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In the present work, a solution blow spun nanofibrous mat comprised of chitosan (CS) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) was obtained as vaginal platform for tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) to prevent sexually transmitted infections. Apart from physicochemical and mechanical analysis, the specific steps involved studies on nanofibrous mat mucoadhesive and swelling characteristics upon pH fluctuations over the physiological range. Physicochemical analysis showed uniform drug distribution within the CS/PEO mat volume and pointed toward physical interactions between the drug and polymers. TDF-loaded CS/PEO nanofibrous mat was shown potentially safe when evaluated by the MTT metabolic activity and JC-1 assays in human vaginal epithelial cells VK2-E6/E7. In vitro antiviral studies indicated inhibition efficacy of TDF-CS/PEO nanofibrous mat toward HSV-2 virus and proved the SBS process does not change the microbicidal activity of drug molecule. Fluctuations in the physiological vaginal pH range of 3.8 to 5.0 substantially affected mucoadhesive and swelling behavior of chitosan which in turn impacted drug dissolution rate from polymer carrier. The rate of permeation and accumulation of TDF in vaginal tissue differed in response to vaginal pH. Faster drug permeation assessed at pH 5.0 suggests that an increase in vaginal pH could improve TDF bioavailability at earlier time points.

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is clinically heterogenous according to location (cardia/non-cardia) and histopathology (diffuse/intestinal). We aimed to characterize the genetic risk architecture of GC according to its subtypes. Another aim was to examine whether cardia GC and oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) and its precursor lesion Barrett's oesophagus (BO), which are all located at the gastro-oesophageal junction (GOJ), share polygenic risk architecture. Methods: We did a meta-analysis of ten European genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of GC and its subtypes. All patients had a histopathologically confirmed diagnosis of gastric adenocarcinoma. For the identification of risk genes among GWAS loci we did a transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) and expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) study from gastric corpus and antrum mucosa. To test whether cardia GC and OAC/BO share genetic aetiology we also used a European GWAS sample with OAC/BO. Findings: Our GWAS consisting of 5816 patients and 10,999 controls highlights the genetic heterogeneity of GC according to its subtypes. We newly identified two and replicated five GC risk loci, all of them with subtype-specific association. The gastric transcriptome data consisting of 361 corpus and 342 antrum mucosa samples revealed that an upregulated expression of MUC1, ANKRD50, PTGER4, and PSCA are plausible GC-pathomechanisms at four GWAS loci. At another risk locus, we found that the blood-group 0 exerts protective effects for non-cardia and diffuse GC, while blood-group A increases risk for both GC subtypes. Furthermore, our GWAS on cardia GC and OAC/BO (10,279 patients, 16,527 controls) showed that both cancer entities share genetic aetiology at the polygenic level and identified two new risk loci on the single-marker level. Interpretation: Our findings show that the pathophysiology of GC is genetically heterogenous according to location and histopathology. Moreover, our findings point to common molecular mechanisms underlying cardia GC and OAC/BO. Funding: German Research Foundation (DFG).

COVID-19 created unprecedented shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE), stretching commercial and governmental capacities to respond to frontline healthcare workers’ needs. This article il...

Non-syndromic tooth agenesis (ns-TA) is one of the most common dental anomalies characterized by the congenital absence of at least one permanent tooth (excluding third molars). Regarding the essential role of genetic factors in ns-TA aetiology, the present study aimed to identify novel pathogenic variants underlying hypodontia and oligodontia. In a group of 65 ns-TA patients and 127 healthy individuals from the genetically homogenous Polish population, the coding sequences of 423 candidate genes were screened using targeted next-generation sequencing. Pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants were identified in 37 (56.92%) patients, including eight nucleotide alternations of genes not previously implicated in ns-TA (CHD7, CREBBP, EVC, LEF1, ROR2, TBX22 and TP63). However, since only single variants were detected, future research is required to confirm and fully understand their role in the aetiology of ns-TA. Additionally, our results support the importance of already known ns-TA candidate genes (AXIN2, EDA, EDAR, IRF6, LAMA3, LRP6, MSX1, PAX9 and WNT10A) and provide additional evidence that ns-TA might be an oligogenic condition involving the cumulative effect of rare variants in two or more distinct genes.

Non-syndromic cleft palate (ns-CP) has a genetically heterogeneous aetiology. Numerous studies have suggested a crucial role of rare coding variants in characterizing the unrevealed component of genetic variation in ns-CP called the “missing heritability”. Therefore, this study aimed to detect low-frequency variants that are implicated in ns-CP aetiology in the Polish population. For this purpose, coding regions of 423 genes associated with orofacial cleft anomalies and/or involved with facial development were screened in 38 ns-CP patients using the next-generation sequencing technology. After multistage selection and prioritisation, eight novel and four known rare variants that may influence an individual’s risk of ns-CP were identified. Among detected alternations, seven were located in novel candidate genes for ns-CP, including COL17A1 (c.2435-1G>A), DLG1 (c.1586G>C, p.Glu562Asp), NHS (c.568G>C, p.Val190Leu—de novo variant), NOTCH2 (c.1997A>G, p.Tyr666Cys), TBX18 (c.647A>T, p.His225Leu), VAX1 (c.400G>A, p.Ala134Thr) and WNT5B (c.716G>T, p.Arg239Leu). The remaining risk variants were identified within genes previously linked to ns-CP, confirming their contribution to this anomaly. This list included ARHGAP29 (c.1706G>A, p.Arg569Gln), FLNB (c.3605A>G, Tyr1202Cys), IRF6 (224A>G, p.Asp75Gly—de novo variant), LRP6 (c.481C>A, p.Pro161Thr) and TP63 (c.353A>T, p.Asn118Ile). In summary, this study provides further insights into the genetic components contributing to ns-CP aetiology and identifies novel susceptibility genes for this craniofacial anomaly.

Z uwagi na rosnącą świadomość społeczeństwa i większe wymagania odnośnie opieki zdrowotnej i zdrowia subiektywna ocena jakości życia (ang. quality of life, QoL) stała się istotnym aspektem oceny wyników leczenia. Pacjenci są lepiej wyedukowani na temat negatywnych konsekwencji chorób i często decydują się na dany zabieg chirurgiczny, kierując się chęcią poprawy jakości życia. Zwiększa się zatem zapotrzebowanie na narzędzia, które pozwolą badać jakość życia i oceniać wyniki leczenia w sposób wystandaryzowany, cechujące się rzetelnością, trafnością i czułością. Artykuł ma na celu przegląd piśmiennictwa dotyczącego oceny jakości życia po operacjach nosa. Operacje przegrody nosa to jedne z najczęściej wykonywanych procedur chirurgicznych przez otorynolaryngologów na całym świecie. Od wielu lat publikowane były subiektywne oceny efektów tych operacji. W ostatniej dekadzie coraz częściej zaczęły pojawiać się w literaturze prace dotyczące jakości życia po operacjach nosa, w których do oceny tej jakości posłużono się zwalidowanymi kwestionariuszami. Wcześniej oceny satysfakcji pacjenta dokonywano na podstawie badań retrospektywnych z użyciem skali wizualno-analogowej. Do chwili obecnej brakuje badań prospektywnych, w których użyte zostałyby specyficzne dla danego schorzenia, zwalidowane kwestionariusze. Większość pacjentów po septoplastyce jest zadowolona z efektu operacji, jednakże istnieje także istotna grupa pacjentów, którzy są nieusatysfakcjonowani. Kwestionariusze oceniające jakość życia dają możliwość wykrycia potencjalnych czynników wpływających na zadowolenie pacjenta i efekt końcowy leczenia oraz identyfikacji podgrupy pacjentów, którzy nie będą mieli efektu z leczenia chirurgicznego.

Nieścior Hubert, Bator Damian, Wójcik Magdalena, Szarpak Julita, Dąbrowska Justyna, Sereda Dominika. Dry socket - clinical procedures review. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2020;10(9):235‑240. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2020.10.09.025 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2020.10.09.025 https://zenodo.org/record/4019699 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2020; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 10.08.2020. Revised: 15.08.2020. Accepted: 08.09.2020. Dry socket - clinical procedures review Hubert Nieścior, Damian Bator, Magdalena Wójcik, Julita Szarpak, JustynaDąbrowska, Dominika Sereda Hubert Nieścior1, 0000-0002-4709-4396, hniescior@gmail.com Damian Bator2, 0000-0002-8464-932X, bat199979@gmail.com Magdalena Wójcik2, 0000-0002-0999-6284, magdalena.wojcik967@gmail.com Julita Szarpak2, 0000-0002-5091-0235, julita.szarpak@gmail.com Justyna Dąbrowska2, 0000-0002-1356-6965, jdabrowska00@gmail.com Dominika Sereda1, 0000-0003-4189-1674, dominika.sereda1902@gmail.com Student Scientific Circle at the Department and Epidemiology and Methodology of Clinical Research, Medical University of Lublin Student Scientific Circle at the Department of Applied Psychology of the Medical University in Lublin Dry socket is a complication following extraction surgery. It usually appears between days 1 and 3 after extraction. The partially disorganized clot breaks down and healing is impaired. Material and methods: The latest reports available on the dry socket and its treatment using various methods were used. The NCBI database was used for this purpose, using the terms "dry socket" and "dry socket treatment". State of knowledge: Dry socket occurs as a complication in 1-5% of extraction sockets, while in the case of sockets after 3 mandibular molars, the percentage is as high as 38%. Risk factors may include: insufficient blood supply to the tissue, use of an excessive amount of anesthetic, hormonal contraception, smoking, traumatic surgery, failure to follow the doctor's instructions regarding the postoperative procedure. Chlorhexidine, warm saline, platelet plasma, hyaluronic acid-impregnated collagen sponges, resorbable collagen membranes and eugenol with lidocaine on Penghawar Djambi carrier can be used to treat dry socket. Dry socket is a medical condition. The unification of treatment recommendations is the goal of research on tools used in the context of a dry socket. Evaluation of profits and losses will allow to unify the recommendations and reduce the incidence of this complication. Key words: Dry socket

Introduction: Over the last few decades, the interest of microbiota- gut – brain axis has increased. It is thought to have an impact on the overall health of the host. Gut microbiota and central nervous system can communicate in different ways. The connection between them is especially interesting in case of neuropsychiatric diseasesThe aim of the study: The purpose of this systemic review was to collect and analyse current data of the association between gut microbiota and neuropsychitric disorders, specifically schizophrenia and bipolar disorderMaterial and method: Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed and Google Scholar database was carried out using the following keywords: gut microbiota, dysbiosis, schizophrenia, bipolar disorderDescription of the state of knowledge: Dysregulation of microbiota is a potential factor in pathogenesis of brain disorders. Gut microbiome is thought to be an important part of not only normal brain development, but also modulation of host physiological systems. Studies show that the composition of microbiota in psychiatric diseases including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder differs from healthy individuals. Many environmental factors can change the composition of microbiota and therefore potentially contribute to the development of many disorders, including neuropsychiatric disorders.Summary: Microbiota is a potential factor contributing to the onset or modulating the course of many illnessis, including brain disorders The subject of imbalanced microbiota composition give hope for finding etiology or improving treatment of many disorders. However, it still requires more studies.

Bator Damian, Jańczyk Magdalena, Samek Ilona, Wójcik Magdalena, Dąbrowska Justyna, Łopuszańska Urszula. Effectiveness of Equine Assisted Activities or Therapies in relation to mental illness and mental disorders - a review. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2020;10(6):309-320. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2020.10.06.033 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2020.10.06.033 https://zenodo.org/record/3923186 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2020; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.06.2020. Revised: 15.06.2020. Accepted: 30.06.2020. Effectiveness of Equine Assisted Activities or Therapies in relation to mental illness and mental disorders - a review Damian Bator, Magdalena Jańczyk, Ilona Samek, Magdalena Wójcik, JustynaDąbrowska, Urszula Łopuszańska Damian Bator1 , 0000-0002-8464-932X, bat199979@gmail.com Magdalena Jańczyk1, 0000-0002-4948-9463, magdajanczyk7@gmail.com Ilona Samek1, 0000-0002-5538-5396, samekilona@gmail.com Magdalena Wójcik1, 0000-0002-0999-6284, magdalena.wojcik967@gmail.com Justyna Dąbrowska1 , 0000-0002-1356-6965, jdabrowska00@gmail.com dr n. med. Urszula Łopuszańska2 , 0000-0001-6517-7577, urszula.lopuszanska@umlub.pl 1) Student Scientific Circle at the Department of Applied Psychology of the Medical University in Lublin 2) Department of Applied Psychology, Medical University of Lublin Summary Introduction and purpose: the Terminology Guidelines of the American Hippotherapy Association defines Equine Assisted Activities or Therapies (EAA/T) as a collection of different forms of contact between man and horse. EAA/T have become increasingly common interventions in the last decade, demonstrating therapeutic benefits in various areas of mental health. The aim of this report is to identify the forms and programmes of EAA/T that are used and to summarise and assess the latest available evidences of their clinical effectiveness in the treatment of symptoms of mental illness and disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, post-traumatic stress syndrome or schizophrenia. In order to achieve the above mentioned objectives, a literature review has been conducted to summarise existing evidence relating to the subject matter of the study in a descriptive manner. Description of the state of knowledge: 13 findings were found in autism spectrum disorders (1 review paper and 5 research papers), post-traumatic stress syndrome (1 review paper and 4 research papers), schizophrenia (1 review paper), and children whose parents were addicted (1 research paper). Summary: the results of the research indicate that Equine Assisted Activities and Therapies (EAA/T), including horse riding, may be beneficial for people with mental illnesses and disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders, post-traumatic stress syndrome, schizophrenia, and for people whose parents were addicted. The promising results so far support further research projects. Key words: hippotherapy; equine assisted; mental illness

Jańczyk Magdalena, Samek Ilona, Bator Damian, Dąbrowska Justyna, Wójcik Magdalena, Milanowska Joanna. Perception of the media image of health care in society. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2020;10(6):286-295. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2020.10.06.031 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2020.10.06.031 https://zenodo.org/record/3923167 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2020; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.06.2020. Revised: 15.06.2020. Accepted: 30.06.2020. Perception of the media image of health care in society Magdalena Jańczyk (1), Ilona Samek (1), Damian Bator (1), Justyna Dąbrowska (1), Magdalena Wójcik (1), dr n. o zdr. Joanna Milanowska (2) 1) Student Research Group of Applied Psychology, Medical University of Lublin 2) Department of Applied Psychology, Medical University of Lublin *Address for correspodence: Smolniki 7/12, 18-520 Stawiski, telephone number: 662237472, e-mail address: magdajanczyk7@gmail.com ORCID ID: Magdalena Jańczyk: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4948-9463 Ilona Samek: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5538-5396 Damian Bator: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8464-932X Justyna Dąbrowska: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1356-6965 Magdalena Wójcik: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0999-6284 Joanna Milanowska: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9741-1583 Abstract Introduction and purpose: The mass media deal with, among others creating the image of health care. Most often, information published in the media is negative because it aims to show sensation and increase the interest of recipients. To present the perception of the media image of health care in society. Material and method: The research was carried out using the author's questionnaire. 210 responses were collected and analyzed. Results: The study involved men (29%) and women (71%). Majority (89.52%) of respondents were in favor of an unfavorable or neutral overall image of health care created by the media. Information reached almost 70% of respondents on long queues for visits to specialists, half a year or more. The respondents (83.81%) also drew attention to references spreading in publishers about the lack of staff among medical workers. However, most people (69.52%) did not share the healthcare model shaped by the "fourth authority" based on their experience. Conclusions: Based on the analysis, a negative media impact on the healthcare picture was confirmed. The data suggests that society does not quite agree with the media image of healthcare. Keywords: media; doctor; image; healthcare; society

Introduction: Obesity is definied as having an excess of body weight caused by a chronic caloric imbalance with more calories being consumed than expended each day. There are over 2.1 billion individuals with obesity around the world. Body mass index (BMI), which is weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared, is used to identify individuals with obesity. For adults, a BMI of 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2 is defined as overweight and a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or higher is defined as obese.The aim of the study: The purpose of this systemic review was to collect and analyse current and new information on obesity, its impact on mental health and vice versa.Material and method: Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed database was carried out using the following keywords: obesity, mental health, diet, depression, anxiety.Description of the state of knowledge: There are numerous studies about obesity and other factors. Obesity can be the cause of depression, often due to stigma and discrimination, however depression could be also a reason of development of obesity. There was found bidirectional relationship – obesity increased the risk of depression by 55% and depression increased the risk of obesity by 58%. Studies show that anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be associated with obesity and considered as its risk factor. Another disorders, such as Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) and Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) may also cause obesity.Summary: Obesity has complicated and multifactorial etiology. Discovered dependencies and conducted research will allow to find new therapeutic paths and isolate people at risk. However more research is needed to fully understand problem of obesity and all its dependencies.

Dąbrowska Justyna, Wójcik Magdalena, Boreński Grzegorz, Bator Damian, Milanowska Joanna. Influence of diet on the gut microbiota. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2020;10(5):33-41. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2020.10.05.003 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2020.10.05.003 https://zenodo.org/record/3802145 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2020; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.04.2020. Revised: 20.04.2020. Accepted: 06.05.2020. ‘ Influence of diet on the gut microbiota Justyna Dąbrowska1*, Magdalena Wójcik1, Grzegorz Boreński1, Damian Bator1, Joanna Milanowska2 (1) Student Science Club at the Department of Applied Psychology, Medical University of Lublin (2) Department of Applied Psychology, Medical University of Lublin * E-mail address: grzegorz.borenski@gmail.com ORCID ID: Justyna Dąbrowska https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1356-6965 Grzegorz Boreński https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5359-7555 Magdalena Wójcik https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0999-6284 Damian Bator https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8464-932X Joanna Milanowska https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8464-932X Abstract Introduction: Gut microbiota is still a new direction in medicine. The intestinal microbiota contains up to 100 trillion bacteria and around 1000 species. The composition of the intestinal microflora may be affected by external factors, among which eating habits can be considered as one of the most important. There are evidences how gut microbiota may affect the course of diseases, such as autism spectrum disorders, mood disorders, celiac disease, irritable bowel syndrome, diabetes and colorectal cancer The aim of the study: The purpose of this systemic review was to collect and analyse current and new information on the effect of diet on intestinal microbiota. Material and method: Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed database was carried out using the following keywords: microbiota, gut, diet, gluten-free-diet, ketogenic-diet. Description of the state of knowledge: There are many studies that show the effect of diet on the intestinal microflora. Changing the amount of plant fiber consumed, ketogenic diet, gluten-free diet can affect the composition of the intestinal microflora in various ways, as shown by the evidence presented by us. For instance ketogenic diet in patients with refractory epilepsy may reduce the symptoms of the disease, which is associated with changes in the composition of gut microbiota. Summary: Diet is a promising direction of development, due to being a factor which may improve the course of many diseases. However, despite the fact that many new studies have appeared in this field in the last decade, time is still needed to draw specific conclusions. Keywords: microbiota, gut, diet, gluten-free-diet, ketogenic-diet

Celem artykułu jest prezentacja i uzasadnienie poglądu o początkach spółki akcyjnej. Za pierwsze spółki akcyjne typowo uznaje się angielskie i holenderskie wielkie handlowe. Zalążków spółki udziałowej należy doszukiwać się jednak znacznie wcześniej, bowiem już od XII w. Spółki w różnych częściach Europy opracowały i rozwinęły w praktyce koncepcję korporacji. Średniowieczne spółki uzyskiwały samodzielność prawną, a uczestnictwo w ich strukturach opierało się na zbywalnym udziale. Kuxe, uchaux i sortes to w pewnym sensie odpowiedniki dzisiejszych akcji. Choć nie wykształcono jeszcze w owym czasie koncepcji osobowości prawnej ani kapitału zakładowego, zaś wspólnicy generalnie odpowiadali za zobowiązania organizacji, to spółki te, w odróżnieniu od spółek handlowych innego typu, były zawiązywane w stałym celu gospodarczym, a zmiany składu wspólników nie miały wpływu na ich funkcjonowanie. Odmiennie niż pierwsze wielkie kompanie handlowe, które powstawały w oparciu o akt władzy monarszej, spółki średniowieczne wdrażały sposób reprezentacji i zarządzania oparty na umowie wspólników i rządach większości. Jednoczesne i w pewnym stopniu niezależne od siebie wykształcenie się i ewolucja spółek młyńskich (pariages ds moulins), gilda mercatoria, spółek kopalnianych, włoskich montes, towarzystw żeglugowych (Rhedereien), gwarectw (Gewerkschafen) i innych podobnych form dowodzi, że powstanie spółki akcyjnej jest bezpośrednio powiązane z rozwojem cywilizacyjnym i przemianami społeczno-gospodarczymi.

For better or worse, digital technologies are reshaping everything we know, from customer behaviour and expectations to organizational and manufacturing systems, business models, markets, and ultimately society as a whole. To understand this overarching transformation, this paper extends the previous literature, which has focused mostly on the organizational level, by developing a multi-level research agenda for digital transformation (DT). In this regard, we propose an extended definition of DT as a socioeconomic change across individuals, organizations, ecosystems, and societies that is shaped by the adoption and utilization of digital technologies. We propose four lenses to interpret the DT phenomenon: individuals (utilizing and adopting digital technologies), organizations (strategizing and coordinating both internal and external transformation), ecosystems (harnessing digital technologies in governance and co-producing value propositions), and geopolitical frameworks (regulating the environments in which individuals and organizations are embedded). Based on these lenses, we build a multi-level research agenda at the intersection between the bright and dark sides of DT and propose the PIAI framework, which captures a process of perception, interpretation, and action that ultimately leads to the possible impact of intended and unintended consequences for the socioeconomic infrastructure. The PIAI framework identifies a research agenda consisting of a non-exhaustive list of topics that can assist researchers to deepen their understanding of the DT phenomenon and provide guidance to managers and policymakers when making strategic decisions that seek to shape and guide the DT.

Even in today’s turbulent business environment, there are companies in many industries that have enjoyed decades of relatively undisturbed success. However, eventually, after such prolonged periods ...

BACKGROUND Nasal obstruction is the most common rhinologic complaint in ear, nose, and throat (ENT) clinical practice and septal deviation is the leading cause. The Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale is a brief, self-administered questionnaire that has been widely used to assess symptoms and quality of life related to nasal obstruction, and is commonly used in clinical outcome studies. The aim of this study was to undertake a clinical evaluation of a Polish translation and cross-cultural modification of the NOSE scale for nasal obstruction. MATERIAL AND METHODS A controlled clinical validation study was conducted in a tertiary referral center. The Polish version of the NOSE scale was developed according to cross-cultural adaptation guidelines. The psychometric properties of the Polish version of the NOSE scale (internal consistency, reproducibility, validity, responsiveness, interpretability) were assessed in 51 patients with nasal obstruction and 51 controls matched according to gender and age. RESULTS Internal consistency of the Polish version of the NOSE scale was 0.80 as assessed by Cronbach's alpha, and an intraclass correlation of the reproducibility was 0.98. Construct inter-item and item-total correlations confirmed validity. Correlation confirmed appropriate criterion validity with a visual analog scale (VAS) and discriminant validity was confirmed between patients and controls. Responsiveness and interpretability were also confirmed. CONCLUSIONS The Polish version of the NOSE scale is a brief and reproducible clinical evaluation tool for use in clinical practice in Polish-speaking patients with nasal obstruction.

Cerebral Palsy (CP) includes a group of movement and posture development disorders which cause activity limitation and are related to non-progressive disturbances during the fetal or infant brain development. In recent years, the use of hippotherapy as a rehabilitation of spstatic movement disorders in patients with cerebral palsy is gaining in popularity. Hippotherapy is a physical therapy treatment based on the horse's movements, under the direction of an expert physical therapist. The horse's seat is considered as a dynamic support base. Thus, it is an excellent tool to improve and develop postural control, trunk strength, and balance. It allows to build overall postural strength and endurance, address weight-bearing, and motor planning. The therapeutic results obtained with the application of hippotherapy treatments has encouraged research into developing an advanced hippotherapy platform or simulators that "imitate" the movements of a horse, so that this therapy may be more accessible and adaptable to patients. The purpose of this report is to identify the forms and programmes of hippotherapy used, and to summarise and assess the latest available evidence of their clinical effectiveness in the rehabilitation of symptoms in patients with cerebral palsy. Method: a review of publications on the effectiveness of hippotherapy programmes in the rehabilitation of symptoms in patients with cerebral palsy. Finally, 8 original tests were included in the review whose data have been extracted. The results of the research indicate that hippotherapy may be beneficial in the rehabilitation of symptoms in patients with cerebral palsy. The review suggests that further research is needed to establish a solid evidence base for hippotherapy among people with these problems. The promising results so far support further research projects.

Dąbrowska Justyna, Wójcik Magdalena, Szarpak Julita, Bator Damian, Milanowska Joanna, Nieścior Hubert. Theories of the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2020;10(8):332‑339. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2020.10.08.039 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2020.10.08.039 https://zenodo.org/record/3996262 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2020; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.08.2020. Revised: 05.08.2020. Accepted: 22.08.2020. Theories of the pathogenesis of schizophrenia Justyna Dąbrowska1*, Magdalena Wójcik1, Julita Szarpak1, Damian Bator1, JoannaMilanowska2, Hubert Nieścior1 (1) Student Science Club at the Department of Applied Psychology, Medical University of Lublin (2) Department of Applied Psychology, Medical University of Lublin * E-mail address: jdabrowska00@gmail.com ORCID ID: Justyna Dąbrowska https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1356-6965 Magdalena Wójcik https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0999-6284 Julita Szarpak https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5091-0235 Damian Bator https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8464-932X Joanna Milanowska https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9741-1583 Hubert Nieścior, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4709-4396 Abstract Introduction: Schizophrenia is one of the most serious and frightening of all mental illnesses. It affects almost 1% of the population worldwide. The main concept and treatment of schizophrenia are based on the dopaminergic hypothesis. However, accumulating evidence has shown that the core pathophysiology of schizophrenia might involve dysfunction in dopaminergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic, and gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling. The aim of the study: The purpose of this systemic review was to collect and analyse current and new information on the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Material and method: Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed database was carried out using the following keywords: schizophrenia, dopamine hypothesis, serotoninergic hypothesis, hypothesis of schizophrenia . Description of the state of knowledge: There are evidence that pathogenesis of schizophrenia include dysfunction in dopaminergic, serotoninergic, GABAergic, glutamatergic systems. The use of drugs that act on any of these systems reduces the symptoms of the disease. Nicotinic receptors may also be the target for drugs in treatment of schizophrenia. Studies about the role of nicotinic receptors in pathogenesis of schizophrenia show that it normalize many of the sensory processing deficits found in schizophrenia. Summary: Despite the fact that current concept and treatment are still based on the dopaminergic hypothesis of the disease, existing theories and each new theory, open up different ways for treating schizophrenia. Considering that schizophrenia is one of the most serious and frightening of all mental illnesses and has major public health implications, more research about pathogenesis and ways of treatment is needed. Key words: schizophrenia, dopamine hypothesis, serotoninergic hypothesis, hypothesis of schizophrenia

Wójcik Magdalena, Dąbrowska Justyna, Borowik Joanna, Kuśmierczuk Kinga, Piecewicz-Szczęsna Halina. Plant based diet and cardio-metabolic disease. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2020;10(5):149-157. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2020.10.05.015 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2020.10.05.015 https://zenodo.org/record/3842052 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2020; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 05.05.2020. Revised: 10.05.2020. Accepted: 25.05.2020. Plant based diet and cardio-metabolic disease Magdalena Wójcik1, Justyna Dąbrowska1, Joanna Borowik1, Kinga Kuśmierczuk1, Halina Piecewicz-Szczęsna2 Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Research Methodology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland Chair and Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Research Methodology, Medical University of Lublin ORCID ID: Justyna Dąbrowska https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1356-6965 Magdalena Wójcik https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0999-6284 Joanna Borowik https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8369-6207 Kinga Kuśmierczuk https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7193-0705 Halina Piecewicz-Szczęsna https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0573-7226 Abstract Introduction: Modern lifestyle, especially diet have a great impact on health. The number of people suffering from conditions related to lifestyle is growing rapidly. Illnesses related to lifestyle, specifically to diet are large health and economic burdens, which makes them the leading priorities of our time. Coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, type 2 diabetes, and obesity are some of cardio-metabolic diseases related to diet. Plant-based diets are dietary patterns in which a high intake of plant food is emphasized and the intake of animal products is limited. Plant based diet was associated with decreased risk of cardio-metabolic disease. The aim of the study: The purpose of this systemic review was to collect and analyse current data of plant based diet and its effect on health. Material and method: Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed and Google Scholar database was carried out using the following keywords: plant based diet, vegetarian diet, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hypercholesterolemia. Description of the state of knowledge: Red meat and, especially processed meat, is source of cholesterol, saturated fatty acids, and sodium, which makes it a risk factors for metabolic disorders. Healthy plant based diet can positively affect cardiovascular health in many ways. High fiber content makes those diets low in energy density, flavonoids that are present in fruits and vegetables and also high content of antioxidants. Plant based diet was also shown to be helpful in reducing weight. Summary: Many risk factors of cardio-metabolic disease are related to our lifestyle and dietary choices . Changes towards plant based diet can be beneficial for our health in many ways. Healthy plant based diet should be considered as a nonpharmaceutical approach to prevent and treat cardio-metabolic diseases. Key words: plant based diet, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes

Septoplasty is a common surgical procedure used for correction of the nasal obstruction caused by a deviated septum. The aim of the study was to identify complications in septoplasty and analyze incidence depending on the surgical technique, based on the material from 2009 till 2017. The material consisted of 5639 medical records from patients aged 16–69, operated in the tertiary referral center. Patients were divided into two groups (2784 exclusively with septoplasty and 2855 with combined septoplasty and turbinoplasty). Z test for the equality of two proportions was made to investigate the assumption that the proportions from two populations are equal, based on two samples, one from each population. Complications were listed according to international standards. Among the whole study group, different types of complications were noted in 193 patients (3.42%). The most frequent complication was excessive bleeding. Significant differences were observed between the two investigated groups. In patients with combined septoplasty and turbinoplasty septal hematoma, hyposmia, prolonged healing due to infection, adhesions and temporary reduced visual acuity were significantly more often encountered. Meticulous attention to detail in identifying the appropriate anatomy and maintaining good visualization is the key to a safe and effective septoplasty, enabling for very low complication rate.

The present article engages with the eponymous character of Oscar Wilde’s “Salomé” and focuses on her subversion of the patriarchal rules, and on her attempts at seducing the prophet Jokanaan. Wilde’s “Salomé” becomes “an erotic symbol of daring, transgression, and perversity” (Sloan 112). She wants to look at Jokanaan, as well as to be touched by him and openly states her great desire for him, using the imagery taken from the biblical “Song of Songs” to express her passion. Moreover, the Princess skillfully adopts and reverses the male gaze to manipulate others and go beyond the patriarchal constraints at Herod’s court. She becomes aware that the only way to reach her goals is to look actively and evade being a mere object of the male gaze. The article shows that the imagery employed in the eponymous character’s speeches contributes to her portrayal as a seductress, also accentuating her rebellion, and analyzes how the Princess transgresses the patriarchal constraints through appropriating the male gaze.

Aim. Non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (nsCL/P) is a common birth defect of complex and heterogeneous aetiology. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of nsCL/P have identified an association for the 1p22.1 chromosomal region, in which ARHGAP29 was suggested as a candidate gene. Thus, the current study aimed to determine the contribution of the common and rare ARHGAP29 nucleotide variants to the risk of nsCL/P in the Polish population. Material and Methods. In total,197 common nucleotide variants (SNVs) and 22 missense variants located within the ARHGAP29 locus at chromosome 1p22.1 were genotyped by SNV microarray. The study was conducted in 269 individuals with nsCL/P and 569 healthy individuals. Results. Statistical analysis revealed that 31 common nucleotide variants located at the ARHGAP29 locus were significantly associated with the increased risk of nsCL/P. The strongest individual SNV was rs2391467 with a p-value = 2.49E-06 (OR = 1.64, 95%CI: 1.34–2.02). Besides, one potentially deleterious missense variant (rs140877322, p. Arg348Leu) was identified in a single patient with nsCLP. Conclusion. These findings confirm ARHGAP29 as a strong candidate gene for nsCL/P, with both common and rare nucleotide variants of this gene involved in the aetiology of nsCL/P in the Polish population.

Innovative companies are increasingly creating new open innovation functions and employing open innovation specialists to facilitate innovation processes. However, research that explores these emerging jobs remains scarce. This study examines the worldwide job market for ‘open innovation’ specialists as per job title and/or job description, and analyzes 100 job advertisements related to ‘open innovation’ specialists published during two periods in 2014 and 2016. The findings identify the key responsibilities of dedicated open innovation specialists and associated skills, and the competencies that companies seek in candidates. In addition, the findings indicate that companies need open innovation specialists to not only work in R&D departments. In addition, the ability to influence others and prior start-up experience have become basic requirements to apply for open innovation specialist positions.

The article is devoted to the relationships of rhetoric, philosophy and medicine. The first part concerns the Greek (especially sophistic) roots of dependencies occurring between these domains, processes of penetration of the medical topics into ancient literature and principles of mutual interactions. The purpose of this presentation is to show the ground and find the justification for the fact that medical terminology and medical threads are frequent in the rhetorical discourse of the early modern age, especially in humanistic philosophical literature, focused on verbal therapy and convinced of the healing dimension of the word. The case of Erasmus of Rotterdam was considered particularly interesting for these diagnoses, hence the work of this humanist has been the subject of research in this work. Therefore, attention was drawn to the rich representation of medical motifs in the works of Erasmus, the presence in the author’s texts of imaging, terminology and medical topics, broad interest in the field of medicine, which is reflected in references to Galen’s work and translation of his writings by Erasmus. The most important and the most interesting, however, turned out to be the text in which the medical nomenclature became an aesthetic and ideological component, influenced the shape of the entire discourse, its argumentative platform, influenced the persuasive fabric of the work and at the same time participated in building its philosophical pronunciation. Lingua – the apologetic work of Erasmus with clearly didactic meaning, and at the same time strongly permeated by the epideictic manners of the sophistic diatribe – belongs to this kind of writings.

Summary The aim of the study Tumors of the salivary glands represent about 3% of head and neck neoplasms. Most of theme – up to 80% originates from the parotid gland. The aim of the study is to present current epidemiological data, most frequent complains, histopathological diagnosis, complications rate and follow-up. Material and methods Retrospective analysis of 211 patients, operated at our department from 01.2007 to 02.2011, was performed. We analyzed the age, sex, symptoms of the dissease, histopathological findings, complications and follow-up. All of the patients had ultrasound examination prior to operation to estimate the spread and the type of the tumor. In doubtful cases the ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration for biopsy and cytology was performed. Results The frequency of incidence of benign tumours was 87.2% and the most frequent histopathological diagnosis was pleomorphic adenoma (43.6%) and adenolymphoma (36%). By 9.5% of our patients malignant neoplasms were developed and tumours of non-neoplastic origin by 3,3% of theme. The most frequent complication was sensory deficit about the cheek and ear (55%), temporary facial nerve paresis (5%), salivary fistula (2%) and hematoma (1%) Permanent facial nerve paralysis (3%) developed in some cases of malignant neoplasms. Conclusion Superficial and total parotidectomy are safe procedures of treatment in case of salivary gland tumors. Using the microscope during parotidectomy is extremely useful in order to preserve the continuity of the facial nerve branches.

Summary Introduction Traditional approaches’ parotidectomy leaves a visible scar and a hollow on the face and neck, which might be dissappointing to some patients. Aim of the study Assessment of usefulness of facelift approach to the parotid gland Patient and methods A retrospective study was performed. In June 2009 eight patients with benign parotid tumour underwent superficial parotidectomy. Four of them were included in the rhytidectomy approach parotidectomies and SMAS advancement flap was carried out to reconstruct the parotid bed and prevent Frey's syndrome. The latter patients underwent the classical technique parotidectomies. After two months from the operation both groups of patients were asked to assess the cosmetic outcome of the surgery in five degree scale. Results The duration of the operation increased by an average of 20 minutes in the rhytidectomy approach group. No major difficulties in exposing the facial nerve and its branches were observed. Patients were more satisfied when facelift approach was performed. Conclusion A rhytidectomy approach to the parotid gland seems to be safe method and aesthetic results are more satisfactory as comparing to classical approach.

In otolaryngology practice we quite often encounter neck masses in all age group patients. The differential diagnosis is extensive and represents a variety of pathologic conditions of various origins, especially in relation to patient age. The authors present a retrospective analysis of patients with a neck mass treated in Otolaryngology Department of Miedzyleski Specialistic Hospital in Warsaw over the period of two years. Patients were divided into groups according to their age. Within each group the incidence of congenital, inflammatory and neoplastic disease was assessed. The most numerous was the group of adults older than 40 years of age with the highest incidence of malignant neoplasms. The location of metastatic lymph nodes in relation to primary site was described. Finally, methods of management for each tumour type were presented. Then we discuss a work-up of a neck mass with regard to literature data.

Summary Aim of the study Cat scratch disease as a possible cause of neck limphadenopathy. Material and methods We present a case of 40-years old men operated in our department on regional unilateral lymphadenopathy. The diagnosis of cat scratch disease was confirmed by the histopathologic examination. Conclusions Regional lymphadenopathy with history of contact with cats or other animals suggests the diagnosis of cat scratch disease. If we considered this disease in differential diagnosis it would mean less traumatic treatment for the patient. Cat scratch disease is diagnosed in Poland very rarely; we need to spread the knowledge about this infectious disease.

This article attemps to analyse a theme of the post-apocalypse in Ziemowit Szczerek’s literary work, the author of three gonzo reportages: The Seven, The Mordor Will Come and Eat Us, The Trident Tattoo. Szczerek uses post-apocalyptic imagery to describe modern Ukraine and a newly formed country.