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Soxhlet extraction is a method recommended by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) to determine the lipid content in plant samples. Generally, n-hexane (toxicity grade 5) is used as the solvent (≈300 mL; ≈30 g sample) at boiling temperatures (69 °C) for long times (≤16 h) under a chilled water reflux (≈90 L/h), proportionally aggravated by the number of repetitions and samples determined. In this sense, the technique is neither safe nor sustainable for the analyst or the environment. This article presents the development of an alternative and more sustainable procedure for determining the lipid content in raw Arabica coffee beans. A 33 full factorial design was used to perform direct hot solid–liquid extractions in 4 mL vials, varying the ground grains and solvent ratios, temperatures, and times. An optimal condition resulted in an extractive yield statistically equivalent to Soxhlet, without variation in the composition of the oil fatty acids determined by GC-MS after hole oil transesterification. This procedure was presented as a sustainable alternative to Soxhlet extraction because it does not require water for cooling and needs a smaller volume of solvent (2 mL) and sample mass (0.2 g); it also has a smaller generated residue, as well as requiring a shorter time (1.5 h) and less energy expenditure for extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ligand fishing is a promising strategy for the screening of active ingredients from complex natural products. In this work, human tyrosinase (hTYR) was displayed on the surface of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells for the first time; it was then used as bait to develop a new method for ligand fishing. The localization of hTYR on the CHO cell surface was verified by an enzyme activity test and fluorescence microscopy. The displayed tyrosinase (CHO@hTYR) maintained relatively stable enzymatic activity (82.59 ± 2.70%) within 7 days. Furthermore, it can be reused for fishing five times. Guided by the proposed ligand fishing method, four tyrosinase inhibitors, including 4-methoxy-5-methyl coumarin (1), cupressuflavone (2), amentoflavone (3), and 3,4-dimethoxy-5-methyl coumarin (4), were isolated from Alhagi sparsifolia, and the active fraction with low polarity was isolated from Coffea arabica; these two medicinal plants possess skin-lightening potential. All the isolated tyrosinase inhibitors significantly reduced the intracellular tyrosinase activity and melanin level in B16 cells enhanced by α-MSH. Meanwhile, the active fraction (100 μg/mL) from C. arabica exhibited stronger inhibitory effects than the positive controls (α-arbutin and kojic acid) by recovering them to the normal levels. This work demonstrated the promising application of the cell surface display in the field of ligand fishing and is helpful in unveiling the chemical basis of the skin-lightening effect of A. sparsifolia and C. arabica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main diseases that affect coffee production worldwide are coffee leaf rust (CLR) and coffee berry disease (CBD), caused by fungi Hemileia vastatrix and Colletotrichum kahawae, respectively. The identification of cultivars with stacking resistance genes is of paramount importance for the control of these diseases. This work aimed to profile the phenotypic and genetic resistance of 160 genotypes belonging to 36 commercial coffee cultivars from five Central American countries regarding resistance to races II and XXXIII of H. vastatrix through phenotypic evaluation and evaluations associated with the genetic loci of resistance to CLR and CBD by molecular markers. Of the 160 genotypes from Central America evaluated, 26.25% presented genes stacked to the three loci of resistance to CLR and the locus of resistance to CBD, and resistance to races II and XXXIII when inoculated with urediniospores. In addition, 14 genotypes were identified with the presence of the SH3 gene, whose resistance has not yet been broken. This work revealed errors in passport data or hybridizations in cultivars and even possible resistance breakdown in the Catimor genetic group. These results are essential to the search for strategies in coffee genetic breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of BIOAGRO is the property of Revista BIOAGRO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abiotic stresses significantly disrupt plant physiology at the molecular, biochemical, and morphological levels, often causing irreversible damage. To ensure sustainable coffee production, it is essential to understand how environmental stresses—such as drought, heat, excess light, and salinity—affect plant growth, and to develop strategies to mitigate their impact. Despite the limited number of studies on this topic, compiling existing knowledge can provide valuable insights into how coffee plants respond to such stresses. Specifically, understanding whether coffee plants can endure damage caused by these stresses and the mechanisms they employ to do so is critical. This review aims to (i) summarize key findings on the effects of drought, heat, excess light, and salinity on coffee plants and their coping mechanisms; and (ii) explore plant breeding and nutrition as potential strategies to mitigate these abiotic stresses and enhance coffee production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee quality, which ultimately is reflected in the beverage aroma, relies on several aspects requiring multiple approaches to check it, which can be expensive and/or time-consuming. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and calibrate an electronic nose (e-nose) coupled with chemometrics to approach coffee-related quality tasks. Twelve different metal oxide sensors were employed in the e-nose construction. The tasks were (i) the separation of Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora species, (ii) the distinction between roasting profiles (light, medium, and dark), and (iii) the separation of expired and non-expired coffees. Exploratory analysis with principal component analysis (PCA) pointed to a fair grouping of the tested samples according to their specification, indicating the potential of the volatiles in grouping the samples. Moreover, a supervised classification employing soft independent modeling of class analogies (SIMCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) led to great results with accuracy above 90% for every task. The performance of each model varies with the specific task, except for the LS-SVM models, which presented a perfect classification for all tasks. Therefore, combining the e-nose with distinct classification models could be used for multiple-purpose classification tasks for producers as a low-cost, rapid, and effective alternative for quality assurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee is a global commodity, with Brazil being a major producer, particularly in the Minas Gerais state. This study applied machine learning to predict the Arabica coffee yield in the region, analyzing two groups of cultivars (G1 and G2) using data from 1993 to 2020. The Factor Analysis of Mixed Data (FAMD) was employed to explore the relationships between climatic factors, management practices, and the coffee yield. Four machine learning models, such as Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Random Forest (RF), XGBoost (XGB), and Support Vector Machines (SVM) were calibrated and evaluated for yield prediction. The FAMD revealed complex interactions among variables, requiring four principal components to explain approximately 64.6% of the total variance. Management practices, such as the planting density and pruning, had a stronger influence on G1 cultivars, while G2 cultivars were more sensitive to climatic conditions, particularly the air temperature. Among the machine learning models, RF and XGB performed best in the yield estimation, whereas MLR and SVM were less effective, particularly for values above 60 bags ha−1 (1 bag = 60 kg). These findings underscore the variability in the yield across cultivars and demonstrate the potential of machine learning to guide tailored management strategies for different coffee cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) genes play significant roles in plant development and stress responses. Difficulties in somatic embryogenesis are a significant constraint on the uniform seedling production and genetic modification of Coffea arabica, hindering efforts to improve coffee production in Yunnan, China. This study comprehensively analyzed WOX genes in three Coffea species. A total of 23 CaWOXs, 12 CcWOXs, and 10 CeWOXs were identified. Transcriptomic profile analysis indicated that about half of the CaWOX genes were actively expressed during somatic embryogenesis. The most represented CaWOXs were CaWOX2a, CaWOX2b, CaWOX8a, and CaWOX8b, which are suggested to promote the induction and development of the embryogenic callus, whereas CaWOX13a and CaWOX13b are suggested to negatively impact these processes. Co-expression analysis revealed that somatic embryogenesis-related CaWOXs were co-expressed with genes involved in embryo development, post-embryonic development, DNA repair, DNA metabolism, phenylpropanoid metabolism, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and several epigenetic pathways. In addition, qRT-PCR showed that four WOX genes responded to cold stress. Overall, this study offers valuable insights into the functions of CaWOX genes during somatic embryogenesis and under cold stress. The results suggest that certain WOX genes play distinct regulatory roles during somatic embryogenesis, meriting further functional investigation. Moreover, the cold-responsive genes identified here are promising candidates for further molecular analysis to assess their potential to enhance cold tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genetic transformation of Coffea arabica L. is an alternative strategy for obtaining plants with agronomic traits of interest that is less time-consuming than conventional breeding methods. Given the importance of coffee cultivation in Colombia, this study evaluated the main factors interfering with the genetic transformation of C. arabica using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. An efficient and reproducible method was accordingly developed that involved propagating "early" embryogenic calli in a liquid proliferation medium supplemented with 3 mg L−1 BAP for eight months, followed by sonication for 300 s in a suspension of LBA4404 OD600 of 0.5, harboring pCambia1301, and then incubation in this same suspension for 1 h. The vector pCambia1301 contained the uidA gene under control of the 35S promoter. A micropipette was used to remove the Agrobacterium suspension from the embryogenic callus. The remaining Agrobacterium suspension was blotted off by placing the embryogenic callus on filter paper. The embryogenic callus was then co-cultured for four days in a solid differentiation medium supplemented with 100 µM acetosyringone on filter paper. Subsequently, the embryogenic callus was post-cultured for four days in liquid differentiation medium under constant shaking at 100 rpm with 300 mg L−1 Cefotaxime, followed by selection with 50 mg L−1 hygromycin at 26 °C in the dark, with subcultures at 20-day intervals until somatic embryos were formed for subsequent culturing in germination medium. Molecular analysis confirmed the presence of the uidA gene in coffee seedlings transformed with strains LBA4404 and EHA105 and vectors pCambia1301 and pCambia2301 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. This method successfully enables the stable integration of genes of interest in the coffee plant genome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Irrigation is a critical component in accessing the labyrinth of the pulp space. Although traditional irrigants such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) are widely employed, they exhibit several limitations, including cytotoxicity and complete microbial eradication. In contrast, phytochemicals derived from plants, including coffee, present promising alternatives due to their established antimicrobial properties. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of intracanal irrigants derived from locally cultivated Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora (Robusta) varieties, both recognized for their antimicrobial attributes. Subjects and Methods: A total of 70 extracted human single-rooted teeth were prepared. Coffee extracts were prepared through a decoction method, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of these extracts were determined using microbroth dilution assays. Microbial growth was quantitatively assessed at predetermined intervals. Results: Green Robusta extracts exhibited antimicrobial effectiveness at lower concentrations of 25% and 12.5%. All coffee extract groups demonstrated substantial reductions in microbial counts compared to the negative control, with Robusta extracts proving particularly efficacious. Notably, the Robusta green 12.5% extract exhibited sustained antimicrobial efficacy, suggesting its potential as an alternative to NaOCl. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest a novel approach to improving endodontic therapy outcomes through the utilization of coffee extracts, potentially enhancing dental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffea arabica, Centella asiatica, and Curcuma longa extracts have demonstrated significant antioxidant and anti-aging activities. However, research on combining these three extracts in specific proportions to enhance their antioxidant and anti-hyaluronidase effects remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the optimal proportions of C. arabica, C. asiatica, and C. longa extracts to maximize their combined antioxidant and anti-hyaluronidase activities. A two-level full factorial design was used to identify the optimal concentration ratios of the mixed extracts. The results indicated that all extracts influenced antioxidant activity, with the optimal proportions of C. arabica, C. asiatica, and C. longa extracts being 0.5:6:2 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, all factors affected hyaluronidase enzyme inhibition, with the optimal proportions for C. arabica, C. asiatica, and C. longa extracts being 10:10:5 mg/mL to achieve the best inhibition. In a photostability study on individual extracts, mixed extracts, and mixed extracts combined with sodium metabisulfite and bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine, it was observed that preparing the mixed extracts and adding an antioxidant and a sunscreen agent helped reduce the photodegradation of phenolic compounds in the mixed extracts. Consequently, the stabilized mixed extracts could serve as raw materials in cosmetic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The present study evaluated the inhibitory effect of Ethiopian coffee (Coffea arabica) on carbohydrate digestive enzymes and its protective effect against glucose-induced testicular dysfunction using in vitro and in silico study models. Testicular oxidative stress was initiated by co-incubating testocular tissue collected from male Sprague-Dawley rats in glucose solution with different concentrations of Ethiopian coffee aqueous extracts (hot and cold) for 2 h at 37ºC. Glucose-mediated oxidative stress significantly (p

Abstract Background The nexus plant-microbe-environment is essential to understand the ecosystem processes shaping plant health and fitness. Within this triangle, soils and associated microflora are among the key ecosystem’s drivers, underpinning plant productivity and evolution. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis (physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, and taxonomic diversity) of soils under the canopy projection of Coffea arabica trees along a gradient of elevation (600, 800, and 900 m) and shade (0, 50, 100%). Results While shade had no influence on most parameters, altitude shaped the dynamics of microbial communities. Available phosphorus, soil organic carbon, and nitrate were significantly higher at 800 m, likely due to the higher activities of β-glucosidase and phosphatases at this altitude. Microbial biomass (carbon and nitrogen) and moisture were significantly higher at 600 and 900 m, which might be attributed to the abundance and richness of soil microorganisms. Indeed, metabarcoding analysis revealed a complex pattern of microbial consortia (bacteria, archaea, fungi) at the three altitudes, with the lowest index of richness recorded at 800 m. The highest number of Amplicon Sequence Variants was observed in bacteria, whose functional analysis revealed distinct metabolic adaptations across different altitudes. At 900 m, the main functional attributes favored the responses to environmental stimuli and microbial interactions; at 800 m, the predominant metabolic pathways were related to organic matter, fermentation, and bioremediation; and at the lower 600 m, the pathways shifted towards the breakdown of plant-derived compounds (e.g. geraniol, limonene, and pinene degradation). Conclusion Overall, the results indicate a higher effectiveness of the microbial consortium at 800 m, which might result in better nutrient cycling. The study highlights the importance of canopy shade species and elevation for the composition of microbial consortia in C. arabica, unveiling ecological functions beyond plant health, with implications for bio-based solutions and biotechnology.

The advancement of digital agriculture combined with computational tools and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has opened the way to large-scale data collection for the calculation of vegetation indices (VIs). These vegetation indexes (VIs) are useful for agricultural monitoring, as they highlight the inherent characteristics of vegetation and optimize the spatial and temporal evaluation of different crops. The experiment tested three coffee genotypes (Catuaí 62, E237 and Iapar 59) under five water regimes: (1) FI 100 (year-round irrigation with 100% replacement of evapotranspiration), (2) FI 50 (year-round irrigation with 50% evapotranspiration replacement), (3) WD 100 (no irrigation from June to September (dry season) and, thereafter, 100% evapotranspiration replacement), (4) WD 50 (no irrigation from June to September (water stress) and, thereafter, 50% evapotranspiration replacement) and (5) rainfed (no irrigation during the year). The irrigated treatments were watered with irrigation and precipitation. Most indices were highest in response to full irrigation (FI 100). The values of the NDVI ranged from 0.87 to 0.58 and the SAVI from 0.65 to 0.38, and the values of these indices were lowest for genotype E237 in the rainfed areas. The indices NDVI, OSAVI, MCARI, NDRE and GDVI were positively correlated very strongly with photosynthesis (A) and strongly with transpiration (E) of the coffee trees. On the other hand, temperature-based indices, such as canopy temperature and the TCARI index correlated negatively with A, E and stomatal conductance (gs). Under full irrigation, the tested genotypes did not differ between the years of evaluation. Overall, the index values of Iapar 59 exceeded those of the other genotypes. The use of VIs to evaluate coffee tree performance under different water managements proved efficient in discriminating the best genotypes and optimal water conditions for each genotype. Given the economic importance of coffee as a crop and its susceptibility to extreme events such as drought, this study provides insights that facilitate the optimization of productivity and resilience of plantations under variable climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Breeding programs have developed high-yielding Coffea arabica F1-hybrids as an adaptation against adverse conditions associated with climate change. However, theresponse to drought of coffee F1 hybrids has seldom been assessed. Methods: A trial was established with five C. arabica genotypes (2 pure lines: Catimor and Marsellesa and 3 F1 hybrids: Starmaya, Centroamericano and Mundo Maya) planted under the leguminous tree species Leuceana leucocephala. Coffee growth, yield and physiological responses were assessed under a rain-fed (control: CON) and a rainfall reduction treatment (RR) for 2 years. Results: The RR treatment created a long-term rainfall deficit in a region with suboptimal temperature similar to those predicted by climate change scenarios. Moreover, the RR treatment reduced soil water content by 14% over 2 successive years of production and increased hydric stress of the three F1-hybrids (leaf water potentials averaged -0.8 MPa under RR compared with -0.4 MPa under CON). Under RR, coffee yields were reduced from 16 to 75% compared to CON. Mundo Maya F1 hybrid was the sole high-yielding genotype apable of sustaining its yield under RR conditions. Our results suggested that its significant increase in fine root density (CON = 300 and RR = 910 root.m-2) and its maintenance of photosynthetic rate (2.5 – 3.5 mmol CO2 m-2 s-1) at high evaporative demand might explain why this genotype maintained high yield under RR condition. Discussion: This work highlights a possible drought tolerance mechanism in fruit bearing adult coffee trees where the plant fine root number increases to intake more water in order to preserve turgor and sustainphotosynthesis at high ETo and therefore conserves high yield in dry conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The worldwide demand for the development of drought-tolerant coffee plants is increasing due to the impacts global climate changes have caused in large and small coffee plantations throughout the world. Thus, the genetic improvement of the coffee plant has become indispensable for the continuity and rentability of this agricultural culture. For this, the coffee genetic improvement programs require morphological and physiological information concerning the plants in their germplasm banks to serve as subsidies for the development of cultivars. The current study aims to emphasize the importance of characterizing the genetic material of the coffee plants in the germplasm banks. By way of a literature review, it considered the impact of drought on some aspects of coffee plant physiology and morphology, and the need for genetic improvement programs to understand their germplasm to use it as a starting point in the development of cultivars that mitigate the production losses caused by drought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The washed process is one of the traditional post-harvest processes of coffee beans, which include selective harvesting, flotation, pulping, submerged fermentation underwater, washing, and drying operations. During the washed processing, fermentation underwater can remove coffee mucilage and change metabolites by microorganisms. Therefore, coffee fermentation is a key factor influencing coffee's flavor. To compare the influence of fermentation duration in an open environment of Coffea arabica in 48 h during the washed processing on the coffee's flavor, the sensory characteristics of the coffee at different fermentation durations were evaluated using the Specialty Coffee Association of America (SCAA) cupping protocol. Moreover, ultra performance liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were combined to analyze and compare the chemical compounds of coffee samples from fermentation durations of 24 h (W24) and 36 h (W36) during the washed processing method. The results showed that W36 had the highest total cupping score with 77.25 in all different fermentation duration coffee samples, and 2567 non-volatile compounds (nVCs) and 176 volatile compounds (VCs) were detected in W36 and W24 during the washed processing method. Furthermore, 43 differentially changed non-volatile compounds (DCnVCs) and 22 differentially changed volatile compounds (DCVCs) were detected in W36 vs. W24. Therefore, suitable fermentation duration in an open environment is beneficial to coffee flavor, judging by chemical compound changes. For the washed primary processing of C. arabica from Yunnan, China, 36 h fermentation was the suitable fermentation duration in an open environment, which presented potential value as the reference for washed coffee processing in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Farmacia is the property of Societatea de Stiinte Farmaceutice Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Coffea arabica L. (C. arabica) is an economically important agricultural crop and the most popular beverage worldwide. To analyze genetic diversity and provide genetic resources for the selection and breeding of superior varieties of C. arabica, 61 cultivated Arabica coffee accessions were analyzed in the study, including 12 resequencing accessions from previous research and 49 accessions that were resequenced in this study. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertion–deletions (InDels) were statistically analyzed. Based on SNP variations, a genetic structure analysis, phylogenetic tree construction, and principal component analysis were performed for the 61 coffee accessions. The results showed that a total of 805.46 Gb of raw whole-genome resequencing data was obtained from the 61 coffee accessions, with 781.29 Gb of high-quality sequencing data after filtering. In total, 7,013,820 SNP sites and 1,074,329 InDel sites were detected. The average sequencing depth ranged from 6.69× to 19.35×, and the coverage ranged from 85.49% to 96.43%. The population genetic structure and phylogenetic analysis of the 61 coffee accessions revealed four lineages, suggesting that they had at least four ancestral genetic components. Catimor exhibited the highest genetic diversity, while Geisha had the lowest genetic diversity. The selective sweep analysis indicated that among the selected genes in Catimor, disease-resistance genes were significantly more numerous than in other coffee varieties. The genome resequencing data and genetic markers identified from the 61 cultivated Arabica coffee materials provided insights into the genetic variation in Arabica coffee germplasm and facilitated extensive genetic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The nexus plant-microbe-environment is essential to understand the ecosystem processes shaping plant health and fitness. Within this triangle, soils and associated microflora are among the key ecosystem's drivers, underpinning plant productivity and evolution. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis (physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, and taxonomic diversity) of soils under the canopy projection of Coffea arabica trees along a gradient of elevation (600, 800, and 900 m) and shade (0, 50, 100%). Results: While shade had no influence on most parameters, altitude shaped the dynamics of microbial communities. Available phosphorus, soil organic carbon, and nitrate were significantly higher at 800 m, likely due to the higher activities of β-glucosidase and phosphatases at this altitude. Microbial biomass (carbon and nitrogen) and moisture were significantly higher at 600 and 900 m, which might be attributed to the abundance and richness of soil microorganisms. Indeed, metabarcoding analysis revealed a complex pattern of microbial consortia (bacteria, archaea, fungi) at the three altitudes, with the lowest index of richness recorded at 800 m. The highest number of Amplicon Sequence Variants was observed in bacteria, whose functional analysis revealed distinct metabolic adaptations across different altitudes. At 900 m, the main functional attributes favored the responses to environmental stimuli and microbial interactions; at 800 m, the predominant metabolic pathways were related to organic matter, fermentation, and bioremediation; and at the lower 600 m, the pathways shifted towards the breakdown of plant-derived compounds (e.g. geraniol, limonene, and pinene degradation). Conclusion: Overall, the results indicate a higher effectiveness of the microbial consortium at 800 m, which might result in better nutrient cycling. The study highlights the importance of canopy shade species and elevation for the composition of microbial consortia in C. arabica, unveiling ecological functions beyond plant health, with implications for bio-based solutions and biotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IPR Pérola is a Coffea arabica cultivar developed from a cross between IAPAR 59 and Mundo Novo IAC 376-4. It features a dwarf-medium size, high yield, excellent cup quality, a medium-early ripening cycle, and large beans. Additionally, it boasts high resistance to coffee leaf rust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IPR Alvorada is a Coffea arabica cultivar with C. canephora introgression, developed from a cross between IAPAR 59 and Mundo Novo IAC 376-4. This cultivar has a dwarf-medium size, high yield, good cup quality, strong vegetative vigor, a medium fruit ripening cycle, and slight resistance to coffee leaf rust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee berry disease (CBD) is not present in the Americas and presents a potential risk for growing coffee. Therefore, Colombia, which has been in scientific cooperation with the Centro de Investigação de Ferrugens do Cafeeiro (CIFC) of Portugal for more than 30 years, has been evaluating the genetic resistance of nine populations of C. arabica to 13 isolates of Colletotrichum kahawae JM Waller and PD Bridge, which are diverse in terms of aggressiveness and geographical origin. The phenotypes observed in the interaction between C. arabica and C. kahawae were used to develop a statistically reliable scale (p-value ≥ 0.001) to categorize resistance in C. arabica into five classes, and this scale was used to classify the nine populations of C. arabica evaluated. The results allowed us to corroborate the potential of Timor Hybrid CIFC 1343 (TH CIFC 1343) as a source of genetic resistance to CBD and to identify new genetic sources not yet explored for the development of varieties in Colombia that may eventually mitigate the effects of CBD in the face of increasing rainfall events and minimum temperatures due to climate change, which can favor disease development. Additionally, the results suggest that the existence of races in the C. arabica–C. kahawae complex is probable, and a selection of genotypes was identified as a possible differential series of races in C. kahawae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming the agribusiness sector by facilitating tasks such as weather prediction, pest and disease detection, and optimization of water and fertilizer use. These applications not only increase the efficiency and sustainability of agricultural systems, but also improve productivity and resilience to climate change. This paper conducts a systematic review on the use of AI in coffee production, analyzing studies found in recognized databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore and Google Scholar. The search included combinations of keywords tailored to capture relevant studies, such as "coffee" AND "machine learning", "artificial intelligence" AND "precision agriculture", "pest detection" OR "neural networks", and "sustainability". Initially 452 articles were identified, of which 85 met the inclusion criteria after a rigorous screening and exclusion process. The review identified that AI applications in coffee production are mainly focused on the early detection of diseases such as coffee rust using computer vision and convolutional neural networks, the optimization of intelligent irrigation systems that integrate sensors and algorithms to reduce water consumption by up to 20%, and the use of agricultural robotics to improve operational efficiency and decrease labor dependence. The technologies also promote more sustainable practices and improve traceability in the coffee supply chain. The results of this review shed light on how AI techniques can optimize coffee production and contribute to the development of more efficient and sustainable agricultural systems. This work provides a framework that can be useful for guiding future research and guiding producers towards resilient practices in the face of climate change and increasing sustainability demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The color of coffee fruits is influenced by several factors, including cultivar, ripening stage, and metabolite composition. However, the metabolic accumulation of pigments and the molecular mechanisms underlying peel coloration during the ripening process of Coffea arabica L. remain relatively understudied. In this study, UPLC-MS/MS-based metabolomics and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)-based transcriptomics were integrated to investigate the accumulation of anthocyanins and carotenoids in the peel of Coffea arabica at different ripening stages: green peel (GP), green-yellow peel (GYRP), red peel (RP), and red-purple peel (RPP). This integration aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms associated with these changes. A total of ten anthocyanins, six carotenoids, and thirty-five xanthophylls were identified throughout the ripening process. The results demonstrated a gradual decrease in the total carotenoid content in the peel with fruit maturation, while anthocyanin content increased significantly. Notably, the accumulation of specific anthocyanins was closely associated with the transition of peel colors from green to red. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses identified the GYRP stage as critical for this color transition. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that enzyme-coding genes such as 3AT, BZ1, and lcyE, along with transcription factors including MYB, NAC, and bHLH, which interact with PHD and SET TR, may regulate the biosynthesis of anthocyanins and carotenoids, thereby influencing peel pigmentation. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the accumulation of anthocyanins and carotenoids in Coffea arabica peel during fruit maturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remotely piloted aircraft (RPAs) have been increasingly used for crop protection in coffee plantations. However, the applications can result in low spray deposition on leaves and higher product losses between rows compared to ground airblast sprayers. This study aimed to evaluate the spray deposition on the coffee canopy and potential losses to the soil during application with an RPA and an airblast sprayer at varying spray volumes. The experiment comprised four spray treatments: RPA at 10 L ha−1 and 20 L ha−1, and airblast sprayer at 200 L ha−1 and 300 L ha−1. Leaf deposition was quantified by measuring a tracer on leaves from the lower and upper parts of the coffee canopy using spectrophotometry. Spray losses to the soil were measured by analyzing tracer residues on Petri dishes positioned within the inter-rows and beneath the coffee canopy. Statistical process control was used to analyze spray deposition quality in the study area. Ground-based airblast spraying resulted in the highest overall canopy deposition, while RPA spraying led to greater losses within the inter-rows. No significant difference was observed in spray runoff beneath the canopy between ground-based and aerial applications. Leaf deposition exhibited random variability across all application methods. Therefore, application stability, control, and spray quality standards were maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of new commercial varieties of cultivated plants is important for strengthening several aspects of agriculture. Comparative information and data on the behavior of traditional and modern coffee varieties must be passed on to producers to make gains in the sustainability of agro-ecosystems and the promotion of rural development. This study investigated genotypes of Coffea arabica during the years 2018 and 2020 in order to characterize cultivation under the altitude and soil conditions of the municipality of Areia, Paraíba, due to the potential for growing coffee for sustainable development of the rural population and regional economy. The biometric and productive performance of 21 coffee genotypes, including four traditional varieties from Brazil, were investigated in a completely randomized block design, with three replications, using nine growth and production variables. High yields of coffee bags per hectare were found. Among the studied genotypes, T21 I, T5II, T1 I, T15 I and Campos Altos stood out in the first year, although without significant differences in most of the studied attributes. Cluster analysis separated the genotypes into five main groups, which are widely distinguished by phenology. The genotypes T5 II, T15 I and T21 I showed superiority in relation to the others in the second year of cultivation, demonstrating promising agronomic characteristics and potential viability for coffee cultivation in the region of Paraíba, Brazil. This study enriches coffee research in Northeast Brazil and provides new insights for future decision making.

The use of drones in coffee farming has emerged as a solution to optimize phytosanitary and nutritional management, particularly in crops with dense canopies. Effective drone spraying requires precise adjustments to parameters like spray volume and flight speed to maintain application efficiency as the coffee plants grow. This study investigated the efficiency of drone spraying across varying spray volumes and flight speeds in coffee plants of two distinct ages, focusing on droplet deposition within the upper, middle, and lower thirds of the plant canopy. The experiment was conducted in coffee plantations aged 2.5 and 6.5 years, with treatments consisting of four spray volumes (8, 12, 16, and 20 L ha⁻¹) and two flight speeds (12 and 15 km h⁻¹), each replicated three times. Water-sensitive papers were placed in the three canopy layers to assess droplet deposition. In younger coffee plants, the position of the water-sensitive paper showed no significant differences in droplet distribution, while in older plants, larger droplets were predominantly found in the upper third of the canopy. Spray volume and flight speed influenced the droplet spectrum, with volumes of 8 and 16 L ha⁻¹ at 12 km h⁻¹ producing larger droplets in 2.5-year-old plants, whereas 20 L ha⁻¹ at 12 km h⁻¹ resulted in larger droplets in 6.5-year-old plants. These findings underscore the importance of calibrating drone parameters based on plant age, product type, and target location, as spray volume and flight speed significantly affect product distribution and canopy penetration.

Climate change increases the risk of coffee yield due to the genotype-dependent effects of water deficit on coffee physiology. The goal of this research was to evaluate how water deficit altered the physiological and growth characteristics of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.). Water status, photosynthetic response to CO2 intercellular concentration (A/Ci curves) and growth parameters were evaluated in seedlings of four genotypes (Catimor ECU 02, Cavimor ECU, red Caturra and Sarchimor 4260). Most of the physiological traits evaluated differed significantly among genotypes. Between control and water deficit plants, significant variations occurred in the A/Ci parameters, showing a wide range of values for net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency, with decreases ranging from 4 to 74%. Maximum electron transport rate through photosystem II, highest rate of RuBisCO carboxylation, and triose phosphate utilization rate were all strongly decreased by water deficit 61% (red Caturra and Sarchimor 4260), followed by Cavimor ECU (35%) and Catimor ECU 02 (24%). Differences in response to water deficit among genotypes suggest possible genotypic differences in tolerance. The results indicated that Catimor ECU 02 and Cavimor ECU were less sensitive to water deficit, while red Caturra and Sarchimor 4260 were the most susceptible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The semi-dry fermentation processing (SFP) of Coffea arabica is a traditional primary processing method in the coffee industry, which crucially impacts the coffee's flavor. To further obtain useful information on microbial communities and chemical compounds during the SFP of C. arabica from Yunnan, China, the microbial community structures and the differentially changed non-volatile compounds (DCnVCs) were comprehensively analyzed. The results showed that Tatumella, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Brevundimonas, and Gluconobacter were the most prevalent bacteria genera, and Candida, Hannaella, Hanseniaspora, Pichia, and Lachancea were the most abundant fungal genera. Furthermore, 117 DCnVCs were found in the fermentation-finished samples compared to the raw materials. Therefore, this study can provide useful information for understanding the SFP of coffee beans, and its impact on coffee's quality parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: Allopolyploidy—a hybridization‐induced whole‐genome duplication event—has been a major driver of plant diversification. The extent to which chromosomes pair with their proper homolog vs. with their homoeolog in allopolyploids varies across taxa, and methods to detect homoeologous gene flow (HGF) are needed to understand how HGF has shaped polyploid lineages. Methods: The ABBA‐BABA test represents a classic method for detecting introgression between closely related species, but here we developed a modified use of the ABBA‐BABA test to characterize the extent and direction of HGF in allotetraploid Coffea arabica. Results: We found that HGF is abundant in the C. arabica genome, with both subgenomes serving as donors and recipients of variation. We also found that HGF is highly maternally biased in plastid‐targeted—but not mitochondrial‐targeted—genes, as would be expected if plastid–nuclear incompatibilities exist between the two parent species. Discussion: Together, our analyses provide a simple framework for detecting HGF and new evidence consistent with selection favoring overwriting of paternally derived alleles by maternally derived alleles to ameliorate plastid–nuclear incompatibilities. Natural selection therefore appears to shape the direction and intensity of HGF in allopolyploid coffee, indicating that cytoplasmic inheritance has long‐term consequences for polyploid lineages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maturation of Arabica coffee fruits is influenced by both endogenous and external factors. The stage of fruit maturation affects the chemical composition of the beans, which in turn impacts the quality of the coffee beverage. During maturation, the fruit peel changes colour from green to red (cherry), signalling the optimal harvest time and suggesting high fruit quality. However, the degree of redness can vary, indicating different levels of maturity. This study aimed to explore the variation in soluble sugar accumulation in relation to the redness of coffee fruit tissues. We classified ripe fruits into six ripeness categories based on the intensity of the red colour of the epicarp, measured using a colourimeter. We analysed total soluble sugar, sucrose, and starch in three parts: coat (exocarp + mesocarp), coat juice (obtained by squeezing the coat), and beans. Our findings reveal that the variation in sugar in the endosperm does not correspond to changes in the coat, suggesting separate regulation of sugar accumulation, particularly sucrose, which is crucial for coffee quality. Our data indicate that there is no transfer of sucrose and reducing sugars from the red coat to the bean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee (Coffea arabica) cultivation is vital to the global economic, social and cultural life of farmers. However, senescent and disease-susceptible plantations affect coffee productivity. Therefore, it is crucial to improve biotechnological strategies such as micropropagation to increase the number of plants for replanting. In this study, the dark condition (T1) and different light qualities (T0-white light 400–700 nm; T2-red light 660 nm and T3-blue light 460 nm) were evaluated to optimize the in vitro propagation of 4 and 9 month-old coffee seeds. The results showed that red light had the highest percentage, an outstanding germination rate index, which may suggest that in the case of coffee seeds could be involved phytochromes that promote germination in a red light quality. In summary, the ideal conditions for in vitro micropropagation of coffee are under white and red light condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this case study, the current situation faced by coffee growers attempting to control coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Hawaii is reported. CLR is considered the most devastating disease affecting coffee crops worldwide and was detected in Hawaii in 2020. Three small coffee farms from the South Kona district of Hawaii Island were selected. The goals of this case study were to: (1) assist coffee growers in the early detection of CLR incidence, and consequently support farmers with recommendations for control, (2) record agronomic information and management practices, and (3) estimate the cost to control CLR during 2021 and 2022 seasons. Low CLR incidence (<4%) was initially observed at all farms (January–June 2021), but increased as the harvest began, ending the season (December 2021) at 77%, 21% and 6% incidence at farms 1, 2 and 3, respectively. At the end of 2022 season (December), CLR incidence reached 43%, 20% and 3% at farms 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The number of sprays per season (5–10), the type of fungicides applied (preventive, curative), the timing of sprays, the efficacy of applications and weather conditions all played a role in determining the infection rates at each farm. Effective control of CLR is possible in Hawaii if the sprays of fungicides are carried out with the right products, appropriate timing and good coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a significant crop growing all across the world, coffee is mostly produced in the bean belt of our global atlas. Worldwide variations in environmental conditions are causing a decline in the yield and quality of coffee varieties. Coffee production is the main emphasis of several traditional breeding techniques. But conventional breeding methods are not sufficient to tackle the problems related to coffee. The field of genomics, which includes transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, has made great paces in the last ten years. Proteomics is a well-known technique used to enhance the growth, yield, breeding, and quality of different plants under stable and shifting environments. The regulation of specific enzymes, genes, protein expression, modification, translation, and other features played an important role in the enhancement of important plants. However, relatively less research on the proteomics approach for coffee has been published in the last few years. For this reason, some of the most important aspects of proteome profiling for coffee plants have been covered in this review, including growth, the somatic embryo technique, altitude, environmental adoption, drought, and the role that proteins and important enzymes play in the flavor and taste of coffee. This review can aid in the breeding of new cultivars and improve coffee attributes. Furthermore, the present literature can pave the way for proteomics research on coffee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to apply pesticides has grown significantly, but technical data to support improvements in application efficiency are lacking, especially for perennial crops. This study aimed to determine the best operational parameters for the application of pesticides to coffee plants using UAVs. The experiment consisted of 8 treatments and 4 replicates in a 2x2x2 factorial design: two spray mixture compositions (solutions with spreading adjuvant and mineral oil), two spray nozzles (XR flat-fan nozzle and Airmix flat-fan nozzle with air induction) and two spray volumes (10 and 20 L ha-1). Spray solution deposition was evaluated by spectrophotometric detection of a tracer in leaves from the upper and lower parts of the coffee canopy, and spray coverage, droplet density and droplet size were evaluated using water-sensitive paper. The surface tension, pH and electrical conductivity of the solutions were also evaluated. The air induction nozzle was more suitable than the standard nozzle for UAV application, as the former yielded greater deposition of spray solution. Mineral oil improved the spray deposition on the coffee leaves, although the spreader reduced the surface tension to a greater extent. The higher spray volume increased the droplet density, as well as the coverage, which is very relevant, especially whit contact pesticides.

Defense reactions of coffee trees in response to invasion by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) wild (I2) and transformed with the green fluorescent protein gene gfp (I2-T) were studied in this research to identify defense reactions of coffee tree seedlings in response to invasion by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides using wild isolates and those transformed with the gfp gene by observing the biochemical changes developed by the plants and to check the difference in the pathogen behavior after transformation. The activity of the guaiacol peroxidase (POX) enzyme was evaluated in both types of seedlings obtained, with and without symptoms (MOPCS and MOPSS), respectively. The inoculation of the different isolates (I2 and I2-T) induced the activity of the enzyme, showing higher rates than those observed in the control treatment, demonstrating that there was a possible recognition of the pathogen. Regarding the activity of the enzyme polyphenoloxidase (PPO), similar behavior was observed between the control and the isolates studied at different exposure times. The highest peak in the activity of the enzymes studied occurred at 6 and 24 hours after inoculation with I2. It was observed that the time the plants were exposed to the pathogen increased the levels of total soluble phenols.

Introducción. Buscar alternativas con bioestimulantes que promuevan el crecimiento y desarrollo de plantas de café en la fase de vivero es de gran importancia. El Codafol 14-6-5, por su composición podría utilizarse como alternativa nutricional. Sin embargo, no son suficientes las informaciones obtenidas para optimizar su uso. Objetivo. Evaluar la respuesta de plantas de Coffea arabica a diferentes ciclos de aplicación foliar del bioestimulante Codafol en la fase de vivero. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se desarrolló en el vivero de la Estación Experimental Agro-Forestal en la localidad de Jibacoa, municipio de Manicaragua, provincia de Villa Clara, Cuba. En un diseño aleatorizado se estudiaron tres ciclos de aplicación de Codafol 14-6- 5: 1) aspersión a las plantas cuando estas llegaron al 3ro y 5to par de hojas, 2) aspersión en el 4to y 6to par de hojas y 3) aspersión desde el 3ro hasta el 6to par de hojas y 4) un tratamiento control (aspersión de solo agua). A 10 plantas por cada tratamiento tomadas al azar se les evaluaron la altura, el diámetro del tallo, la masa seca, el área foliar y se determinaron los índices de eficiencia. Resultados. La aspersión del bioestimulante desde el tercero hasta el sexto par de hojas, provocó incrementos promedios de la altura, del diámetro del tallo, de la masa seca y el área foliar de 6,3%; 12,5%; 23,8% y 10,6%, respectivamente. Este ciclo de aplicación mostró en sentido general los índices de eficiencia más elevados en estas variables evaluadas. Conclusiones. Las aplicaciones del bioestimulante Codafol 14-6-5 promovieron el desarrollo de las plantas de C. arabica en la etapa de vivero. La aplicación desde el 3ro hasta el 6to par de hojas del bioestimulante, fue el ciclo que más favoreció de forma integral el desarrollo de las plantas de café.

IntroductionBreeding programs have developed high-yielding Coffea arabica F1-hybrids as an adaptation against adverse conditions associated with climate change. However, theresponse to drought of coffee F1 hybrids has seldom been assessed.MethodsA trial was established with five C. arabica genotypes (2 pure lines: Catimor and Marsellesa and 3 F1 hybrids: Starmaya, Centroamericano and Mundo Maya) planted under the leguminous tree species Leuceana leucocephala. Coffee growth, yield and physiological responses were assessed under a rain-fed (control: CON) and a rainfall reduction treatment (RR) for 2 years.ResultsThe RR treatment created a long-term rainfall deficit in a region with suboptimal temperature similar to those predicted by climate change scenarios. Moreover, the RR treatment reduced soil water content by 14% over 2 successive years of production and increased hydric stress of the three F1-hybrids (leaf water potentials averaged -0.8 MPa under RR compared with -0.4 MPa under CON). Under RR, coffee yields were reduced from 16 to 75% compared to CON. Mundo Maya F1 hybrid was the sole high-yielding genotype apable of sustaining its yield under RR conditions. Our results suggested that its significant increase in fine root density (CON = 300 and RR = 910 root.m-2) and its maintenance of photosynthetic rate (2.5 – 3.5 mmol CO2 m-2 s-1) at high evaporative demand might explain why this genotype maintained high yield under RR condition.DiscussionThis work highlights a possible drought tolerance mechanism in fruit bearing adult coffee trees where the plant fine root number increases to intake more water in order to preserve turgor and sustainphotosynthesis at high ETo and therefore conserves high yield in dry conditions.

Abstract Background The fruity aromatic bouquet of coffee has attracted recent interest to differentiate high value market produce as specialty coffee. Although the volatile compounds present in green and roasted coffee beans have been extensively described, no study has yet linked varietal molecular differences to the greater abundance of specific substances and support the aroma specificity of specialty coffees. Results This study compared four Arabica genotypes including one, Geisha Especial, suggested to generate specialty coffee. Formal sensory evaluations of coffee beverages stressed the importance of coffee genotype in aroma perception and that Geisha Especial-made coffee stood out by having fine fruity, and floral, aromas and a more balanced acidity. Comparative SPME–GC–MS analyses of green and roasted bean volatile compounds indicated that those of Geisha Especial differed by having greater amounts of limonene and 3-methylbutanoic acid in agreement with the coffee cup aroma perception. A search for gene ontology differences of ripening beans transcriptomes of the four varieties revealed that they differed by metabolic processes linked to terpene biosynthesis due to the greater gene expression of prenyl-pyrophosphate biosynthetic genes and terpene synthases. Only one terpene synthase (CaTPS10-like) had an expression pattern that paralleled limonene loss during the final stage of berry ripening and limonene content in the studied four varieties beans. Its functional expression in tobacco leaves confirmed its functioning as a limonene synthase. Conclusions Taken together, these data indicate that coffee variety genotypic specificities may influence ripe berry chemotype and final coffee aroma unicity. For the specialty coffee variety Geisha Especial, greater expression of terpene biosynthetic genes including CaTPS10-like, a limonene synthase, resulted in the greater abundance of limonene in green beans, roasted beans and a unique citrus note of the coffee drink.

ABSTRACTCoffee plants are likely to be highly susceptible to changes in climate, and several statistical studies based on projections of altered precipitation patterns have predicted negative effects on coffee growth including the loss of suitable cultivation areas in most coffee-producing countries. Increased drought occurrences owing to climate change are expected to be a new challenge for stable coffee production, because coffee production relies heavily on stable rainfall conditions. In recent years, ultra-fine bubble (UFB) water has been reported to be effective in alleviating environmental stresses for plant growth, especially drought stress. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of UFB water irrigation on the growth of coffee seedlings to mitigate the stress of repeated droughts. To simulate an environment with frequent droughts, six pot experiments were conducted over 3 years by applying repeated drought stress to coffee plants in a greenhouse. The results showed that UFB water had a remarkable growth-promoting effect on coffee seedlings under drought conditions. In contrast, no significant effect on coffee growth was observed in the environment with sufficient nutrients, in which additional fertilizer was used. UFB water significantly increases the root length and surface area of coffee plants, which may promote water absorption and prevent leaf senescence (leaf cell collapse) under drought conditions. This leads to coffee plants adapting to drought conditions. Therefore, UFB water irrigation may be an effective measure to promote coffee growth in drought conditions.

Abstract Whilst the importance of fungal primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs) has been recognised, few studies have empirically assessed how land-use patterns influence them. Here, we show the impacts of different land-use patterns on fungal PBAPs within the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot. Spanning a distance of ca. 600 km within this biome, we collected fungal bioaerosols in the following land-use patterns: a 25-year-old coffee plantation, a 2.5-year-old Eucalyptus plantation, a 3-months-old maize crop, a 2-year-old and another 7-year-old native forest reforestation area, and a native forest fragment. Using the portable Burkard air sampler, a total of 14 morphotype-species were found. Cladosporium sp. comprised as much as about 95% of all fungal spores collected, being present in all samples (frequency of 100%). Forest systems had as much as 5-to-19-fold more fungal spores in the air than maize crops. Sampling height and time (morning vs. afternoon) did not influence fungal concentration and number of species. In addition, using data derived from an eddy covariance tower in the Eucalyptus site, we estimated the emission rate to be 6649 spores m−2 s−1. Our study confirms that land-use patterns affect fungal PBAPs, and that replacing large areas of native Atlantic Forest by monospecific stands, a homogenisation of airborne fungi is occurring, with unknown consequences for climate regulation.

Objective: In vitro evaluate the antiaggregation and anticoagulation properties of aqueous plant extracts, including Viburnum opulus flowers and fruits, Urtica dioica leaves, Coffea arabica leaves, and shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) herb. Methods: In vitro assessment of anticoagulation activity was conducted by examining the impact on activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), and fibrinogen levels. Anti-aggregation activity was evaluated using the Born turbidimetric method. Results: The research found that the phytoextracts examined did not impact the concentration of fibrinogen and PT. However, they did slightly prolong the APTT, and this effect was statistically significant compared to the control. Coffea arabica leaves, and Viburnum opulus fruit extracts showed substantial anticoagulant activity (30% and 29% sodium heparin, respectively; p-value

In this case study, the current situation faced by coffee growers attempting to control coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Hawaii is reported. CLR is considered the most devastating disease affecting coffee crops worldwide and was detected in Hawaii in 2020. Three small coffee farms from the South Kona district of Hawaii Island were selected. The goals of this case study were to: (1) assist coffee growers in the early detection of CLR incidence, and consequently support farmers with recommendations for control, (2) record agronomic information and management practices, and (3) estimate the cost to control CLR during 2021 and 2022 seasons. Low CLR incidence (

Soxhlet extraction is a method recommended by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) to determine the lipid content in plant samples. Generally, n-hexane (toxicity grade 5) is used as the solvent (≈300 mL; ≈30 g sample) at boiling temperatures (69 °C) for long times (≤16 h) under a chilled water reflux (≈90 L/h), proportionally aggravated by the number of repetitions and samples determined. In this sense, the technique is neither safe nor sustainable for the analyst or the environment. This article presents the development of an alternative and more sustainable procedure for determining the lipid content in raw Arabica coffee beans. A 33 full factorial design was used to perform direct hot solid–liquid extractions in 4 mL vials, varying the ground grains and solvent ratios, temperatures, and times. An optimal condition resulted in an extractive yield statistically equivalent to Soxhlet, without variation in the composition of the oil fatty acids determined by GC-MS after hole oil transesterification. This procedure was presented as a sustainable alternative to Soxhlet extraction because it does not require water for cooling and needs a smaller volume of solvent (2 mL) and sample mass (0.2 g); it also has a smaller generated residue, as well as requiring a shorter time (1.5 h) and less energy expenditure for extraction.