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The theory of plate tectonics is widely accepted by scientists and provides a robust framework with which to describe and predict the behavior of Earth’s rigid outer shell – the lithosphere – in space and time. Expressions of plate tectonic interactions at the Earth’s surface also provide critical insight into the machinations of our planet’s inaccessible interior, and allow postulation about the geological characteristics of other rocky bodies in our solar system and beyond. Formalization of this paradigm occurred at a landmark Penrose conference in 1969, representing the culmination of centuries of study, and our understanding of the “what”, “where”, “why”, and “when” of plate tectonics on Earth has continued to improve since. Here, we summarize the major discoveries that have been made in these fields and present a modern-day holistic model for the geodynamic evolution of the Earth that best accommodates key lines of evidence for its changes over time. Plate tectonics probably began at a global scale during the Mesoarchean (c. 2.9–3.0 Ga), with firm evidence for subduction in older geological terranes accounted for by isolated plate tectonic ‘microcells’ that initiated at the heads of mantle plumes. Such early subduction likely operated at shallow angles and was short-lived, owing to the buoyancy and low rigidity of hotter oceanic lithosphere. A transitional period during the Neoarchean and Paleoproterozoic/Mesoproterozoic was characterized by continued secular cooling of the Earth’s mantle, which reduced the buoyancy of oceanic lithosphere and increased its strength, allowing the angle of subduction at convergent plate margins to gradually steepen. The appearance of rocks during the Neoproterozoic (c. 0.8–0.9 Ga) diagnostic of subduction do not mark the onset of plate tectonics, but simply record the beginning of modern-style cold, deep, and steep subduction that is an end-member state of an earlier, hotter, mobile lid regime

Este artículo analiza el proceso de movilización que comienza en 2013 en Brasil y cuyo desenlace es la elección de Jair Bolsonaro en 2018. Mi argumento es que no hubo una irrupción súbita de una nueva derecha en Brasil como han sostenido distintos autores e intelectuales públicos. Por el contrario, los movimientos de reacción a reformas empezaron a manifestarse desde el inicio de la redemocratización. Dicha reacción ha crecido en forma paulatina desde el comienzo de dicho proceso y se aceleró a partir de la elección, en 2003 del primer presidente de izquierda desde el golpe de 1964.

This article tries to relate the hazardous process towards the Munich meeting, where it was tried to visualize the unity of action of the opposition to Francoism. Democracy: the objective. Europe: the solution. Madariaga was the key person. But the localized correspondence between the triangle formed by the Galician, Llopis and Gil Robles, reveals their difficulties. We will observe the reaction of the Dictatorship to the effects of this meeting, which they considered an attack against one of their most precious objectives: the entry into the European market. The management of the Franco regime took shape in the combination of strong foreign diplomatic pressure and a hard reaction against his assistants, as well as changes in the Ministerial Cabinet to take care of its future in Europe. For Madariaga it represented the culmination of a long-cherished project, but also the beginning of a new path to democracy with the participation of the regime itself.; Este artículo intenta relatar el azaroso proceso hacia la reunión de Múnich, en donde se intentaba visualizar la unidad de acción de la oposición al franquismo. La democracia: el objetivo. Europa: la solución. Madariaga fue la persona clave. Pero la correspondencia localizada entre el triángulo conformado por el gallego, Llopis y Gil Robles, nos desvela sus dificultades. Observaremos la reacción de la Dictadura a los efectos de esta reunión, que consideraron un ataque contra uno de sus objetivos más preciados: la entrada en el mercado europeo. La gestión del franquismo se concretó en la combinación de fuerte presión diplomática exterior y una reacción posterior dura contra sus asistentes, así como cambios en el Gabinete Ministerial para cuidar su futuro en Europa. Para Madariaga representaba la culminación de un proyecto largamente acariciado, pero también el principio de un nuevo camino hacia la democracia con la participación del propio régimen.

This paper proposes that the United States treat naturalization not as the culmination of a long and uncertain individual process, but as an organizing principle of the US immigration system and its expectation for new Americans. It comes at a historic inflection point, following the chaotic departure of one of the most nativist administrations in US history and in the early months of a new administration whose executive orders, administrative actions, and legislative proposals augur a different view of immigrants and immigration. The paper examines two main ways that the Biden–Harris administration can realize its immigration, naturalization and integration goals: i.e., by expanding access to permanent residence and by increasing naturalization numbers and rates. First, it proposes administrative and, to a lesser degree, legislative measures that would expand the pool of eligible-to-naturalize immigrants. Second, it identifies three underlying factors—financial resources, English language proficiency, and education—that strongly influence naturalization rates. These factors must be addressed, in large part, outside of and prior to the naturalization process. In addition, it provides detailed estimates of populations with large eligible-to-naturalize numbers, populations that naturalize at low rates, and populations with increasing naturalization rates. It argues that the administration's immigration strategy should prioritize all three groups for naturalization. The paper endorses the provisions of the US Citizenship Act that would place undocumented and temporary residents on a path to permanent residence and citizenship, would reduce family- and employment-based visa backlogs, and would eliminate disincentives and barriers to permanent residence. It supports the Biden-Harris administration's early executive actions and proposes additional measures to increase access to permanent residence and naturalization. It also endorses and seeks to inform the administration's plan to improve and expedite the naturalization process and to promote naturalization. The paper's major findings regarding the eligible-to-naturalize population include the following: In 2019, about 74 percent, or 23.1 million, of the 31.2 million immigrants (that were eligible for naturalization) had naturalized. Three states—Indiana, Arizona, and Texas—had naturalization rates of 67 percent, well below the national average of 74 percent. Fresno, California had the lowest naturalization rate (58 percent) of the 25 metropolitan (metro) areas with the largest eligible-to-naturalize populations, followed by Phoenix at 66 percent and San Antonio and Austin at 67 percent. Four cities in California had rates of 52–58 percent—Salinas, Bakersfield, Fresno, and Santa Maria-Santa Barbara. McAllen, Laredo, and Brownsville had the lowest naturalization rates in Texas. Immigrants from Japan had the lowest naturalization rate (47 percent) by country of origin, followed by four countries in the 60–63 percent range—Mexico, Canada, Honduras, and the United Kingdom. Guatemala and El Salvador each had rates of 67 percent. Median household income was $25,800, or 27 percent, higher for the naturalized population, compared to the population that had not naturalized (after an average of 23 years in the United States for both groups). In the past 10 years, naturalization rates for China and India have fallen, and rates for Mexico and Central America have increased (keeping duration of residence constant). In short, the paper provides a roadmap of policy measures to expand the eligible-to-naturalize population, and the factors and populations that the Biden–Harris administration should prioritize to increase naturalization rates, as a prerequisite to the full integration and participation of immigrants, their families, and their descendants in the nation's life.

As a rehearsal of a “tropical imaginary” that attempts to accentuate the entanglement of literature with the material world, this essay ‘coincides’ Jose F. Lacaba’s 1965 poem “Ang Kapaguran ng Panahon” (“The Weariness of Time”) with the 2015 El Niño phenomenon in the Philippines­ and its violent culmination the following year in Kidapawan City, Cotabato Province, Mindanao. While time or panahon in the Philippine tropics is usually intuited as generative, this essay outlines the possibility of its being worn down, not simply as a “natural” consequence of the present climate emergency, but as a critical outcome of the predominant political infrastructures that practically prohibit the phenomenon of time from unfolding. As such, it becomes imperative to recognize that beyond the current conditions banally imposed as “arog talaga kayan” or “how things really are” is the urgent need for social reform—daring tropical imaginings through which Philippine time can possibly become anew.

In the literary and theatrical critique of his time (second half of the 20th century), Miodrag Žalica was recognized as a representative of symbolist poetics in Bosnian-Herzegovinian drama. The features of Žalica’s dramatic symbolism have, however, rarely been observed through analyzing the technique of his dramatic works in concreto. The Piece Mirišu li jorgovani u Njujorku, written in 1988, certainly represents the culmination of Žalica’s poetics, and is, in that sense, suitable for an analysis of the symbolic network as a specific trademark of his authorship with regards to the poetics of symbolism in European modern drama at the turn of the 19th to 20th century.

The Ismail-1 is located northwest of the Bai Hassan Field (Daoud Culmination), within the administrative boundaries of the provinces of Kirkuk and Erbil, which was later named Ismail Field. The objective of the research is to determine the geological relationship (structural and reservoir) of the well Ismail-1 with the Bai Hassan Field (Daoud Culmination). Based on geological and reservoir studies and seismic surveys of the region, the first basis of the research was based on the stratigraphy, structural, reservoir and morph structure aspects of this relationship.In the beginning, the serial sequence of the well was reviewed and compared with David's wells. Then, cross-sections and long sections were drawn through the wells of Ismail-1 and Daoud wells, as well as, the fluid levels dotted on such sections. After that, a structural contour map was drawn on top of Jeribe Formation for the area of well Ismail-1 which is currently known as Ismail Field and part of the Bai Hassan Field (Daoud Culmination), depending on the structural and reservoir data. It was found that the area of the well Ismail-1 is an asymmetrical convex fold, the southwestern flank is more inclined than the northeastern flank, and the Daoud Culmination and the Ismailfold is separated by a narrow saddle. However, depending on the structural contour map of the top of Jeribe Formation (-1325) meters from the mean sea level, the deeper levels of which surround the two Culminations together, the similarity of the reservoir properties and the different levels of fluid in the Daoud Culmination and the area of the Ismail-1, all confirm that they are two separate Culminations of one field. So the so-called Ismail Field can be considered a third Culmination called Ismail Culmination of the Bai Hassan Field.Using topographical maps and satellites data, the morph structure and geomorphological phenomena of the northwestern extensions of the Bai Hassan Field (the area of well Ismail-1) and towards the Quir Field, were studied and the northwestern aerial extensions of about 18 km length and 5 km width were delineated.Thus, the Bai Hassan Field is consisting of three Culminations (from the southeast to the northwest, Kithka, Daoud and Ismail Culminations) with a total length about 50 km.

When one speaks of feudalism in Japan, one must always bear in mind that “Japanese” feudalism is as peculiar as “European” feudalism which exhibits different patterns in different countries at different times. The Japanese example is no exception in exhibiting different patterns and features at different regions and times. This study aims at discovering the periodic differences seen within the general framework of Japanese feudalism, especially in the domains under shogunal control by comparing the pre-Edo and Edo patterns of feudal structures. These differences in the administrative organization of the military and bureaucratic structures give Japanese feudalism a peculiar form different from Europe. Despite the seeming similarities attested by early modern European travelers to Japan and 19th century historians, as the comparative approach demonstrates, what was called as Japanese feudalism by the early western visitors of Japan was in fact a culmination of a centuries long process. This article approaches the theoretical framework of Japanese feudalism in a comparative perspective between different periods rather than trting it as a static, unchanging phenomenon, or trying to explain it in a Eurocentric framework by drawing a paradigm that confoms mainly to European norms of feudalism.

Modern scientific knowledge approaches the study of the physical and aesthetic bodies with a considerable body of texts. However, on the territory of the theater, the body is still considered exclusively from the point of view of the actor's artistic tools. Theatrical physicality and the character of physical empathy in the theater are not limited to the boundaries of the performing arts, but exist in close relationship with the visual and empirical experience of the spectator, performer, and director. The aesthetic and ethical aspect of the attitude to the body in the history of theatrical art has repeatedly changed, including under the influence of changing cultural criteria of "shameful". The culmination of the demarcation of theatrical shame, it would seem, should be an act of pure art, independent of the moral restrictions of society. However, the experiments of modern theater continue to face archaic ethical views. The article attempts to understand the cultural variability of such a phenomenon as shame in its historical and cultural extent using examples from theater art from antiquity to the present day.

On the occasion of the anniversary of 2.500 years since the culmination of the Greco-Persian Wars (499-449 BC), the article attemps to showcase the concurrence of the strategy implemented at the Battle of Marathon (490 BC) by the Greek General Miltiades and the maxims of war established by the great Chinese General and philosopher Sun Tzu (544-496 BC). The aforemontioned battle is selected as a paradigm of the military history of the western world, demonstrating the implementation of the axioms of the great theoritician and practitioner of war. It attempts on overview of bibliography on strategy and more specifically on the precepts of Sun Tzu. It gives a brief account of the planning and conduct of the battle and makes an analysis of their concurrence with the teaching and principles of the Chinese philosopher. © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

The recent discovery of several late Linearbandkeramik (LBK) sites in Central Europe, including Vrable in south-west Slovakia, has revealed evidence for increasing diversity in Neolithic mortuary practices, which may reflect inter-community war and socio-political crisis at the end of the LBK. Here, the authors combine osteological and radiocarbon analyses of inhumations from Vrable. Rather than a straightforward sign of inter-community conflict and war, this development reflects a culmination of internal conflict and a diversification in the ritual treatment of human bodies. The emerging variability in LBK methods of manipulating and depositing dead bodies can be interpreted as an experimental approach in how to negotiate social conflicts and community boundaries.

In June 2020, Queensland State Archives went live with a new archival management system including new access interfaces for agency and public users, the culmination of a 2-year project. This articl...

The twenty-first century is witnessing the culmination of human progress that has been paved by the numerous and successive developments throughout the past century, especially in its recent decades, to witness the achievement of remarkable human achievements at the scientific, technological, technical and informational levels. . These achievements imposed new ambitions for everything that is in circulation, as every age casts a shadow over what is in it. Therefore, the word (modern) was born as a symbolic expression of how well it keeps up with everything that is new and new, to become the origin of its era and its mirror that reflects everything new. However, sudden cases of change may cause a state of chaos and confusion in any system, especially the design system, and therefore these cases of change will enter the specialists of all planning branches, the most important of which is the design, with different forms, because here we are dealing with the unexpected and the unusual and the new.

In 2019, Moscow saw political demonstrations as a result of the authorities’ blocking of the registration of opposition candidates for the local elections in Moscow. As the culmination of a series of citizen protests around different causes that spread throughout the country, these protests presented a real challenge to the political regime. Their context, evolution and possible implications are analyzed in this paper, both in correlation with the methods of “managed democracy” within Russia’s regime of electoral autocracy, as well as with the perfecting of technological tools in light of two consequences: political pluralism and constraints on civic practice.

The hypothesis I propose in this study is that Florbela Espanca must be read today within a different hermeneutical context than that of her contemporaries. Her exacerbated sentimentalism has its origins in an insecure and multifaceted identity, much akin to first modernism, as clearly seen, for instance, in Sa-Carneiro. Therefore, “being a woman” is also a mask equivalent to those of other modernists, and her suicide merely the culmination of this situation. The reading of the posthumous Diario of her last year thus argues for the interpretation of “alternative modernists” that in Florbela Espanca, as in other authors, are also discernible.

The article is dedicated to the investigation of the peculiarities of the categories of prospection and retrospection in the aspect of artistic communication, namely, considering these two compositional components from the point of view of their functioning as temporal markers of text organization. The study of the category of time in many of its expressions is intriguing by the fact, that time relates to a number of such phenomena, which contain in themselves certain ambiguity as, firstly, in a person’s perception time continuance can be regarded differently and, secondly, time may possess multidirectional field of vectors. In such a case subjectivity plays a significant role and influences, on the one hand, different manifestations of characters’ behavior in a text of imaginative prose and, on the other hand, the very process of concepts design and structuring. Descriptive and quantitative analyses supply us with the opportunity to define lexical means of representation of the category of time in the novel “The Choice” by Nicholas Sparks, among which a certain role is given to the very title word, which functions as the most prominent mode of actualization of the categories of prospection and retrospection. It is important to contemplate not only the semantics of the given lexical vocabulary unit, which, first of all, contains the idea of prospectiveness, but also its qualitative and distributive characteristics, which ensure the dynamics of the plot development of the novel. The story line reaches its culmination partly because of its coincidence with the highest recurrence of the lexeme “choice”. Contextual-interpretational method of functional and linguistic analyses makes us consider that, on the one hand, that multidirection of vector manifold of text organization may be regarded as a dominant feature of artistic time in the novel, and, on the other hand, such an approach lets us interpret the given peculiarity as a determinant in the process of text continuum organization as a whole.

Recent literature has aimed to explain (non-)culminating accomplishment inferences, which often involve the perfective aspect, but can also involve the imperfective. The goal of our paper is to explore how these inferences come about with the Hindi perfective and the Russian imperfective. We propose that abduction, that is, inference to the best explanation, is ideally suited for this task. We show how the occurrence of a (non-)culminated event is abduced in the relevant cases based on a semantic analysis which adopts the distinction between culminated and maximal events, as well as a set of non-defeasible rules encoding general mereological principles. We also show how our abductive framework can take into account facts about the conversation. This, among other things, allows us to make more nuanced predictions about what speakers will infer and when, thereby addressing possible worries of overgeneralization that an abductive framework inevitably faces. We end the paper with two outstanding issues warranting further research. First, we raise questions about the nature of (non-)culminating accomplishment inferences, which have previously been taken to be conversational implicatures. Second, we take some preliminary steps towards extending our analysis to defeasible causatives in Germanic and Romance languages.

This paper is based on the theoretical development of a Political Economy of Communication focused on journalism studies to analyze the changes in sports media coverage. The object is the changes in sports journalism of Grupo Globo, from the structural issues of the sector in the conglomerate to the contract with Neymar Junior, in force in 2014 and 2015. Given the need for a non-scientific secondary source on the observable, in addition to the theoretical review, we used the documentary research method to rescue journalistic articles that deal with changes in the communication group and the contract with the football player. Thus, it is told what happened, enabling the analysis from the chosen theoretical framework. The analyzed fact represents the culmination of the transition from traditional journalism to infotainment in sports coverage, motivated by issues related to the restructuring of the capitalist system.

Although both Heidegger and Derrida criticize Hegel as the archetype and historical culmination of the metaphysics of presence, Hegel’s dialectics also serves as a model for their critical destruct...

The focus of this paper is on regionality, the use of main territories and how they are interlinked in the Mesolithic in south Norway during the culmination of the settlement of the mountain area, 8500–7600 cal BP. The main territories and their boundaries are identified by the distribution of specific lithic raw materials and one artefact type, distribution of ungulates and drainage systems. In the Mesolithic, south Norway corresponds to a language family with four dialectic tribes, each one corresponding to a main territory. Based on ethnographic analogies, the inegalitarian higher latitude boreal hunter-gatherer societies had delayed return. The subsistence strategy may have included the defence of resources which were plentiful, concentrated and predictable, with ownership of resource-rich locations such as salmon runs and quarries, while unreliable resources such as unpredictable ungulates may not have been defended. Storing may have resulted in a sedentary period during the yearly round close to resource-rich areas along rivers and coasts. The presence of a cemetery by the seashore at Hummervikholmen, indicates lineal descent groups, linking territories to funerary behaviour. Territorial lineages may have existed, with formal areas for disposal of the dead at least along resource-rich riversides and seashores. However, these may have been destroyed by erosion and other destruction processes. Lithic markers indicate that foragers from the four main territories maintained a network of links following the drainage systems and crossing the mountain area in the Central Main Territory, which was temporarily settled by people from the other main territories. Here, people from different directions could meet during the warm season hunting reindeer. In the river sources around the water divide areas, people may have had meeting places, exchanging information over large areas of south Norway. The activities at the meeting places were connected to a reindeer culture with long diasporic traditions reaching back to their origin at the lateglacial Continent. Reindeer are proposed to have had a central role in the grouping of the main territories.

In July 2019, the UK Parliament voted by an overwhelming majority for fundamental reform of Northern Ireland's archaic abortion laws. Regulations implementing the reform came into effect on 25 March 2020. Drawing on extensive archival resources and a small number of interviews, we locate this extraordinary political moment in a broader historical context. We explore the factors that blocked the possibility of reform in either Westminster or Stormont for over five decades and consider what it was that had changed in 2019 to render it possible. While the measure passed in Westminster represents a radical rupture with the past, we suggest that it was anything other than sudden, rather representing the culmination of decades of sustained campaigning. We conclude by briefly discussing what this change is likely to mean for the future.

Стаття присвячена побудові та дослідженню структури циклу українських весільних обрядів і є своєрідним продовженням публікацій автора, який використовує структурно-функціональний метод для студіювання національної родинної обрядовості. У процесі дослідження виявилося, що, після поділу обрядів, залишилися зайві епізоди, які не можна віднести до жодного з тих обрядів, біля яких вони перебувають, - ні до сватання, ні до вінчання, ні до приданок. А оскільки такі невраховані епізоди знаходяться на початку довесільного, весільного й післявесільного малих циклів, дослідник пропонує віднести їх до прологів кожного з цих циклів. При цьому три зазначені прологи слід уважати повноцінними обрядами для надання структурі більшої стрункості та функціональності. Перевірка правильності поділу прологів на епізоди здійснена за допомогою п’яти критеріїв членування: новорівневого чи узагальнюючого повтору події, матеріально-духовної метаморфози персонажів сакральної дії, зміни сакрального хронотопа, принципу постійного оновлення та зміни характеру дії. Згідно з останнім критерієм, епізоди, що знаходяться поруч, але не змінюють характер дії, не можуть уважатися окремими епізодами, а лише різновидами одного й того самого епізоду. Створені таким чином прологи до трьох малих циклів українського весілля зайняли в структурі відповідно перше, восьме та чотирнадцяте місця, а сам цикл із чотирнадцяти обрядів збільшився до сімнадцяти. У двох із трьох прологів - весільного й післявесільного - відсутні кульмінаційні епізоди. Пролог довесільного циклу одночасно є загальним прологом до всього великого циклу обрядів. Наявність прологів передбачає необхідність виявлення й епілогів як для великого обрядового циклу, так і кожного з малих циклів. Такими епілогами, за однією версією, можуть уважатися останні обряди в малих циклах - гільце, комора та перезва. А за іншою, епілогами можуть бути кінцеві епізоди вказаних обрядів, що знаходяться після кульмінації. На користь такої версії вказує відсутність кульмінаційних епізодів у двох прологах із трьох. Але для існування й функціонування структури жоден з варіантів не є важливим, оскільки створена структура не потребує поділу на епілоги, а прологи є важливими з тієї точки зору, щоб включити до неї всі наявні в обрядовому дійстві епізоди. The article is devoted to the construction and study of the structure of the cycle of Ukrainian wedding rites, and it is a kind of continuation of the author’s publications, who uses a structural and functional method to study the national family ritualism. In the course of the study, it turned out that, after the division of rites, there were extra episodes that cannot be attributed to any of the rites in which they occur - neither matchmaking, nor wedding, nor dowry. And since such unaccounted episodes are at the beginning of pre-wedding, wedding and post-wedding small cycles, the researcher proposes to include them in the prologues of each of these cycles. At the same time, these three prologues should be considered full-fledged rites to give the structure greater harmony and functionality. The correctness of the division of prologues into episodes is checked using five criteria of division: new-level or generalized repetition of the event, material and spiritual metamorphosis of the characters of sacred action, change of sacred chronotope, the principle of constant renewal and change of character of the action. According to the latter criterion, episodes that are adjacent but do not change the nature of the action cannot be considered as individual episodes, but only as variations of the same episode. The prologues created in this way for the three small cycles of the Ukrainian wedding took the first, eighth and fourteenth places in the structure, respectively, and the cycle of fourteen rites increased to seventeen. Two of the three prologues - wedding and post-wedding - have no culminating episodes. The prologue of the pre-wedding cycle is at the same time the general prologue to the whole great cycle of rites. The presence of prologues implies the need to identify epilogues for both the large ritual cycle and each of the small cycles. Such epilogues, according to one version, can be considered the last rites in small cycles - hiltse, komora and perezva. On the other hand, the epilogues may be the final episodes of the said rites, which are after the culmination. This version is supported by the absence of culmination episodes in two of the three prologues. But none of the options is important for the existence and functioning of the structure, because the created structure does not need to be divided into epilogues, and prologues are important from the point of view to include all the available episodes in the ritual action.

Метою дослідження є пошук кульмінаційних епізодів та визначення їхнього значення для створеної структури циклу весільних обрядів. Структура циклу в структурно-функціональній методиці – це своєрідна схема, в якій великий обрядовий цикл розподіляється на три малих (довесільний, весільний і післявесільний), кожен з них складається з окремих обрядів (7+6+4), які також слід розкласти на епізоди. А серед цих епізодів необхідно визначити кульмінаційні та дослідити, яку роль вони відіграють у кожному конкретному обряді та в усій структурі. У результаті дослідження виявилося, що кульмінації обрядів заручин, вінчання та комори (обрядів переходу) змінюють статуси головних дійових осіб з парубка/дівки на нареченого/наречену, молодого/молоду, чоловіка/жінку. При цьому перша та остання пара містить профанні статуси, а друга й третя – сакральні чи обрядові, які є тимчасовими й потрібні лише для того, щоб здійснити перехід від початкових профанних до профанних кінцевих. Також у кульмінаційних епізодах зазначених обрядів утворюються межі поділу великого весільного циклу на чотири етапи, що характеризуються наявними в них тими чи іншими статусами дійових осіб та являють собою наукову новизну в студіюванні. Кульмінації інших обрядів не містять переходів, але спрямовані на те, щоб перехід відбувся в указаних місцях, щоб було здійснено вхід до обрядових дій, сакралізація доведена до необхідного для переходів рівня та щоб підготувати вихід з обряду. У результаті визначаються два різновиди кульмінації: після якої відбувається перехід і змінюються статуси персонажів та кульмінації інших обрядів, котрі не впливають на зміну соціальних статусів. Прологи весільного й післявесільного циклів обрядів, хоча й уважаються повноцінними обрядами, кульмінаційних епізодів не містять. The purpose of the study is to find the culminating episodes and determine their significance for the created structure of the cycle of wedding rites. The structure of the cycle is a kind of scheme in which the large ritual cycle is divided into three small (pre-wedding, wedding and post-wedding), each of them consists of separate rites (7+6+4), which should also be divided into episodes. And among these episodes it is necessary to determine the culmination and explore what role they play in each specific rite and in the whole structure. As a result of the research, it was found that the culminations of the rites of engagement, wedding and komora (rites of passage) change the statuses of the main characters from a young man/girl to a bride/groom, newlywed, a man/woman. In this case, the first and last pair contain profane statuses, and the second and third – sacred or ritual, which are temporary and necessary only to make the transition from the initial profane to the final profane. Also, in the culminating episodes of the said rites, the boundaries of division of the great wedding cycle into four stages are formed, which are characterized by the existing in them certain statuses of the characters. The culminations of other rites do not contain transitions, but are aimed at the transition to take place in the specified places, to enter the ritual actions, the sacralization is brought to the level necessary for the transitions and to prepare the exit from the rite. Thus, two types of culmination are determined: after which there is a transition and changes in the statuses of the characters and the culmination of other rites that do not affect the change of social statuses. Prologues of the wedding and post-wedding cycles of rites, although considered fullfledged rites, do not contain culminating episodes.

Based on the interpretation of 2D seismic profiles integrated with surface geological investigations, a mechanism responsible for the formation of a large scale normal fault zone has been proposed. The fault, here referred to as the Rycerka Fault, has a predominantly normal dip-slip component with the detachment surface located at the base of Carpathian units. The fault developed due to the formation of an anticlinal stack within the Dukla Unit overlain by the Magura Units. Stacking of a relatively narrow duplex led to the growth of a dome-like culmination in the lower unit, i.e., the Dukla Unit, and, as a consequence of differential uplift of the unit above and outside the duplex, the upper unit (the Magura Unit) was subjected to stretching. This process invoked normal faulting along the lateral culmination wall and was facilitated by the regional, syn-thrusting arc–parallel extension. Horizontal movement along the fault plane is a result of tear faulting accommodating a varied rate of advancement of Carpathian units. The time of the fault formation is not well constrained, however, based on superposition criterion, the syn -thrusting origin is anticipated.

En 1982 se publicó en el Estado español el libro Nuestros cuerpos, nuestras vidas, traducción de Our Bodies, Ourselves (OBOS), un proyecto cuyo historial de elaboración y ediciones múltiples atravesó los años setenta en los Estados Unidos de América. Esta traducción fue la culminación, en España, de un tráfico discursivo que empezó a finales de la década de los setenta. Ese intenso ruido discursivo fue, en gran medida, producido gracias al proyecto obos, que una de las traductoras del libro conocía bien por su implicación en la primera traducción al español para Estados Unidos y que emprendió con ella un viaje transnacional entre EE. UU. y España. A partir de fuentes textuales de la época, que exponen la naturaleza fragmentaria, discontinua y parcial de la traducción, reflexiono en este artículo sobre las razones por las cuales este trasfondo proactivo de la traducción de obos merece atención. Este arroja luz no solo sobre aspectos singulares de un movimiento creativo de saberes subalternos, que se opuso a los discursos expertos de la medicina, sino también sobre la emergencia de un nuevo sujeto, autorrepresentado política y discursivamente, las mujeres, que desafió colectivamente la representación hegemónica tradicional de la mujer.

Artikkelissa tarkastellaan kielitaidon taitotasoittaista kehittymistä potentiaalisten esiintymien analyysin (Potential Occasion Analysis, Thewissen, 2015) avulla. Kehittymistä analysoidaan tarkkuuden näkökulmasta, ja sitä mitataan kohdekielen muoto- ja käyttökonventioista poikkeavien muotojen määrällä. Tutkimus on korpuspohjaista virheanalyysia (Corpus-aided Error Analysis, Dagneaux, Dennes & Granger, 1998), ja se perustuu taitotasoilla havaittujen, yhdeksään virheluokkaan sijoittuvien virheiden määrien tilastolliseen testaukseen. Aineistona on Kansainvälinen oppijansuomen korpus(ICLFI). Analyysi osoittaa, että merkittävintä kehitys on tasojen B1 ja B2 välillä; tasojen A2 ja B1 välillä tarkkuuden kehityksessä on nähtävissä myös regressiota (esim. määrite- ja fraseologiset virheet) ja stabilaatiota, jota esiintyy erityisesti eräissä morfosyntaktisissa ja syntaktisissa virhetyypeissä. Tasojen B1 ja B2 välillä muutos on kuitenkin niin selvää, että erityisesti morfosyntaktisen ja syntaktisen tarkkuuden lisääntymisen voisi nostaa yhdeksi tasoa B2 määrittäväksi piirteeksi. Jo aiemmissa tutkimuksissa taso B1 on nähty selvänä kulminaatiopisteenä kielen kehityksessä (ks. esim. Kajander, 2013, s. 93–95; Seilonen, 2013, s. 59–61; ks. myös Thewissen, 2015), ja tämän tutkimuksen valossa näin on myös tarkkuuden kehityksessä. n this article, the development of an individual’s language proficiency, based here on the language levels of Common European Framework for Reference, is examined with the help of Potential Occasion Analysis (Thewissen, 2015). The development is analyzed from the viewpoint of accuracy, and it is measured by the amount of forms that differ from the conventions of form and usage in the target language. The research represents corpus-aided error analysis (Dagneaux et al., 1998), and it is based on the statistical testing of the amount of errors seen in the nine categories of errors found in the reference levels of language proficiency. The research material consists of the International Corpus of Learner Finnish (ICLFI). The analysis shows that the most remarkable progress happens between levels B1 and B2. In addition, in the progress between levels A2 and B1, there is regression in the form of, for example, errors in adjuncts and phraseolog y as well as stabilization, which can especially be seen in morphosyntactic and syntactic errors. However, the change between B1 and B2 is so distinct that the increase in morphosyntactic and syntactic accuracy could be made one of the defining aspects of level B2. Earlier studies have indicated level B1 as a distinct culmination point in the development of language (see e.g. Kajander, 2013, p. 93–95; Seilonen, 2013, p. 59–61; Thewissen, 2015), and on the basis of this study’s results, this is also the case for the development of language accuracy. peerReviewed

Shortly after the culmination of the detente the Hungarian People’s Republic and the Kingdom of Spain had established diplomatic relations and an intelligence section consisting of a commissioned officer and half a dozen co-optees came to existence at the Hungarian Embassy in Madrid. The so-called residency was concentrating on the protection of the foreign representations of Hungary, but at the same time, it endeavored to carry out operations against the leading NATO-powers on a third-country basis. Based on our present knowledge, these experiments were taking place without proper success.

This article presents an overview of a new pre-cadential schema in the galant style: the Volta. The Volta is a two-part schema featuring a prominent chromatic reversal: stage one charges up the dominant with a ♯4^–5^ melodic string, while stage two releases to the tonic using a ♮4^–3^ string. The schema sheds light on many aspects of galant music-making: its variants illustrate how central features of a schematic prototype motivate or constrain plausible manipulations, its pre-cadential function reveals the intimate communion between surface schemas and the harmonic patterns inscribed within the style’s formal scripts, and, finally, its use as a climactic gesture in opera seria calls attention to the semantic possibilities of schemas beyond their role in defining musical topics. These and other aspects of the Volta are illustrated using representative excerpts from eighteenth-century masters like Leonardo Vinci, Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Johann Adolf Hasse, Baldassare Galuppi, Joseph Haydn, and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

Автор: Гусак Петро Випуск: Наукові записки УКУ: Богослов’я 7 (2020) Рік: 2020 Сторінки: 213 - 224

The quatercentenary anniversary of completion of the crucial phase of expansion of the Royal Castle in Warsaw initiated by King Sigismund III Vasa, which fell on 2019, offered a good occasion to carry out a series of scientific, editorial, exhibition and artistic events within the Year of the Vasas. The celebrations were inaugurated in February 2019 as a part of an initiative to present an overall picture of the reign-period of the Vasa Dynasty in the Polish Republic. In line with the organisers’ objective, the programme of the anniversary events was aimed at providing a thorough insight into and disseminating to an ever-wider public the knowledge about the over eight-decade-long period of the monarchy of the Polish Vasas – Sigismund III, Ladislaus IV and John II Casimir, falling in the late 16th century and the major part of the 17th century. The multidimensionality of the output provided by the representatives of the Vasa Dynasty on the Polish throne is illustrated particularly in the anthology The World of the Polish Vasas: Essays edited in 2019 under Jacek Żukowski and Zbigniew Hundert’s scientific supervision. This edition accompanies the monumental exhibition The World of the Polish Vasas: Space – People – Art organised by the Royal Castle in Warsaw – Museum between 6 November 2019 and 14 January 2020 as the culmination of the Year of the Vasas celebrations.

This paper is the culmination of efforts by a group of participants at the 32nd Annual American Real Estate Society Conference in Denver who met to discuss the future of real estate education, and ...

NATIONAL SECURITY — SOFT FACTORSThis article is divided into three parts, in the first part it is explained what social capital is, and its role in national security is depicted. In the second part, the problem of the importance of social rules in the construction of social capital is discussed. The third part of the article is the culmination of the analysis and shows the role of soft factors in the process of building national security. The quality of social capital depends on how the society works. It is strongly related to other pillars of state security, including the armed forces. The most important message from the content of this article is the statement: a strong society means a safe state.

A woman’s life can be theoretically divided into certain periods: children’s, adolescent, reproductive and ageing. The latter is also called menopause. Everything related to ageing is usually associated with negative expectations and a pessimistic disposition. But if it is remembered, the word «climax» comes from the Greek language, meaning «staircase». Thus, menopause presents a culmination of a «female career». Each period is marked by its physiological characteristics, and menopause is no exception. The completion of the reproductive system functioning is often accompanied by the formation of a number of estrogen-deficient conditions. The latest modern insights, ranging from hormonal substances to alternative compounds, can effectively solve the problems of menopause.

Do ponto de vista da linguagem, o teatro de Nelson Rodrigues se realiza como a culminância de um processo histórico de apropriação da linguagem brasileira pela literatura. Em vários momentos, houve tentativas de abrasileiramento da linguagem por nossos escritores, tendo as elaborações críticas de José de Alencar e Mário de Andrade marcado essa discussão nos contextos do Romantismo e do Modernismo. Este artigo objetiva mostrar, através de um levantamento extensivo e uma amostragem significativa, como o dramaturgo brasileiro, no contexto da modernização do teatro no Brasil e seus desdobramentos, promoveu uma revolução na linguagem falada nos palcos, realizando ainda aquela que talvez seja a mais completa recriação plástica da prosódia brasileira em nossa literatura, como o levantamento e a amostragem mostrarão.

This article discusses the world of tasawuf and its ins and outs. This article uses the Library Study method with a Descriptive Historical Qualitative approach. As for the main sources in writing this article are references which include the discussion of Sufis and tasawuf. The author concluded that Sufism was born of various factors with the aim of approaching the khalik after going through several stages and riyadhah. The culmination of the servant's approach to khalik will give birth: al-Fana, al-Baqa, al-Ittihad, al-Hulul, and Wihdatul Wujud known as the culmination of the culmination.

The study of religious tolerance this century has been entering the culmination point of saturation, in which it is no longer viewed relevantly with technology 4.0 or it is generally called millennium generation. Technology development is directly proportional to social life because humans enter the digital era in which the actualization and self-existence are prioritized. Therefore, in social interaction, it often makes friction and horizontal conflict and even social media felt more concerned about. Tolerance is gradually degraded in its implementation because it is assumed that tolerance givers have a higher level (majority) than the recipient of tolerance (minority). In this case, the tolerance model needs contextual modification, namely religious moderation as a fundamental of more acceptable social interaction among citizens and netizens.

En este trabajo se presenta una síntesis de la documentación generada a lo largo de los años de investigación en sitios de frontera del siglo XIX, centro de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Los documentos y la cultura material recuperada en las diferentes tareas de campo dan cuenta de la interacción de las comunidades originarias y los eurocriollos instalados en tierra dentro.Los sitios arqueológicos analizados están relacionados con una de las principales rastrilladas denominada “Camino de los Chilenos”, que conectó hasta el siglo XIX diferentes enclaves que luego dieron origen a partidos y localidades, que formaron parte de la Frontera Sur y Oeste de la región pampeana (Langiano, et al. 2002; Merlo, et al. 2017). Los mismos representan el avance fronterizo desde principios del siglo XIX, hasta su culminación (1880). Los enclaves que se presentan a continuación son aquellos que poseen evidencias arqueológicas contundentes sobre la relación de ambas sociedades; principalmente los que formaron la Frontera Sur. El resto de los sitios que no se analizan en este artículo también presentan realidades de la interacción, pero con disminución de casos. Estas conexiones menos notables pueden ser producto de la dinámica de los estratos sedimentológicos pampeanos, la actividad agrícola y el crecimiento urbano. El reuso constante de los lugares donde se investiga complejiza relacionar la cultura material de ambas sociedades. Sin embargo, la documentación escrita aporta valiosos datos aunque, en ciertas circunstancias, presenta sesgos tanto por parte del escribiente de documentos como del diseñador de la cartografía de esa época. This work presents a synthesis of the documentation generated throughout the years of research in border sites of the XIX century, central Buenos Aires province. The documents and the material culture recovered in the different field tasks give an account of the interaction of the original communities and the eurocriollos settled on the land within.The archaeological sites analyzed are related to one of the main trails called “Camino de los Chilenos”, which connected different enclaves until the XIX century that later gave rise to parties and localities, which were part of the South and West Border of the Pampean region. (Langiano, et al. 2002; Merlo, et al. 2017). They represent the frontier advance from the beginning of the XIX century, until its culmina-tion (1880).The enclaves presented below are those that have strong archaeological evidence on the relationship of both societies; mainly those that formed the Southern Border. The rest of the sites that are not analyzed in this article also present interaction realities, but with a decrease in cases. These less notable connections may be the product of the dynamics of the Pampean sediment strata, agricultural activity, and urban growth. The constant reuse of the places investigated makes it difficult to relate the material culture of both societies. However, the written documentation provides valuable data although, in certain circumstances, it presents biases both on the part of the document clerk and the designer of the cartography of that time. Fil: Merlo, Julio Fabián. INCUAPA CONICET-UNICEN, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Olavarría, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Fil: Langiano, María del Carmen. NCUAPA CONICET-UNICEN, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Olavarría, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Fil: Ormazabal, Pablo. Profesor del Instituto Superior de Formación Docente Nº 22, Olavarría. Departamento de Arqueología. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

This article describes and reflects on experiences teaching students to compose a “Writing Process Photo Essay” in the context of an upper-division college writing course that satisfies a campus-wide writing requirement. As the culmination of a quarter-long student inquiry into their own writing processes, this multimodal assignment asks students to combine text and images to help them reflect on the environments, tools, habits and routines that surround their writing activity. This assignment takes its inspiration from calls for renewed scholarly attention to material and embodied aspects of writing process. In the end, this assignment creates opportunities for students to recognize, reflect, and reimagine their own writing activity in school contexts and beyond.

This work represents a culmination of experiences of individuals who have been subjected to adolescent psychiatrization and particularly, the influences of psychocentrism. This work builds upon the notion of psychocentrism as a social justice issue by exploring how its’ embeddedness within dominant mental health discourse functions to disregard the systemic, historical and cultural factors contributing to individual experiences of emotional distress. Through this analysis, the tensions of a white researcher with social justice aims is problematized and explored in tandem with the findings of this research.