Search

Splicing, a key step in the eukaryotic gene-expression pathway, converts precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) into mRNA by excising introns and ligating exons. This task is accomplished by the spliceosome, a macromolecular machine that must undergo sequential conformational changes to establish its active site. Each of these major changes requires a dedicated DExD/H-box ATPase, but how these enzymes are activated remain obscure. Here we show that Prp28, a yeast DEAD-box ATPase, transiently interacts with the conserved 5′ splice-site (5′SS) GU dinucleotide and makes splicing-dependent contacts with the U1 snRNP protein U1C, and U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP proteins, Prp8, Brr2, and Snu114. We further show that Prp28’s ATPase activity is potentiated by the phosphorylated Npl3, but not the unphosphorylated Npl3, thus suggesting a strategy for regulating DExD/H-box ATPases. We propose that Npl3 is a functional counterpart of the metazoan-specific Prp28 N-terminal region, which can be phosphorylated and serves as an anchor to human spliceosome., Yeast helicase Prp28 promotes the first step of spliceosome remodeling. By placing a photoactivatable unnatural amino acid in Prp28, the authors capture Prp28 in action revealing its dynamic interactions and cofactor Npl3.

The 2018 Mw 6.4 Hualien earthquake generated a large peak-to-peak velocity of over 2 m/s, with a period of 3 s at the south end of the Milun fault, which resulted in the collapse of five buildings. To investigate the shallow subsurface soil structure and evaluate possible effects on the ground motion and building damage, we performed microtremor measurements in the Hualien basin. Based on the velocity structure jointly inverted from both Rayleigh-wave dispersion curves and microtremor horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio data, we found that the shallow subsurface structure generally deepens from west to east. Close to the Milun fault, the structure becomes shallower, which is consistent with faulting during the 2018 earthquake and the long-term tectonic displacement. There is no significant variation for the site conditions in the north–south direction that can explain the large peak ground velocity in the south. As a result of the dense measurements in the heavily damaged area, where three high-rise buildings totally collapsed, these locations have the average S-wave velocity of the upper 30 m (AVS30) values and are relatively high compared to the more distant area from the Meilun River. This is somewhat unusual, because lower AVS30 values indicating softer ground conditions are expected close to the river. We did not find any characteristic subsurface soil structure that may contribute to the building collapses. The large 3 s pulse was probably generated by source effects, rather than subsurface soil amplification.

Background/Purpose: To examine ethnic disparity in prevalence and associated factors of myopia in adolescents using the Unites States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) dataset. Methods: Participants who were aged 12–19 years were included from NHANES (1999–2008). Logistic regression analyses were applied to identify risk factors associated with myopia after stratification by race. Results: A total of 9,960 participants were included in the prevalence analysis, and 6,571 in the risk factor analysis. Other race (excluded Mexican American, other Hispanic, non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black) participants had the highest frequency of myopia (42.77%). Multivariate analyses of the whole population suggested that the odds of myopia were significantly lower in participants with household smokers (odds ratio [OR] = 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.66–0.97), and significantly greater in Mexican American race (OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.01–1.62), other Hispanic (OR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.10–2.92) and in participants with senior high school graduate education (OR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.01–3.18), watched 2 hours of television daily (OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.02–1.59), used the computer for 1 hour daily (OR = 1.276, 95% CI: 1.02–1.57). When examined by race/ethnicity, 1 hour of computer use increased the odds of myopia in the non-Hispanic White group, in Mexican Americans a higher family poverty income ratio and 2 hours of television time was associated with myopia, and in the Other Hispanic group, a higher family poverty income ratio was associated with myopia, while males and those with a higher sugar had a lower risk of myopia. Conclusion: Risk factors for myopia vary with race/ethnicity. Keywords: Adolescent, Myopia, Racial disparity, Risk factor, NHANES

Peak ground acceleration (PGA) can be used to estimate the seismic intensity. However, using P-wave features to estimate PGA is a challenging task. One of the reasons for that is that a seismic wave commonly undergoes modification due to various site effects, consequently leading to uncertainty in the predicted PGA. In order to accommodate site effects using site parameters together with P-wave parameters, this paper takes advantage of machine learning to consider multiple parameters simultaneously. Several artificial neural network (ANN) models considering different site effect parameters are constructed. The performances of these ANN models were investigated and compared. In total, 53531 ground motion data obtained from the Taiwan Strong Motion Instrumentation Program were utilized to develop the proposed approach. It was found that the proposed ANN model with horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio parameters effectively reduces the error of the estimated PGA when compared with either the ANN model without site parameters or the ANN model with other site parameters.

Recently, energy conservation has been concerned, and there are several aspects to improve the energy consumption issues. Therefore, many research results were proposed to mitigate the related problems, one of these is to eliminate the extra standby power of household appliances. This paper employed an effective method to identify load characteristics of appliances in different operation states by support vector machines, and a smart home electric energy saving system was built up to implement the method. Furthermore, a virtual living room was simulated in the laboratory as an experimental object, and a prototype system was built up. The performance test results are proposed to validate the feasibility of the proposed system.

The strong ground motion of 6 February 2018 M 6.2 Hualien Earthquake triggered a series of co-seismic geomagnetic fluctuations and seismo-traveling atmospheric disturbances (STADs) signatures in infrasonic waves and micro-pressures upon the seismic wave arrival. Networks of 9 QuakeFinder systems, 3 infrasound systems, 2 tiltmeters, 2 micro-barometers, and 11 co-located seismometers are used in this study. Each QuakeFinder system consists of a 3-axes induction magnetometer, an air conductivity sensor, a geophone, and temperature/relative humidity sensors. Co-seismic signatures clearly appear in the induction magnetometers, infrasound systems, and micro-barometers data. The magnetometers register both high- and lowfrequency pulsations. Geomagnetic fluctuations occur upon the seismic wave arrival but last a longer duration, while the STADs lag their co-located seismic waves by about 15 - 45 s. The long-lasting fluctuations recorded by both induction and fluxgate magnetometers suggest that the ground/underground water motion play an important role, which is further conformed by low-frequency fluctuations in the tiltmeter data. In general, the amplitude of geomagnetic fluctuations decays as away from the epicenter. However, unusual large co-seismic geomagnetic fluctuations are detected over areas of the abnormal seismic intensity level and/or the magnetic underground structure with anomalously high susceptibilities.

Broadband seismometers, ground-based Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), and magnetometers that were located within an epicentral distance of approximately 150 km consistently observed the novel anomalous behaviors of the common-mode ground vibrations approximately 5–10 days before the M6.6 Meinong earthquake in Taiwan. The common-mode ground vibrations with amplitudes near 0.1 m at frequencies ranging from 8 × 10−5 to 2 × 10−4 Hz were generated near the region close to the epicenter of the impending earthquake. The common-mode vibrations were consistently observed in seismic and GNSS data associated with five other earthquakes in four distinct areas. The results reveal that the common-mode vibrations could be a typical behavior before earthquakes. The causal mechanism of common-mode vibrations can be attributed to crustal resonance excitations before fault dislocations occur. Potential relationships with other pre-earthquake anomalies suggest that the common-mode vibrations could be ground motion before earthquakes, which was investigated for a significant length of time.

This study aimed to characterize the changes in the visual field (VF) patterns and disc morphology of patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) and open-angle glaucoma (OAG). A retrospective review of the medical records at the Tri-Service General Hospital in Taiwan identified 396 eyes of 198 patients with thyroid-associated glaucoma. A final follow-up of VF examination in 140 eyes revealed 114 eyes with VF defects, indicating disease progression. The characteristics of and changes in disc morphology, optical coherence tomography findings, and VF defects were statistically analyzed. The most common VF defects at the initial diagnosis and the end of the follow-up period were inferior partial arcuate (17%) and paracentral (15%) defects, respectively. The most common VF defect in patients with unspecific disc signs was an unspecific scotoma (13%). The most common optic disc feature was disc cupping (51%), followed by parapapillary atrophy (48%). The most frequent location of nerve fiber layer thinning was the inferotemporal region (48%). VF defects showed a significantly more pronounced progression in the non-nerve fiber bundle group than in the nerve fiber bundle group (p &lt, 0.001). This study details the characteristics and progression of disc morphology and VF defects in patients with TAO and OAG.

The damping ratio is an important index used in soil nonlinearity studies and is mostly proportional to the shear strain increase. Previous researches indicated a frequency-independent damping in most cases. In this study, frequency-dependent damping was introduced from frequency-dependent Q calculated through the spectral ratio method of near-surface structures using the power spectrum of strong motion records in the Strong Motion Array in Taiwan Phase I (SMART1). The dense SMART1 recorded significant strong motions in the 1980s, which can be used to identify soil nonlinearity at near surfaces. A 40%–50% increase in frequency-dependent damping for SMART1 was identified, with strain increasing from 0.01% to 0.1% in near-surface regions. A large damping was also found in the shallow sediments with mean Vs below 600 m/s on the topmost 500 m layers in the SMART1 database at a frequency range of 3–8 Hz, which is independent of the magnitude scaling or near-field travel distance scaling relations.

In this study, an empirical transfer function (ETF), which is the spectrum difference in Fourier amplitude spectra between observed strong ground motion and synthetic motion obtained by a stochastic point-source simulation technique, is constructed for the Taipei Basin, Taiwan. The basis stochastic point-source simulations can be treated as reference rock site conditions in order to consider site effects. The parameters of the stochastic point-source approach related to source and path effects are collected from previous well-verified studies. A database of shallow, small-magnitude earthquakes is selected to construct the ETFs so that the point-source approach for synthetic motions might be more widely applicable. The high-frequency synthetic motion obtained from the ETF procedure is site-corrected in the strong site-response area of the Taipei Basin. The site-response characteristics of the ETF show similar responses as in previous studies, which indicates that the base synthetic model is suitable for the reference rock conditions in the Taipei Basin. The dominant frequency contour corresponds to the shape of the bottom of the geological basement (the top of the Tertiary period), which is the Sungshan formation. Two clear high-amplification areas are identified in the deepest region of the Sungshan formation, as shown by an amplification contour of 0.5 Hz. Meanwhile, a high-amplification area was shifted to the basin’s edge, as shown by an amplification contour of 2.0 Hz. Three target earthquakes with different kinds of source conditions, including shallow small-magnitude events, shallow and relatively large-magnitude events, and deep small-magnitude events relative to the ETF database, are tested to verify site correction. The results indicate that ETF-based site correction is effective for shallow earthquakes, even those with higher magnitudes, but is not suitable for deep earthquakes. Finally, one of the most significant shallow large-magnitude earthquakes (the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan) is verified in this study. A finite fault stochastic simulation technique is applied, owing to the complexity of the fault rupture process for the Chi-Chi earthquake, and the ETF-based site-correction function is multiplied to obtain a precise simulation of high-frequency (up to 10 Hz) strong motions. The high-frequency prediction has good agreement in both time and frequency domain in this study, and the prediction level is the same as that predicted by the site-corrected ground motion prediction equation.

This study demonstrates the emission enhancement of Al 3+ co-doped SrZn 2 (PO 4 ) 2 :Eu 2+ ,Mn 2+ phosphors. The crystallinity and emission mechanism were investigated, and the results indicate that co-doping with Al 3+ increased the atomic concentrations of Sr and P and induced the formation of Al–O bonds. The formation of P–O–P bonds was also facilitated. Furthermore, the crystal field strength of Mn 2+ –O 2- was decreased, and the reduction reaction of Eu 3+ to Eu 2+ was promoted. Photoluminescence measurements revealed a 2.83-fold enhancement of the Eu 2+ emission upon co-doping with 0.46 mol of Al 3+ . However, the Mn 2+ emission decreased and was blue-shifted because of the increased bond length of Mn 2+ –O 2- and decreased ligand field around Mn 2+ . The phosphor decay time was also reduced with increasing Al 3+ concentration.

The influence of In 3+ doping on the binding energy of ions and the energy transfer mechanism of white SrZn 2 (PO 4 ) 2 :Eu 2+ ,Mn 2+ phosphor was investigated. The ligand fields around Sr 2+ and Mn 2+ varied with different kinds of doped ions, while those around Zn 2+ and Eu 2+ remained stable. Doping with In 3+ created traps of charged species and clustered pairs in the phosphor. These traps captured excited carriers, leading to a decrease in energy transfer from Eu 2+ to Mn 2+ and a decline in Mn 2+ emission. However, carriers stored temporarily in traps then migrated to Eu 2+ to yield an enhanced Eu 2+ emission. The phosphor emission was blue-shifted by the increase in In 3+ concentration. Maximum Eu 2+ energy absorption and emission were obtained when doped with 12 mol% of In 3+ . The decay time of the phosphor was 11.74 ms.

In this study, microtremor array measurements were conducted at 45 sites in the Western Plain of Taiwan. The arrays were approximately 30 m or 60 m in radius, depending on the site. The maximum-likelihood frequency–wavenumber method was adopted to obtain the phase velocities of Rayleigh waves, and then a genetic algorithm technique based on an inversion scheme of the fundamental mode of the Rayleigh waves’ dispersion curves was applied to calculate a preliminary S-wave velocity (Vs) profile at each site. Because a layer of thick sediment covers the bedrock in the Western Plain of Taiwan, microtremor arrays in this size range cannot estimate the structure of the entire sediment. Therefore, this study implemented further inversion of the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios of the microtremors to estimate the deeper structures up to the bedrock of Vs greater than 1000 m/s. Previously logged velocity profiles for different depths at or near our study sites were collected and compared with the Vs profiles derived from our microtremor array measurements; the results were found to be highly comparable. Therefore, we could delineate the depth distributions for the layer depths for Vs = 600 m/s and 1000 m/s in this region. The depth for Vs = 600 m/s is approximately 50 m in the piedmont area and approximately 300 m at the coastline; moreover, the depths for Vs = 1000 m/s increase from 200 m in the piedmont area to approximately 1000 m at the coastline. The depths for Vs = 1.0 km/s (Z1.0), which is an important parameter that accounts for the basin effect in recent ground motion prediction equations, are consequently available at the study sites. The distribution of Z1.0 as a function of Vs30 indicates higher similarity to that in Japan than in the San Francisco Bay area.

The National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering in Taiwan has developed an on-site earthquake early warning system (NEEWS). The Meinong earthquake with a moment magnitude of 6.53 and a focal depth of 14.6 km occurred on 5 February 2016 in southern Taiwan. It caused 117 deaths, injured 551, caused the collapse of six buildings, and serious damage to 247 buildings. During the Meinong earthquake, the system performance of 16 NEEWS stations was recorded. Based on a preassigned peak ground acceleration (PGA) threshold to issue alarms at different stations, no false alarms or missed alarms were issued during the earthquake. About 4 s to 33 s of lead time were provided by the NEEWS depending on the epicenter distance. In addition, the directivity of the earthquake source characteristic and also possibly the site effects were observed in the diagram of the distribution of PGA difference between the predicted PGA and the measured PGA.

This study used the results from 45 microtremor array measurements to construct a shallow shear wave velocity structure in the western plain of Taiwan. We constructed a complete 3D velocity model based on shallow and tomography models for our numerical simulation. There are three major subsurfaces, engineering bedrock (V_S = 600 m s^(-1)), Pliocene formation and Miocene formation, constituted in the shallow model. The constant velocity is given in each subsurface. We employed a 3D-FD (finite-differences) method to simulate seismic wave propagation in the western plain. The aim of this study was to perform a quantitative comparison of site amplifications and durations obtained from empirical data and numerical modelling in order to obtain the shallow substructure soil response. Modelling clearly revealed that the shallow substructure plays an important role in strong ground motion prediction using 3D simulation. The results show significant improvements in effective shaking duration and the peak ground velocity (PGV) distribution in terms of the accuracy achieved by our developed model. We recommend a high-resolution shallow substructure as an essential component in future seismic hazard analyses.

Compound semiconductors doped with magnetically active transition metals (TM) are actively pursued for semiconductor spintronics. Herein we report that delta doping (δ-doping) has been used to incorporate manganese (Mn) into the gallium nitride (GaN) matrix resulting in phase pure highly crystalline heteroepitaxial thin films of (Ga,Mn)N on c-plane sapphire (Al2O3) by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Magnetotransport measurements reveal the anomalous Hall effect (AHE) while magnetic measurements show the existence of ferromagnetic ordering. Density functional theory calculations show that δ-doping of Mn atom enables exchange interactions between the Mn 3d states and N 2p states thereby resulting in spin polarized holes in the valence band giving rise to observed AHE and ferromagnetism. This work opens new avenues for incorporating spin polarized carriers in III-nitrides based semiconductors by creating magnetically active Mn layers in heterostructures for spintronics applications.

The energy transfer mechanism between Tm 3+ and Eu 3+ ions in the phosphate phosphor was investigated. The addition of Eu facilitated the incorporation of O atoms into the LaPO 4 :Tm,Eu phosphor lattice, which induced changes in its ligand field and energy absorption. Excitation energy was transferred from Tm 3+ to Eu 3+ ions by the mechanism of dipole–dipole interaction. The increase in Eu concentration increased the probability of energy transfer between Tm 3+ and Eu 3+ as well as the electron transition probabilities in Eu 3+ ; a color-tunable emission was observed through variation in the Eu concentration. The highest energy transfer efficiency of Tm 3+ –Eu 3+ was approximately 93%. The critical distance, for energy transfer, between Tm 3+ and Eu 3+ , was 14.5 A. The luminescence of the phosphor declined with a double-exponential mechanism. The decay time decreased as the Eu doping concentration was increased.

When the phosphor LaPO4:Tm was coated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon atoms were diffused into the phosphor lattice. Binding energy of La 3d and C 1s were not shifted by CNT coating, while that of O 1s was lowered slightly as a result of the formation of C O and C O bonds on the phosphor surface. CNT coating increased the atomic concentrations of O and C by 27.4% and 9%, respectively. Photoluminescence intensity decreased significantly, by 52%, when CNT concentration of 1.5 wt% was coated. This is attributed to covering the phosphor with black CNTs/carbons and the formation of C O and C O bonds on the phosphor surface. Conversely, cathodoluminescence (CL) intensity was improved by a factor of 3.86 when 1.25 wt% of CNTs was coated, attributing to improved conductivity, reduced charging, and increased CL excitation probability of the phosphor. The influence of CNT coating on the luminescence of LaPO4:Tm was compared with that of LaPO4:Eu phosphor. Blue CL was observed from LaPO4:Tm, it is potential for field emission lamp application.

Hazards from gravity-driven instabilities on hillslope (termed ‘landquake’ in this study) are an important problem facing us today. Rapid detection of landquake events is crucial for hazard mitigation and emergency response. Based on the real-time broadband data in Taiwan, we have developed a near real-time landquake monitoring system, which is a fully automatic process based on waveform inversion that yields source information (e.g., location and mechanism) and identifies the landquake source by examining waveform fitness for different types of source mechanisms. This system has been successfully tested offline using seismic records during the passage of the 2009 Typhoon Morakot in Taiwan and has been in online operation during the typhoon season in 2015. In practice, certain levels of station coverage (station gap 106 m3 and area > 0.20 km2) are required to ensure good performance (fitness > 0.6 for successful source identification) of the system, which can be readily implemented in other places in the world with real-time seismic networks and high landquake activities.

The luminescence of LaPO4:Eu phosphors was improved by coprecipitation with phosphate from different sources and with anionic surfactants. The effects of the method of synthesis on the characteristics of the phosphors were investigated. When H3PO4 was used as the source of phosphate, strong absorption of the charge transfer band (CTB) was observed. A red shift of the CTB absorption was observed when (NH4)2HPO4 and Na5P3O10 were used as sources of phosphate. Phosphors with high crystallographic symmetry of Eu3+ in the lattice were synthesized when (NH4)2HPO4 was used. The optimum crystallinity and the maximum photoluminescence (PL) intensity were obtained when the phosphor surface was modified with 1 mol.% (NaPO3)6 and 3 mol.% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant, with PL intensity being increased by 10% and 7%, respectively.

The Engineering Geological Database for TSMIP (EGDT), the Taiwan Strong Motion Instrumentation Program, has been under construction by the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering and the Central Weather Bureau in Taiwan since 2000. Site characterization, comprising surface investigations and logging measurements, was carried out throughout the project. We provide a set of specifications and a description to help users understand the subject matter of the database. EGDT contains 469 surveyed stations, 439 of which were drilled and the logging measurements completed. Of these, 385 had logging data reaching at least 30 m, and we used these to examine and determine the most accurate extrapolation of Vs30 (the average S-wave velocity of the top 30 m of strata) for the other 54 stations with velocity profiles less than 30 m. The chosen method assumed that the bottom velocity is identical from the actual depth of the hole to a distance of 30 m, that is, the Bottom Constant Velocity (BCV) method. In order to utilize other existing boreholes which have only N values but no velocities in the future, the empirical S-wave velocity equations for seven different regions and the whole of Taiwan were evaluated by a multivariable analysis. Henceforth, for those existing boreholes which have an N profile less than 30 m, the S-wave velocity profile can first be calculated by empirical S-wave velocity equations, and then Vs30 can be estimated by reliable extrapolation. Some other studies of site classifications of TSMIP stations were compared with our results to demonstrate the necessity of reclassification. Ultimately, the Vs30 values of the 439 drilled free-field TSMIP stations were derived and the new site classification was achieved according to the Vs30-based provisions of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program.

A 28-year-old Chinese man presented with refractory ocular redness in the bilateral eyes. His symptoms co-existed with dysphasia and acute body weight loss. Excisional biopsy of the conjunctiva and hilar lymph nodes was performed and Lofgren's syndrome was confirmed. The patient was treated with systemic steroid and symptoms gradually subsided over the 2-year follow-up period. Ocular redness and dysphagia with acute body weight loss are atypical symptoms of Lofgren's syndrome. Careful survey and prompt treatment is necessary.

One decade after the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, central Taiwan experienced more strong ground shaking [Central Weather Bureau (CWB), intensity VII] induced by a ML 6.2 earthquake on 5th November 2009. This earthquake occurred in the Mingjian Township of Nantou County, only 12 km southwest of the Chi-Chi earthquake epicenter. The broadband microearthquake monitoring network operated by the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE) observed numerous aftershocks in the five days following the mainshock. The relocated aftershocks and the mainshock focal mechanism indicated a NE-SW striking fault dipping 60¢X toward the northwest. This fault plane is inside the pre-Miocene basement and the rupture extends from the lower crust to 10 km depth just beneath the basal décollement of the thin-skinned model that is generally used to explain the regional tectonics in Taiwan. The fault plane is vertically symmetrical with the Chelungpu fault by the basal décollement. The NW-SE compressive stress of plate collision in Taiwan, as well as the deep tectonic background, resulted in the seismogenic structure of the Mingjian earthquake at this location.

In the Tatun mountain area of northern Taiwan are two strong motion stations approximately 2.5 km apart, TAP056 and TAP066 of the TSMIP network. The accelerometer at station TAP056 is often triggered by earthquakes, but that at TAP066 station is not. Comparisons of vertical and horizontal peak ground accelerations reveal PGA in the vertical, east-west, and north-south components at TAP056 station to be 3.89, 7.57, and 5.45 times those at station TAP066, respectively. The PGA ratio does not seem to be related to earthquake source or path. Fourier spectra of earthquake records at station TAP056 always have approximately the same dominant frequency; however, those at station TAP066 are different due to different sources and paths of different events. This shows that spectra at TAP056 station are mainly controlled by local site effects. The spectral ratios of TAP056/TAP066 show the S-wave is amplified at around 8 ~ 10 Hz. The horizontal/vertical spectral ratios of station TAP056 also show a dominant frequency at about 6 and 8 ~ 10 Hz. After dense microtremor surveying and the addition of one accelerometer just 20 meters away from the original observation station, we can confirm that the top soft soil layer upon which the observation station is constructed generates the local site response at station TAP056.

The horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio has become increasingly popular in studies of site effect and determination of the predominant period of a site. In this study, this method is extended to identify nonlinear soil responses. To establish this phenomenon, borehole array records that already showed nonlinear site responses using spectral ratios between surface and borehole station pairs were analyzed. Moreover, in this study, the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio method was applied to weak and strong motion records from the same dataset. The results demonstrate that nonlinear site responses can be evaluated using horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios of surface recordings at a single station.