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Melanoma is a malignant neoplasm induced by mutations in the DNA of melanocytes and represents more than 80% of deaths from skin cancer in Brazil. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between epidemiological and histopathological aspects of individuals diagnosed with melanoma in a Pathological Anatomy laboratory in the city of Cascavel-PR, during the year 2020. The analysis of histopathological reports from Cascavel or neighboring municipalities in the western region of Paraná and individuals from the public and private health network. A total of 147 cases of melanoma were analyzed, with a predominance of females, aged over 50 years, from the city of Cascavel-PR, with lesions located in the trunk and whose medical care occurred through health plans or agreements. Regarding the histopathological aspects of the lesions, there was a higher incidence of invasive melanoma of the superficial extensive histological type, with Breslow index > 1 mm, Clark level III, mitotic index ≥ 6 mitoses/5 CGA (1 mm2), signs of ulceration and absent regression and Stage IA. Only Clark's Level analysis showed statistical significance (p < 0.05). The data obtained from this study aim to provide subsidies for the realization of new studies on the subject in the region and for the implementation of strategies for the prevention and early diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma. El melanoma es una neoplasia maligna inducida por mutaciones en el ADN de los melanocitos y representa más del 80% de las muertes por cáncer de piel en Brasil. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la correlación entre los aspectos epidemiológicos e histopatológicos de individuos diagnosticados con melanoma en un laboratorio de Anatomía Patológica en la ciudad de Cascavel-PR, durante el año 2020. El análisis de los informes histopatológicos de Cascavel o municipios vecinos en la región occidental de Paraná y personas de la red de salud pública y privada. Se analizaron un total de 147 casos de melanoma, con predominio del sexo femenino, mayores de 50 años, del municipio de Cascavel-PR, con lesiones localizadas en el tronco y cuya atención médica ocurrió a través de planes o convenios de salud. En cuanto a los aspectos histopatológicos de las lesiones, hubo mayor incidencia de melanoma invasivo del tipo histológico extenso superficial, con índice de Breslow > 1 mm, nivel de Clark III, índice mitótico ≥ 6 mitosis/5 CGA (1 mm2), signos de ulceración y ausencia de regresión y Etapa IA. Solo el análisis de nivel de Clark mostró significación estadística (p < 0,05). Los datos obtenidos de este estudio tienen como objetivo brindar subsidios para la realización de nuevos estudios sobre el tema en la región y para la implementación de estrategias de prevención y diagnóstico precoz del melanoma cutáneo. O melanoma é uma neoplasia maligna induzida por mutações no DNA dos melanócitos e representa mais de 80% das mortes por câncer de pele no Brasil. Esse estudo teve como objetivo investigar a correlação entre os aspectos epidemiológicos e histopatológicos de indivíduos com o diagnóstico de melanoma em um laboratório de Anatomia Patológica na cidade de Cascavel-PR, durante o ano de 2020. Realizou-se a análise dos laudos histopatológicos de provenientes de Cascavel ou de munícipios vizinhos na região oeste do Paraná e de indivíduos oriundos da rede pública e privada de saúde. Foram analisados 147 casos de melanoma, com predomínio do sexo feminino, idade superior aos 50 anos, provenientes do município de Cascavel-PR, com lesões localizadas em tronco e cujo atendimento médico ocorreu por intermédio de planos ou convênios de saúde. No que concerne aos aspectos histopatológicos das lesões, houve maior incidência de melanoma invasivo de tipo histológico extensivo superficial, com índice de Breslow > 1 mm, Nível de Clark III, índice mitótico ≥ 6 mitoses/5 CGA (1 mm2), sinais de ulceração e regressão ausentes e Estadio IA. Apenas analise do Nível de Clark apresentou significância estatística (p < 0,05). Os dados obtidos a partir desse estudo visam fornecer subsídios para a realização de novo estudos sobre o tema na região e para a implementação de estratégias de prevenção e diagnóstico precoce de melanoma cutâneo.

Additional file 5: Fig. S5. Comparison of the growth of transgenic (StAPI5-OE) and non-transgenic potato plants (Wild-type) at the same developmental stages (8-week-old plants).

Additional file 6: Table S1. Values of gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and morphological traits in the resistant cv. Degima, transgenic, and Wilde-type cv. Desiree inoculated with PVA (R/PVA, StAPI5-OE/PVA, and WT/PVA, respectively), PVY (R/PVY, StAPI5-OE/PVY, and WT/PVY), buffer (R/Mock, StAPI5-OE/Mock, and WT/Mock), and without inoculation (R, StAPI5-OE, and WT). The number of replicates in each plant for each treatment was shown as Rep. No. The variables were measured in 21-day-old plants in the growth chamber. Values represent the mean (± SE) of the replicates per treatment. Values within the same row followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly different (Duncan’s multiple range test, P

Additional file 1: Figure S1. The DNA sequencing result of StAPI5 gene in the expression vector pRI201-AN using vector-specific primer M13 forward by Macrogen company using the Sanger technique.

Additional file 2: Fig. S2. PCR analysis of DNA isolated from transgenic plants with CaMV 35 S forward primer (35S-F) and StAPI5 gene reverse specific primer (StAPI5-R) to verify the insertion of the target gene into the potato genome. The expected band length is 754-bp. C: Negative control with non-transgenic potato plant (wild-type); P: positive control PCR reaction with plasmid as template; Lanes no. 1–10: DNA from independent transgenic potato plants and M: 1 kb DNA Ladder.

Additional file 7: Table S2. Sequences of the gene-specific, coat protein of PVY and PVA, and internal control primers.

Additional file 3: Fig. S3. Southern blot analysis of the independent transgenic potato plants overexpressing StAPI5 gene (right) in this image and one other studied gene (left) to confirm the transgene integration into the potato genome and to estimate the transgene copy number. P: the pRI-AN201 binary vector containing the StAPI5 gene (positive control); lanes 1 and 2: independent transgenic potato plants; C: non-transformed potato (negative control)

Diabetes mellitus is a serious public health problem which the early detection and treatment are extremely important to reduce the morbimortality rates. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of individuals with possible prediabetes and high risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients and companions at a clinic in western Paraná. A questionnaire adapted from American Diabetes Association was conducted to estimate the risk score in 223 participants. 38.2% of patients without diagnosis of diabetes presented a high risk for the disease. Statistically significant risk factors were: advanced age, positive family history, hypertension and increased mass index. The study concluded that a large part of the sample is at increased risk for type 2 diabetes and is likely to have prediabetes. The use of practical and effective tools such as the American Diabetes Association risk questionnaire may benefit public health policies. La diabetes mellitus es un grave problema de salud pública cuya detección y tratamiento precoces son importantes para reducir las tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la prevalencia de individuos con posible prediabetes y alto riesgo de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en pacientes y cuidadores de una clínica del oeste de Paraná. Se aplicó un cuestionario adaptado de la American Diabetes Association para estimar la puntuación de riesgo en 223 participantes. El 38,2% de las personas sin un diagnóstico previo de diabetes tenían un alto riesgo de contraer la enfermedad. Los factores de riesgo estadísticamente significativos para la enfermedad fueron: mayor edad, antecedentes familiares positivos, hipertensión y aumento del índice de masa corporal. Se concluyó que una gran parte de la muestra tiene un mayor riesgo de diabetes tipo 2 y probable prediabetes. El uso de herramientas prácticas y efectivas como el Cuestionario de riesgo de American Diabetes Association puede tener beneficios para la política de salud pública. Diabetes mellitus é um sério problema de saúde pública cuja detecção e tratamento precoce são importantes para a redução das taxas de morbimortalidade. Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de indivíduos com possível pré-diabetes e alto risco para diabetes mellitus tipo 2 em pacientes e acompanhantes de uma clínica no oeste do Paraná. Realizou-se a aplicação do questionário adaptado da American Diabetes Association para estimar o escore de risco em 223 participantes. 38,2% dos indivíduos sem diagnóstico prévio de diabetes apresentaram alto risco para a doença. Os fatores de risco estatisticamente significantes para a doença foram: idade avançada, histórico familiar positivo, hipertensão e índice de massa corporal aumentado. Concluiu-se que grande parcela da amostra possui risco aumentado para diabetes tipo 2 e provável pré-diabetes. A utilização de ferramentas práticas e efetivas como o questionário de risco da American Diabetes Association pode apresentar benefícios para políticas em saúde pública.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Primers used for cDNA amplification and qRT-PCR

一つの防御機構を克服するための変異が, もう一つ別の防御機構による制御をより強く受けるトレードオフを強いることで, 進化の速い病原ウイルスに対抗する植物の防御戦略を概説する。

Peas carrying the cyv1 recessive resistance gene are resistant to clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV) isolates No. 30 and 90-1 (Cl-No.30 and Cl-90-1), but can be infected by a derivative of Cl-90-1 (Cl-90-1 Br2). The main determinant for the breaking of cyv1 resistance by Cl-90-1 Br2 is P3N-PIPO produced from the P3 gene via transcriptional slippage, and the higher level of P3N-PIPO produced by Cl-90-1 Br2 than by Cl-No.30 contributes to the breaking. Here we show that P3N-PIPO is also a major virulence determinant in susceptible peas that possess another resistance gene, Cyn1, which does not inhibit systemic infection with ClYVV but causes hypersensitive reaction–like lethal systemic cell death. We previously assumed that the susceptible pea cultivar PI 226564 has a weak allele of Cyn1. Cl-No.30 did not induce cell death but Cl-90-1 Br2 killed the plants. Our results suggest that P3N-PIPO is recognized by Cyn1 and induces cell death. Unexpectedly, heterologously strongly expressed P3N-PIPO of Cl-No.30 appears to be recognized by Cyn1 in PI 226564. P3N-PIPO accumulation from the P3 gene of Cl-No.30 was significantly lower than that from Cl-90-1 Br2 in a Nicotiana benthamiana transient assay. Therefore, Cyn1-mediated cell death also appears to be determined by the level of P3N-PIPO. The more efficiently a ClYVV isolate broke cyv1 resistance, the more it induced cell death systemically (resulting in a loss of environment for virus accumulation) in susceptible peas carrying Cyn1, suggesting that antagonistic pleiotropy of P3N-PIPO controls the resistance breaking of ClYVV.

In pea carrying cyv1, a recessive gene for resistance to Clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV), ClYVV isolate Cl-no30 was restricted to the initially infected cells, whereas isolate 90-1 Br2 overcame this resistance. We mapped the region responsible for breaking of cyv1-mediated resistance by examining infection of cyv1 pea with chimeric viruses constructed from parts of Cl-no30 and 90-1 Br2. The breaking of resistance was attributed to the P3 cistron, which is known to produce two proteins: P3, from the main open reading frame (ORF), and P3N-PIPO, which has the N-terminal part of P3 fused to amino acids encoded by a small open reading frame (ORF) called PIPO in the +2 reading frame. We introduced point mutations that were synonymous with respect to the P3 protein but nonsynonymous with respect to the P3N-PIPO protein, and vice versa, into the chimeric viruses. Infection of plants with these mutant viruses revealed that both P3 and P3N-PIPO were involved in overcoming cyv1-mediated resistance. Moreover, P3N-PIPO quantitatively affected the virulence of Cl-no30 in cyv1 pea. Additional expression in trans of the P3N-PIPO derived from Cl-no30, using White clover mosaic virus as a vector, enabled Cl-no30 to move to systemic leaves in cyv1 pea. Susceptible pea plants infected with chimeric ClYVV possessing the P3 cistron of 90-1 Br2, and which were therefore virulent toward cyv1 pea, accumulated more P3N-PIPO than did those infected with Cl-no30, suggesting that the higher level of P3N-PIPO in infected cells contributed to the breaking of resistance by 90-1 Br2. This is the first report showing that P3N-PIPO is a virulence determinant in plants resistant to a potyvirus.