as well as combat climate change. • Optimal mix of all energy source and technologies will create a sustainable society. In India, more than two-thirds of the total electricity is generated from coal-based power plants. The country will be heavily dependent on coal for electricity generation at least for a few more decades. A low carbon scenario for 2030 is projected and the results show that coal-based power plant will contribute to 58 % of electricity generated. This paper reports the sustainability assessment of several Advanced Coal Technologies (ACT), with and without a CO 2 capture system, for application in Indian coal-based power plants. In order to assess sustainability quantitatively, an index called Sustainability Index is estimated using a sequential combination of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and a multi-criteria decision-making method. The results show that ACTs like supercritical and ultra supercritical power plants with a carbon capture system have higher sustainability indices. These ACTs will help in reducing the CO 2 emissions and combat climate change. This study helps academicians, industrialists, policymakers, and other stakeholders to develop a technology roadmap for sustainable development in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent years, small-scale grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) plants got attention from institutions and organizations. In this series, a parking integrated grid-connected PV system has been installed in the university situated in the northern region of India. The plant consists of some partially shaded PV modules. In the literature, the shading effect has not been analyzed yet in the performance evaluation of the PV plant. In this study, performance evaluation has been carried out based on the International Electro-technical Commission 61724 standard considering shading effect. An adequate number of software are available for estimation of the plant, but among them PVsyst and PV*SOL software have the feature to observe shading effect on the plant by creating an actual three-dimensional environment of the plant in the software. Hence, the results of the actual plant have been compared with those obtained from these two software. In this study, technical and financial analysis has also been carried out. Through the performance evaluation, it has been found that the specific annual final energy production of the PV plant is 988.9 kWh/kW, the payback period of the plant is almost 17 years, and the annual loss of production due to shading effect has been evaluated as about 16%. From these results, it can be concluded that the plant is demonstrating considerably good performance even while facing shading in parking integrated grid-connected PV system and is technically/economically feasible for electricity generation in northern India without taking extra space. This study would be helpful in designing of small-scale PV plant in an institution or organization in the areas even where partial shading is also present. This study would also be helpful in the development of large-scale parking integrated grid-connected PV systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrification of villages is a vital step for improving the techno-economic conditions of rural areas and crucial for the country's overall development. The villages' welfare is one of the main aims of the rural electrification programs. Rural electrification is relatively costly compared to electrification of urban areas. Now, the research question is to find the best combinations of HRES from the available resources in a given village location that can meet the electricity demand in a sustainable manner and to see whether this is a cost-effective solution or not. This study is an attempt to structure a model of electricity generation based on multiple combinations of HRES with the application of HOMER energy software at an identified off-grid village location in India. The main objectives of this study are to analyze the best-suited configuration of a hybrid RE system out of various combinations to meet the village load requirement reliably, continuously and sustainably. The study also reduces the total system net present cost and least cost of energy (COE) using multi-objective HOMER Pro software. In this study, a resource assessment and demand calculation have been carried out and the COE per unit has been ascertained for different systems and configurations. A combination of PV–Wind–Biomass–Biogas–FC along with battery has been identified as the cheapest and most dependable solution with a COE of $0.214/kWh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• CO 2 emissions are more sensitive towards upside shocks in in per capita income and FDI than downside shocks. • The upside shocks in coal-fired electricity have significantly increased the pollution level. • Coal-fired and oil-fired electricity generation appears to be significant substitute for each other. • The association between CO 2 emissions and the selected variables has remained nonlinear during the study period. Building upon the present growth paradigm of India, the authors of this paper examined the impact of coal-fired and oil-fired electrical power generation on CO 2 emissions in India for the period of 1976−2016. The simulation results confirmed that the upside shocks in coal-fired electricity will contribute considerably to increase the pollution level in the long run. Contrarily, the impact of downside variations was found to be negative and significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Day by day, the exponential growth in the electricity demand is being seen, while the resources of fossil fuel are decreasing. The limited resources of fossil fuel force the world to use renewable energy. The renewable resources are characterized by a source of clean/green energy, omnipresent, freely available. Even though the renewables have strong potential to meet the future electricity demand; it only contributes approximately 24% to the world electricity generation. India has a strong potential of the possibility of roughly 1001 GW of power generations from renewable energy, but nearly 69 GW of power have been installed presently. This scenario reveals that there is a need for development in renewable technologies. In this direction, India has set the target of 175 GW of power generations from the renewable resources by the year 2022. The addition and expansion of the renewable energies experience some barriers in the present situation. The present article concentrates on the identification and addressing of barriers toward the renewable developments and recommendations proposed to overcome these barriers. The current energy scenario of India and estimated potential and future targets of the renewable energies have also been presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely believed that power generation by burning fossil fuel like coal, gas/oil causes global warming. The 21st session of the Conference of Parties held in Paris in December 2015 aimed to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change. India communicated the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution target for the above conference with aim to achieve 175,000 MW renewable energy by year 2022 and about 40% cumulative installed capacity from non-fossil fuel by year 2030. To make an assessment of possibility of achieving this goal, we estimated the source-wise installed capacity in year 2030 based on hydro and renewable energy potential in India, proposed Compound Annual Growth Rate for year 2016-2030 and capacity addition trend in leading economy and compared the estimate with the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution target. The study indicates that with the present state of development of the sector, India is likely to fall short of the target of 175,000 MW renewable energy installed capacity in year 2022, but it will achieve the target of having more than 40% installed capacity from non-fossil fuel by year 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We estimate the effects of electricity shortages on Indian manufacturers, instrumenting with supply shifts from hydroelectric power availability. We estimate that India's average reported level of shortages reduces the average plant's revenues and producer surplus by 5 to 10 percent, but average productivity losses are significantly smaller because most inputs can be stored during outages. Shortages distort the plant size distribution, as there are significant economies of scale in generator costs and shortages more severely affect plants without generators. Simulations show that offering interruptible retail electricity contracts could substantially reduce the impacts of shortages. (JEL D24, L60, L94, O13, O14, Q41) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass gasifiers with power generation capacities exceeding 1 MW have large biomass consumption. Availability of a single biomass in such large quantities is rather difficult, and hence, mixtures of biomasses need to be used as feed-stock for these gasifiers. This study has assessed feasibility of biomass mixtures as fuel in biomass gasifiers for decentralized power generation using thermodynamic equilibrium and semi-equilibrium (with limited carbon conversion) model employing Gibbs energy minimization. Binary mixtures of common biomasses found in northeastern states of India such as rice husk, bamboo dust and saw dust have been taken for analysis. The potential for power generation from gasifier has been evaluated on the basis of net yield (in Nm³) and LHV (in MJ/Nm³) of the producer gas obtained from gasification of 100 g of biomass mixture. The results of simulations have revealed interesting trends in performance of gasifiers with operating parameters such as air ratio, temperature of gasification and composition of the biomass mixture. For all biomass mixtures, the optimum air ratio is ∼ 0.3 with gasification temperature of 800°C. Under total equilibrium conditions, and for engine-generator efficiency of 30%, the least possible fuel consumption is found to be 0.8 kg/kW-h. As revealed in the simulations with semi-equilibrium model, this parameter shows an inverse variation with the extent of carbon conversion. For low carbon conversions (∼ 60% or so), the specific fuel consumption could be as high as 1.5 kg/kW-h. The results of this study have also been compared with previous literature (theoretical as well as experimental) and good agreement has been found. This study, thus, has demonstrated potential of replacement of a single biomass fuel in the gasifier with mixtures of different biomasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impact of thermal discharge from a coastal power station (Madras Atomic Power Station, southeast coast of India) on the spatial variability of Donax cuneatus abundance was assessed to determine the impact boundary. Totally, 20 sites were selected both on south and north side in increasing spatial scale from mixing zone, 12 locations were selected toward south side at a distance from 0 (near mixing point) to 2,000 m and eight location were selected toward north from the effluent mixing zone. Mean water temperature along the coast ranged from 29.1 ±0.15°C to 31.2 ± 0.15°C. Total organic carbon content in the sediment ranged from 0.27% to 0.70%. D. cuneatus population on the swash zone was ranged between 1.3 ± 1.5 and 88.3 ± 9.6 m − 2. Meager population of wedge clam was observed up to 100 m (S100) south from mixing point and abundance gradually increased in different spatial scale. Comparatively high abundance was observed from S400 and reached maximum at S1000 (64.0 ± 3.6 m − 2). Similar pattern was observed on north side too but less abundance was observed only up to 80 m (N80). Maximum abundance was observed at control location C3-N500 (88.3 ± 9.6 m − 2). Forty meters on either side of discharge point was highly impacted, 80 to 100 m toward plume flow (south) was moderately impacted, and 80 m north of mixing point also witnessed moderate impact. After 100 m (N100), north was not affected by effluents, whereas between 100 and 400 m, south was influenced slightly. Multivariate clustering pattern on the environmental variables of all sampling locations and population trend of D. cuneatus at those stations showed similarity. Present investigation unambiguously showed that the abundance pattern of D. cuneatus on the sandy beach of east coast of Kalpakkam is not governed by single major factor but due to the result of multiple interacting factors. The population size of the wedge clam with reference to the effect of power plant effluents and other features of habitats of the beach ecosystem are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Features several plans adopted for islanding in industrial plants with captive generation in India. Design of islanding and load shedding schemes; Reliability testing; Reverse power with underfrequency; Directional overcurrent with undervoltage; Pure underfrequency isolation; Pure undervoltage isolation.

The article presents information on the book, "Planning for the Indian Power Sector: Environmental and Development Considerations." The book examines the critical issues in India's electric power sector and reviews strategies for meeting India's electricity demand in the least cost and most environmentally sound manner. Draws upon the experience of North American and Canadian electric utilities in meeting environmental objectives. The book also reports on the development of a linear programming model, India ELITE, and its use in identifying least-cost electric power system development options for India for the 1991-2021 time frame.

With serious energy poverty, especially concerning power shortages, the economic development of India has been severely restricted. To some extent, power exploitation can effectively alleviate the shortage of energy in India. Thus, it is significant to balance the relationship between power supply and demand, and further stabilize the two in a reasonable scope. To achieve balance, a prediction of electricity generation in India is required. Thus, in this study, five methods, the metabolism grey model, autoregressive integrated moving average, metabolic grey model-auto regressive integrated moving average model, non-linear metabolic grey model and non-linear metabolic grey model-auto regressive integrated moving average model, are applied. We combine the characteristics of linear and nonlinear models, making a prediction and comparison of Indian power generation. In this way, we enrich methods for prediction research on electrical energy, which avoids large errors in trends of electricity generation due to those accidental factors when a single predictive model is used. In terms of prediction outcomes, the average relative errors from five models above are 1.67%, 1.62%, 0.84%, 1.84%, and 1.37%, respectively, which indicates high accuracy and reference value of these methods. In conclusion, India's power generation will continue to grow with an average annual growth rate of 5.17% in the next five years (2018–2022). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers news briefs across science worldwide as of October 2013. The European parliament on October 23 voted to provide 6.4 billion Euros subsidy to improve fisheries across Europe. The controversial Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant in Tamil Nadir, India started generating electricity from October 22. Physicist Thomas Rosenbaum was appointed as next president of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California from July 2014.