Search

In this paper, a novel and simple approach called the variational direct method (VDM) is applied to construct the exact traveling wave solutions of the system of ion sound and Langmuir waves (SEISLWs), which is under the influence of the ponderomotive force caused by a nonlinear force experienced by a charged particle in an inhomogeneous oscillating electromagnetic field due to high-frequency field. These exact solutions include the bright soliton, bright-like soliton, kinky-bright soliton, bright-dark soliton and periodic wave solutions, which are all presented through the numerical results in the form of 3-D plots. Obtained results show that the VDM is simple, straightforward and powerful, which is expected to open new perspectives for the traveling wave theory.

Asparagus setaceus is an important ornamental plant and is important to study the sex chromosome evolution in genus Asparagus. Here the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of A. setaceus was determined. The cpDNA is 156,978 bp in length, contains a large single copy region of 85,311 bp and a small single copy region of 18,641 bp, which was separated by a pair of inverted repeat regions of 26,513 bp each. The cp genome contains 132 genes, including 88 protein-coding genes, 6 ribosomal RNA genes, and 38 transfer RNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that A. setaceus is closely related to Asparagus officinalis and Asparagus schoberioides.

Asparagus setaceusis a popular ornamental plant cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions globally. Here, we constructed a chromosome-scale reference genome ofA. setaceusto facilitate the investigation of its genome characteristics and evolution. Using a combination of Nanopore long reads, Illumina short reads, 10× Genomics linked reads, and Hi-C data, we generated a high-quality genome assembly ofA. setaceuscovering 710.15 Mb, accounting for 98.63% of the estimated genome size. A total of 96.85% of the sequences were anchored to ten superscaffolds corresponding to the ten chromosomes. The genome ofA. setaceuswas predicted to contain 28,410 genes, 25,649 (90.28%) of which were functionally annotated. A total of 65.59% of the genome was occupied by repetitive sequences, among which long terminal repeats were predominant (42.51% of the whole genome). Evolutionary analysis revealed an estimated divergence time ofA. setaceusfrom its close relativeA. officinalisof ~9.66 million years ago, andA. setaceusunderwent two rounds of whole-genome duplication. In addition, 762 specific gene families, 96 positively selected genes, and 76 resistance (R) genes were detected and functionally predicted inA. setaceus. These findings provide new knowledge about the characteristics and evolution of theA. setaceusgenome, and will facilitate comparative genetic and genomic research on the genusAsparagus.

Pb(Mn1/3Sb2/3)0.01(Ni1/3Nb2/3)0.495(Zr0.3Ti0.7)0.495O3+x wt% Ta2O5 (PMS–PNN–PZT, x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) lead piezoelectric ceramics were prepared by a traditional two-step solid-state reaction method. The effect of Ta2O5 content on the phase structure, microstructure, electrical properties and dielectric relaxation of PMS–PNN–PZT ceramics was investigated. The XRD patterns show that all ceramics have pure perovskite structure. Ta2O5 doping can promote the grain growth and improve electrical properties. And the ceramics have high relaxation behavior. When x = 0.4, it exhibits optimum electrical performance: d33 = 805 pC/N, kp = 66%, er = 6838, tanδ = 1.4%, Tc = 118.5 °C, γ = 1.9618, Ec = 3.652 kV/cm, Pr = 21.91 µC/cm2. This indicates that Ta2O5 can be used as an effective dopant in PMS–PNN–PZT ceramics and the ceramics can be used as the main material for multilayer ceramic capacitors and electro-strictive actuators.

(0.94 − x)K0.48Na0.52NbO3–0.06LiSbO3–xBiFeO3 (KNN–LS–xBF, x = 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7%) lead- free piezoelectric ceramics were prepared by a traditional two-step solid-state reaction method. The effect of BiFeO3 (BF) content on the phase structure, microstructure, electrical properties and dielectric relaxation of KNN–LS ceramics was investigated. The XRD patterns show that all ceramics have a pure perovskite structure. BiFeO3 doping can promote the grain growth and improve electrical properties. When x = 0.3% in KNN–LS–BF, it exhibits optimum electrical performance: d33 = 285 pC/N, kp = 54.3%, er = 2185, tanδ = 1.92%, Qm = 66, Tc = 340 °C, γ = 1.4732, Ec = 17.76 kV/cm, Pr = 21.48 µC/cm2. It is indicated that the ceramics have the potentialities to be used as the high temperature low frequency filters.

(NbTi)C nanoparticles were prepared using mechanical alloying (MA) and heat treatment process, and the nanoparticles pre-dispersed with Fe powder were introduced to 1045 steel. The microstructure of powders during different ball milling steps and as-casted steels were investigated using optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results showed that the added carbides in as-cast steels were mainly composed of three kinds of types: uniform distribution; grain boundary center distribution and chainlike distribution. The uniformly distributed (NbTi)C nanoparticles in the matrix acted as effective heterogeneous nuclei that strongly refined the crystallization microstructure; the grain boundary center distributed particles interacted with the solid-liquid interface, thereby, hindered and restrained the movement of the solid-liquid interface; and the chainlike distributed nanoparticles move with the migration of solid-liquid interface and did not inhibit the interdendritic growth significantly. Compared with the cast steel without (NbTi)C nanoparticles, the modified steels have significantly refined microstructure, improved strength and increased hardness. With the further increase the amount of (NbTi)C nanoparticles, the efficacy of the (NbTi)C nanoparticles for refining crystallization microstructure weakened. Keywords: (NbTi)C nanoparticles, As-cast microstructure, Strength, Hardness, Refinement

Vertical integration for microelectronics possesses significant challenges due to its fast dissipation of heat generated in multiple device planes. This paper focuses on thermal management of a 3-D integrated circuit, and micro-channel cooling is adopted to deal with the 3-D integrated circuitthermal problems. In addition, thermal through-silicon vias are also used to improve the capacity of heat trans-mission. It is found that combination of microchannel cooling and thermal through-silicon vias can remarkably alleviate the hotspots. The results presented in this paper are expected to aid in the development of thermal design guidelines for 3-D integrated circuits.

Objective: Mental disorders of the elderly population in China deserve attention. Social health is significantly associated with depression. This study aimed to evaluate the rate of depressive symptoms and to test the relationships between social health and depressive symptoms among a large sample of community-dwelling elderly adults. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study among community-dwelling adults aged 60 years or above in Zhejiang Province, China. Face-to-face interviews were used to complete a structured questionnaire for all participants. We used the Social Health Scale for the Elderly (SHSE) to evaluate social health status and used the short form of the Geriatric Depression Scale to evaluate depressive symptoms. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between social health status and depressive symptoms. Results: Of the total of 3757 participants included, 1887 (50.23%) were female, and the mean±standard deviation (SD) age was (70.0±8.3) years. The rate of depressive symptoms was 25.92%. The social health score was higher in non-depressed participants than in depressed participants (raw score 50.7 vs. 48.3, P

Background The transfer of chloroplast DNA into nuclear genome is a common process in plants. These transfers form nuclear integrants of plastid DNAs (NUPTs), which are thought to be driving forces in genome evolution, including sex chromosome evolution. In this study, NUPTs in the genome of a dioecious plant Asparagus officinalis L. were systematically analyzed, in order to investigate the characteristics of NUPTs in the nuclear genome and the relationship between NUPTs and sex chromosome evolution in this species. Results A total of 3155 NUPT insertions were detected, and they represented approximated 0.06% of the nuclear genome. About 45% of the NUPTs were organized in clusters. These clusters were derived from various evolutionary events. The Y chromosome contained the highest number and largest proportion of NUPTs, suggesting more accumulation of NUPTs on sex chromosomes. NUPTs were distributed widely in all of the chromosomes, and some regions preferred these insertions. The highest density of NUPTs was found in a 47 kb region in the Y chromosome; more than 75% of this region was occupied by NUPTs. Further cytogenetic and sequence alignment analysis revealed that this region was likely the centromeric region of the sex chromosomes. On the other hand, the male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) and the adjacent regions did not have NUPT insertions. Conclusions These results indicated that NUPTs were involved in shaping the genome of A. officinalis through complicated process. NUPTs may play important roles in the centromere shaping of the sex chromosomes of A. officinalis, but were not implicated in MSY formation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-019-1975-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The flowing behavior of granular materials is known as granular flow, which is ubiquitous in nature, industry and daily life. The behavior is not only related to flowing particles’ properties such as size, shape, density, and coarseness, but also to the external environments such as the flow channel and outlet. Therefore, the granular flow exhibits abundant non-linear phenomena. By now, great achievements have been made in the engineering field, but a unified theoretical framework is still absent. Consequently, it is very necessary to systemically investigate the effects of different parameters on the granular flow. This will be beneficial to deepen the understanding of flowing behavior, uncover the flowing mechanism, as well as potentially open a new avenue of establishment of the constitutive equations. This paper mainly focuses on the hopper flow including gravity-driven hopper, inclined hopper and velocity-driven horizontal hopper, and presents the dependence of the flow rate, flow pattern, particle velocity and packing fraction on various physical factors. These factors involve the outlet size, outlet position, outlet shape, coefficient of friction of inter-particles, particle shape, outlet number, external stimulus, obstacles, and hopper angle. The results can provide significant reference for tuning the flow rate and transportation efficiency, as well as serve as the basis for the future research.

The dynamical behavior of the column that made up binary granular beads is investigated systematically by tracking the displacement of particles in the collapse process. An experimental setup is first devised to control the quasi-static collapse of a granular column, and then observe the trajectories of tracer particles by using an industrial camera controlled by the image acquisition program. It is found that there exist two zones in column: a sliding region in which particles are moving in a layered structure; a static region within which particles are stationary. According to this analytical result, a dynamical model is developed to predict the trajectory evolution of particles in the space-time. The calculating result for the trajectories of particles on the selected layers is well consistent with the experimental observation.

Contaminants released from sediment into rivers are one of the main problems to study in environmental hydrodynamics. For contaminants released into the overlying water under different hydrodynamic conditions, the mechanical mechanisms involved can be roughly divided into convective diffusion, molecular diffusion, and adsorption/desorption. Because of the obvious environmental influence of fine sediment ( 0.06 mm), non-cohesive fine sediment, and cohesive fine sediment are researched in this paper, and phosphorus is chosen for a typical adsorption of a contaminant. Through theoretical analysis of the contaminant release process, according to different hydraulic conditions, the contaminant release coupling mathematical model can be established by the N-S equation, the Darcy equation, the solute transport equation, and the adsorption/desorption equation. Then, the experiments are completed in an open water flume. The simulation results and experimental results show that convective diffusion dominates the contaminant release both in non-cohesive and cohesive fine sediment after their suspension, and that they contribute more than 90 % of the total release. Molecular diffusion and desorption have more of a contribution for contaminant release from unsuspended sediment. In unsuspension sediment, convective diffusion is about 10-50 times larger than molecular diffusion during the initial stages under high velocity; it is close to molecular diffusion in the later stages. Convective diffusion is about 6 times larger than molecular diffusion during the initial stages under low velocity, it is about a quarter of molecular diffusion in later stages, and has a similar level with desorption/adsorption. In unsuspended sediment, a seepage boundary layer exists below the water-sediment interface, and various release mechanisms in that layer mostly dominate the contaminant release process. In non-cohesive fine sediment, the depth of that layer increases linearly with shear stress. In cohesive fine sediment, the range seepage boundary is different from that in non-cohesive sediment, and that phenomenon is more obvious under a lower shear stress.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an economically important swine disease affecting swine worldwide. In this study, a total of 385 samples were collected from Shandong pig farms during 2013 and 2014, when pigs were not inoculated with any vaccine. Results indicated that, out of 385 samples, 47 (12.21%) were PRRSV-RNA-positive. The gene sequence analysis of 12 ORF5, 12 ORF7, and 8 Nsp2 of these samples was used to determine the molecular epidemiology of PRRSV in different parts of China’s Shandong Province. The phylogenetic tree based on these 3 genes indicated that the Chinese PRRSV strains could be divided into five subgroups and two large groups. The 8 study strains were clustered into subgroup IV, another 4 strains into subgroup I. The first 8 strains shared considerable homology with VR-2332 in ORF5 (96–97.5%), the other 4 strains shared considerable homology with JXA1 (94–98%). Phylogenetic tree of GP5 showed that the eight isolates formed a tightly novel clustered branch, subgroup V, which resembled but differed from isolate VR-2332. When examined using Nsp2 alone, the first 8 strains showed considerable homology with a U.S. vaccine strain, Ingelvac MLV (89.6–98.4%). One novel pattern of deletion was observed in Nsp2. The genetic diversity of genotype 2 PRRSV tended to vary in the field. The emergence of novel variants will probably be the next significant branch of PRRSV study.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is often detected in commercial bovine serum. BVDV genetic diversity was investigated in commercial bovine serum of Chinese origin. Twenty-two batches of bovine serum were obtained from 10 suppliers with different geographic origins in China, and 20 batches of bovine serum were positive by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing. Phylogenetic reconstructions of partial 5'UTR sequences indicated that the samples examined in this work clustered within the BVDV type 1 and BVDV type 2 genotypes. Interestingly, 3 sample sequences clustered into CSFV. These results suggest a high genetic diversity in Chinese BVDV field isolates. This study will benefit epidemiological surveys of BVDV detected in China.

Based on experiment in tidal flume, this paper analyzes the sediment rarefactive phenomenon and hydraulic characteristics of sediment resuspension with different physical properties under the effect of tidal current. According to this experiment, sediment resuspension is related to the hydraulic characteristics of overlying water and its own dry density, namely the moisture content of sediment and deposition time. Generally, river sediment can be classified into the upper layer of floating sludge and lower layer of deposit sediment. Incipient velocity goes higher as the sediment layer goes thicker. Based on the experiment, incipient velocity formula of sediment can be obtained. There is a cohesive force among natural fine sediment whose resuspension is almost irrelevant to their diameters. Therefore, the critical incipient velocity is determined by the cohesive force instead of particle diameter. The lower layer of deposit sediment is generally not so easy to start up. And it will be rarified and release into the overlying water when contacting with overlying water. However, this rarefaction release velocity is gentle and slow. Under the same flow condition, annual loss amount of lower layer deposited sediment is about one fifth of upper layer of floating sediment. Flow velocity of tidal river and variation of the water level are asymmetrical, both of which vary under different tidal cycles. During long tidal cycle, flow velocity and water level change in the same phase and amplitude with tide. During the whole ebb and flow, flow direction does not change as the water level goes under the influence of acceleration and deceleration. As the tide cycle increases, the incipient velocity of sediment goes higher. This means that the long period tide cycle plays buffer effect on the resuspension of sediment, which makes the sediment not so easy both to start up and to suspend.

Objective To investigate the effects of Ermiao Fang (EM) with medical guide Xixin (Herba Asari Mandshurici) (HAM) on bone marrow stem cell migration to a focal zone in osteoarthritis (OA) rats. Methods OA rats were induced by arthrectomy and assigned to sham-operated, model, EM, or EM plus HAM groups. All rats were injected with recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor 30 μg • kg−1 • d−1 for 7 days and treated with EM or EM plus HAM at 1.6 or 1.9 g • kg−1 • d−1 for 3 or 6 weeks, respectively. Chondrocyte apoptosis and cartilage matrix components were tested by transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling assay and special staining. Levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) nitric oxide (NO), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or radioimmunoassay. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-13, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs)-1, Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), cluster of differentiation 34 (CD34), and stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) were measured by immunohistochemical assay. Results The EM and EM plus HAM groups had significantly less cartilage damage and synovium inflammation the model group. Moreover, the EM and EM plus HAM groups had less chondrocyte apoptosis and more proteoglycan and collagen content than the model group. The EM and EM plus HAM groups had obviously higher MMPs-13 and TIMPs-1 expression in the cartilage than the model group. Moreover, the two formula groups had less release of IL-1β, TNF-α, NO, and iNOS than model group. Importantly, the expressions of BrdU, CD34, and SDF-1 in cartilage were significantly higher in the EM and EM plus HAM-Medtreated rats than model group. Notably, the EM plus HAM treatment seemed to have the greatest effects. Conclusions HAM improves the therapeutic effects of EM on OA rats by enhancing BMSC directional homing to the focal zone.

The feasibility of asymmetric electrocarboxylation of 1-phenylethyl chloride catalyzed by the electrogenerated chiral [CoI(salen)]− complex has been investigated for the first time. Using this system, optically active 2-phenylpropionic acid in 37% yield and 83% ee is synthesized from 1-phenylethyl chloride and CO2. The electrochemical behavior of the catalyst and the optimization of synthesis conditions are discussed. This study provides a new procedure for the asymmetric synthesis of a chiral compound and expands the applications of chiral CoII(salen) in the electrochemical asymmetric fixation of CO2. Keywords: Asymmetry, Electrocarboxylation, 1-Phenylethyl chloride, CO2, chiral CoII(salen) complex

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) nucleocapsid protein (NP) is the immunodominant region of PRRSV viral proteins. Non-structural protein 2 (Nsp2) and its hypervariable region play an essential role in the differential diagnosis of PRRSV. Western blot and immunofluorescence assay (IFA) analyses found that 2 out of 18 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) recognized the NP and that 5 of 11 MAbs recognized Nsp2-120aa. IFA data demonstrated that 2 MAbs raised against the NP have a positive reaction to PRRSV; either HP-PRRSV, classic PRRSV or the vaccine strain at 1:100 dilution. Two MAbs raise against Nsp2-120aa also react positively with the classic PRRSV nor HP-PRRSV, but not with the PRRSV vaccine strain TJM-F92. Epitope mapping using truncated proteins identified a novel Nsp2-120aa epitope. In addition, we show that MAb BR/PNsp2-2A20 recognizes a 20 amino acid peptide (707) GRFEFLPKMILETPPPHPCG (727) of Nsp2. Based on our findings, we propose that MAb BR/PNsp2-2A20, raised against Nsp2-120aa of PRRSV, as a candidate specific diagnostic MAb for differentiation of the PRRSV virulent strains infected pig from vaccine strain TJM-F92 inoculated ones. The MAbs developed here have potential for use in diagnostic and research tools, including immunofluorescence assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting.

There were 4 Acinetobacter lwoffii obtained from soil samples. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the strains to 16 antimicrobial agents was investigated using K-B method. Three isolates showed the multi-drug resistance. The presence of resistance genes and integrons was determined using PCR. The aadA1, aac(3')-IIc, aph(3')-VII, aac(6')-Ib, sul2, cat2, floR, and tet(K) genes were detected, respectively. Three class 1 integrons were obtained. The arr-3-aacA4 and blaPSE-1 gene cassette, which cause resistance to aminoglycoside and beta-lactamase antibiotics. Our results reported the detection of multi-drug resistant and carried resistant genes Acinetobacter lwoffii from soil. The findings suggested that we should pay close attention to the prevalence of multi-drug resistant bacterial species of environment.

Objectives To assess the regional diastolic function in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) by using single-beat, real-time, three-dimensional echocardiography (RT-3DE).

Canine parvovirus (CPV) type 2c is a new antigenic variant of CPV-2. Since the year 2000 it has spread to several countries, causing severe hemorrhagic enteritis in dogs. In 2014 and 2015, 58 fecal samples were collected from dogs in Beijing with suspected CPV infection. Regardless of the vaccination status of the dogs, 43 samples were found positive for CPV according to PCR results; i.e., 18, 7, and 18 respectively belonged to antigenic types new CPV-2a, new CPV-2b, and CPV-2c. A phylogenetic tree based on their VP2 gene sequences indicated that the Chinese CPV-2c strains form a separate cluster. In addition to synonymous mutations, the CPV-2c strains also contain a unique coding mutation in VP2 that leads to glycine at residue 5, instead of the highly conserved alanine at this position in all other CPV-2c strains sequenced to date. Using F81 cells, several novel isolates of CPV-2c, each with the Ala5Gly mutation, were obtained. One of these was used to infect experimentally beagle dogs, which subsequently developed the typical clinical symptoms of CPV infection. Hence, it appears that CPV-2c is still evolving in China, a finding that warrants continuous surveying and the eventual adaptation of current vaccines.

Background: Highly pathogenic (HP) porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes prolonged high fever, red discoloration of the body, blue ears and a high mortality. Previously, we found that the PRRSV vaccine strain TJM contained a deletion of 120 amino acids (aa 628-747) in nonstructural protein 2 (Nsp2). We aimed to explore the replication features of PRRSV after adding the transiently expressed product of these 120 aa in vitro. Methods: We constructed seven eukaryotic expression plasmids containing different parts of the 120-aa sequence, transfected them into Marc-145 cells and then inoculated the cells with 103 TCID50 TJM per well. We detected virus replication at mRNA and protein level by real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively, and determined the virus titer. Results: The transiently expressed 120 aa and one of its truncated polypeptides inhibited PRRSV TJM propagation on Marc-145 cells. The complete 120-aa sequence induced a remarkable decrease in PRRSV replication, causing a reduction in structural protein levels between 36 and 48 h after infection. Additionally, aa 628-727 partly reduced the replication of PRRSV on Marc-145 cells. Conclusions: The 120 aa from Nsp2, especially aa 628-727, play a negative role in PRRSV TJM proliferation.

Bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV3) is one of the most important respiratory pathogens in cattle. One BPIV3, named NM09, was isolated from cattle suffering from severe respiratory diseases in 2009. BPIV3 is a potential recombinant vaccine vector. To investigate whether NM09 can infect pigs and determine BPIV3 defense in these animals, BPIV3 antibody-free pigs were inoculated intramuscularly with the BPIV3 NM09 strain in a continuous passage. Clinical signs were observed each day after inoculation. Viral nucleic acid was detected in nasal and anal secretions. Results showed that virus-inoculated pigs displayed few observable clinical signs related to respiratory diseases. The antibody was identified, but the virus could not be detected in the second continuous passage in pigs. Thus, BPIV3 is a potential vaccine vector for genetic engineering.

To discuss the method of functional reconstruction of ischemic contracture in the lower limb and propose a classification protocol for ischemic contracture in the lower limb based on its severity and prognosis.A total of 42 patients with ischemic contracture in the lower limb were included in this study. According to different types of disturbance and degrees of severity, surgical reconstructions consisting of nerve decompression, tendon lengthening or transfer, intrinsic foot muscle release and sural-tibial nerve anastomosis were performed in every patient.Postoperatively, all patients were able to walk on flat ground. Drop foot was corrected in 10 patients, and 5 patients still felt some difficulty during stair activity. Split Achilles tendon transfer to flexor hallucis longus tendon was performed in 12 patients, and their walking stability was improved. Seven patients accepted ipsilateral sural-tibial nerve anastomosis, and sensitivity recovery reached to S2 in 2 patients and S3 in 5 patients.Ischemic contracture in the lower limb is a devastating complication after lower limb trauma. The prevention of contracture is much more important than the treatment of an established contracture. Split Achilles tendon transfer to flexor hallucis longus tendon and sural-tibial nerve anastomosis, which was initially implemented by us, could improve the functional recovery of ischemic contracture in lower limbs, and thus provides a new alternative for functional reconstruction of ischemic contracture in the lower limb.

To investigate the value of abnormal muscle response (AMR) monitoring during microvascular decompression (MVD) for hemifacial spasm (HFS) and compare the outcomes of the patients undergoing AMR or not.234 HFS patients, aged (45.2 +/- 12.5) (25 - 76), undergoing MVD were randomly divided into 2 groups:199 of them underwent AMR monitoring intra-operatively and 35 not. No muscle relaxant was used. The zygomatic branch of the facial nerve was stimulated electrically and the AMR of the ipsilateral mental muscle was recorded. The relationship between AMR monitoring results and final surgical outcome was analyzed.Before incision of dura mater, all patients showed characteristic AMR of HFS. AMR disappeared in 165 patients (82.9%) after MVD of the facial nerve root. HFS disappeared shortly after operation in 144 of the 165 patients with disappearance of AMR, and only in 8 of the 34 patients with persistent AMR. Follow-up lasting for more than 1 year showed that HFS disappeared in 157 of the 181 patients of the AMR group, and in 24 of the 35 patients who had not undergone AMR monitoring during operation.Helping differentiate the responsible vessel, to assess the effect of decompression, and to predict the postoperative course of MVD, AMR monitoring improves the long-term outcome of HFS treated with MVD.

A new catalytic stereoselective tandem transformation via Nazarov cyclization/electrophilic fluorination has been accomplished. This sequence is efficiently catalyzed by a Cu(II) complex to afford fluorine-containing 1-indanone derivatives with two new stereocenters with high diastereoselectivity (trans/cis up to 49/1). Three examples of catalytic enantioselective tandem transformation are presented.

Strong interaction exists in water flow, sediment movement and pollutants migration, resulting in an integrated environmental system of close contact with each other. Impact of sediment and suspended sediment on the water environment appears a combined dynamic coupling effect by complex hydrodynamic conditions. Three main ways of the pollutants entering water are studied by flume experiments. These three physical processes may be the static diffusion through sediment-water interface, the release due to sediment resuspension and the release of suspended sediment by turbulence. The results show that the sediment can be divided into two distinct muddy and sandy matters based on surface characteristics. Sediment grain size, porosity and initial contaminant amount are the main factors to determine static release of contaminants at the sediment-water interface. The pollutant quantity attenuation formula in sediment was established thereby, indicating that the contaminated attenuation time are proportional to the sediment thickness, density and distribution coefficient. The contaminant release process due to suspended sediment can be broadly divided into three stages: the initial stage, the alternating stage between suspension and settlement and the balance stage. The ratio of the solid/liquid distribution in the water body increases firstly and then decreases in the later two stages. Pollutants emission amount equations is derived based on the mass conservation law, and its contract with experimental results shows that the nature of the adsorption and desorption of contaminants to some extent alleviate the rate of its release. Water pollutant concentration distribution and velocity distribution as well as suspended sediment concentration distribution are closely related, showing the same variation. Vertical distribution difference of sediment contaminants becomes larger with the increase of flow velocity. The larger the initial sediment concentration is, the more uniform the distribution of sediment contaminants tends to be. The time to reach a uniform vertical concentration distribution takes more for sediment with smaller particle size.

Severe crushing injuries to the distal forearm can preclude immediate hand replantation, with temporary ectopic implantation as a practicable option under special circumstances. This report describes a case of temporary ectopic hand implantation for a crush injury extending from the wrist to the middle third of the forearm, using the left foot as the recipient site. The hand was replanted onto the left forearm 3 months after the ectopic implantation, with functional gains seen by 18 months. Satisfactory ambulation was retained, with no reported foot pain. Temporary ectopic implantation is a pragmatic alternative under select circumstances.