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1. Silicon pore x-ray optics for the NewAthena telescope

Author

Herder, Jan-Willem A. den, Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Collon, Maximilien J., Abalo, Luis, Barrière, Nicolas M., Bayerle, Alex, Borst, Donny De, Castiglione, Luigi, Crama, Loes, Chatbi, Abdelhakim, Eenkhoorn, Noë, Girou, David, Günther, Ramses, Harpur, James, Hauser, Enrico, Hollander, Jasper den, Jenkins, Yvette, Landgraf, Boris, Lassise, Adam, Keek, Laurens, Körnig, Christian, Obwaller, Sebastian, Okma, Ben, Ribeiro, Paulo da Silva, Rizos, Chris, Thete, Aniket, Vacanti, Giuseppe, Verhoeckx, Sjoerd, Vervest, Mark, Visser, Roel, Voruz, Luc, Bavdaz, Marcos, Ferreira, Ivo, Wille, Eric, Smid, Pieter, Bosman, Mathijs, Haneveld, Jeroen, Koelewijn, Arenda, Lankwarden, Jan-Joost, Riekerink, Mark Olde, Schurink, Bart, Start, Ronald, Wijnperle, Maurice, Cibik, Levent, Fechner, Robert, Krumrey, Michael, Skroblin, Dieter, Burwitz, Vadim, Christensen, Finn E., Ferreira, Desirée Della Monica, Massahi, Sonny, Sanz, Diego P., Svendsen, Sara, Dunnell, Ethan, Lupton, Paul, Mundon, William, Rees, Andrew, Colldelram, Carles, Heinis, Dominique, Sánchez, Alejandro, Niewrzella, Norman, Basso, Stefano, Moretti, Alberto, Salmaso, Bianca, Spiga, Daniele, Herder, Jan-Willem A. den, Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Collon, Maximilien J., Abalo, Luis, Barrière, Nicolas M., Bayerle, Alex, Borst, Donny De, Castiglione, Luigi, Crama, Loes, Chatbi, Abdelhakim, Eenkhoorn, Noë, Girou, David, Günther, Ramses, Harpur, James, Hauser, Enrico, Hollander, Jasper den, Jenkins, Yvette, Landgraf, Boris, Lassise, Adam, Keek, Laurens, Körnig, Christian, Obwaller, Sebastian, Okma, Ben, Ribeiro, Paulo da Silva, Rizos, Chris, Thete, Aniket, Vacanti, Giuseppe, Verhoeckx, Sjoerd, Vervest, Mark, Visser, Roel, Voruz, Luc, Bavdaz, Marcos, Ferreira, Ivo, Wille, Eric, Smid, Pieter, Bosman, Mathijs, Haneveld, Jeroen, Koelewijn, Arenda, Lankwarden, Jan-Joost, Riekerink, Mark Olde, Schurink, Bart, Start, Ronald, Wijnperle, Maurice, Cibik, Levent, Fechner, Robert, Krumrey, Michael, Skroblin, Dieter, Burwitz, Vadim, Christensen, Finn E., Ferreira, Desirée Della Monica, Massahi, Sonny, Sanz, Diego P., Svendsen, Sara, Dunnell, Ethan, Lupton, Paul, Mundon, William, Rees, Andrew, Colldelram, Carles, Heinis, Dominique, Sánchez, Alejandro, Niewrzella, Norman, Basso, Stefano, Moretti, Alberto, Salmaso, Bianca, and Spiga, Daniele

Abstract

The European Space Agency (ESA), cosine and its partners have been developing for 20 years the Silicon Pore Optics (SPO) technology. SPO enables the next generation of space x-ray telescopes, with increased sensitivity and resolution. NewAthena, the New Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics, has just been endorsed by ESA as one of its Lclass mission, to launch around 2037. NewAthena’s optic is modular and consists of up to 600 mirror modules that form together a ~2.5 m diameter X-ray mirror with a focal length of 12 m and an angular resolution of 9 arc-seconds half-energy width. The total polished mirror surface is ~300 m2, which will focus X-rays with an energy of about 0.3 – 10 keV onto two detectors, a wild-field imager (WFI) and an imaging spectrometer (XIFU). Building hundreds of such SPO mirror modules in a cost-efficient and timely manner is a formidable task and subject of a dedicated ESA technology development program. We present in this paper the status of the optics production and illustrate not only recent X-ray results but also the progress made on the environmental testing, manufacturing and assembly aspects of SPO based optics.

Published
2024

2. High-resolution and light-weight silicon pore x-ray optics

Author

O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Spiga, Daniele, Landgraf, Boris, Abalo, Luis, Barrière, Nicolas M., Bayerle, Alex, Borst, Donny de, Castiglione, Luigi, Collon, Maximilien J., Crama, Loes, Chatbi, Abdelhakim, Eenkhoorn, Noë, Girou, David, Günther, Ramses, Hauser, Enrico, Hoeven, Roy van der, Hollander, Jasper den, Jenkins, Yvette, Lassise, Adam, Keek, Laurens, Körnig, Christian, Obwaller, Sebastian, Okma, Ben, Ribeiro, Paulo da Silva, Rizos, Chris, Thete, Aniket, Vacanti, Giuseppe, Verhoeckx, Sjoerd, Vervest, Mark, Visser, Roel, Voruz, Luc, Bavdaz, Marcos, Wille, Eric, Ferreira, Ivo, Bosman, Mathijs, Haneveld, Jeroen, Koelewijn, Arenda, Lankwarden, Jan-Joost, Riekerink, Mark Olde, Schurink, Bart, Start, Ronald, Wijnperle, Maurice, Baren, Coen van, Cibik, Levent, Krumrey, Michael, Skroblin, Dieter, Burwitz, Vadim, Christensen, Finn E., Ferreira, Desirée Della Monica, Massahi, Sonny, Sanz, Diego P., Svendsen, Sara, Dunnell, Ethan, Lupton, Paul, Mundon, William, Rees, Andrew, Watley, Dan, O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Spiga, Daniele, Landgraf, Boris, Abalo, Luis, Barrière, Nicolas M., Bayerle, Alex, Borst, Donny de, Castiglione, Luigi, Collon, Maximilien J., Crama, Loes, Chatbi, Abdelhakim, Eenkhoorn, Noë, Girou, David, Günther, Ramses, Hauser, Enrico, Hoeven, Roy van der, Hollander, Jasper den, Jenkins, Yvette, Lassise, Adam, Keek, Laurens, Körnig, Christian, Obwaller, Sebastian, Okma, Ben, Ribeiro, Paulo da Silva, Rizos, Chris, Thete, Aniket, Vacanti, Giuseppe, Verhoeckx, Sjoerd, Vervest, Mark, Visser, Roel, Voruz, Luc, Bavdaz, Marcos, Wille, Eric, Ferreira, Ivo, Bosman, Mathijs, Haneveld, Jeroen, Koelewijn, Arenda, Lankwarden, Jan-Joost, Riekerink, Mark Olde, Schurink, Bart, Start, Ronald, Wijnperle, Maurice, Baren, Coen van, Cibik, Levent, Krumrey, Michael, Skroblin, Dieter, Burwitz, Vadim, Christensen, Finn E., Ferreira, Desirée Della Monica, Massahi, Sonny, Sanz, Diego P., Svendsen, Sara, Dunnell, Ethan, Lupton, Paul, Mundon, William, Rees, Andrew, and Watley, Dan

Abstract

Silicon Pore Optics (SPO) have been invented and developed to enable x-ray optics for space applications that require a combination of high angular resolution while being light-weight to allow achieving a large mirror surface area. In 2005, the SPO technology development was initiated by the European Space Agency (ESA) for a flagship x-ray telescope mission and is currently being planned as a baseline for the NewATHENA mission scheduled for launch in the 2030s. Its more than 2m diameter mirror will be segmented and comprises of 492 individual Silicon Pore Optics (SPO) grazing-angle imagers, called mirror modules. Arranged in concentric annuli and following a Wolter-Schwartzschild design, the mirror modules are made of several tens of primary-secondary mirror pairs, each mirror made of silicon, coated to increase the collective area of the system, and shaped to bring the incoming photons to a common focus in 12 m distance. The mission aims to deliver an angular resolution of better than nine arc-seconds (Half-energy width) and effective area of about 1.1 m2 at an energy of 1 keV. We present in this paper the status of the optics production and illustrate not only recent x-ray results but also the progress made on the environmental testing, manufacturing and assembly aspects of SPO based optics.

Published
2023

3. Status of the Ir and Ir/SiC coating development for the Athena optics

Author

A. den Herder, Jan-Willem, Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Svendsen, Sara, Ferreira, Desiree D. M., Massahi, Sonny, Jafari, Atefeh, Gellert, Nis C., Christensen, Finn E., Henriksen, Peter L., Vu, Lan M., Jegers, Arne S., Shortt, Brian, Landgraf, Boris, Girou, David A., Collon, Maximillien J., Cibik, Levent, Handick, Evelyn, Krumrey, Michael, A. den Herder, Jan-Willem, Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Svendsen, Sara, Ferreira, Desiree D. M., Massahi, Sonny, Jafari, Atefeh, Gellert, Nis C., Christensen, Finn E., Henriksen, Peter L., Vu, Lan M., Jegers, Arne S., Shortt, Brian, Landgraf, Boris, Girou, David A., Collon, Maximillien J., Cibik, Levent, Handick, Evelyn, and Krumrey, Michael

Abstract

The mirror coatings for the Athena X-ray telescope assumes Ir/SiC bilayer thin films as a baseline design. Adding the soft overcoat to the Ir X-ray mirror coatings for the Athena optics is used to improve the low energy performance necessary to achieve the telescope effective area requirements. The Athena mirror is based on silicon pore optics technology, for which the manufacturing process involves a sequence of wet chemical and thermal post-coating treatments of the mirror plates. Establishing compatibility of the thin film material candidates following exposure to these processes is critical for the Athena mission since the specific coating quality will influence the performance of the X-ray telescope. We present an investigation of Ir and Ir/SiC thin films exposed to post-coating treatments based on coatings produced at DTU Space. The current status of the chemical procedures is presented with representative coatings from the Athena-dedicated coating facility.

Published
2020

4. Long-term performance and durability of Ir/B4C multilayer x-ray mirrors: focusing on composition, structure, and reflectivity properties

Author

Jafari, Atefeh, Ferreira, Desiree D. M., Kadkhodazadeh, Shima, Kasama, Takeshi, Massahi, Sonny, Svendsen, Sara, Vu, Lan M., Henriksen, Peter L., Balogh, Zoltàn M., Krumrey, Michael, Cibik, Levent, Christensen, Finn E., Shortt, Brian, Jafari, Atefeh, Ferreira, Desiree D. M., Kadkhodazadeh, Shima, Kasama, Takeshi, Massahi, Sonny, Svendsen, Sara, Vu, Lan M., Henriksen, Peter L., Balogh, Zoltàn M., Krumrey, Michael, Cibik, Levent, Christensen, Finn E., and Shortt, Brian

Abstract

Multilayer (ML) thin film coatings have shown promise in achieving hard x-ray nanofocusing with high reflectivity and high resolution. The chemical, structural, and long-term stability of Ir/B4C MLs, which are of great interest to the synchrotron and astrophysics communities, are not yet fully understood. The evolution of the x-ray performance of Ir/B4C ML mirrors was monitored over 5 years, and the chemical and structural properties were investigated in depth. Reflectivity scans reveal significant alteration in the energy range of 3.4 to 10 keV over this period. Furthermore, thickness and density degradation of B4C layers were observed in scanning electron transmission microscopy results. The oxidation of B4C occurs only for the top layers, whereas the buried B4C layers go through various complex chemical modifications. The x-ray reflectivity model of Ir/B4C structure was modified, based on the experimental findings, and resulted in good understanding of the long-term reflectivity performance of the x-ray mirror coatings.

Published
2020

5. Performance and stability of mirror coatings for the ATHENA mission

Author

Della Monica Ferreira, Desiree, Svendsen, Sara, Massahi, Sonny, Jafari, Atefeh, Vu, Lan M., Korman, Jakob, Gellert, Nis C., Christensen, Finn E., Kadkhodazadeh, Shima, Kasama, Takeshi, Shortt, Brian, Bavdaz, Marcos, Collon, Maximilien J., Landgraf, Boris, Krumrey, Michael, Cibik, Levent, Schreiber, Swenja, Schubert, Anja, Della Monica Ferreira, Desiree, Svendsen, Sara, Massahi, Sonny, Jafari, Atefeh, Vu, Lan M., Korman, Jakob, Gellert, Nis C., Christensen, Finn E., Kadkhodazadeh, Shima, Kasama, Takeshi, Shortt, Brian, Bavdaz, Marcos, Collon, Maximilien J., Landgraf, Boris, Krumrey, Michael, Cibik, Levent, Schreiber, Swenja, and Schubert, Anja

Abstract

We present the expected coating performance based on design and simulations, tested coating performance evaluated by means of X-ray reflectometry and short and long term stability of several materials considered as coating options for the X-ray mirrors of the ATHENA mission. As part of this study we also report on the compatibility of the X-ray reflecting coatings to the industrial processes involved in the assembly of mirror modules using Silicon Pore Optics technology.

Published
2018

7. Metrologie mit Synchrotronstrahlung, Teil I (Auszug aus: PTB-Mitteilungen 2014, Band 124, Heft 3. ISSN 0030-834X)

Author

Richter, Mathias, Ulm, Gerhard, Klein, Roman, Thornagel, Reiner, Fliegauf, Rolf, Kroth, Simone, Paustian, Wolfgang, Gottwald, Alexander, Kroth, Udo, Krumrey, Michael, Müller, Peter, Scholze, Frank, Reichel, Thomas, Cibik, Levent, Fischer, Andreas, and Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)

Subjects
Quellengestützte Radiometrie, Photodioden, Weltrauminstrumente, Freie-Elektronen-Laser, Multiphoton-Ionisation, Monochromatoren, Synchrotronstrahlung, Primärnormal, Optische Konstanten, EUV-Strahlung, VUV-Strahlung, Detektoren, Avogadro-Konstante, Polarisation, Radiometrie, Metrologie, Nanoschichten, Röntgenstrahlung, Raumfahrt, UV-Strahlung, Empfängergestützte Radiometrie, Röntgenastronomie, Gas-Monitor-Detektoren, Kryoradiometer, Reflektometrie, Sonnenteleskope, Elektronenspeicherringe, Strahlungsquellen, Röntgenlaser
Abstract

PTB-Mitteilungen. Band 124 (2014), Heft 3, Seite 1 - 41. ISSN 0030-834X

Published
2014
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8. Reflektometrie mit Synchrotronstrahlung

Author

Krumrey, Michael, Cibik, Levent, Fischer, Andreas, Gottwald, Alexander, Kroth, Udo, Scholze, Frank, and Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)

Subjects
Reflektometrie, EUV-Strahlung, VUV-Strahlung, Nanoschichten, Röntgenstrahlung, Avogadro-Konstante, UV-Strahlung, optische Konstanten, Polarisation
Abstract

PTB-Mitteilungen. Band 124 (2014), Heft 3, Seite 35 - 41. ISSN 0030-834X

Published
2014
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9. Filters design and characterization for LAD instrument onboard eXTP

Author

Ugo Lo Cicero, Marco Barbera, Nicola Montinaro, Fabio D’Anca, Michela Todaro, Elena Puccio, Luisa Sciortino, Filippo Ambrosino, Riccardo Campana, Tianxiang Chen, Yong Chen, Yuri Evangelista, Marco Feroci, Na Gao, Fangjun Lu, Yupeng Xu, Levent Cibik, Michael Krumrey, Lo Cicero, Ugo, Barbera, Marco, Montinaro, Nicola, D’Anca, Fabio, Todaro, Michela, Puccio, Elena, Sciortino, Luisa, Ambrosino, Filippo, Campana, Riccardo, Chen, Tianxiang, Chen, Yong, Evangelista, Yuri, Feroci, Marco, Gao, Na, Lu, Fangjun, Xu, Yupeng, Cibik, Levent, and Krumrey, Michael

Subjects
exTP, LAD, X-ray, filters, thin membrane, Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia E Astrofisica
Abstract

Copyright 2022 Society of Photo‑Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this publication for a fee or for commercial purposes, and modification of the contents of the publication are prohibited. The LAD (Large Area Detector) instrument, onboard the Sino-European mission eXTP (enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry), will perform single-photon, high-resolution timing and energy measurements, in the energy range 2–30 keV, with a large collecting area. Its silicon drift detectors need shielding from NIR/Vis/UV light by astrophysical sources and the bright Earth, to avoid performance degradation. Filters made of an Al coated thin polyimide (PI) membrane will guarantee the needed out-of-band rejection while offering high X-ray transparency. They will be placed between the detectors and the capillary plate plate collimators, open to the external environment. The mission is now in phase B2 and a baseline design for the filters was produced. We describe the filter design and modeling activity, and report the characterization performed so far on X-ray transmission, pinhole and defects, thermo-vacuum cycling endurance, and bright Earth optical load shielding properties.

Published
2022

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