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Bu çalışmada önemli Arap dil bilimci Ebû Hayyân el-Endelüsî’nin (ö. 745/1344) nahiv ilmine (Tevâbi) dair görüşleri “İrtişâfu’d-Darab Min Lisâni’l-Arab” adlı eseri bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Ebû Hayyân sadece Arap diline değil, Türk diline dair katkılar sunan önemli bir âlimdir. Dile dair görüşlerini sunarken kendinden önceki dilcilerin söylediklerini olduğu gibi aktarmayıp gerektiğinde kendi görüşlerini ortaya koymaktan geri durmamıştır. Onun Arap dili sentaksı yani söz dizimine dair görüşleri özgündür. Ebû Hayyân bu özgün eserinde Arap dilinin cümle yapısına dair hazf, takdim, tehir ve benzeri dil olgularını Arap dil ekollerinin görüşlerini de dikkate alarak ve bunları istişhadlarla tartışarak ortaya koymaktadır. Bu eserinde en çok Kur’an-ı Kerim, Arap şiiri ve Arap kelamıyla istiştatta bulunmaktadır. Bazı durumlarda Türkçe ve Farsça gibi dillere aşina olması nedeniyle eserinde tüm diller için geçerli olabilecek görüşler dile getirmektedir. Ayrıca o, bu eserinde dil incelemelerine daha önceki Arap dilcilerin çalışmalarından farklı olarak öncelikle morfolojiyle başlamaktadır. Daha sonra sentaks konularına değinmektedir., In this study, the views of the important Arabic linguist Ebu Hayyan al-Endelusi (d. 745/1344) on the science of nahw are discussed in the context of his work “Irtishaf ad-Darab min Lisan al-Arab”. Abu Hayyan is an important scholar who contributed not only to the Arabic language but also to the Turkish language. While presenting his views on language, he did not refrain from conveying what the linguists before him said as they were, and putting forth his own views when necessary, he did not hesitate to put forward his own views on the syntax of Arabic language which are unique and original. In this original work, Abu Hayyan reveals the linguistic phenomena of the sentence structure of the Arabic language, such as hedonism, presentation, postponement, and similar language concepts, taking into account the views of Arabic language schools and discussing them with istishats. In this work, he mostly uses the Qur'an, Arabic poetry and Arabic theology. In some cases, he expresses opinions that can be valid for all languages, due to his familiarity with languages such as Turkish and Persian. Also, in this work, he starts his language studies primarily with morphology, unlike the works of previous Arab linguists.

[ES] Se propone investigar sobre la mirada que un estudiante de arquitectura puede verter sobre el mundo del cine. El análisis cruzado entre dos profesiones, la del arquitecto y la del cineasta, tan coincidentes en múltiples aspectos visuales y operativos, permitirá al estudiante de arquitectura comprender y profundizar en algunas cuestiones concernientes a su profesión, en un camino de ida y vuelta en que ambas disciplinas comparten estrategias y, porque no decirlo, resultados., [EN] The theme proposes to investigate the look that a student of architecture can exert on the world of cinema. The cross-analysis between the two professions, that of the architect and that of the filmmaker, so coincident in multiple visual and operative aspects, will allow the student of architecture to understand and to delve into some questions concerning his profession, in a way of go and return that both disciplines share strategies and, why not say, results.

[ES] En 1946, se encarga al arquitecto Hassan Fathy el planeamiento de Nueva Gourna, una villa situada en la orilla oeste del Nilo que surge por la necesidad de realojar a siete mil campesinos, cuyas viviendas estaban anexionadas a las valiosas tumbas de Thebas. Seis décadas después, a escasos kilómetros de Abu Dhabi nace el proyecto de Masdar City, diseñado por el estudio de arquitectos Foster + Partners, con el objetivo de ser la primera ciudad del mundo neutra en carbono. A pesar de los años y la distancia que los separa, son dos proyectos experimentales que basan su desarrollo en los principios de la arquitectura tradicional árabe. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar ambas propuestas urbanas, para conocer cuáles son las estrategias proyectuales empleadas en cada caso para enfrentarse al cálido clima del desierto de forma sostenible. Para ello se realizará un análisis de cada proyecto a través de dos aspectos principales: la morfología urbana y los elementos de regulación climática con la finalidad de extraer los aspectos más favorables de esta fusión, entre el presente y el pasado, que puedan ofrecer una visión próspera para las ciudades del futuro., [EN] In 1946, the architect Hassan Fathy was commissioned to plan New Gourna, a village located on the west bank of the Nile. It arises from the need to relocate seven thousand peasants, whose homes were annexed to the valuable tombs of Thebas. Six decades later, a few kilometers away from Abu Dhabi, the Masdar City project was born, designed by Foster + Partners architects studio, with in order to be the first carbon-neutral city in the world. Despite the years and the distance that separates them, they are two experimental projects base their development on the principles of traditional Arabic architecture. The objective of this project is to study both urban proposals to know the projectual strategies used in each case to deal with warm desert climate in a sustainable way. For that reason, it will be analyze each project through two main aspects: urban morphology and climate regulation elements with the purpose of extracting the most favorable aspects of this fusion, between present and past, that can offer a prosperous vision for future cities.

La creciente urbanización mundial y la problemática que trae consigo, como es el aumento de la población en área urbana, mejorar la eficiencia energética, disminuir las emisiones contaminantes y reconducir el cambio climático, ha tenido en el modelo ciudades inteligentes (smart cities), la clave para abordar dichos retos. Este modelo ha logrado insertarse en la actualidad en las agendas urbanas de diferentes entidades, organismo e instituciones. Los nuevos desarrollos urbanos o ciudades como lo es Masdar (EAU), son espacios a gran escala de experimentación y aprendizaje tecnológico, pretendiendo una nueva manera de entender los territorios como lugares de ensayo de soluciones tecnológicas. Mientras, hay ciertas ciudades existentes inmersas en el modelo, como lo es Tallin (Estonia), siendo esta en la actualidad protagonista por su alta tecnología. Así como también, la ciudad de Vigo está inmersa mediante distintos proyectos y herramientas, para establecerse en dicho modelo. Por su parte, el escepticismo de los urbanistas a la visible carencia de las iniciativas smart y las inquietudes actuales de los propios urbanistas es evidente. Por ello, se deben afrontar con gran variedad de variables los desafíos de las ciudades, teniendo presente al ciudadano como núcleo. En la presente investigación se realiza un análisis de los modelos en dos ciudades referentes como es Masdar y Tallin, definiendo posibles términos exportables. Por su parte, se determinan las necesidades, en diferentes marcos de la ciudad de Vigo, las cuales pueden ser contrarrestadas con los posibles términos extraídos de las ciudades antes menciondas. Para ello, los objetivos de la investigación se centran en definir conceptos, indicadores o herramientas exportables del modelo ciudades inteligentes, en ciudades planeadas de raíz y existentes, y determinar cuáles de los anteriores términos pueden responder a las necesidades, esencialmente urbanísticas, identificadas en la ciudad de Vigo. La metodología aplicada está dada por el estudio de caso, contemplando además los dos casos o ciudades de referencia. La técnica de recogida de información recae fundamentalmente en el análisis documental, en conjunto con ciertas entrevistas realizadas en la ciudad de Vigo. Por su parte, las técnicas de tratamiento de la información están dadas mediante el análisis cualitativo, no obstante, se realizan en notas de campo ciertas observaciones propias del trabajo. Con todo ello, esta investigación pretende demostrar los términos posibles exportables de las ciudades de referencia, caracterizados por los dominios duros en Masdar, y los blandos en Tallin. Mientras que, en Vigo, existen ciertas necesidades, sobre todo urbanísticas, en las cuales, el modelo en el que está inmersa, se queda en una aproximación y no logra persuadir tales desatinos. Para ello sería posible aplicar los términos exportables antes citados, determinando previamente si estos serían compatibles a la ciudad de Vigo contemplando su escala, contexto, cultura, política, sociedad, etc. RESUMO A crescente urbanização global e os seus problemas conexos, como o aumento da população nas áreas urbanas, a melhoria da eficiência energética, a redução das emissões poluentes e as alterações climáticas, tiveram no modelo de cidades inteligentes uma resposta para enfrentar tais desafios. Este modelo foi inserido com sucesso nas agendas urbanas de diferentes entidades, organizações e instituições. Os novos desenvolvimentos urbanos em cidades de raiz como Masdar (EAU) são espaços de larga escala para a experimentação e a inovação, procurando-se uma nova maneira de entender os territórios como locais de teste e soluções tecnológicas. Em simultâneo, há outras cidades já existentes, como Tallin (Estónia), que atualmente são também protagonistas nesse modelo de utilização tecnológica. De igual modo, a cidade de Vigo está imersa em diferentes projetos e ferramentas, para se desenvolver neste âmbito. Por sua vez, o ceticismo de certos urbanistas com a visível falta de iniciativas inteligentes e as preocupações atuais dos próprios arquitetos é evidente. Os desafios das cidades devem pois ser enfrentados com uma grande diversidade de variáveis, visando a qualidade de vida dos cidadãos. Na presente investigação, é realizada uma análise dos modelos em duas cidades de referência, como Masdar e Tallin, definindo possíveis aplicações exportáveis. Por outro lado, as necessidades são determinadas especificamente para a cidade de Vigo, que podem ser contrariadas através de tais referências de implementação. Para tal, os objetivos da investigação concentram-se na definição de conceitos, indicadores e ferramentas exportáveis do modelo smart cities, nas cidades planeadas e existentes, e determinam quais as aplicações que poderão eventualmente responder às necessidades urbanas, identificadas na cidade de Vigo. A metodologia aplicada é dada pelo estudo de caso, contemplando também a análise a duas cidades de referência. A técnica de recolha de informação baseia-se fundamentalmente na análise documental, em conjugação com algumas entrevistas realizadas na cidade de Vigo. Por outro lado, as técnicas de processamento de informação são dadas por análise qualitativa e certas observações foram também realizadas em notas de campo. Esta investigação tem assim por objetivo demonstrar os possíveis modelos exportáveis das cidades de referência, caracterizadas pelos domínios hard, em Masdar, e soft, em Tallin. Por sua vez em Vigo existem certas necessidades, especialmente urbanas, onde o contexto em que se insere permanece como uma aproximação, não conseguindo ultrapassar os constrangimentos atuais. Seria talvez possível aplicar as referências exportáveis acima mencionadas, determinando previamente se estas seriam compatíveis com a cidade de Vigo, considerando a escala local, o ambiente, a cultura, a política, a sociedade, etc. Palavras-chave: cidades inteligentes, tecnologia, cidadão, Masdar, Tallin, Vigo. ABSTRACT Increasing global urbanization and the problems it brings, as is the increasing population in urban areas, improve energy efficiency, reduce emissions and redirect climate change has had on the model intelligent cities (smart cities), the key to addressing these challenges. This model has successfully introduced today in urban agendas of different entities, organization and institutions. New urban developments or cities as it is Masdar (UAE), are spaces largescale technological experimentation and learning, seeking a new way of understanding the territories as test sites technology solutions. While there are certain embedded existing cities in the model, as is Tallinn (Estonia), is currently being protagonist for its high technology. As well as the city of Vigo is involved with various projects and tools, to settle in this model. For its part, the skepticism of urban planners to visible lack of smart initiatives and current concerns of the planners themselves is evident. Therefore they must be confronted with a variety of variables challenges of cities, bearing in mind the citizen as core. In the present investigation an analysis of the models is done in two key cities such as Masdar and Tallinn, defining possible export terms. For its part, the needs are determined in different frames of the city of Vigo, which can be counteracted with possible terms drawn from the above menciondas cities. To do this, the research objectives focus on defining concepts, indicators or export tools model smart cities, planned existing root and cities, and determine which of the above terms can respond to the needs, essentially urban, identified in the city of Vigo. The methodology used is given by the case study also contemplating the two reference cases or cities. The technique of gathering information falls mainly on the analysis, along with some interviews in the city of Vigo. Meanwhile, the processing techniques are given information through qualitative analysis, however, are performed in fieldnotes certain work own observations. In all, this research aims to demonstrate the potential exportable terms of reference cities, characterized by hard domains in Masdar, and soft in Tallinn. While in Vigo, there are certain needs, especially urban, in which the model in which is immersed, remains in an approximation and fails to persuade such nonsense. This would be applied exportable terms mentioned above, previously determining whether these would be compatible to the city of Vigo considering its scale, context, culture, politics, society, etc. keywords: smart cities, technology, citizen, Masdar, Tallinn, Vigo.

The population of the planet is constantly growing, people are moving to the cities. Recently, more and more interest is being given to smart cities as a guarantee of at least comfortable living of citizens, as a maximum – an ultramodern autonomous city with artificial intellect, anticipating the needs of residents, capable of functioning autonomously for a long time. The purpose of the article is to analyze the experience of smart cities, highlight the distinctive and common features and outline the initial stages of the route map for the development of a specific city into a smart city. After the study, it became clear that the concept of “smart city” is very broad, scientists are investing a huge number of parameters that characterize a smart city, but it was possible to identify common characteristics. Also, the hypothesis was tested that the city’s urbanization should be oriented towards the inhabitants of this city, i.е. implemented not by a single algorithm, but by an algorithm that is adapted to the needs of a particular city. We proposed a methodology for the preparatory stage of the city’s self-mastering, which is based on expert assessments by a prior ranking, includes 2 stages and which was tested on the example of Odessa (Ukraine). At the first stage, the questionnaire contained questions about the six main characteristics of a smart city. At this stage three characteristics were singled out, which are of particular concern to Odessa citizens and the second survey contained 36 clarifying questions only for these three characteristics. The results allowed to distinguish 6 characteristics from which it is necessary to start Odessa’s growth as a smart city. Publishing costs of the article were partially funded by the project “Publication and Coordination of Scientific Periodicals, 2016–2019” (Code No. 09.3.3-ESFA-V-711-01-0004, No. PML-2016/03).

موضوع هذه المقالة هو استخدامات كون مصدر الفعل الناقص في اللغة العربية المعاصرة. نبدأ بذكر وصفات هذا المصدر عند النحاة العرب ثم في كتب النحو المؤلفة بالمستشرقين والباحثين المعاصرين في اللغة العربية. في مرحلة أخرى نتطرق إلى دراسة شاملة لهذا المصدر في العربية المعاصرة وذلك بالتأسيس على مجموعة نصوص كبيرة، نصف فيها استخدامات (كون) المختلفة. سنرى كيف يتطور معنى هذا المصدر تدريجيا إلى ترادف الكلمتي (لأن) وحتى (أن)., This paper deals with the uses of kawn in contemporary Arabic. After an overall view of the indications of how this form is used in the Arabic grammar and the Orientalist or Arabist grammars, this paper gives a comprehensive description corpus based on the different uses of kawn in contemporary Arabic. The different values like “being”, “because” or the subordinator “that” suggest the grammaticalization of kawn., Cet article s’intéresse à l’emploi dit « grammatical » du maṣdar kawn. Après avoir fait un état des lieux des mentions de cet emploi dans les grammaires arabes et dans les grammaires orientalistes ou arabisantes, on y propose une description exhaustive fondée sur corpus des différents emplois de kawn en arabe contemporain. Les différentes valeurs que sont « le fait d’être », « parce que » voire l’emploi comme simple subordonnant « que », suggèrent la grammaticalisation de kawn.

It is increasingly evident that arguments derived from the architectural profession are often unconvincing in accounting for the real implications of many current interventions. It could well be argued that we have reached a point in which an unbiased assessment of many schemes runs against the professional, political and economic interests of those who promote and publicly justify them. This brief paper is offered as a modest effort in scrutinising the justifications so often aduced by renowned architects relating to issues as relevant as sustainability, contemporary cities, growth or politics. The paper wishes to illustrate that it is of prime importance to refer to a wide range of sources in order to understand the true environmental and political implications of the architect’s work and that it is equally relevant to incorporate such sources into any teaching syllabus. Resulta cada vez más evidente que las legitimaciones arquitectónicas provenientes del propio gremio profesional son a menudo poco convincentes para dar cuenta de la verdadera trascendencia de tantas intervenciones actuales. Podría argüirse que hemos llegado a un punto en el que la objetividad crítica de muchos edificios y proyectos urbanísticos está directamente enfrentada a los intereses profesionales, políticos y económicos de quienes los promueven y de quienes los justifican públicamente. Esta breve presentación se ofrece como un modesto intento de escrutar las justificaciones aducidas por célebres arquitectos en asuntos tan importantes como la ciudad contemporánea, la sostenibilidad, el crecimiento o la política. Se pretende hacer ver que hoy más que nunca es indispensable acudir a un amplio abanico de fuentes alternativas para comprender las verdaderas repercusiones medioambientales y políticas de la labor del arquitecto, y que es igualmente relevante incorporar dichas a cualquier programa docente.

The city is a creation, which since ancient times mobilizes political and material productive forces of humans, as well as their imagination. Today, this potential is developed by various images of a technological city of the future, as the built from the ground, eco-city of Masdar. The narrative built around this city significantly exceeds the regional dimension, becoming the new universal figure of the dream about an ideal town. Simultaneously, the vision of Masdar as the "city of the future" is composed mainly of technological and economic elements, and as such, it distances itself from the imaginary dimension of the city, described by Lewis Mumford with the concept of "city-theater". Analysis of the "dramatic energy" inscribed to urban centers by the writer, will highlight possible weak points of the reflections circled around circled around the futuristic concept of Masdar. Mi?osz Markiewicz

International audience; This article deals with contemporary Arabic through a corpus extracted from the website www. aljazeera.net. Before comparing the extended verbal forms of this corpus with the same verbal forms found in the newspaper al-Ḥ ayāt, it first defines the object as well as the analysis method of the corpora. In a third part, it moves on to the study of the extended verbal forms, like this: (1) the analysis of few significant instances, (2) the statistical report of this few values for the forms of each corpus. The whole of these instances reveals that, if there are some evolutions in the functioning of the forms in relation to the Arabist standard, the Internet corpus does not present any single one in comparison to the paper corpus.; Cet article traite de l’arabe contemporain à travers un corpus extrait du site www.aljazeera.net1. Avant d’en comparer les formes augmentées avec les mêmes formes répertoriées dans le journal al-Ḥayāt 2, il définit l’objet et la méthode d’analyse des corpora. Il aborde ensuite l’étude des formes, ainsi : (1) l’analyse de quelques occurrences significatives ; (2) le relevé statistique de ces quelques valeurs pour les formes de chaque corpus. L’ensemble des occurrences révèle que, s’il existe quelques évolutions par rapport à la norme arabisante, le corpus Internet n’en présente aucune par rapport au corpus papier