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Sickle cell disease remains a major public health problem in Burkina Faso and Africa. For the management of this pathology in young children, the Institute for Research in Health Sciences has developed an herbal drug called FACA® syrup. The objective of this study was to verify the safety and pharmacological efficacy of this formulation for its use in the management of sickle cell disease. Acute and subacute oral toxicity tests were performed on Wistar rats in accordance with Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development test guidelines and anti-sickling activity of FACA® syrup was evaluated according to the Emmel test. In the acute test, FACA® syrup didn’t cause mortality or any behavioral change at dose of 2000 mg/kg/b.w suggesting that the test product estimated LD50 is 5000 mg/kg b.w. The results of subacute toxicity study indicate that the daily administration of FACA® syrup during 28 days did not result in significant change on physical, haematological and biochemical parameters up to dose of 1000 mg/kg b.w. The evaluation of effect of FACA® syrup in vitro on sickling revealed that, FACA® syrup possesses a real antisickling activity. Regarding these results FACA® syrup would be considered as safe in both acute and subacute exposure and could be used in the management of sickle cell diseases. Keywords: FACA® syrup, oral toxicity, sickle cell anemia, Antisickling activity

A survey was conducted in the central region of Burkina Faso to find out about women's menopause-related disorders and their treatment in traditional medicine. Fifty-six (56) species have been identified to treat different symptoms such as hot flashes, insomnia, nausea, joint and muscle pain, itching, lower abdominal pain, edema, mood disorders, vertigo. Leaves and stem bark were the most recommended in the preparation of recipes, at 43 and 39% respectively. The majority of the species (60.72%) was local food plants with a high use value (UVs ≥ 0.50). Many chemical groups including alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, sterols, triterpenes, anthraquinones, carotenoids, anthracenosides, phenolic acids, coumarins, capable of reducing or eliminating these different symptoms exist in these plants. Also, the presence of several mineral elements such as Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), Aluminum (Al), Iron (Fe), Potassium (K), Iodine (I), Vitamins A, B, C, F, K, P, E, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, fibers, resins and gum show the importance of these plants in human nutrition. These local plants are therefore potential sources for the development of new natural nutraceuticals in the management of menopausal period in women. Key words: Menopause, medicinal plants, nutrients, phytoestrogens.

Aims: To investigate ovicidal and larvicidal activities of an aqueous decoction (AD) and hydroethanolic macerate (HEM) extracts and fractions of the leaves of Saba senegalensis. Study Design: In vitro, the ovicidal and larvicidal activities of AD and HEM extracts and fractions of the leaves of Saba senegalensis on the eggs and larvae (L1) of Heligmosomoides bakeri. Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted at the department of Medicine and Traditional Pharmacopeia-Pharmacy (MEPHATRA-PH) of Institute of Research in Health Sciences (IRSS) between June 2015 and December 2016. Methodology: The phytochemical groups of the extract and fractions of Saba senegalensis were determined by a colorimetric and Thin Layer Chromatography methods. The eggs were obtained from feces of mice deliberately infected and the larvae from the eggs were incubated at 25 ±2℃ for 72 hours. Eggs and larvae were exposed to increasing concentrations (100; 625; 1250; 2500; 3750 µg/mL) of the different extracts, 48 hours and 24 hours for the eggs and larvae respectively. Distilled water and DMSO 0.1% were used as negative controls while albendazole and levamisole were used as positive controls. Results: The phytochemical groups of interest are the tannins, saponins, flavonoids and triterpenes. The negative control had given 2.16% of egg hatch inhibition and 0% of larvae mortality mean while the positive control had given 100% in both cases. The extracts inhibited eggs hatching and affected larval survival. Pharmacological effects were concentration-dependent. The ovicidal and larvicidal activity of HEM is more interesting than that of AD with an Emax = 95.60% and an IC50 = 390 µg/mL. It is the same for the larvicidal activity with Emax = 100% and an LC50 = 900 µg/mL. However, the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion: These results show the ovicidal and larvicidal properties of the S. senegalensis leaves.

Acacia seyal and Acacia tortilis are used in the treatment of infectious diseases in traditional medicine by population in Northern Burkina Faso. Phytochemical screening by tube test and on HPTLC plates showed the presence of important chemical compounds in these plants. Determination of total phenolic content using method of Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent (FCR) and antioxidant activity by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test, showed that this biological activity is related to phenolic content. The trunk bark of A. tortilis had an important antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 0.01±0.01 µg/mL due to its highest content (p

Aims: We aimed in this study to investigate the mechanisms of the vasorelaxation effect caused by the anthocyanins-enriched extract of Odontonema strictum flowers. Study Design: Anthocyanins-enriched extract of Odontonema strictum flowers and vasorelaxantes activities of mice aortic rings. Place and Duration of Study: The flowers of Odontonema strictum (Nees) Kuntze (Acanthaceae) were collected in January 2015 at the “Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)” experimental station in Ouagadougou. The experiments were conducted in October - November 2018 at the department of Medicine and Traditional Pharmacopeia-Pharmacy (MEPHATRA-PH)/IRSS. Methodology: The extract was enriched in anthocyanins using Amberlite XAD-7 non-ionic resin column. The vasorelaxant activity of anthocyanins-enriched extract of O. strictum flowers (OSF) was tested using isolated organ-chamber technique with mice aorta rings. Results: OSF showed concentration-dependent relaxant effects on mice endothelium intact or denuded aortic rings pre-contracted with U46619 (10-7 M) and KCl (80 mM). OSF induced relaxation in the mice aortic rings by stimulating smooth muscle cells. The vasorelaxant effect of OSF (10-1000 µg/mL) was similar in endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded aortic rings. The maximum relaxant effect was 93.78 ± 4.69% and 92.30 ± 3.19% for endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded aortic rings, respectively. Moreover, after incubation of the aorta rings with OSF (400 µg/mL) or vehicle (0.02% of DMSO) in PSS, OSF blocked the contraction through mechanism involving inhibition of CaCl2 and U46619 effect. Conclusions: The present study provides a pharmacological evidence for the antihypertensive medicinal use of Odontonema strictum by highlighting its vasorelaxant activity.

Considered safe because being from natural origin, plant products can exhibit toxic effects during their use. To ensure safe use of Annona senegalensis Pers. (Annonaceae), plant widely used for its therapeutic potential, the phytochemical and safety profiles of its root wood were investigated. Standard tube characterization tests were used to highlight phytochemical groups of root wood of the plant. Acute and subacute toxicity tests were carried out in Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice following the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) test guidelines. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of sterols and triterpens, polyphenols, reducing compounds, and flavonoids in root wood of Annona senegalensis (A. senegalensis). In toxicological studies, the results indicate that the aqueous extract has a low acute toxicity with an LD50 greater than 5000 mg/kg b.w. The results of subacute toxicity study indicate that the mice receiving 300 mg/kg b.w. of extract experienced mildly decreased body weights in comparison with the control in non-significant manner, especially at the fourth week. After 28 days of treatment, apart aspartate aminotransferase (AST), no significant changes were found in the blood serum biochemical parameters such as total proteins, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glucose, creatinin, and lipid levels of the treated mice in comparision with the control group. In view of the current results, A. senegalensis root wood aqueous extract would be considered as safe in both acute and subacute exposure. However, long-term toxicity studies are needed for further toxicological profile elicitation of the plant, and a possible reinforcement of clinical relevance of the results of laboratory studies. Key words: Annona senegalensis, blood chemistry, Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice, phytochemical compounds, sex-related toxicity, traditional medicine.

Aims: To evaluate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of extracts of Saba senegalensis leaves. Study Design: In vitro antioxidant assay and in vivo anti-inflammatory, analgesic assay of Saba senegalensis extracts. Place and Duration of Study: Saba senegalensis leaves, were collected in the Centre Region of Burkina Faso, in June–July 2015. The experiments were conducted at the department of Medicine and Traditional Pharmacopeia-Pharmacy (MEPHATRA-PH) of Institute of Research in Health Science (IRSS). Methodology: The anti-oedematous tests with carrageenan and the analgesic with acetic acid and investigate effect on isolated organ were carried out. The standards were acetylsalicylic acid and paracetamol. Results: After five hours of carrageenan-induced edema test, aqueous decoction (AD) presented better inhibition on all measure. In fact, at the different doses of 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and 600 mg/kg it presented percentages of inhibitions respectively of 30.81%, 62.27% and 72.71%. For the analgesic test, the hydroethanol macerate (HEM) showed a better pain reduction compared to the AD with a maximum effect of 77.28% at 400 mg/kg. Antioxidant activity with AD and his fractions shows that AD showed a better activity for the DPPH assay with an IC50 of 1.74 ± 0.10 μg/mL and a reducing power of 59.53 ± 2.16 mmol ET/g Sample. For HEM and his fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction (FHEM-AcOEt) showed a better IC50 of 0.18 ± 0.01 μg/mL for the DPPH test and dichloromethane fraction (FHEM-DCM) a reducing power agent of 88.88 ± 2.65 mmol ET/g Sample. All fractions were endowed with antioxidant properties by both methods. Conclusion: The study findings suggest that the presence of phenolic and terpenoid compounds could explain the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of these extracts.

Waltheria indica L. (Malvaceae) is a plant used in Burkina Faso for the treatment of various ailments including asthma. The aim of the study was to evaluate the pharmacological relaxant effect of the leafy stem extracts of Waltheria indica and thereby verify claim of use in treating asthma. Aqueous decoction and hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from the powdered leafy stems were screened for the presence of some phytoconstituents. The in vitro relaxant effect of the two extracts was evaluated on acetylcholine- (ACh 10−5 M) and potassium chloride- (KCl 6 × 10−2 M) induced contractions on rat-isolated tracheal preparations. To examine whether the potassium (K+) channels are involved in the relaxant effect, glibenclamide, an ATP-sensitive potassium channel inhibitor, was used. Moreover, to assess the safety of the extracts, acute oral toxicity was carried out on mice. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids, tannins, and coumarins in the hydroalcoholic extract. Tannins, steroids, triterpenoids, and coumarins were not detected in the aqueous decoction. With respective EC50 values of 1.517 ± 0.002 mg/mL and 1.433 ± 0.001 mg/mL on ACh-and KCl-provoked contractions, the hydroalcoholic extract was found more potent in relaxing the isolated rat tracheal preparations compared to the aqueous decoction. In the presence of glibenclamide, the relaxant effect of the hydroalcoholic extract (EC50 = 0.191 ± 0.002 mg/mL) increased and was higher than that of the aqueous decoction. At dose of 5000 mg/kg of body weight, the extracts did not produce deaths or any significant changes in the general behavior of mice. The results suggest that different mechanisms including modulation of calcium and potassium channels, particularly the ATP-sensitive K+ channels, could be involved in the relaxation effect. These findings could justify the traditional use of W. indica in the management of asthma.

Cassia sieberiana DC. (Caesalpiniaceae), Guiera senegalensis JF. Gmel (Combretaceae) and Excoecaria grahamii (Hochst) Pax. (Euphorbiaceae) are used in traditional medicine in Burkina Faso to treat gastro-intestinal parasites. Standard methods were used for phytochemical screening and to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic activity of the aqueous extracts of the three (3) plants using the egg hatch test against Haemonchus contortus eggs. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of anthocyanosides, tannins, saponosides, reducing compounds, carbohydrates, flavonoids and triterpenic steroids in the extracts of the root bark of C. sieberiana and the leaves of C. sieberiana, G. senegalensis and E. grahamii. All extracts inhibited significantly (p< 0.05) the eggs hatch of H. contortus. At the concentration of 14.25 mg/mL, the percentages of inhibition varied from 60.33 ± 8.43 to 76.6 ± 4.91%. These results indicate that the studied plants possess anthelminthic activities and thus justify their use for the treatment of gastrointestinal parasites infections. Key words: Anthelmintic activity, medicinal plants, phytochemical, in vitro, Haemonchus contortus, Burkina Faso.

International audience; Objective: The present prospective study was aimed to target the antihypertensive drug regimen for HBP associated with modifiable cardiovascular risk factors such as stressful and sedentary lifestyle, obesity, diabetes and chronic ethylism among hypertensive patients. Material and Method: This study was conducted among outpatients and inpatients attending the department of cardiology of Campus Teaching Hospital for hypertension conditions associated with comorbidities (stressful, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, diabetes and ethylism) and placed on antihypertensive drug therapy. Results: Of the 112 patients treated for HBP, 43 (38.39%) received an ambulatory treatment and 69 (61.61%) were hospitalized. Of 43 outpatients, 37.21% and 18.60% vs 24.64%, 34.78% and 23.19% of 69 inpatients presented respectively 2, 3 and ≥ 4 concomitant modifiable risk factors. Regarding the antihypertensive drug regimens received and concomitant risk factor profile of patients, significant reduction of Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) among patients with 3 risk factors and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) among patients with at least, together with chronic ethylism, another risk factor among stressful, sedentary lifestyle, obesity and diabetes, was observed. In cases of complicated HBP, outpatients with 3 concomitant risk factors against inpatients with high stress, sedentary lifestyle and obesity were placed on diuretic (D), Calcium Channel Antagonist (CCA) and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor (ACEI) as first choice in monotherapy or in addition to Centrally Acting Antihypertensive Drug (CAAD) in suitable combinations in 2/3 of total combinations prescribed. Conclusion: antihypertensive drug regimens from mono to quadruple therapy allowed to control significantly SBP in patients with 3 concomitant modifiable risk factors and DBP among patients with at least, together with chronic ethylism, another risk factor among stress, sedentarity, obesity and diabetes. In complicated HBP with concomitant modifiable risk factors, D or CCA or ACEI or in suitable combinations in addition to CAAD were the favorite pharmacological groups prescribed.

La prise en charge medicamenteuse de l'hypertension arterielle (HTA) entraine des effets indesirables qui peuvent etre genants et ainsi influencer l'observance du patient. Nous avons etudie ces effets indesirables dans le service de cardiologie du Centre hospitalier universitaire Yalgado Ouedraogo afin de determiner leurs frequences et leurs caracteristiques. Il s'agissait d'une etude transversale de juillet a septembre 2015 chez les patients suivis en ambulatoire pour HTA. Les donnees ont ete obtenues a partir de l'interrogatoire, des carnets de suivi des patients et des fiches de consultations. Au total 278 patients ont ete inclus. La population d'etude incluait 69,1% de femmes. L'âge moyen etait de 52,2 ans avec des extremes de 23 et 86 ans. Quatre vingt et sept virgule huit pourcent (87,8%) vivaient en milieu urbain. Le tabagisme, la dyslipidemie et les antecedents familiaux d'HTA representaient respectivement 9%, 35,6% et 57,2%. Au plan therapeutique, 43,2% etaient sous monotherapie, 35,6% sous bitherapie a l'initiation du traitement. Les inhibiteurs calciques (59,7%) etaient la classe therapeutique la plus utilisee. La prevalence globale des effets indesirables etait de 60,1%. Les inhibiteurs calciques etaient impliques dans 53,6% suivis des diuretiques (48,6%) dans la survenue de l'effet indesirable. La prevalence specifique par molecule etait 28,1% pour l'amlodipine et 24,5% pour l'hydrochlorothiazide. La diurese excessive (13,7%), la toux (12,9%) et les vertiges (11,5%) etaient les effets indesirables les plus frequemment evoques par les patients. Le systeme nerveux central et peripherique et le systeme osteo-musculaire etaient les systemes les plus atteints. Les effets indesirables sont un determinant majeur de l'adhesion aux traitements antihypertenseur, car leur impact sur la vie quotidienne des patients peut s'averer significatif.

Lantana ukambensis (Vatke) Verdc. is an African food and medicinal plant. Its red fruits are eaten and highly appreciated by the rural population. This plant was extensively used in African folk medicinal traditions to treat chronic wounds but also as anti-leishmanial or cytotoxic remedies, especially in Burkina Faso, Tanzania, Kenya, or Ethiopia. This study investigates the in vitro bioactivity of polymethoxyflavones extracted from a L. ukambensis as anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic agents. We isolated two known polymethoxyflavones, 5,6,7,3′,4′,5′-hexamethoxyflavone (1) and 5-hydroxy-6,7,3′,4′,5′-pentamethoxyflavone (2) from the whole plant of L. ukambensis. Their chemical structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis and comparison with published data. These molecules were tested for the anti-proliferative, cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects on human cancer cells. Among them, 5-hydroxy-6,7,3′,4′,5′-pentamethoxyflavone (2) was selectively cytotoxic against monocytic lymphoma (U937), acute T cell leukemia (Jurkat), and chronic myelogenous leukemia (K562) cell lines, but not against peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors, at all tested concentrations. Moreover, this compound exhibited significant anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects against U937 acute myelogenous leukemia cells. This study highlights the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of 5-hydroxy-6,7,3′,4′,5′-pentamethoxyflavone (2) and provides a scientific basis of traditional use of L. ukambensis.

Background: This study has been carried out to evaluate the in vivo anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic effects of an aqueous decoction and ethanol extract (95%) of Ficus sycomorus leaves. Methods: The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by the carrageenan-induced mice paw oedema model. The non-morphine type analgesic effect was evaluated trough acetic acid-induced writhing test. The morphine type analgesic activity was tested by mouse tail–flick test. The anti-pyretic activity was tested by induced hyperthermia in mice with brewer's yeast. Data analysis used the one way ANOVA test. Results: The anti-inflammatory effects of the two extracts, at doses of 300 and 500 mg/kg b.w., were dose dependent and comparable to those of the reference controls, indomethacin (1 mg/kg b.w.) and hydrocortisone (10 mg/kg b.w.). At the same dose, the analgesic effect of the ethanol extract on abdominal writhings induced by acetic acid, was comparable to those Lysine acetylsalicylate (LAS, 300 mg/kg b.w) and hydrocortisone (10 mg/kg b.w.) used as controls. As for the morphine type analgesic effects of the two extracts tested at doses of 300 and 500 mg / kg both were significantly higher in comparison with the blank control (p Key words: Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Antipyretic, Antinociceptive, Ficus sycomorus, Sickle cell disease.

Radiotherapy is an essential component of glioma standard treatment. Glioblastomas (GBM), however, display an important radioresistance leading to tumor recurrence. To improve patient prognosis, there is a need to radiosensitize GBM cells and to circumvent the mechanisms of resistance caused by interactions between tumor cells and their microenvironment. STAT3 has been identified as a therapeutic target in glioma because of its involvement in mechanisms sustaining tumor escape to both standard treatment and immune control. Here, we studied the role of STAT3 activation on tyrosine 705 (Y705) and serine 727 (S727) in glioma radioresistance. This study explored STAT3 phosphorylation on Y705 (pSTAT3-Y705) and S727 (pSTAT3-S727) in glioma cell lines and in clinical samples. Radiosensitizing effect of STAT3 activation down-modulation by Go6976 was explored. In a panel of 15 human glioma cell lines, we found that the level of pSTAT3-S727 was correlated to intrinsic radioresistance. Moreover, treating GBM cells with Go6976 resulted in a highly significant radiosensitization associated to a concomitant pSTAT3-S727 down-modulation only in GBM cell lines that exhibited no or weak pSTAT3-Y705. We report the constitutive activation of STAT3-S727 in all GBM clinical samples. Targeting pSTAT3-S727 mainly in pSTAT3-Y705-negative GBM could be a relevant approach to improve radiation therapy.

La prise en charge médicamenteuse de l'hypertension artérielle (HTA) entraine des effets indésirables qui peuvent être gênants et ainsi influencer l'observance du patient. Nous avons étudié ces effets indésirables dans le service de cardiologie du Centre hospitalier universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo afin de déterminer leurs fréquences et leurs caractéristiques. Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale de juillet à septembre 2015 chez les patients suivis en ambulatoire pour HTA. Les données ont été obtenues à partir de l'interrogatoire, des carnets de suivi des patients et des fiches de consultations. Au total 278 patients ont été inclus. La population d'étude incluait 69,1% de femmes. L'âge moyen était de 52,2 ans avec des extrêmes de 23 et 86 ans. Quatre vingt et sept virgule huit pourcent (87,8%) vivaient en milieu urbain. Le tabagisme, la dyslipidémie et les antécédents familiaux d'HTA représentaient respectivement 9%, 35,6% et 57,2%. Au plan thérapeutique, 43,2% étaient sous monothérapie, 35,6% sous bithérapie à l'initiation du traitement. Les inhibiteurs calciques (59,7%) étaient la classe thérapeutique la plus utilisée. La prévalence globale des effets indésirables était de 60,1%. Les inhibiteurs calciques étaient impliqués dans 53,6% suivis des diurétiques (48,6%) dans la survenue de l'effet indésirable. La prévalence spécifique par molécule était 28,1% pour l'amlodipine et 24,5% pour l'hydrochlorothiazide. La diurèse excessive (13,7%), la toux (12,9%) et les vertiges (11,5%) étaient les effets indésirables les plus fréquemment évoqués par les patients. Le système nerveux central et périphérique et le système ostéo-musculaire étaient les systèmes les plus atteints. Les effets indésirables sont un déterminant majeur de l'adhésion aux traitements antihypertenseur, car leur impact sur la vie quotidienne des patients peut s'avérer significatif.

Ficus sycomorus est utilise en medecine traditionnelle au Burkina Faso dans le traitement de diverses pathologies dont la drepanocytose. Les objectifs de cette etude consistaient d’une part a tester in vitro les effets du decocte aqueux et du macere hydroethanolique des feuilles sur les temps de coagulation sanguine et de formation d’agregat plaquettaire, et d’autre part a identifier par HPLC-MS les composes majoritaires. Les resultats ont montre la formation d’agregat plaquettaire dans le plasma riche en plaquette au bout de 5,27 min en absence d’extrait de la plante et apres l’addition d’acide arachidonique. La coagulation du sang des sujets drepanocytaires SS, SC ainsi que celui du sujet sain AA a ete observee respectivement au bout de 6,37 ± 1,6 min ; 7,76 ± 2 min et 11,55 ± 0,8 min en absence d’extrait de la plante. Cependant, en presence des extraits a differentes concentrations (10 ; 20 et 50 mg/mL), aucune formation d’agregat plaquettaire, ni de coagulation n’a ete observee. Les donnees spectrales ont permis d’identifier 07 composes phenoliques et leurs isomeres de formules brutes C 21 H 20 O 11 , C 21 H 20 O 12 , C 21 H 17 O 13 , C 16 H 18 O 9 et C 18 H 31 NO 3 dans les feuilles de cette plante. La presence de ces composes phenoliques justifierait la capacite des extraits a ralentir une coagulation excessive. © 2019 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved Mots cles: Drepanocytose, plante medicinale, coagulation, flavonoides, acides phenoliques English Title: Use of leaves of Ficus sycomorus L. (Moraceae) in the prevention of hypercoagulation in sickle cell patients: identification of phenolic compounds potentially anticoagulant and antiplatelet aggregation English Abstract Ficus sycomorus is used in traditional medicine in Burkina Faso in the treatment of various diseases including sickle cell disease. The objectives of this study were on the one hand to test in vitro the effects of aqueous decoction and hydroethanol macerate of the leaves on blood clotting and platelet aggregation times, and on the other hand to identify by HPLC-MS the majority compounds. The results showed platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma after 5.27 min in the absence of plant extract and after addition of arachidonic acid. Coagulation of blood of SS, SC, and healthy AA subjects was observed after 6.37 ± 1.6 min, 7.76 ± 2 min and 11.55 ± 0.8 min respectively in the absence of plant extracts. However, in the presence of extracts at different concentrations (10, 20 and 50 mg/mL), no formation of platelet aggregates or coagulation was observed. The spectral data identified 07 phenol compounds and their isomers of the formulas C 21 H 20 O 11 , C 21 H 20 O 12 , C 21 H 17 O 13 , C 16 H 18 O 9 and C 18 H 31 NO 3 in the leaves of this plant. The presence of these phenolic compounds would justify the ability of extracts to slow down excessive coagulation. © 2019 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved Keywords: Sickle Cell Anemia, medicinal plants, coagulation, flavonoids, phenolic acids

High blood pressure (HBP) is a health problem world—wide. In Togo, that affection constitutes a more and more pre-occupying cause of morbidity and mortality. This study is a prospective one which intended to identify the antihypertensive regimens prescribed and evaluate their effect on patients’ blood pressure (BP) control. Out of the 204 patients enrolled (mean: 55.01 ± 12.55 years; sex ratio: 1.3), 112/176 placed on antihypertensive therapy have controlled their BP (38.39% outpatients vs 61.61% inpatients). Related to the sex factor, we didn’t observe any significant difference in the BP control. Whereas, the mean median value of BP reduction of outpatients (30.00/15.00 mmHg) (p = 0.001) was half lower than that of inpatients (60.00/30.00 mmHg (p = 0.004)). Thirty five outpatients (81.40%) vs 64 inpatients (92.75%) were placed on combination therapy. The bitherapy was prescribed to 23 outpatients (53.49%) against 27 inpatients (39.13%) while the quadritherapy and more than 4 drugs combination were prescribed exclusively to inpatients (20.29%, n = 14). That quadritherapy induced a significant mean reduction of inpatients’ SBP compared to monotherapy (p = 0.043) and to bitherapy (p = 0.004). The favorite combinations were D + CCA, D + ACEI, D + CCA + ACEI and D + CCA + ACEI + CAAD of which the quadruple therapy showed a significant inpatients’ DBP control (p = 0.015) compared to D + CCA combination. The combinations including at least one diuretic induced a significant difference between outpatients (median value: 30.000/10.000 mmHg) (p ＜ 0.001) and inpatients (median value: 60.000 mmHg/30 mmHg) (p ＜ 0.001). The first-line molecules and fixe combinations prescribed in decreasing frequency were among others: hydrochlorothiazide + captopril, nicardipine, α methyldopa for outpatients; furosemide, nicardipine, captopril, α methyldopa, hydrochlorothiazide + captopril for inpatients. Diuretics, CCAs and ACEIs were the 3 favorite pharmacological groups for essential hypertension management in our African resource limited context. Combined to CAAD, they represented the best quadruple combination among inpatients having showed a significant difference in DBP control compared to D + CCA combination.

Sickle cell disease is a major public health problem. It is the first genetic disease in the world. FACA syrup offers an alternative treatment. It is a dry powder preparation of two components, the roots barks of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides Lam. (Rutaceae) Zepernick, Timler and Calotropis procera. Ait. R.B.r. (Asclepiadaceae). The product was developed at Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IRSS) from a traditional recipe used in Burkina Faso for treatment of sickle cell crises. This study aimed to establish physical-chemical, pharmaco technical and microbiological control parameters essential for the standardization of the phytomedicine. This valuation concerned specifications of moisture content, pH, the fingerprint by thin layer chromatography, pesticide residues, heavy metal content, microbial quality, and total ash. These charcteristics were determined by the methods prescribed by the World Health Organization (1998) and the European Pharmacopoeia 6th edition. The results have shown that dry syrups and reconstituted syrups were sweet, slightly spicy with a bitter after taste, a white room color and a faint odor. The density at the preparation was 0.985 and the pH was 5.93. After 2 months of storage in the laboratory, the organoleptic parameters of the reconstituted syrups have not changed. They were mold free, the density remained around 1 and the pH between 5 and 4. These parameters have shown that the quality of plants powders and these medicine comply with the recommendations of the European pharmacopoeia. Faca syrup may contribute to the better management of sickle cell disease in children.

The ethyl acetate and n-butanolic subfractions of Agelanthus dodoneifolius were investigated for their antioxidant and antimyeloperoxidase (MPO) activities. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was assessed by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) and dichlorofluorescein- (DCF-) induced fluorescence techniques from phorbol myristate acetate- (PMA-) stimulated equine neutrophils and human myeloid cell line HL-60, respectively. In parallel, the effects of the tested subfractions were evaluated on the total MPO release by stimulated neutrophils and on the specific MPO activity by means of immunological assays. The results showed the potent activity of the butanolic subfraction, at least in respect of the chemiluminescence test (IC50 = 0.3 ± 0.1 μg/mL) and the ELISA and SIEFED assays (IC50 = 2.8 ± 1.2 μg/mL and 1.3 ± 1.0 μg/mL), respectively. However, the ethyl acetate subfraction was found to be the most potent in the DCF assay as at the highest concentration, DCF fluorescence intensity decreases of about 50%. Moreover, we demonstrated that the ethyl acetate subfraction was rich in catechin (16.51%) while it was not easy to identify the main compounds in the butanolic subfraction using the UPLC-MS/MS technique. Nevertheless, taken together, our results provide evidence that Agelanthus dodoneifolius subfractions may represent potential sources of natural antioxidants and of antimyeloperoxidase compounds., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Radiotherapy is an essential component of glioma standard treatment. Glioblastomas (GBM), however, display an important radioresistance leading to tumor recurrence. To improve patient prognosis, there is a need to radiosensitize GBM cells and to circumvent the mechanisms of resistance caused by interactions between tumor cells and their microenvironment. STAT3 has been identified as a therapeutic target in glioma because of its involvement in mechanisms sustaining tumor escape to both standard treatment and immune control. Here, we studied the role of STAT3 activation on tyrosine 705 (Y705) and serine 727 (S727) in glioma radioresistance. This study explored STAT3 phosphorylation on Y705 (pSTAT3‐Y705) and S727 (pSTAT3‐S727) in glioma cell lines and in clinical samples. Radiosensitizing effect of STAT3 activation down‐modulation by Gö6976 was explored. In a panel of 15 human glioma cell lines, we found that the level of pSTAT3‐S727 was correlated to intrinsic radioresistance. Moreover, treating GBM cells with Gö6976 resulted in a highly significant radiosensitization associated to a concomitant pSTAT3‐S727 down‐modulation only in GBM cell lines that exhibited no or weak pSTAT3‐Y705. We report the constitutive activation of STAT3‐S727 in all GBM clinical samples. Targeting pSTAT3‐S727 mainly in pSTAT3‐Y705‐negative GBM could be a relevant approach to improve radiation therapy.

La spiruline, une algue douee de proprietes therapeutiques et immunostimulantes, est frequemment utilisee par les personnes infectees par le VIH (PvVIH). Un essai clinique controle par un placebo, a ete menee chez les personnes infectees par le VIH de type 1 (PvVIH-1) avec la spiruline enrichi en zinc et en selenium, et appelee «spiruline plus». L’objectif de l’etude etait de definir un circuit d’approvisionnement et de gestion de la « spiruline plus » et du placebo. L’etude qui a eu l’approbation du Comite d’Ethique National des Sciences et de la Sante a dure 12 mois. Les patients inclus dans l’etude ont ete randomises dans six series. Les quatre-vingt-dix-sept patients de l’etude etaient composes de 52,6% des sujets sous placebo contre 47,4% sous « la spiruline plus ». Les 63.7% des patients etaient sous traitement antiretroviraux contre 36.3% sans traitement. Neuf cent cinq traitements ont ete dispenses aux quatre-cent-quatre-vingt-neuf patients sous placebo et quatre cent seize patients sous « spiruline plus ». Le circuit defini a permis la dispensation de la « spiruline plus » et du placebo aux patients de l’etude pendant 12 mois. Mots cles: Circuit, gestion, «spiruline plus», PvVIH-1

Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae) fait l’objet de nombreuses indications thérapeutiques en médecine traditionnelle dans la région des Cascades au Burkina Faso. Dans une étude préliminaire de 2006, il a été mis en évidence une activité anti-hépatotoxique du décocté aqueux lyophilisé des feuilles chez le rat Wistar préalablement ictérisé par une administration de tétrachlorure de carbone CCl4 (0,5 mL/kg, i.p.). Dans la présente étude, les auteurs projettent de comparer les effets anti-hépatotoxiques de trois (03) extraits de la plante notamment deux extraits aqueux lyophilisés (décocté et macéré) et un extrait du totum alcaloïdique; tous administrés à différents lots de rats rendus initialement ictériques par injection de l’hépatotoxique. La silymarine (100 mg/kg) a été utilisée comme produit de référence anti-hépatotoxique. Les trois extraits (250 mg/kg, p.o.) ont témoigné une action anti-hépatotoxique significative (p

Ficus sur and Ficus sycomorus , two medicinal species used in Burkinabe traditional medicine for the treatment of sickle cell disease were investigated. The determination of total phenolic and tannins contents, using the method of Folin-Ciocalteu (FCR), indicate values significantly (p

Vitex simplicifolia Oliv. (Verbenaceae) is a perennial shrub or small tree which grows to a height of aproximatively 8 m and is widely distributed from Egypt to Guinea. In Burkina Faso, the plant is used for internal or external use to treat various diseases like skin diseases, dermatitis, bilharzia, migraines, fever, aches, amoebiasis, sore teeth, colic, infant tetanus(Nacoulma,1996). Our ethnobotanical investigations have revealed that this plant is also used in the treatment of skin infections and wounds healing. In Burkina Faso, infectious diseases are the leading cause of infant mortality (2.37%) and maternal (14.6%), therefore they constitute public health problems. The treatment of skin diseases dates back to ancient times, and many treatments were using medicinal plants. About 30% of traditional remedies are used to treat wounds and skin lesions, compared to only 1-3% of modern drugs (Mantle et al., 2001). The healing process is an immune response that begins after injury and takes place in three stages: vascular and inflammatory stage, phase of tissue repair and phase of maturation. A drug having simultaneously the potential antioxidant and antimicrobial activities may be a good therapeutic agent to accelerate cicatrization and wound healing [Houghton et al., 2005; Phillips et al., 1991; Heike et al., 1999]. Aromatherapy is now considered to be another alternative way in healing people, and therapeutic values of aromatic plants lie in their volatile constituents such as monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids and phenolic compounds that produce a definite physiological action on the human body [Bruneton, 1993].To the best of our knowledge, there is no report on pharmacological studies of this plant. The present work reported results of a detailed investigation of

This study investigated the general acute, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects of methanol extract of Lepidagathis anobrya Nees (Acanthaceae). Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and croton oil-induced ear edema in rats were used for the evaluation of general acute anti-inflammatory effects. Acetic acid-induced writhing response and yeast-induced hyperpyrexia in mice were used to evaluate the analgesic and antipyretic activities respectively. The extract at doses of 10, 25, 50 and 100 mgkg-1 for carrageenan test and doses of 0.5 mg/ear for croton oil test induced a significant reduction (p < 0.001) of paw and ear edemas in rats. In the analgesic and antipyretic tests, the extract has shown a significant inhibition of writhes and hyperpyrexia with all the doses used when compared to the untreated control group. These results clearly show the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects of the methanol extract of Lepidagathis anobrya and give the scientific basis for its traditional use. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanism of action and the components responsible for these pharmacological effects.

Agelanthus dodoneifolius DC Danser (Loranthaceae) is used for the treatment of various diseases including asthma. The aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts have been reported to have anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic and bronchorelaxant activities. The present study investigates the effects of the aqueous decoction and the diethyl ether, ethyl acetate and butanolic fractions of Agelanthus dodoneifolius DC Danser (Loranthaceae) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and myeloperoxidase (MPO) release by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated equine neutrophils and on purified equine MPO activity. ROS production and MPO release by the PMA-stimulated neutrophils were measured by the lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence and ELISA assays, respectively. Specific immunological extraction followed by enzymatic detection (SIEFED) was used to specifically measure the equine MPO activity. Identification and quanti- fication of the individual and total phenolic and flavonoid compounds were performed using UPLC-MS/MS equipment and colorimetric methods involving Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl3, respectively. All the tested extracts displayed dose-dependent inhibitory effects on the oxidant activities of neutrophils; a stronger effect was observed with the organic fractions than the aqueous decoction. These findings could be correlated with a high content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The results confirm the previously shown anti-inflammatory effect of Agelanthus dodoneifolius and its potential use for the treatment of neutrophil-dependent inflammatory diseases.

Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae), est une plante medicinale tres connue des traditherapeutes de la region des Cascades (extreme Sud-ouest du Burkina Faso). Les feuilles sont utilisees en decoction pour traiter les acces febriles du paludisme, les coliques abdominales spasmodiformes, la jaunisse, etc. La presente etude vise a evaluer l’activite antibacterienne de deux extraits de feuilles (un extrait methanolique et un totum alcaloidique) qui ont ete testes contre cinq (05) souches cliniques bacteriennes isolees de produits pathologiques (selles, urines) au laboratoire de Microbiologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Souro SANOU (CHU-SS) de Bobo-Dioulasso. Pour ce faire, nous avons mis a profit les methodes de Mathabe et al. (2006), Shan et al. (2007) et Vandepitte et al. (1994) qui ont permis de determiner la sensibilite des germes etudies. Celle-ci s’est traduite par une inhibition de la croissance de quatre (04) des cinq souches cliniques testees. Les concentrations minimales inhibitrices (CMI), relatives a l’action antibacterienne variaient selon le germe en presence; en outre l’extrait methanolique s’est avere plus actif que le totum alcaloidique qui a ete inoperant sur tous les germes testes. Ces resultats tres interessant justifient l’usage d’Argemone mexicana L.comme une plante anti-infectieuse de la pharmacopee burkinabe.

The leaves of Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae) are used in traditional medicine in Burkina Faso to treat a variety of diseases. In the “Cascades” region, many people use the leaves of the plant for the treatment of liver ailment. An aqueous extract and a crude leaf powder suspension were tested for their antihepatotoxic action against CCl4-induced hepatitis in Wistar rats. The aqueous extract (250 mg/kg, p.o.) and the crude leaf powder suspension (250 mg/kg, p.o.), orally administered, significantly attenuated the elevation of serum enzymes (GOT, GPT, ALKP) and direct bilirubin (Dbil) induced by CCl4 intoxication in rats. These actions were comparable to that of silymarin used as reference substance. For the acute toxicity test any mortality was seen at doses up to 2500 mg/kg. KEYWORDS: Argemone mexicana , antihepatotoxic, hepatoprotective, aqueous extract.

Purpose: Drugs that are administered by parenteral route must be apyrogenic. The aim of this study was to develop an in vitro endotoxin test for liquid crystalline gels for use as implants, using a monoolein–water liquid crystalline gel as a model. Methods: The gel-clot technique was used. The gel was dissolved first in isopropyl myristate, and the endotoxins were extracted with water for bacterial endotoxin test. Tests for the labelled lysate sensitivity and interfering factors were performed to validate the developed method. The limit of detection of endotoxin in the gel was also determined. Results: The labelled lysate sensitivity was confirmed. It was not influenced by the presence of extracts from the gels. Endotoxins in the contaminated test gels were completely extracted. Endotoxin concentration in the tested gels was below the calculated threshold endotoxin level. Conclusion: A method to perform in vitro endotoxins test of liquid crystalline gels was successfully developed and validated. Application of the technique to gels currently being developed in our laboratories indicate that the gels were apyrogenic. Keywords: In vitro bacterial endotoxin test; liquid crystalline gels; test validation; monoolein–water.

Hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts of leaf and stem bark of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq) Benth. (Mimosaceae) were tested against clinical isolates Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae and Enterococcus faecalis, and corresponding collection strains E. coli CIP 105 182, Salmonella enterica CIP 105 150, Shigella dysenteriae CIP 54-51 and Enterococcus faecalis CIP 103 907. Discs of Gentamicin, a broad spectrum antibiotic were used as positive controls. The results showed that all the extracts possess antimicrobial activities. A comparative study of the antibacterial activity of the leaves and that of the bark showed that for all the tested microorganisms, the hydroalcoholic extract of the bark is more active than the aqueous extract of the leaf. The hydroethanolic extract of the leaves is as effective as the aqueous extract of the stem bark prescribed by the traditional healer, suggesting it is possible to use leaves other than the roots and bark. The phytochemical screening showed that sterols and triterpenes, saponosides, tannins, reducing compounds, coumarins, anthocyanosides, flavonosides are present in both bark and leaf but in different concentrations.

Le Spirulina platensis est une algue utilisee pour ses effets nutritionnel et therapeutique. De nombreuses etudes ont montre son interet pour l’homme. Le present travail resume les etudes cliniques effectuees avec la spiruline chez homme jusqu’en juin 2012. La methode a consiste a l’interrogation des bases de donnees Pubmed, OMS, Medline base donne des Universites de Ouagadougou et de Grenoble, centre de pharmacovigilance de Grenoble et de Bordeaux. Seules les etudes effectuees chez l’homme avec la spiruline uniquement et publiees ont ete retenues. Les criteres de jugements ont porte sur les parametres anthropometriques, biologiques, et des donnees du protocole. Ces etudes ont montre l’effet de la spiruline sur les maladies cardiovasculaires par la diminution des valeurs des parametres lipidiques. La spiruline a eu des effets antidiabetiques par la diminution de l’hemoglobine glyquee et de la glycemie chez les patients diabetiques de type 2. Des effets immuno - modulateurs, anti-inflammatoires, anticancereux, antianemiques, de la spiruline ont ete prouves. La recuperation nutritionnelle de la spiruline a ete prouvee dans six etudes dont trois chez les personnes vivant avec le VIH. Ces resultats montrent les multiples effets therapeutiques de la spiruline mais doivent etre confirmes par des echantillons de grandes tailles. Mots cles: Interet, therapeutique, Spiruline, Homme.

The antibacterial activity of the stem bark and the leaves of Parkia biglobosa have been tested on four strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients in the National Hospital Yalgado Ouedraogo – Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The tests revealed the efficacy of the hydroalcoholic and the aqueous extracts. They also revealed that the hydroalcoholic extracts were more active than the aqueous extract prescribed by the traditional healers and that the hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves were as active as the bark. The effects of the extracts have been compared to that of the gentamicin, a positive control. The phytochemical screening showed that the extracts of the stem bark were rich in sterols, a triterpenes, tannins, saponosides, anthocyanidins, coumarins, flavonoids and reducing coumpounds. The leaves extracts were rich in tannins, coumarins, anthocyanins, flavones and reducing compounds. Keywords : Staphylococcus aureus, Parkia biglobosa , antibacterial activity African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines Vol. 3(2) 2006: 74-78

As reproductive disorders were found to be one of the major constraints of livestock improvement in Burkina Faso, an ethno-veterinary survey showed that some plant species are used by traditional veterinary healers as basic components of indigenous recipes to treat them. The ecological locations, the current relative abundance in the area and the acute toxicity of the aqueous extracts of three selected species: Holarrhena floribunda,. Leptadenia hastata and Cassia sieberiana were also investigated. The abundance of the plants was carried out in villages with semi-structured interviews of vet-healers, in-situ observations and then completion with library documentation while the acute toxicity was done in mice. The results showed that LDB50Bs of 495 mg/kg, 24 mg/kg and 1513 mg/kg were observed for Holarrhena floribunda, Cassia sieberiana and Leptadenia hastata respectively. The relative abundance of these species across Burkina Faso is variable. Leptadenia hastata is widely distributed, while Holarrhena floribunda is very scarce because of its high demand. Cassia sieberiana’s case is worrisome because the plant’s root is the basic material required. The LD quotient and LDB50B obtained for Leptadenia hastata show that the plant is safe to use. Although the LDB50 Bobtained for Holarrhena floribunda is higher than that of Cassia sieberiana their LD quotients did not meet acceptable safety calculated value. However, it is more difficult to get enough crude material of Holarrhena floribunda and Cassia sieberiana. There is, therefore, an urgent need to build a sustainable scheme for these endangered species and their preservation.

Total and hydroalcoholic extracts of the stem barks of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq) Benth. (Mimosaceae) were tested on strains belonging to three species of Shigellae: S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri and S. boydii collected from hospitals in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The results showed that both extracts were active against Shigellae. The hydroalcoholic extract was more active than the decoction (aqueous one) prescribed by the traditional healer. Both extracts were particularly effective against S. dysenteriae, the most virulent of the three pathogenic species. The effects of the extracts have been compared to that of gentamicin. The phytochemical screening on the extracts revealed the presence of sterols, triterpenes, polyphenolic compounds including tanins, flavonoids, coumarins, anthocyanidins. Other components are saponosides and reducing sugars. Keywords : Shigellae – Hydroalcoholic extract – bark – Parkia biglobosa African Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Vol. 4 (4) 2007: pp. 392-396

Objective To evaluate the anthelmintic property of Saba senegalensis (A.DC) Pichon (Apocynaceae) ( S. senegalensis ) on Haemonchus contortus that is traditionally used in Burkina Faso for its gastrointestinal parasites treatment. Methods The lyophilized aqueous decoction of leaves of S. senegalensis at concentrations of 0.10, 1.00, 3.00, 10.00 and 15.00 mg/mL was used on eggs and adult worms of Haemonchus contortus collected from gastrointestinal tract of small ruminant. Results The LC 50 on adult worms was 6.79 mg/mL and 3.25 mg/mL for the leaves of S. senegalensis and the levamisole (reference drug), respectively. Inhibition of hatching assay showed a concentration-dependent manner with an inhibition of 93.63% at the concentration of 15.00 mg/mL of S. senegalensis . Conclusions These results indicate that the aqueous extract of S. senegalensis possesses an anthelmintic property and may justify its use in traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal parasites.

Background The efficiency of antiretroviral therapy (ART) depends on a near perfect level of patients' adherence. The level of adherence of adults HIV-infected patients treated in the HIV/AIDS health care centres of the association "Espoir Vie Togo" in Togo, West Africa is not properly documented. The aim of the present study was to examine by means of self-reports the knowledge, the adherence level and associated factors to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among these patients. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey among adult people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) through a structured questionnaire. Results A total of 99 patients were enrolled. Among them, 55.6% knew the name of antiretroviral agents of regimens prescribed. All patients had a good knowledge of treatment schedule. The treatment regimens based on 2 NRTIs + 1 NNRTI were used in 90% of patients. The average adherence rate was 89.8% of the total doses prescribed while 62.62% of patients showed an adherence rate of 95% or above. The treated groups were similar in term of median % of medication doses taken according to PLWHA epidemiological characteristics. However, patients reported forgetting (34.9%), travel (25.6%), cost of treatment (13.9%) and side effects (11.6%) as the main factors of missing at least once a dose intake. Conclusion These results should encourage the association and all the involved actors in the HIV/AIDS's program to strengthen counseling, education and information interventions for HIV-infected patients in order to overcome the potential barriers of poor adherence.