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Svrha - Klimatske promjene i druga ekološka pitanja zahtijevaju odgovarajuća rješenja svih aktera uključujući i potrošače. Svrha rada jest istražiti odrednice spremnosti potrošača u borbi s klimatskim promjenama kao i vjerojatnost kupovine električnih automobila kao jedne od aktivnosti koja potencijalno može pomoći u borbi s klimatskim promjenama. Metodološki pristup - Analiza se temelji na odgovorima iz anketnoga istraživanja Eurobarometra na uzorku od 25 009 ispitanika iz 28 europskih zemalja. Odrednice vjerojatnosti poduzimanja akcija u borbi protiv klimatskih promjena, kao i kupovine električnoga automobila, identificirane su pomoću Heckmanova modela odabira. Rezultati i implikacije - Rezultati pokazuju da pojedinci koji su svjesni ozbiljnosti klimatskih promjena i koji smatraju da su prijeko potrebne aktivnosti na svim razinama vlade, poslovnoga sektora i građana, skloniji su i sami uključiti se u aktivnosti usmjerene zaštiti okoliša. Što se tiče kupovine električnoga automobila, potrošači koji pripadaju srednjoj i višoj klasi kao i oni zadovoljni svojim životima vjerojatnije će kupiti električne automobile. Ipak, njihovi stavovi o klimatskim promjenama i odgovornim akterima nemaju utjecaja na stvarnu kupovinu. Ograničenja - Glavno ograničenje istraživanja povezano je s izborom varijabli koji je bio ograničen na one dostupne u istraživanju Eurobarometra. Doprinos - Rad doprinosi razumijevanju čimbenika koji određuju ekološki prihvatljivo ponašanje i kupovinu električnih automobila na velikom uzorku europskih potrošača. Za razliku od većine istraživanja u ovom području, analiza se temelji na podacima o stvarnoj kupovini, a ne na namjeri kupovine., Purpose – Climate change and other environmental issues require adequate solutions by all actors, including consumers. The purpose of this paper is to explore the determinants of consumers’ willingness to fight climate change and the probability of their purchase of an electric car, as an action that potentially helps mitigate climate change. Design/Methodology/Approach – The analysis relies on Eurobarometer survey responses of 25,009 individuals from 28 European countries. The determinants of probability of taking action to fight climate change and the determinants of probability of buying an electric car are identified using the Heckman selection model. Findings and implications – The results show that people who are aware of the gravity of climate change and believe that it requires action at all levels of government, business sectors and citizens are more likely to engage in pro-environmental actions. As for electric car purchase, consumers belonging to the middle class and higher classes as well as consumers satisfied with their lives are more likely to buy electric cars than others. However, their attitudes to climate change and actors responsible for it have no impact on their actual purchase. Limitations – The main limitation of this research study is associated with the choice of variables, which was limited to those available in the Eurobarometer survey. Originality – This paper contributes to a better understanding of factors behind environmentally friendly behavior and purchase of electric cars on a large sample of European consumers. Unlike most of the research in this field, the analysis is based on actual purchase data instead of purchase intention.

carcinoma-HNSCC) ukazuje se na ulogu onkogenih virusa i to humanih papiloma virusa (HPV) Epštajn-Bar virusa (EBV) i BK i JC poliomavirusa, kao i značaju HLA-G polimorfizama. Cilj istraživanja. Cilj studije je bio određivanje učestalosti infekcija i koinfekcija onkogenim virusima i HLA-G polimorfizama i njihova korelacija sa demografskim i bihevioralnim karakteristikama pacijenata i kliničkim statusom HNSCC. Materijal i metod. Ispitivano je 100 uzoraka tkiva HNSCC. Single PCR, Nested PCR i Real-time PCR su rađeni za dokazivanje HPV i EBV, a seminested PCR za poliomaviruse. Genotipizacija HPV je rađena metodom sekvenciranja po Sangeru, a EBV genotipizacija Nested PCR metodom. Određivanje HLA-G tipova rađeno je metodom sekvenciranja po Sangeru. Rezultati. Učestalost HPV je bila 27%, EBV 20%, BKV 3% i JCV 0%. Dokazano je 5 HPV genotipova sa značajnom učestalošću visoko onkogenih tipova (84%) i to tipa HPV 16 (57,1%). Utvrđena su oba EBV tipa sa dominacijom EBV-1 (93,75%). HPV i EBV su značajno češći kod muškaraca od 50 do 69 godina sa karcinomom larinksa patohistološkog gradusa 2. Pojedinačna infekcija je utvrđena kod 28% uzoraka, a HPV infekcija je značajno najčešća. Koinfekcije su potvrđene kod 11% uzoraka, HPV/EBV koinfekcija je najzastupljenija ali bez razlike u učestalosti vrste koinfekcija. Utvrđeno je 6 HLA-G tipova, gde je *01:01:01 najučestaliji (56,66%), ali bez razlike u zastupljenosti HLA-G tipova i prisustva pojedinačnih infekcija i koinfekcija onkogenim virusima. Zaključak. Pokazana je povezanost prisustva infekcije onkogenim virusima sa karcinomima glave i vrata, ali nije utvrđena korelacija HLA-G polimorfizama sa prisustvom infekcija i koinfekcija onkogenim virusima u HNSCC. Introduction. The oncogenic viruses, namely Human papillomaviruses (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and BK and JC polyomaviruses, as well as HLA-G polymorphisms may play significant role in the etiology of Head and Neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Aim. Determination of the frequency of oncogenic virus infections and coinfections and HLA-G polymorphisms and their correlation with the demographic and behavioral characteristics of patients and clinical status of HNSCC. Material and method. 100 HNSCC tissue samples were examined. Single, Nested and Real-time PCR were used to detect HPV and EBV, and seminested PCR for polyomaviruses. HPV and EBV genotyping were done by Sanger sequencing method, and Nested PCR, respectively. Determination of HLA-G types was done by Sanger sequencing method. Results. The prevalence of HPV was 27%, EBV 20%, BKV 3% and JCV 0%. Five HPV genotypes were identified with a significant frequency of high-risk types (84%), namely HPV type 16 (57.1%). Both EBV types were detected with a predominance of EBV-1 (93.75%). HPV and EBV are significantly more common in men aged 50 to 69 with laryngeal cancer of pathohistological grade 2. Single infection was found in 28% of samples with a significant prevalence of HPV infection. Co-infections were confirmed in 11% of samples. HPV/EBV co-infection is the most common but without a difference in the frequency of co-infection type. Six HLA-G types were identified, where *01:01:01 is the most common (56.66%), with no difference between HLA-G types and the presence of single infections and co-infections. Conclusion. The association of the presence of oncogenic virus infection with HNSCC has been shown, but without the correlation between HLA-G polymorphisms and presence of oncogenic virus infections and coinfections in HNSCC.

Purpose – Climate change and other environmental issues require adequate solutions by all actors, including consumers. The purpose of this paper is to explore the determinants of consumers’ willingness to fight climate change and the probability of their purchase of an electric car, as an action that potentially helps mitigate climate change. Design/Methodology/Approach – The analysis relies on Eurobarometer survey responses of 25,009 individuals from 28 European countries. The determinants of probability of taking action to fight climate change and the determinants of probability of buying an electric car are identified using the Heckman selection model. Findings and implications – The results show that people who are aware of the gravity of climate change and believe that it requires action at all levels of government, business sectors and citizens are more likely to engage in pro-environmental actions. As for electric car purchase, consumers belonging to the middle class and higher classes as well as consumers satisfied with their lives are more likely to buy electric cars than others. However, their attitudes to climate change and actors responsible for it have no impact on their actual purchase. Limitations – The main limitation of this research study is associated with the choice of variables, which was limited to those available in the Eurobarometer survey. Originality – This paper contributes to a better understanding of factors behind environmentally friendly behavior and purchase of electric cars on a large sample of European consumers. Unlike most of the research in this field, the analysis is based on actual purchase data instead of purchase intention.

Sektorske analize u ovom broju donose prikaz kretanja u farmaceutskoj industriji u Hrvatskoj u 2021. godini i prvoj polovici 2022. godine. Analiziraju se i kretanja u farmaceutskoj industriji u Europskoj uniji. U publikaciji se daje osvrt na poslovanje najvećih svjetskih farmaceutskih kompanija kao i vodećih trgovačkih društava u farmaceutskoj industriji u Hrvatskoj u 2021. godini.

Pojedine intestinalne nematode pasa i mačaka pokazuju zoonozni potencijal, pa samim tim imaju javno-zdrastveni značaj. Na teritoriji grada Banja Luke je pregledano 149 uzoraka (131 od pasa i 18 od mačaka), s tim da je 40 uzoraka fecesa pasa sakupljeno sa dvije javne površine u gradu. Parazitološkim pregledom (flotacija sa zasićenim rastvorom cink sulfata i determinacija adulta i larvi parazita u fecesu) dobijeni su sledeći rezultati: Toxocara canis (9,16%), Ancylostomatidae (5,34%), Trichuris vulpis (7,63%), Toxascaris leonina (1,52%), Toxocara cati (33,3%), Trichuris spp. (5,5%) i Hydatigera taeniformis (5,5%). Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata možemo zaključiti da su intestinalne nematode u daleko većem stepenu raširene nego što se pretpostavljalo i da zbog toga predstavljaju zdrastveni problem kod pasa i mačaka na teritoriji Banja Luke. Some intestinal nematodes of dogs and cats show zoonotic potential, and therefore they are of public-health significance. In the territory of the city of Banja Luka, 149 samples were examined (131 of dogs and 18 cats), with 40 samples of dog feces collected from two public areas in the city. Parasitological examination (saturated zinc sulfate floatation and determination of larvae and adult parasites in feces) resulted in the following data: Toxocara canis (9.16%), Ancylostomatidae (5.34%), Trichuris vulpis (7.63%), Toxascaris leonina (1.52%), Toxocara cati (33.3%), Trichuris spp. (5.5%) and Hydatigera taeniaeformis (5.5%). On the basis of the obtained results we can conclude that the intestinal nematodes are more widespread than is generally assumed and therefore represent a health problem for dogs and cats in the territory of Banja Luka.

Purpose –The purpose of this paper is to analyse whether innovators perceive corruption to be systematically more important than non- innovators across different post-transition EU countries. Design/methodology/approach –We use the Business Environment Survey (BEEPS V) data. The sample consists of 3, 716 firms from the post-transition EU members (Bulgaria, Romania, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Croatia, Slovakia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovenia and Estonia. We first estimate simple matching model, specifically, average treatment effect of the treated (ATT) framework. In order to explore the determinants of the innovation activity of the firms in the analysed countries, conditional on the fact that they consider the corruption to be important obstacle for their business activity, we employ the Heckman probit procedure. Findings – The results imply that there is a link between innovation activity of the firms, perceptions of corruption and the evaluation of innovation enabling specificities in the analysed countries. Research limitations/implications – Although the results confirm that in most of the analysed countries innovative firms perceive corruption to be major impediment for their business activity, based on this analysis we cannot argue that innovation activity would be higher if corruption perceptions were lower in the analysed countries. Originality/value – The results suggest that, in order to boost innovation, not only traditional innovation- supporting policy measures should be considered, but also wider spectrum of activities oriented towards business climate improvement.

Despite many advantages of e-commerce for both firms and buyers, it is still not equally adopted by customers in all European Union countries. According to Digital Scoreboard in countries such as United Kingdom and Denmark, nearly 90% of Internet users shop online. On the other hand, in Romania and Bulgaria, not even one-third of the Internet users buy goods and services online. Diffusion of e-shopping clearly has different pace across EU. In this article, we focus on individuals who refuse to purchase over Internet and aim to explore reasons for their behavior. To do so, we rely on Community Statistics on Information Society (CSIS) microdata for the year 2015. Individuals who report ordering and buying over the Internet more than one year ago and those who never engaged in online shopping were asked about reasons for not buying online. Potential reasons include lack of skills, privacy and security concerns, delivery concerns and problems, not having payment cards as well as habit, loyalty and preference of shopping in stores. The focus of this article is on comparison of reasons for not shopping online of individuals in EU countries that lead in adoption of e-shopping with laggard countries. We first analyze the prevalence of reasons for not buying online and compare countries in that respect. Among individuals who did not adopt e- shopping, there are those who have tried it at one point in time and did not continue to use it frequently and those who actually never engaged in buying over Internet. Both have certain reasons and constrains that prevent them from adopting this form of shopping. The analysis is followed by identification of reasons that significantly affect probability of trying online shopping, if not adopting it fully. It can be assumed that gaining true experience might contribute to increase in adoption of e-shopping among individuals. This is even more important for countries that still lag behind not just in buying online but in overall digital performance.

Poduzećima je od izuzetne važnosti osigurati pristup odgovarajućim izvorima financiranja osnovnog poslovanja. Osobito važnim smatra se pronalaženje odgovarajućeg financiranja razvojnih i inovativnih projekata. U ovom radu se analiziraju prediktori percepcije pristupa financiranju, odobravanja kredita i odluke poduzetnika u Hrvatskoj da apliciraju za kredit. Poseban naglasak u analizi je na razlikama između inovativnih i neinovativnih poduzeća u pristupu financiranju u Hrvatskoj. Obzirom da se od inovativnih poduzeća očekuje poticanje cjelokupnog gospodarstva, važno je analizirati kakav je njihov pristup financiranju. U analizi su korišteni podaci istraživanja Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS). Rezultati pokazuju da inovativna poduzeća u Hrvatskoj u većoj mjeri smatraju kako pristup financiranju predstavlja ograničavajući faktor njihovom poslovanju. Istodobno, rezultati analize su pokazali kako inovativna poduzeća nemaju veću ili manju vjerojatnost traženja ili odobrenja kredita u odnosu na ostale poduzetnike. Negativne percepcije koje naročito dolaze do izražaja kod inovativnih poduzeća, mogu predstavljati značajno ograničenje za budući rast.

Purpose – The key question addressed in the paper is whether creativity fostering methods increase innovation output in Croatian firms. Design/methodology/approach – By utilizing the Community Innovation Survey 2010 data and propensity score matching methods, we estimate the average treatment effect of the treated (i.e. firms that employ creativity stimulation methods). Within this framework, our measured outcome is the innovation activity of the firm and the treatment is the creativity stimulation method used by the firm. Findings – The results confirm that the creativity enhancing methods have a positive impact on innovation activity in Croatian enterprises. The empirical analysis of average treatment effect of the treated reveals that the most effective measure seems to be training, followed closely by multidisciplinary working teams. Non-financial creativity enhancing methods seem to be least effective. Research limitations/implications – The results follow some stylized facts related to Croatian enterprises. However, since this paper provides first attempt of the analysis of these issues, future research efforts are required to substantiate our findings. Originality/value – The analysis of effectiveness of creativity fostering methods for innovation activity has proved that the innovation activity can be enhanced by employing each of the method analysed in the paper.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the introduction of marketing innovations by companies in Croatia. This study provides an insight into the innovativeness with regard to the introduction of marketing innovations. It explores the presence of marketing innovations in general and the introduction of four types of marketing innovation (significant changes to the aesthetic design or packaging, new media or techniques for product promotion, new methods for product placement or sales channels and new methods of pricing goods or services). The changes in all four elements of the marketing mix are described. The paper also explores the extent to which the introduction of marketing innovation is related to the companies that introduce other types of innovations., Cilj je ovog rada analizirati uvođenje marketinških inovacija u Hrvatskoj. Riječ je o istraživanju koje pruža uvid u inovativnost u terminima marketinških inovacija. Istražuje se prisutnost marketinških inovacija općenito, a zatim i uvođenje četiriju vrsta zasebno (promjene u dizajnu ili pakiranju, novi mediji ili promotivne tehnike, nove metode distribucije ili kanali prodaje i nove metode određivanja cijena). Uključene su promjene u sva četiri elementa marketinškog miksa. U radu se također istražuje do koje je mjere uvođenje marketinških inovacija vezano za uvođenje drugih vrsta inovacija.

Croatian enterprises report relatively low level of innovativeness. The objective of this paper is to identify factors that constraint innovation activity of Croatian firms. The analysis is focused on the impact of constraining factors on the decision to abandon and delay innovation development employing Croatian Community Innovation Survey 2006 (CIS2006) data. Exploration of factors leading to abandonments or delays of innovation projects relies on 1041 enterprises that reported any form of innovation activity. The results of the analysis reveal the differences in sensitivity to various constraining factors when it comes to decision to abandon and delay innovation development., Hrvatska poduzeća bilježe relativno nisku razinu inovativnosti. Cilj je ovog rada identificirati čimbenike koji otežavaju inovacijske aktivnosti u hrvatskim poduzećima. Analiza je usmjerena na utjecaj otežavajućih čimbenika na odluku o napuštanju ili kašnjenju razvoja inovacije primjenom podataka istraživanja Community Innovation Survey (CIS) za Hrvatsku. Istraživanje čimbenika koji dovode do napuštanja i kašnjenja projekata oslanja se na podatke 1041 poduzeća koja su iskazala postojanje bilo kojeg oblika inovacijske aktivnosti. Rezultati analize upućuju na postojanje razlika u utjecaju različitih ograničavajućih čimbenika na odluku o napuštanju ili kašnjenju razvoja inovacija.

Dostignuti stupanj fiskalne decentralizacije u Hrvatskoj nije se značajnije mijenjao u odnosu na početak procesa decentralizacije u srpnju 2001. Hrvatska je u usporedbi s EU-15 i tranzicijskim državama i dalje u skupini visoko centraliziranih država budući da središnja država ostvaruje većinu javnih prihoda i troši najveći dio javnih rashoda, dok lokalna država (sve općine, gradovi i županije) sudjeluje s oko 11 posto u prihodima i rashodima konsolidirane opće države ili 4 posto u bruto domaćem proizvodu. Jedinice lokalne i područne (regionalne) samouprave u Hrvatskoj karakterizira snažna ovisnost o financiranju javnih potreba iz prihoda na čiju visinu ne mogu samostalno utjecati – prihodi od poreza na dohodak koji čine 55 posto i prihodi od pomoći središnje države koji čine 9 posto ukupnih prihoda lokalnih proračuna, pri čemu 429 općina ostvaruje 16 posto, 126 gradova 40 posto, Grad Zagreb 29 posto i 20 županija 15 posto ukupnih prihoda lokalnih proračuna u Hrvatskoj. Fiskalni kapaciteti među pojedinim razinama lokalne vlasti se u velikoj mjeri razlikuju. Čak 13 županija, 63 posto gradova i 70 posto općina ostvaruje ispodprosječne ukupne prihode (bez pomoći) iako je postojeća podjela javnih poslova takva da su iste nadležnosti za sve općine i sve gradove (osim velikih gradova i gradova sjedišta županija). To dovodi do nemogućnosti obavljanja javnih funkcija na istoj razini kvalitete u svim općinama, gradovima i županijama s obzirom na različiti stupanj razvijenosti, fiskalni kapacitet, te veličinu same lokalne jedinice. Uz financijske kapacitete, ograničenje učinkovitom pružanju javnih usluga nalazi se i u nedovoljnim organizacijskim, administrativnim i stručnim kapacitetima na lokalnoj razini. Istraživački je projekt dao niz prijedloga i ukazao na ograničenja mogućih daljnjih pravaca decentralizacije u Hrvatskoj. Prijedlozi obuhvaćaju usklađene prijedloge funkcionalne i fiskalne decentralizacije koji predstavljaju osnovu za predložene promjene u administrativno-teritorijalnoj organizaciji u državi. Svi su prijedlozi usmjereni prema učinkovitijem pružanju javnih usluga, većem stupnju zadovoljstva stanovnika, mjerenju planiranih rezultata i učinaka u provođenju javnih funkcija.

U ovome se radu analiziraju psihometrijske karakteristike MKTOR ljestvice za mjerenje tržišne orijentacije koju su razvili Narver i Slater (1990.). Analiza se provodi da bi se utvrdilo je li navedena ljestvica, inače često korištena u literaturi, prikladna za mjerenje tržišne orijentacije u hrvatskim poduzećima. Procjenjuju se njezina pouzdanost i konvergentna i diskriminantna valjanost. Pouzdanost ljestvice procijenjena je uz pomoć Cronbach alfa koeficijenta, a za procjenu valjanosti primijenjena je konfirmatorna faktorska analiza. Rezultati upućuju da MKTOR ljestvica ima svojstva pouzdanosti, konvergentne i diskriminantne valjanosti i da je pogodna za mjerenje tržišne orijentacije u hrvatskim poduzećima., In this paper we analyze the psychometric characteristics of MKTOR scale for measuring market orientation developed by Narver and Slater (1990). The analysis is conducted in order to asses if this scale is applicable for measuring a market orientation in Croatian enterprises. Reliability and convergent and discriminant validity are assessed. In order to asses the reliability of the scale we used Cronbach alpha coefficient while the validity is assessed using confirmatory factor analysis. The results indicate reliability and convergent and discriminant validity of MKTOR scale that makes it applicable for measuring market orientation in Croatian enterprises.

U svrhu razvoja inovacije, poduzeća mogu surađivati s drugim poduzećima i znanstvenim institucijama, odnosno drugim subjektima koji imaju interes za njeno razvijanje. Suradnja na razvoju inovacija ovisi o više čimbenika. U ovom je radu cilj utvrditi koje su varijable prediktori suradnje hrvatskih poduzeća na razvoju inovacije. Primjenom diskriminacijske analize utvrđeno je da razlikovanju između poduzeća koja surađuju i onih koja nemaju ugovornu suradnju doprinosi pet varijabli: nedostatak kvalificiranog osoblja, broj radikalnih inovacija, visina ulaganja u istraživanje i razvoj, broj zaposlenih i tržišna orijentacija. S druge strane, razlikovanju između skupine poduzeća koja ne surađuju na razvoju inovacija i onih koja surađuju ne doprinose sljedeće varijable: broj inkrementalnih inovacija, visoki troškovi inovacijskih aktivnosti i nedostatak odgovarajućih izvora financiranja.

In the literature, market orientation is defined as a business culture or behaviour that leads to business success. Its influence on product innovation is one way to enhance business performance. The goal of this paper is to analyses the impact of behavioural components of market orientation on the introduction of product innovation regarding its novelty. Research of this type was the subject of the Lukas and Ferell (2000) study. Following their approach, but hypothesizing different relationships, research on the impact of the behavioural components of market orientation on product innovation in Croatian companies was conducted. The intensity of the market orientation components is measured using the MKTOR scale developed by Narver and Slater (1990), whose approach to market orientation is accepted in this paper.