27 results on '"Leverkus, Friedhelm"'
Search Results
2. HTA und aktuelle Herausforderungen: Harmonisierung, Real World Data und Surrogatparameter
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Rüther, Alric, Herrmann, Kirsten H., Hebborn, Ansgar, Perleth, Matthias, Schwarzer, Ruth, Schürmann, Christoph, Sieben, Wiebke, Gillhaus, Johanna, Goertz, Ralf, Jeratsch, Ulli, Leverkus, Friedhelm, and Schramm, Wendelin
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HTA ,systematic reviews ,real world data ,policy ,technology assessment ,surrogate endpoints ,biological markers ,endpoint determination ,thresholds ,validation techniques ,correlation of data ,estimation techniques ,biometry ,simulation ,theoretical study ,medicine, evidence-based ,decision support techniques ,Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ,R858-859.7 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Health Technology Assessment is one of the standard instruments in support of the decision-making to define the public health services both internationally and in the German health care system. Besides systematic reviews, benefit-harm-analyses, health economic evaluations, and, decision-analytic modelling, especially epidemiological and biometrical questions and methods play a key role. From this perspective discussions on increased European cooperation including calls for wider harmonization are attracting greater interests.The overall aim is, to present at the GMDS workshop relevant information on this emerging field of harmonization in Europe across similarities and differences in the HTA process. Current developments around the composition of the EU-HTA Network are provided. This network accepts the challenge to define and establish a “Joint Work” across Europe. Special emphasis was placed on the discussion on “Harmonization of HTA: is it a threat or does it mean support?”. Furthermore, methodological discussions and questions are being addressed: “Are Real World Data and Surrogates possible parameters for decision-making or HTA?”
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- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Surrogatvalidierung durch Korrelation und Surrogate Threshold Effect – Ergebnisse von Simulationsstudien
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Gillhaus, Johanna, Goertz, Ralf, Jeratsch, Ulli, and Leverkus, Friedhelm
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validation of surrogates ,correlation ,surrogate threshold effect ,progression-free survival ,benefit assessment ,Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ,R858-859.7 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Background: Progression-free survival (PFS) is often used instead of the patient-relevant endpoint overall survival (OS) in cancer clinical trials. In order for PFS to be accepted as a patient-relevant outcome within the benefit assessment of pharmaceuticals in accordance with the German Social Code, Book Five (SGB V), section 35a, it has to be validated as a surrogate endpoint for OS in the relevant indication. As part of a rapid report the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen – IQWiG) presented methods for surrogate endpoints validation and recommendations for correlation-based procedures. These methods include the evaluation of the certainty of conclusion of study results and the correlation between estimates of surrogate outcome and patient-relevant outcome on trial-level. The correlation is estimated by sample Pearson correlation coefficient or coefficient of determination and respective confidence interval (CI). Requirements for surrogate validation are a high correlation and a high certainty of conclusion of the study results. In case of medium correlation IQWiG methods propose applying the concept of surrogate threshold effect (STE) to determine thresholds for the estimate of the surrogate endpoint.Methods: In simulation studies we investigate the requirements for a successful surrogate validation when applying a correlation-based approach. Simulation parameters are the estimates of the surrogate and the patient-relevant outcome, the correlation between them, the number of patients and the number of studies. We analyzed different scenarios in order to figure out parameters contributing to high correlation. Furthermore, we investigate requirements of the STE method, allowing conclusions on patient-relevant endpoints by means of surrogate endpoints. Finally, in consideration of IQWiG methods we analyze the challenges of surrogate validation in practical use.Results: Both, simulations of the surrogate validation using correlation-based procedure as well as an analytical derivation show low statistical power despite a medium-sized number of studies and a high true correlation. The power for =5 studies and correlation =0.9 is below 6%. A very high true correlation of =0.95 in at least =25 studies would be required in order to preserve a power of 80%, however this scenario is considered implausible in practice. Further simulations investigating the power of the method of STE showed that only one fifth of the considered scenarios have power above 80%. However, these scenarios included parameter constellations with impractical values regarding number of studies, number of patients and effect estimate of OS. The correlation parameter as well as the parameter of the estimate of PFS barely have an impact on the power of the STE procedure.Conclusion: Our simulations show that in practical use it is quite unlikely to fulfill the condition of high correlation as defined in the rapid report of IQWiG, proposing the lower limit of confidence interval to be crucial. Despite setting the true correlation in the model to a high value, statistical power will be quite small as long as the number of studies remains low or medium which is a realistic assumption in validation of surrogate endpoints within the framework of early benefit assessment. Besides, recommendation to involve certainty of studies in the analysis remains problematic. On closer inspection of the density function of sample correlation coefficient and assuming a given true correlation we can conclude that sample correlation does not depend on the variance of the single estimates but only on sample size (representing the number of studies in the model). Therefore, patient number does not have an impact on the confidence interval of the correlation whether using weight vectors for studies or not. Application of the STE concept according to the requirements described in the rapid report appears to be rather complicated as well. We propose an alternative solution of comparing the value of STE with point estimate of the surrogate endpoint instead of its lower level of confidence interval showing low α-errors in realistic scenarios.
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- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Patient-reported outcomes in the context of the benefit assessment in Germany
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Böhme, Sarah, Gerlinger, Christoph, Huschens, Susanne, Kucka, Annett, Kürschner, Niclas, Leverkus, Friedhelm, Schlichting, Michael, Siemens, Waldemar, Sternberg, Kati, and Hofmann-Xu, Liping
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Statistics - Applications ,Statistics - Other Statistics - Abstract
Since the 2011 Act on the Reform of the Market for Medicinal Products, benefit dossiers are submitted by pharmaceutical companies to facilitate the Health Technology Assessment (HTA) appraisals in Germany. The Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care conducts the added benefit assessment following their General Methods Paper, which was updated November 5, 2020. This White Paper is dedicated to patient-reported outcomes (PRO) to highlight their importance for the added benefit assessment. We focus on methodological aspects but consider also other relevant requirements and challenges, which are demanded by G-BA and IQWiG. The following topics will be presented and discussed: 1. Role of PRO in HTA decision making exemplary to benefit assessment in Germany 2. Guidances of PRO evaluations 3. PRO Estimand framework 4. Perception and requirements for PRO within the German benefit assessment 5. Validity of instrument 6. Response thresholds for assessing clinical relevance of PRO 7. PRO endpoints / outcome measures / operationalization 8. Missing PRO data 9. PRO after treatment discontinuation This White Paper aims to provide deeper insights about new requirements concerning PRO evaluations for HTA decision making in Germany, highlight points to consider that should inform global development in terms of study planning and frame the requirements also in the context of global recommendations and guidelines. We also aim to enhance the understanding of the complexity when preparing the benefit dossier and promote further scientific discussions where appropriate., Comment: 46 pages, 3 figures, 5 tables
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- 2021
5. Survival analysis for AdVerse events with VarYing follow-up times (SAVVY) -- comparison of adverse event risks in randomized controlled trials
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Rufibach, Kaspar, Stegherr, Regina, Schmoor, Claudia, Jehl, Valentine, Allignol, Arthur, Boeckenhoff, Annette, Dunger-Baldauf, Cornelia, Eisele, Lewin, Künzel, Thomas, Kupas, Katrin, Leverkus, Friedhelm, Trampisch, Matthias, Zhao, Yumin, Friede, Tim, and Beyersmann, Jan
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Statistics - Applications - Abstract
Analyses of adverse events (AEs) are an important aspect of the evaluation of experimental therapies. The SAVVY (Survival analysis for AdVerse events with Varying follow-up times) project aims to improve the analyses of AE data in clinical trials through the use of survival techniques appropriately dealing with varying follow-up times, censoring, and competing events (CE). In an empirical study including seventeen randomized clinical trials the effect of varying follow-up times, censoring, and competing events on comparisons of two treatment arms with respect to AE risks is investigated. The comparisons of relative risks (RR) of standard probability-based estimators to the gold-standard Aalen-Johansen estimator or hazard-based estimators to an estimated hazard ratio (HR) from Cox regression are done descriptively, with graphical displays, and using a random effects meta-analysis on AE level. The influence of different factors on the size of the bias is investigated in a meta-regression. We find that for both, avoiding bias and categorization of evidence with respect to treatment effect on AE risk into categories, the choice of the estimator is key and more important than features of the underlying data such as percentage of censoring, CEs, amount of follow-up, or value of the gold-standard RR. There is an urgent need to improve the guidelines of reporting AEs so that incidence proportions are finally replaced by the Aalen-Johansen estimator - rather than by Kaplan-Meier - with appropriate definition of CEs. For RRs based on hazards, the HR based on Cox regression has better properties than the ratio of incidence densities.
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- 2020
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6. Survival analysis for AdVerse events with VarYing follow-up times (SAVVY) -- estimation of adverse event risks
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Stegherr, Regina, Schmoor, Claudia, Beyersmann, Jan, Rufibach, Kaspar, Jehl, Valentine, Brückner, Andreas, Eisele, Lewin, Künzel, Thomas, Kupas, Katrin, Langer, Frank, Leverkus, Friedhelm, Loos, Anja, Norenberg, Christiane, Voss, Florian, and Friede, Tim
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Statistics - Applications - Abstract
The SAVVY project aims to improve the analyses of adverse event (AE) data in clinical trials through the use of survival techniques appropriately dealing with varying follow-up times and competing events (CEs). Although statistical methodologies have advanced, in AE analyses often the incidence proportion, the incidence density, or a non-parametric Kaplan-Meier estimator (KME) are used, which either ignore censoring or CEs. In an empirical study including randomized clinical trials from several sponsor organisations, these potential sources of bias are investigated. The main aim is to compare the estimators that are typically used in AE analysis to the Aalen-Johansen estimator (AJE) as the gold-standard. Here, one-sample findings are reported, while a companion paper considers consequences when comparing treatment groups. Estimators are compared with descriptive statistics, graphical displays and with a random effects meta-analysis. The influence of different factors on the size of the bias is investigated in a meta-regression. Comparisons are conducted at the maximum follow-up time and at earlier evaluation time points. CEs definition does not only include death before AE but also end of follow-up for AEs due to events possibly related to the disease course or the treatment. Ten sponsor organisations provided 17 trials including 186 types of AEs. The one minus KME was on average about 1.2-fold larger than the AJE. Leading forces influencing bias were the amount of censoring and of CEs. As a consequence, the average bias using the incidence proportion was less than 5%. Assuming constant hazards using incidence densities was hardly an issue provided that CEs were accounted for. There is a need to improve the guidelines of reporting risks of AEs so that the KME and the incidence proportion are replaced by the AJE with an appropriate definition of CEs.
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- 2020
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7. Safety analysis of new medications in clinical trials: a simulation study to assess the differences between cause-specific and subdistribution frameworks in the presence of competing events
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Genet, Astrid, Bogner, Kathrin, Goertz, Ralf, Böhme, Sarah, and Leverkus, Friedhelm
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- 2023
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8. Survival analysis for AdVerse events with VarYing follow-up times (SAVVY): Rationale and statistical concept of a meta-analytic study
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Stegherr, Regina, Beyersmann, Jan, Jehl, Valentine, Rufibach, Kaspar, Leverkus, Friedhelm, Schmoor, Claudia, and Friede, Tim
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Statistics - Applications - Abstract
The assessment of safety is an important aspect of the evaluation of new therapies in clinical trials, with analyses of adverse events being an essential part of this. Standard methods for the analysis of adverse events such as the incidence proportion, i.e. the number of patients with a specific adverse event out of all patients in the treatment groups, do not account for both varying follow-up times and competing risks. Alternative approaches such as the Aalen-Johansen estimator of the cumulative incidence function have been suggested. Theoretical arguments and numerical evaluations support the application of these more advanced methodology, but as yet there is to our knowledge only insufficient empirical evidence whether these methods would lead to different conclusions in safety evaluations. The Survival analysis for AdVerse events with VarYing follow-up times (SAVVY) project strives to close this gap in evidence by conducting a meta-analytical study to assess the impact of the methodology on the conclusion of the safety assessment empirically. Here we present the rationale and statistical concept of the empirical study conducted as part of the SAVVY project. The statistical methods are presented in unified notation and examples of their implementation in R and SAS are provided.
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- 2019
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9. On estimands and the analysis of adverse events in the presence of varying follow-up times within the benefit assessment of therapies
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Unkel, Steffen, Amiri, Marjan, Benda, Norbert, Beyersmann, Jan, Knoerzer, Dietrich, Kupas, Katrin, Langer, Frank, Leverkus, Friedhelm, Loos, Anja, Ose, Claudia, Proctor, Tanja, Schmoor, Claudia, Schwenke, Carsten, Skipka, Guido, Unnebrink, Kristina, Voss, Florian, and Friede, Tim
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Statistics - Other Statistics - Abstract
The analysis of adverse events (AEs) is a key component in the assessment of a drug's safety profile. Inappropriate analysis methods may result in misleading conclusions about a therapy's safety and consequently its benefit-risk ratio. The statistical analysis of AEs is complicated by the fact that the follow-up times can vary between the patients included in a clinical trial. This paper takes as its focus the analysis of AE data in the presence of varying follow-up times within the benefit assessment of therapeutic interventions. Instead of approaching this issue directly and solely from an analysis point of view, we first discuss what should be estimated in the context of safety data, leading to the concept of estimands. Although the current discussion on estimands is mainly related to efficacy evaluation, the concept is applicable to safety endpoints as well. Within the framework of estimands, we present statistical methods for analysing AEs with the focus being on the time to the occurrence of the first AE of a specific type. We give recommendations which estimators should be used for the estimands described. Furthermore, we state practical implications of the analysis of AEs in clinical trials and give an overview of examples across different indications. We also provide a review of current practices of health technology assessment (HTA) agencies with respect to the evaluation of safety data. Finally, we describe problems with meta-analyses of AE data and sketch possible solutions.
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- 2018
10. Survival analysis for AdVerse events with VarYing follow-up times (SAVVY)—estimation of adverse event risks
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Stegherr, Regina, Schmoor, Claudia, Beyersmann, Jan, Rufibach, Kaspar, Jehl, Valentine, Brückner, Andreas, Eisele, Lewin, Künzel, Thomas, Kupas, Katrin, Langer, Frank, Leverkus, Friedhelm, Loos, Anja, Norenberg, Christiane, Voss, Florian, and Friede, Tim
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- 2021
- Full Text
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11. Comparing the EQ-5D-5L utility index based on value sets of different countries: impact on the interpretation of clinical study results
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Gerlinger, Christoph, Bamber, Luke, Leverkus, Friedhelm, Schwenke, Carsten, Haberland, Claudia, Schmidt, Gilda, and Endrikat, Jan
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- 2019
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12. Does big data require a methodological change in medical research?
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Caliebe, Amke, Leverkus, Friedhelm, Antes, Gerd, and Krawczak, Michael
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- 2019
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13. Clinical Evidence Informing Treatment Guidelines on Repurposed Drugs for Hospitalized Patients During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic: Corticosteroids, Anticoagulants, (Hydroxy)chloroquine
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Wüstner, Stefanie, primary, Hogger, Sara, additional, Gartner-Freyer, Daniela, additional, Lebioda, Andrea, additional, Schley, Katharina, additional, and Leverkus, Friedhelm, additional
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- 2022
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14. Workshop der Arbeitsgruppe Therapeutische Forschung auf der GMDS 2021: Nutzenbewertung mit Beobachtungsstudien?
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Großhennig, Anika, Bender, Ralf, and Leverkus, Friedhelm
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Nutzenbewertung ,ddc: 610 ,Medicine and health ,Confounding ,Effektstärke ,Beobachtungsstudien ,Umgang mit Bias - Abstract
Zur Bewertung des Nutzens medizinischer Interventionen stellen randomisierte kontrollierte Studien den Goldstandard dar. Nur bei diesem Design kann ohne weitere Annahmen von einer Strukturgleichheit der zu vergleichenden Therapiegruppen ausgegangen werden. Seit einiger Zeit wird darüber diskutiert, [zum vollständigen Text gelangen Sie über die oben angegebene URL]
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- 2021
15. Population-based incidence and mortality of community-acquired pneumonia in Germany
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Theilacker, Christian, primary, Sprenger, Ralf, additional, Leverkus, Friedhelm, additional, Walker, Jochen, additional, Häckl, Dennis, additional, von Eiff, Christof, additional, and Schiffner-Rohe, Julia, additional
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- 2021
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16. Development and Validation of a New Measure to Evaluate Psychological Resistance to Insulin Treatment
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PETRAK, FRANK, STRIDDE, ELMAR, LEVERKUS, FRIEDHELM, CRISPIN, ALEXANDER A., FORST, THOMAS, and PFÜTZNER, ANDREAS
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- 2007
17. HTA - How to tackle pressing challenges: International Harmonization, Real World Data, and Surrogates
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Rüther, Alric, Herrmann, Kirsten H., Hebborn, Ansgar, Perleth, Matthias, Schwarzer, Ruth, Schürmann, Christoph, Sieben, Wiebke, Gillhaus, Johanna, Goertz, Ralf, Jeratsch, Ulli, Leverkus, Friedhelm, and Schramm, Wendelin
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Politik ,validation techniques ,biologische Marker ,systematic reviews ,biometry ,Endpunktbestimmung ,Schätztechniken ,lcsh:Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,medicine, evidence-based ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,Entscheidungsunterstützungstechniken ,endpoint determination ,Gesundheitstechnologiefolgenabschätzung ,decision support techniques ,estimation techniques ,Real-World-Daten ,theoretische Studie ,thresholds ,correlation of data ,Health Technology Assessment ,HTA ,Surrogatendpunkte ,610 Medical sciences ,Medicine ,technology assessment ,simulation ,theoretical study ,Schwellenwerte ,real world data ,ddc: 610 ,surrogate endpoints ,lcsh:R858-859.7 ,evidenzbasierte Medizin ,Validierungstechniken ,Biometrie ,Korrelation ,biological markers ,policy - Abstract
Health Technology Assessment is one of the standard instruments in support of the decision-making to define the public health services both internationally and in the German health care system. Besides systematic reviews, benefit-harm-analyses, health economic evaluations, and, decision-analytic modelling, especially epidemiological and biometrical questions and methods play a key role. From this perspective discussions on increased European cooperation including calls for wider harmonization are attracting greater interests. The overall aim is, to present at the GMDS workshop relevant information on this emerging field of harmonization in Europe across similarities and differences in the HTA process. Current developments around the composition of the EU-HTA Network are provided. This network accepts the challenge to define and establish a “Joint Work” across Europe. Special emphasis was placed on the discussion on “Harmonization of HTA: is it a threat or does it mean support?”. Furthermore, methodological discussions and questions are being addressed: “Are Real World Data and Surrogates possible parameters for decision-making or HTA?”, Health Technology Assessment (Gesundheitstechnologiefolgenabschätzung) gehört international und im deutschen Gesundheitswesen zu den Standardinstrumenten der Entscheidungsunterstützung zur Definition des Leistungskatalogs. Neben systematischen Reviews, Nutzen-Schaden-Abwägungen, gesundheitsökonomischen Evaluationen und entscheidungsanalytischen Modellierungen spielen insbesondere epidemiologische und biometrische Fragen und Methoden eine Rolle. Vor diesem Hintergrund geraten die zunehmenden Diskussionen um europäische Zusammenarbeit in den Fokus bis hin zu Rufen nach umfangreicher Harmonisierung. Die GMDS-Arbeitsgruppe HTA möchte gemeinsam mit den AG/AK Methodik Systematischer Reviews, Gesundheitsökonomie und Medical Decision Making dieses Thema aufgreifen und aktuelle Entwicklungen darstellen. Dies beginnt mit einem europäischen Blick auf den Aufbau des EU-HTA-Netzwerks, das sich der Herausforderung stellt, „Joint Work“ europaweit zu definieren und zu etablieren. Hier rückt die Diskussion um „Harmonisierung von HTA“ in den Vordergrund: Ist dies als Bedrohung oder als Unterstützung zu werten? Im zweiten Teil des Artikels wird vor diesem Hintergrund eine weitere aktuelle methodische Frage aus verschiedenen Perspektiven erörtert: „Sind Real World Data und Surrogate mögliche Parameter im Decision Making oder in der Gesundheitstechnologiefolgenabschätzung?“., GMS Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie; 14(1):Doc02
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- 2018
18. Methods for Generalized Evidence Synthesis
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Bender, Ralf, Herrmann, Kirsten H., Jensen, Katrin, Hauschke, Dieter, Leverkus, Friedhelm, and Friede, Tim
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ddc: 610 ,610 Medical sciences ,Medicine ,Biometrie - Abstract
Workshop of the GMDS Working Groups "Therapeutische Forschung" "Methodik systematischer Reviews" Abstract: The benefit assessment of drugs, in which the causal effects of medical interventions are evaluated regarding a clearly defined comparator, plays an important role,[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 62. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie e.V. (GMDS)
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- 2017
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19. Surrogatvalidierung durch Korrelation und Surrogate Threshold Effect - Ergebnisse von Simulationsstudien
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Buncke, Johanna, Goertz, Ralf, Jeratsch, Ulli, and Leverkus, Friedhelm
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surrogate threshold effect ,Nutzenbewertung ,610 Medical sciences ,Medicine ,Nutzenbewertungen ,lcsh:Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ,benefit assessment ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,ddc: 610 ,correlation ,lcsh:R858-859.7 ,validation of surrogates ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,progressionsfreies Überleben ,Korrelation ,progression-free survival ,Surrogatvalidierung - Abstract
Background: Progression-free survival (PFS) is often used instead of the patient-relevant endpoint overall survival (OS) in cancer clinical trials. In order for PFS to be accepted as a patient-relevant outcome within the benefit assessment of pharmaceuticals in accordance with the German Social Code, Book Five (SGB V), section 35a, it has to be validated as a surrogate endpoint for OS in the relevant indication. As part of a rapid report the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen – IQWiG) presented methods for surrogate endpoints validation and recommendations for correlation-based procedures. These methods include the evaluation of the certainty of conclusion of study results and the correlation between estimates of surrogate outcome and patient-relevant outcome on trial-level. The correlation is estimated by sample Pearson correlation coefficient r or coefficient of determination R² and respective confidence interval (CI). Requirements for surrogate validation are a high correlation and a high certainty of conclusion of the study results. In case of medium correlation IQWiG methods propose applying the concept of surrogate threshold effect (STE) to determine thresholds for the estimate of the surrogate endpoint. Methods: In simulation studies we investigate the requirements for a successful surrogate validation when applying a correlation-based approach. Simulation parameters are the estimates of the surrogate and the patient-relevant outcome, the correlation between them, the number of patients and the number of studies. We analyzed different scenarios in order to figure out parameters contributing to high correlation. Furthermore, we investigate requirements of the STE method, allowing conclusions on patient-relevant endpoints by means of surrogate endpoints. Finally, in consideration of IQWiG methods we analyze the challenges of surrogate validation in practical use. Results: Both, simulations of the surrogate validation using correlation-based procedure as well as an analytical derivation show low statistical power despite a medium-sized number of studies and a high true correlation. The power for n=5 studies and correlation ρ=0.9 is below 6%. A very high true correlation of ρ=0.95 in at least n=25 studies would be required in order to preserve a power of 80%, however this scenario is considered implausible in practice. Further simulations investigating the power of the method of STE showed that only one fifth of the considered scenarios have power above 80%. However, these scenarios included parameter constellations with impractical values regarding number of studies, number of patients and effect estimate of OS. The correlation parameter ρ as well as the parameter of the estimate of PFS barely have an impact on the power of the STE procedure. Conclusion: Our simulations show that in practical use it is quite unlikely to fulfill the condition of high correlation as defined in the rapid report of IQWiG, proposing the lower limit of confidence interval to be crucial. Despite setting the true correlation in the model to a high value, statistical power will be quite small as long as the number of studies remains low or medium which is a realistic assumption in validation of surrogate endpoints within the framework of early benefit assessment. Besides, recommendation to involve certainty of studies in the analysis remains problematic. On closer inspection of the density function of sample correlation coefficient and assuming a given true correlation we can conclude that sample correlation does not depend on the variance of the single estimates but only on sample size (representing the number of studies in the model). Therefore, patient number does not have an impact on the confidence interval of the correlation whether using weight vectors for studies or not. Application of the STE concept according to the requirements described in the rapid report appears to be rather complicated as well. We propose an alternative solution of comparing the value of STE with point estimate of the surrogate endpoint instead of its lower level of confidence interval showing low α-errors in realistic scenarios., Hintergrund: In onkologischen Studien wird oftmals statt des patientenrelevanten Endpunkts Gesamtüberleben (overall survival, OS) der Endpunkt progressionsfreies Überleben (progression-free survival, PFS) erfasst. Für eine Anerkennung von PFS als patientenrelevant im Verfahren der Nutzenbewertung nach § 35a SGB V gilt es, dieses als Surrogatendpunkt für OS in der betrachteten Indikation zu validieren. Das Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen (IQWiG) hat im Rahmen eines Rapid Report Methoden zur Validierung von Surrogatendpunkten dargestellt und Empfehlungen zur Verwendung von korrelationsbasierten Verfahren ausgesprochen. In diesen Methoden werden die Einschätzung der Aussagesicherheit der Studienergebnisse und der Zusammenhang zwischen den Effektschätzern des Surrogats und des patientenrelevanten Endpunkts auf Studienebene einbezogen. Der Zusammenhang wird mit dem Korrelationskoeffizienten r bzw. dem Bestimmtheitsmaß R² und entsprechendem Konfidenzintervall (KI) gemessen. Für den Nachweis der Validität des Surrogats müssen eine hohe Korrelation sowie eine hohe Aussagesicherheit der Studienergebnisse vorliegen. Im Falle einer mittleren Korrelation kann das Konzept des Surrogate Threshold Effects (STE) zur Festlegung von Schwellenwerten für den Effektschätzer des Surrogatendpunkts angewandt werden. Methoden: In Simulationsstudien wird nun untersucht, welche Bedingungen für eine erfolgreiche Surrogatvalidierung mit korrelationsbasierten Verfahren erfüllt sein müssen. Variierende Parameter sind die Effektschätzer des Surrogats und des patientenrelevanten Endpunkts, die Korrelation zwischen den Effektschätzern, die Patientenanzahl sowie die Anzahl der Studien. Es wird analysiert, in welchen Szenarien der Nachweis einer hohen Korrelation gelingt und falls nicht, welche Voraussetzungen vorliegen müssen, dass anhand des Surrogats unter Einbeziehen des STE-Konzepts noch Schlüsse auf den patientenrelevanten Endpunkt gezogen werden können. Die Herausforderungen der vom IQWiG präferierten Methodik zur Surrogatvalidierung in der Praxis werden analysiert. Ergebnisse: Die Simulation der Surrogatvalidierung über das korrelationsbasierte Verfahren sowie die analytische Herleitung der Power zeigen, dass diese bei moderater Studienanzahl und starker zugrundeliegender wahrer Korrelation dennoch sehr gering ist. Die Power liegt für n=5 Studien und Korrelation ρ=0,9 unter 6%. Es wäre eine sehr hohe Korrelation von ρ=0,95 in mindestens n=25 Studien erforderlich, um eine Power von 80% zu erhalten. Dieses Szenario ist in der Realität allerdings als unplausibel anzusehen. In der Simulation zur Anwendung des STE-Konzepts lag die Power nur bei etwa ein Fünftel der betrachteten Szenarien über 80%. Dabei handelte es sich jedoch um Szenarien, in denen die Parameterkonstellationen aus hoher Studien- und Patientenanzahl und großem Effekt des OS eher unrealistisch sind. Der Parameter der Korrelation ρ zwischen den Effektschätzern der Studien wirkt sich ebenso wie verschiedene Effekte des PFS kaum auf die Power des STE-Verfahrens aus. Schlussfolgerung: Die durchgeführten Simulationen zeigen, dass die im Rapid Report beschriebene Methodik, wonach die untere Grenze des Konfidenzintervalls ausschlaggebend für eine hohe Korrelation bei der Surrogatvalidierung sein soll, eine in der Praxis kaum zu überwindende Hürde darstellt. Bei gering bis moderat angenommener Studienanzahl - wie es für eine Validierung von Surrogatendpunkten im Rahmen der frühen Nutzenbewertung realistisch erscheint - ist die Power selbst bei hoher, wahrer Korrelation äußerst gering. Problematisch erscheint weiterhin die Empfehlung, die Aussagekraft der Studien in die Analyse mit einzubeziehen, auch wenn dies prinzipiell gerechtfertigt erscheint. Bei Betrachtung der Definition des Korrelationskoeffizienten und dessen Dichtefunktion wird zudem klar, dass die empirische Korrelation unter Annahme einer festen wahren Korrelation gar nicht von der Varianz der Einzelschätzer, sondern nur von der Anzahl der Wertepaare abhängt. Die Patientenanzahl hat somit keine Auswirkung auf das Konfidenzintervall der Korrelation. Dies gilt ebenso, wenn Modelle mit Gewichtung der Studien verwendet werden. Die Anwendung des STE-Konzeptes gemäß der im Rapid Report beschriebenen Methodik erscheint ebenfalls schwierig. Ein Vergleich des STE mit dem Punktschätzer des Surrogatendpunkts wäre eine Alternative, die in realistischen Szenarien geringe α-Fehler zeigte., GMS Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie; 13(1):Doc01
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- 2017
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20. Workshop der AG ATF: Subgruppenanalysen auch unter dem Fokus der Nutzenbewertung
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Hauschke, Dieter, Bender, Ralf, and Leverkus, Friedhelm
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Statistical methods for health services research ,ddc: 610 ,610 Medical sciences ,Medicine - Abstract
Die Medizinische Biometrie beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung und Anwendung statistischer Verfahren in der Medizin. Insbesondere bei der Entwicklung und Bewertung von Arzneimitteln ist die adäquate Verwendung biometrischer Methoden von fundamentaler Bedeutung. Die Nutzenbewertung von Arzneimitteln,[zum vollständigen Text gelangen Sie über die oben angegebene URL], HEC 2016: Health – Exploring Complexity; Joint Conference of GMDS, DGEpi, IEA-EEF, EFMI
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- 2016
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21. Nicht-adjustierte indirekte Vergleiche in der Nutzenbewertung - Untersuchung und Vergleich verschiedener Methoden
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Kühnast, Sarah, Schiffner-Rohe, Julia, Rahnenführer, Jörg, and Leverkus, Friedhelm
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ddc: 610 ,Nicht-adjustierte indirekte Vergleiche ,610 Medical sciences ,Medicine ,Nutzenbewertungen - Abstract
Einleitung: Mit der Einführung des Arzneimittelneuordnungsgesetzes (AMNOG) im Jahr 2011 sind pharmazeutische Unternehmen (pU) aufgefordert, den Zusatznutzen eines neuen Arzneimittels (AM) gegenüber einer vom Gemeinsamen Bundesausschuss (G-BA) festgelegten zweckmäßigen Vergleichstherapie[zum vollständigen Text gelangen Sie über die oben angegebene URL], GMDS 2015; 60. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie e.V. (GMDS)
- Published
- 2015
22. Der Nutzen von marginalen strukturellen Modellen (MSM) in der longitudinalen Analyse von Routinedaten
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Basic, Edin, Kloss, Sebastian, Leverkus, Friedhelm, and Rauchhaus, Mathias
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GKV-Routinedaten ,Vorhofflimmern ,Selektionsbias ,ddc: 610 ,Marginale strukturelle Modelle ,Therapiewechsel ,610 Medical sciences ,Medicine - Abstract
Einleitung: Die Beurteilung der klinischen Wirksamkeit der Behandlung in longitudinalen Beobachtungsstudien ist mit einigen analytischen Herausforderungen verbunden. Diese beinhalten die Notwendigkeit der adäquaten Berücksichtigung fehlender Daten, des Selektionsbias und möglicher Therapiewechsel.[zum vollständigen Text gelangen Sie über die oben angegebene URL], GMDS 2015; 60. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie e.V. (GMDS)
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- 2015
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23. Indirekte Vergleiche im Rahmen der frühen Nutzenbewertung: Eine Fata Morgana?
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Schiffner-Rohe, Julia and Leverkus, Friedhelm
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ddc: 610 ,610 Medical sciences ,Medicine - Abstract
Hintergrund und Fragestellung: Mit dem Arzneimittelneuordnungsgesetz (AMNOG) sind pharmazeutische Unternehmen (pU) aufgefordert, den Zusatznutzen eines neuen Arzneimittels (AM) gegenüber einer von gemeinsamen Bundesausschuss (GBA) festgelegten zweckmäßigen Vergleichstherapie (zVT) in [for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], EbM zwischen Best Practice und inflationärem Gebrauch; 16. Jahrestagung des Deutschen Netzwerks Evidenzbasierte Medizin
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- 2015
24. Methodische Aspekte bei der Nutzenbewertung von Arzneimitteln
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Hauschke, Dieter, Schmoor, Claudia, Bender, Ralf, and Leverkus, Friedhelm
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ddc: 610 ,610 Medical sciences ,Medicine - Abstract
Die Nutzenbewertung von Arzneimitteln, d. h. die Evaluation medizinischer Interventionen hinsichtlich ihrer kausal begründeten positiven und negativen Effekte im Vergleich mit einer klar definierten anderen Therapie, spielt eine zunehmend größere Rolle, insbesondere seit das Arzneimittelmarktneuordnungsgesetz[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], GMDS 2014; 59. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie e.V. (GMDS)
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- 2013
25. Fehlende Werte: Umgang, Probleme und Interpretation am Beispiel der Bewertung der Biologika zur Behandlung der rheumatoiden Arthritis
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Schiffner-Rohe, Julia, Kloss, Sebastian, Eberle, Sonja, and Leverkus, Friedhelm
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ddc: 610 ,610 Medical sciences ,Medicine - Abstract
Einleitung und Fragestellung: Fehlende Werte sind in klinischen Studien möglichst zu vermeiden. Insbesondere in Langzeitstudien ist dies häufig nicht möglich, was das Ersetzen fehlender Werte erforderlich macht. Die „points to consider“ der EMA fordern bei der Ersetzung [for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], GMDS 2013; 58. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie e.V. (GMDS)
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- 2013
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26. Unsicherheit in der Nutzenbewertung - aus Sicht der pharmazeutischen Industrie
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Schiffner-Rohe, Julia, Leverkus, Friedhelm, Herbold, Marlis, Sieder, Christian, and Knoerzer, Dietrich
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ddc: 610 ,610 Medical sciences ,Medicine - Abstract
Der Umgang mit Unsicherheiten ist in der klinischen Forschung und evidenzbasierten Medizin keine Unbekannte. Große Streuungen, Verzerrungspotentiale von Studien und Heterogenitäten zwischen Studien sind nur einige Beispiele. Die Unsicherheiten in der Aussagesicherheit basieren auf dem zugrundeliegenden[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], GMDS 2012; 57. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie e.V. (GMDS)
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- 2012
27. Chronic pain patients' treatment preferences: a discrete-choice experiment
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Muehlbacher, Axel C., Junker, Uwe, Juhnke, Christin, Stemmler, Edgar, Kohlmann, Thomas, Leverkus, Friedhelm, Nuebling, Matthias, Muehlbacher, Axel C., Junker, Uwe, Juhnke, Christin, Stemmler, Edgar, Kohlmann, Thomas, Leverkus, Friedhelm, and Nuebling, Matthias
- Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify, document, and weight attributes of a pain medication that are relevant from the perspective of patients with chronic pain. Within the sub-population of patients suffering from chronic neuropathic pain, three groups were analyzed in depth: patients with neuropathic back pain, patients with painful diabetic polyneuropathy, and patients suffering from pain due to post-herpetic neuralgia. The central question was: On which features do patients base their assessment of pain medications and which features are most useful in the process of evaluating and selecting possible therapies? A detailed literature review, focus groups with patients, and face-to-face interviews with widely recognized experts for pain treatment were conducted to identify relevant treatment attributes of a pain medication. A pre-test was conducted to verify the structure of relevant and dominant attributes using factor analyses by evaluating the most frequently mentioned representatives of each factor. The Discrete-Choice Experiment (DCE) used a survey based on self-reported patient data including socio-demographics and specific parameters concerning pain treatment. Furthermore, the neuropathic pain component was determined in all patients based on their scoring in the painDETECT(A (R)) questionnaire. For statistical data analysis of the DCE, a random effect logit model was used and coefficients were presented. A total of 1,324 German patients participated in the survey, of whom 44 % suffered from neuropathic back pain (including mixed pain syndrome), 10 % complained about diabetic polyneuropathy, and 4 % reported pain due to post-herpetic neuralgia. A total of 36 single quality aspects of pain treatment, detected in the qualitative survey, were grouped in 7 dimensions by factor analysis. These 7 dimensions were used as attributes for the DCE. The DCE model resulted in the following ranking of relevant attributes for treatment decision: no character change
- Published
- 2015
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