Search

The transmural ultrasound allows for the definition of the normal appearance of the hoof tissues and internal structures. Determining such measurements and proportions could contribute to evaluations of the normal spatial distal phalanx–hoof relationship. The objective was to describe the hoof’s dermis and epidermis measurements using the transmural technique, in comparison with DR and anatomical sections. Sixty-two healthy hooves without digital radiographic abnormalities, made up of 30 anatomical pieces (phase 1) and 32 alive horse hooves (phase 2), and 16 sagittal sections of the first ones were used. The proximal and distal planes were compared, defining the following measurements: coronary band-extensor process, distal phalanx apex–hoof wall, sole dermis, middle stratum, parietal dermis, lamellar layer, the sublamellar dermis, and ratios between them. Most of the measurements were consistent among methods. Some showed measurement differences and a minority was impossible to determine. The transmural technique allowed for the observation and replication of measurements of the hoof structures, described with other diagnostic aids. It also allowed for the implementation of new measurements that would help to determine the spatial location of the distal phalanx. Additionally, it contributes to the visualization of normal findings, which will be useful to compare variations in the different phases of laminitis.

Ultrasonography is commonly used to evaluate equine lameness-related structures, but traditional hoof approaches cannot adequately visualize internal structures such as the lamellar layer. To address this limitation, we used 62 healthy hooves without digital radiographic abnormalities, made up of thirty anatomical pieces (phase 1) and thirty-two hooves from living horses (phase 2). In both phases, half of the digits were submerged in water (group 1) and the other half in water and ice (group 2) for 24 h. Ultrasonographic views and temperature and humidity measurements were taken every two hours, and sagittal sections were obtained in phase 1. Good quality images were obtained in both phases. The transmural technique allowed the evaluation of several structures of the DEJ (tubular and lamellar strata of the hoof wall, sublamellar dermis, and solar and coronary papillae) and of the distal phalanx (extensor process, parietal surface, and apex). Our findings suggest that the transmural technique following hoof submersion can be useful for internal evaluation of hoof conditions, such as laminitis. However, further validation of the technique in natural or experimental cases is required.

This study evaluated the incidence of gastritis in foals subjected to different weaning management methods. Sixteen crossbreed foals [230 ± 35 kg], were enrolled in an experiment with a randomized block design. After weaning, foals were housed in either individual pens or a group pen. Gastritis in the foals was evaluated through gastroscopy. Data were submitted to analysis of variance by the non-parametric Friedman test at 0.05 significance level. Before weaning, gastritis was observed in 87.5% of the foals, and the scores for the number of gastric lesions were 2.10 and 1.56 for foals housed in group and individual pens, respectively. After weaning, the scores for the number of gastric lesions were 1.75 and 1.25 for foals housed in group and individual pens, respectively. For the intensity of gastric lesions, the average scores observed before weaning were 3.31 and 1.37 for foals housed in groups and individual pens, respectively. After weaning, the scores for the intensity of gastric lesions were 1.93 and 1.00 for foals housed in group and individual pens, respectively. The intensity of the gastric lesions decreased when comparing foals prior to weaning and after weaning, regardless of the management system (P.05). The number of lesions was not significantly different but tended to decrease after weaning. Differences in plasma cortisol concentrations were observed between samples collected on the weaning date and after weaning (P.05). No differences were detected in plasma gastrin concentration. In conclusion, gastritis in foals can be observed before weaning, which contributes to a decreased gastric lesion incidence.

Background With the hypothesis that equine dorsal lamellar tissue can be desensitized by anesthesia injection into distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ), the objective was to assess the mechanical nociceptive threshold of hoof dorsal lamellae following intra-articular (IA) administration of lidocaine into this joint. Methods The DIPJ of the forelimbs of six adult healthy horses were injected with either 5 mL of lidocaine, or 5 mL of lactated Ringer’s solution. Treatments were randomly distributed, with each forelimb undergoing a single treatment. The hooves were evaluated pre- and post-injection at pre-selected times over 4 h, using a pressure algometry model. Mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNTs) were recorded for the sole (dorsal, palmarolateral, and palmaromedial regions), coronary band (medial, lateral, and dorsal regions), heel bulbs (medial and lateral), and dorsal lamellar region (2 cm and 4 cm distal to the coronary band). The MNT means were compared over time using the Friedman test and between treatments using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, with values of P Results There were no differences between treatments for any region of the hoof during the evaluation period. However, MNT values indicating analgesia were recorded in the dorsal lamellar region in 50% of hooves following adminstration of lidocaine into the DIPJ. Conclusion The administration of 5 mL of lidocaine into the DIPJ does not significantly increase the mechanical nociceptive threshold of the equine hoof.

Integration of genomic data with gene network analysis can be a relevant strategy for unraveling genetic mechanisms. It can be used to explore shared biological processes between genes, as well as highlighting transcription factors (TFs) related to phenotypes of interest. Unlike other species, gene&ndash, TF network analyses have not yet been well applied to horse traits. We aimed to (1) identify candidate genes associated with horse performance via systematic review, and (2) build biological processes and gene&ndash, TF networks from the identified genes aiming to highlight the most candidate genes for horse performance. Our systematic review considered peer-reviewed articles using 20 combinations of keywords. Nine articles were selected and placed into groups for functional analysis via gene networks. A total of 669 candidate genes were identified. From that, gene networks of biological processes from each group were constructed, highlighting processes associated with horse performance (e.g., regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by vasopressin and regulation of actin polymerization and depolymerization). Transcription factors associated with candidate genes were also identified. Based on their biological processes and evidence from the literature, we identified the main TFs related to horse performance traits, which allowed us to construct a gene&ndash, TF network highlighting TFs and the most candidate genes for horse performance.

In recent years, several researchers have been studying obesity in national horse breeds; however, no studies demonstrating the dynamic of body and regional fat accumulation (adiposity) Mangalarga Marchador horses subjected to hypercaloric diets have been found. This study aimed to characterize the deposition of body and regional fat in horses with diet-induced weight gain. A total of nine Mangalarga Marchador adult horses with initial body condition score (BCS) of 2.9 ±1/9 (mean ±SD) were subjected to a hypercaloric, grain-rich diet for five months. Body weight and the following morphometric regional adiposity variables were analyzed: BCS, cresty neck scores (CNS), neck circumferences (NC) at 25, 50 and 75% of its length, and accumulation of subcutaneous adipose tissue at the base of the tail using ultrasonography (BTU). These data were collected at baseline and fortnightly after beginning the diet-induced weight gain until the end of the experiment. The effect of time on the variables was verified by analysis of variance (ANOVA) in randomized blocks or the Friedman’s test, and the means were compared by the Tukey’s test (p≤0.05). Exposure to hypercaloric diet promoted a mean weight gain of 27.45% (p

Insulin deregulation (ID) is a central player in the pathophysiology of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS), which is associated with generalized and/or regional obesity. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the alterations in the hormonal profile in horses exposed to a hypercaloric diet. A total of nine Mangalarga Marchador adult horses with initial body condition score (BCS) of 2.9±1/9 (mean±SD) were submitted to a high calorie grain-rich diet for 5 months. The data was collected before the start of the experiment and every 15 days until the end of the experiment and glucose and insulin concentrations were measured in the plasma. Proxies G:I, RISQI, HOMA-IR and MIRG were calculated. The low-dose oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed and the total area under the glucose (GTA) and insulin (ITA) curves at three different timepoints (before inducing obesity, after 90 days and after 150 days) was used. Analysis of variance of the results was performed considering the time effects and the means were compared with repeated measures by the Tukey’s test (P≤0.05). The ID was observed during the first 90 days of the experiment and was characterized as a decompensated ID, showing an increase of basal glucose and insulin plasma levels, changes in all proxies and a significant increase in GTA (P

RESUMO: Com o objetivo de estudar parâmetros indicativos de bem-estar, 30 equinos de corrida foram avaliados quanto ao temperamento, comportamento, parâmetros clínicos (condição geral, escoriações, escore corporal, cólicas no último ano, frequências cardíaca e respiratória) e níveis de cortisol plasmático (matutino, vespertino e ritmo circadiano). Todos os animais apresentaram boas condições físicas gerais, parâmetros clínicos normais para a espécie e não tiveram cólica no ano anterior ao estudo, demonstrando a preocupação dos tratadores com a saúde física dos animais. Contudo, 36,7% dos animais estudados apresentavam estereotipias. Apesar da alta incidência de indivíduos com ritmo circadiano do cortisol (RCC) alterado dentro do grupo de animais com comportamentos anormais (63,64%), não foi encontrada diferença estatística (P>0,05) quando comparado com a incidência do grupo de animais sem estereotipia (31,58%). Quatro animais com estereotipia portavam dispositivos para restringir a expressão de anomalias. Desses, todos apresentaram RCC alterado, permitindo demonstrar que equinos restringidos fisicamente de realizar sua estereotipia apresentam 18 vezes mais chances de ter alteração no RCC do que um animal de comportamento normal. Conclui-se que os equinos do Jockey Club do Paraná, apesar de apresentarem condições físicas satisfatórias comparados a estudos nacionais anteriores, possuíam alterações comportamentais e de função adrenocortical compatíveis com estresse crônico. Os achados também corroboram noções prévias de que a estereotipia é uma forma de tentar aliviar o estresse crônico em equinos, e que o uso de meios físicos para restringir sua manifestação aumenta a chance de distúrbios no metabolismo do cortisol.

Background The objective was to evaluate the effects of regional perfusion of characterized mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue (Ad-MSC) in horses with chronic laminitis. Methods Six mares with stable chronic laminitis in standard treatment for distal phalangeal realignment were subjected to regional perfusion of the digital vein with Ad-MSC (20 million cells, 3 infusions every 15 days) in one forelimb compared to placebo infusion in the contralateral one. Evaluations occurred in two 30-day periods, before and after treatment (from the second infusion). Radiographs and digital venographs were performed on both thoracic limbs at the beginning and end of each period. Venography was evaluated by a vascular perfusion score system. The growth of the hoof capsule was monitored by the distance between the coronary band and a radiopaque marker inserted in the dorsal hoof wall. Radiographic spatial relationship between the distal phalanx and the hoof capsule was assessed by a specific software (Hoof Metron). Results Compared to baseline values, vascular perfusion was improved only in the Ad-MSC group (P Conclusion Ad-MSC therapy promoted improvements in digital blood perfusion, growth rate, and spatial relationship between distal phalanx and hoof capsule. Our results confirm the therapeutic potential of Ad-MSC in the treatment of horses with stable chronic laminitis. Improvements only in treated hooves reveals that infusions must be performed regionally in each of the affected limbs.

Only a few studies have examined the effect of neostigmine combined with lidocaine on epidural anesthesia in gelding horses. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate clinical effects, ataxia, and the sensory block duration caused by adding neostigmine to epidural lidocaine in mares. Three independent treatments including neostigmine (NEOST), 2% lidocaine (LIDO), or 2% lidocaine combined with neostigmine (LIDO + NEOST) were administered to six mares using epidural catheters. Each animal received all treatments. A cutaneous pinprick nociception test with fine needle was used in perianal, sacral, and lumbar dermatomes in both antimeres. The response (attempt to kick, movement of the limbs, tail, or head toward the stimulus) was assessed immediately before and after each treatment (every 15 minutes in the first hour, and then every 30 minutes thereafter until the animal would go back to basal response). Analysis of variance ( P P > .05). No relevant changes in clinical and behavioral parameters were observed. In conclusion, adding neostigmine to lidocaine has not brought any relevant benefits to the epidural anesthesia in clinically normal mares.

RESUMO: Estudos prévios têm demonstrado alterações radiográficas em cascos de equinos obesos. Os objetivos foram estudar, com avaliação radiográfica, a relação espacial entre estojo córneo e falange distal de éguas jovens da raça Campolina com e sem obesidade. Foram utilizadas 22 éguas entre três e cinco anos de idade, sendo analisadas varáveis de adiposidade e medidas radiográficas dos cascos dos membros torácicos de éguas com escore corporal de 5 a 7/9 (Grupo Controle) e de 8 a 9 (Grupo Obeso). Foram feitas comparações entre os grupos e correlacionaram-se as variáveis de adiposidade entre si, variáveis adiposidade com variáveis casco e variáveis de casco entre si. Utilizou-se o teste t de Student para variáveis paramétricas e o teste Mann-Whitney para as não-paramétricas, para as medidas de correlação, utilizou o teste de Pearson para duas amostras paramétricas e o teste de Spearman para comparações que envolvam pelo menos uma variável não paramétrica (P

Clinical and pathological findings in a case of malignant tumor located in the nasal and paranasal sinuses of a six-year-old donkey are reported. The animal was referred to the Equine Veterinary Hospital after three years of progressively increasing facial swelling. Clinically, the animal presented with tachypnea, dyspnea, and wheezing in the laryngotracheal region. There was swelling in the frontal bone and left orbital regions with exophthalmos of the left eye and bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge, as well as retropharyngeal lymph node enlargement. Radiographic examination revealed radiopacity in the left maxillary, frontal and nasal sinuses, and in the left orbital region. Endoscopy revealed an irregular mass in the nasopharynx. Computed tomographic images of the skull showed an irregular mass, of variable density, in the rostral region, extending from the nasal cavity to the conchofrontal sinus on the left side, with dorsal displacement of the septum and dorsal nasal meatus. Loss of definition and destruction of other osseous structures of the nasal cavity and the frontal bone, and hypodense areas at the encephalic periphery were evident. Computed tomographic scans were taken to identify the localization and extension of the mass. Fibrosarcoma was confirmed on the histopathological examination for the first time in this species. The tomographic scan was considered more effective than radiography Relata-se os achados clínicos, imaginológicos e patológicos em um muar de seis anos de idade com neoformação tecidual na região de seios nasais e paranasais. O paciente fora encaminhado ao Hospital Veterinário de equinos após três anos de progressão. Clinicamente, o animal demonstrava taquipneia, dispneia e alteração do ruído laringotraqueal. Observou-se aumento de volume no osso frontal e na região orbitária esquerda, acompanhado de exoftalmia do bulbo ocular ipsilateral, além de secreção nasal mucopurulenta bilateral. Os linfonodos retrofaríngeos estavam reativos. Ao exame radiográfico, foi constatado aumento da radiopacidade na região de seios maxilar, frontal, nasal e orbitário esquerdos. A tomografia computadorizada do crânio evidenciou uma massa tecidual de contorno irregular com densidade variável da região rostral da cavidade nasal até o seio conchofrontal esquerdo, com deslocamento do septo e do meato nasal dorsal. Além disso, ocorreu perda de definição e destruição das demais estruturas ósseas da cavidade nasal e do osso frontal, além de áreas hipodensas na periferia encefálica. Ao exame histopatológico, diagnosticou-se fibrossarcoma, pela primeira vez documentado na espécie. O exame tomográfico mostrou-se mais acurado quanto à extensão da lesão quando comparado ao exame radiográfico na cavidade nasal.

This study aimed to histologically evaluate the quality of tissue repair in equine suspensory ligament treated with two cell therapy protocols. All four limbs of six animals were operated simultaneously to remove a fragment in each ligament using a skin biopsy punch. Two days later, intralesional injections were performed using bone marrow mononuclear fraction (BM group), cultivated cells derived from adipose tissue (AT group), saline (positive control group), or no treatment (negative control group), in such way that each horse received all treatments. After sixty days biopsies were performed for histological analysis (H & E, Masson’s trichrome and picrosirius red) and immunohistochemistry analysis (collagen type III). Histological findings (H & E and Masson’s trichrome), birefringence intensity (through picrosirius) and collagen type III expression (through immunohistochemistry) were analyzed. Samples from treated groups had better birefringence intensity (P=0.007) and fiber alignment scores were superior compared to controls, though not statistically significant (P=0.08). Presence of inflammatory cells and intense staining for collagen type III occurred in all groups demonstrating an active healing process. In conclusion, both protocols resulted in improvement of tissue repair indicating their potential to be used as an adjuvant treatment of equine suspensory ligament disorders.

Background The objective was to evaluate the histological and immunohistochemical effects of regional perfusion of characterized mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue (Ad-MSC) in biopsy hoof samples from horses with laminitis. Methods Six mares with stable chronic laminitis in standard treatment for distal phalangeal realignment were subjected to regional perfusion of the digital vein with Ad-MSC (20 million cells, 3 infusions every 15 days) in one forelimb compared to placebo infusion in the contralateral one. Evaluations occurred in two 30-day periods, before and after treatment (from the second infusion). Dorsal hoof lamellar biopsies were taken 30 days before and 15 days after the therapeutic protocols. Histological 5-μm cuts stained with H&E and PAS were classified based on a crescent 1-5 scale lesion score system. The sum of each lesion grade represented the global lesion score. Immunohistochemistry for p63 positive cells were also performed in formalin-fixed samples. Results In the placebo limbs, there were increases over time in following histological variables: global lesion (P=0.01), keratinized axis loss (P=0.0001), stratum medium hyperplasia (P=0.001), primary epidermal lamellae homogeneity loss (P=0.003), and hyperkeratosis (P=0.05). Only the stratum medium hyperplasia score was increased in the Ad-MSC-treated hooves. P63-positive cells could be detected in all formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples, but background unspecific stain made counts imprecise to be made. Conclusion In conclusion Ad-MSC regional vascular perfusion prevented histological lesion progression in the lamellar tissue of horses with chronic laminitis. Our results confirm the therapeutic potential of Ad-MSC in the treatment of horses with stable chronic laminitis.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o reparo da cartilagem hialina equina, por meio de análises macroscópica (através de videoartroscopia) e histológica (através de fragmentos de biopsia), em defeitos condrais induzidos na tróclea lateral do fêmur tratados pela técnica de microperfurações subcondral associada ou não com administração intra-articular de cartogenina. Foram utilizados seis equinos pesando em média (±DP) 342±1,58 kg, com a idade aproximada de 7,2±1,30 anos e escore corporal de 7,1±0,75, que foram submetidos a videoartroscopia para indução da lesão condral de 1 cm2 na tróclea lateral do fêmur e realização da técnica de microperfuração do osso subcondral de ambos os joelhos. Foram realizadas quatro aplicações semanais com 20 μM de cartogenina intra-articulares em um dos joelhos (grupo tratado) e solução de ringer com lactato na articulação contralateral (grupo controle). Após o período de 60 dias, foram feitas as avaliações macroscópicas, através de videoartroscopias, e histológicas, através de biopsia. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas nos escores macroscópicos e histológicos para reparação condral entre animais dos grupos tratados e não tratados (P>0,05). De modo geral, a porcentagem média de cartilagem hialina no tecido de reparo (17,5%) foi condizente com a literatura internacional usando outros tipos de perfuração condral. Entretanto, não se observaram diferenças estatísticas entre grupos (P>0,05). A terapia com cartogenina, segundo protocolo utilizado, não produziu melhora do processo cicatricial em lesões condrais induzidas e tratadas com microperfurações na tróclea lateral do fêmur em equinos. Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the joint cartilage repair by macroscopic (via arthroscopy) and histological (biopsy fragments) analyses in chondral defects induced into equine femoral trochlea treated by microperforation associated with or without intra-articular administration of kartogenin. Six horses weighing 342±1.58 kg (mean ± SD), aged approximately 7.2±1.30 years and with a body condition score of 7.1±0.75, were used. The horses underwent arthroscopy for induction of 1-cm2 chondral lesions in lateral femoral trochlea immediately treated by microperforation of the subchondral bone of both knees. Four weekly intra-articular injections of kartogenin (20μM) in one knee (treated group) and Ringer lactate solution in the contralateral joint (control group) were performed during the postoperative period. After 60 days, macroscopic evaluations were performed by video-arthroscopy, and biopsy samples of the repair tissue were taken for histopathological healing evaluation. No significant change was observed in macroscopic and histological scores for chondral healing between treated and untreated groups (P>0.05). The overall mean percentage of hyaline cartilage in both groups (17.5%) was consistent with other international studies using other types of chondral microperforation; however, no statistical differences were observed between groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, the therapy with kartogenin, according to the used protocol, did not produce any macroscopic and histological healing improvement in induced chondral lesions treated with microperforations in equine femoral trochlea.

Laminitis is a severe podal affection, which pathophysiology remains partially renowned. Ischemic, enzymatic, metabolic and inflammatory mechanisms are connected to the development of laminar lesions. However, few therapeutic measures are effective to prevent or control the severity of acute laminitis and its prodromal stage, which often determines serious complications such as rotation and/or sinking of the distal phalanx and even the loss of hoof. The purpose of this study is to compile the actual knowledge in respect to the pathophysiology and treatment of equine laminitis.

The histological and molecular analysis of biopsy samples are fundamental steps for the understanding of physiopathology, diagnosis and prognosis of the diseases. However, harvest of tissue biopsies from hoof lamellar tissue is a procedure with limitations due to lack of effective surgical instruments and techniques. The aim of the current study is to develop and test in vivo a surgical instrument with the specific purpose of harvesting lamellar tissue in cattle. A prototype called Falcão-Faleiros’ lamellotome (INPIBR102013018765-8) was designed, produced and tested. After sedation, five adult cattle were restrained in lateral recumbency and locally anesthetized in two digits. The stratum corneum was worn down using a rotary tool coupled to a 3/8” high-speed cutter until the soft tissue proximity was reached. Next, the inner edge of the worn area was bounded with a scalpel. The lamellotome was introduced to obtain and hold the sample. The histological specimens of 16mm length by 6mm depth were stained with HE, PAS, Masson’s thricome and Shorr. The structures of interest were differentiated in the histological analysis without technical artifacts and a mean number of 85 epidermal laminae per sample were counted. No relevant lameness or wound complication were seen following the procedure. In conclusion the technique using the lamellotme was effective in obtaining lamellar tissue biopsy samples without causing clinical harm in cattle. The procedure showed potential to be used in clinical research or even as a supplementary diagnosis method for routine bovine podiatry. RESUMO: A avaliação das propriedades histológicas e da expressão de genes e proteínas em biópsias tem sido determinante para o entendimento da fisiopatologia, o diagnóstico e o prognóstico das enfermidades. Entretanto, a obtenção de biópsias do casco é um procedimento com limitações devido à ausência de técnicas e instrumentos específicos. O objetivo foi desenvolver e testar, na espécie bovina, um instrumento cirúrgico especificamente desenvolvido para realização de biópsias de casco nominado lamelótomo de Falcão-Faleiros (INPI, BR102013018765-8). Utilizaram-se cinco bovinos adultos que foram sedados, contidos em decúbito lateral e tiveram dois dígitos anestesiados. Em seguida, uma serra circular acoplada a uma microretífica foi usada para o desgaste do estrato córneo na parede dorsal até próximo do estrato lamelar. Após incisões retilíneas delimitando a borda interna da área desgastada, utilizou-se o lamelótomo para obtenção da amostra. Os fragmentos de 16mm de comprimento e 6mm de profundidade foram fixados em formalina e processados para histologia com colorações HE, PAS, Shorr e tricrômico de Masson. Nenhum dos animais apresentou claudicação ou complicação relevantes no período pós-opertório. As amostras foram consideradas adequadas quanto à integridade das lâminas e à preservação de sua arquitetura. Obtiveram-se média de 85 lâminas epidérmicas viáveis por biópsia. Conclui-se que o lamelótomo de Falcão-Faleiros é apropriado e seguro para a obtenção de biópsias de casco em bovinos, se mostrando promissor para uso em estudos clínicos e na rotina de diagnóstico de problemas podais em bovinos.

O monorquidismo é um quadro raramente descrito em equinos, que não apresenta descrições prévias na literatura nacional. Trata-se de um equino adulto brasileiro, com oito anos de idade, sem raça definida, porém com características de raças de origem nacional. Por abordagem inguinal do lado esquerdo, localizou-se a túnica vaginal intacta, que, aberta, continha a cauda de um epidídimo mal formado, o ducto deferente e um delgado pedículo vascular, mas sem indícios de testículo. Exames histológicos e hormonais confirmaram a ausência de tecido testicular. Conclui-se que os exames histológicos e hormonais são essenciais para o diagnóstico de monorquidismo que, apesar de raro, também pode acometer equinos nacionais

As afeccoes podais em bovinos causam importante impacto economico negativo na bovinocultura. Pesquisas tem sido realizadas com o objetivo de avancar no entendimento dos processos ocorridos na juncao derme-epiderme do casco de bovinos com laminite e nos demais tecidos moles durante as lesoes infecciosas. Apesar disso, nao foram encontrados na literatura consultada estudos que descrevessem um metodo padronizado para a obtencao de amostras do tecido laminar do casco. Nesse contexto, foi necessario criar e estabelecer um metodo viavel para a colheita de amostras da juncao derme-epiderme, de modo a viabilizar o estudo de pos-graduacao que originou esta comunicacao. O objetivo e relatar um metodo padronizado, testado e bem-sucedido para obtencao de amostras da juncao derme-epiderme do casco de bovinos em suas regioes solear, axial e dorsal. Foram obtidos fragmentos transversais das unhas de vacas abatidas em frigorifico. A espessura desses fragmentos foi de 1,5cm, aproximadamente, e contemplava as regioes solear, axial e dorsal do casco. De forma sistematizada, amostras da juncao derme-epiderme de cada uma dessas regioes foram removidas, fixadas em formol, processadas e incluidas em parafina. A analise usando microscopia de luz demonstrou cortes histologicos integros e sem artefatos, que permitiram ampla avaliacao das estruturas tanto da derme quanto da epiderme. Concluiu-se que o metodo proposto viabiliza a obtencao de amostras de padrao e qualidade adequados ao estudo do tecido laminar do casco bovino.

RESUMO: Na clínica de animais de companhia é frequente cães com síndrome da diarreia hemorrágica aguda associada a quadros de sepse, o que acarreta alta mortalidade. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se, em um ensaio clínico controlado aleatorizado de centro único, estudar os efeitos tardios da solução salina hipertônica a 7,5% em aplicações seriadas, sobre variáveis hemodinâmicas, clínicas e laboratoriais em cães com quadro de sepse grave decorrente desta síndrome. Para tal, 12 cães foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em dois grupos de igual número, sendo um controle (CON) e o outro, solução salina hipertônica 7,5% (SSH). Variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais foram avaliadas imediatamente após a admissão do paciente (T0), 24 (T24), 48 (T48) e 72 (T72) horas após a admissão. O grupo SSH recebeu Ringer com lactato, antibioticoterapia, analgésico e SSH 7,5% em bolus (5mL kg-1 em 4 minutos) no T24 e no T48. O grupo CON recebeu a mesma terapia acima, porém ao invés da utilização de SSH a 7,5%, administrou-se bolus de solução de Ringer lactato na mesma dose e tempos utilizado. As avaliações em cada tempo foram realizadas anteriormente à administração dos bolus, nos dois grupos. Avaliaram-se hemograma completo e as variáveis clínicas (escala AVDN, grau de desidratação, frequência respiratória e temperatura retal), frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS). Os dados paramétricos foram avaliados pelos testes Student Newman Keuls e teste t de Student, e os não paramétricos pelo teste de Friedman e Mann Whitney, com nível de significância de P≥0,05. Nas variáveis clínicas estudadas não se observou diferença entre os grupos e entre os momentos avaliados. Observou-se diferença significativa no grupo SSH no T72, com elevação da PAS e redução da FC, fato não observado no grupo CON, onde esses parâmetros não se alteraram. O hematócrito e a concentração de hemoglobina diminuíram em ambos os grupos com o tempo. As contagens dos leucócitos totais e dos monócitos apresentaram uma elevação significativa no grupo SSH, estando os leucócitos dentro da faixa de normalidade no T72. Não houve diferenças significativas em relação aos neutrófilos segmentados, porém no grupo SSH verificou-se aumento de 9,5 vezes no T72 comparado com o T24 (P=0,09), enquanto que este aumento foi de apenas 2,5 vezes no grupo CON (P=0,30). Observou-se ainda redução nas contagens de plaquetas e na concentração de globulinas no grupo COM, enquanto essas variáveis se mantiveram estáveis no grupo SSH. Conclui-se que a administração seriada de SSH 7,5% se mostrou promissora no tratamento de cães com síndrome da diarreia hemorrágica aguda, pois auxilia na estabilização dos leucócitos, plaquetas e globulinas de cães com sepse grave decorrente da síndrome da diarreia hemorrágica aguda. ABSTRACT: The association between acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome and sepsis is frequent in dogs and causes high mortality. In this context we investigated in a randomized single-center controlled trial the late effects of 7.5% hypertonic saline solution in serial applications on hemodynamic, clinical and laboratory variables in dogs with severe sepsis due to the syndrome. Twelve dogs were randomly distributed into two groups of equal numbers, control (CON) and 7.5% hypertonic saline solution (SSH). Clinical and laboratory variables were evaluated immediately after admission of patients (T0), 24 (T24), 48 (T48) and 72 (T72) hours after the admission. The SSH group received Ringer with lactate, antibiotic therapy, analgesic and 5mL/kg-1 bolus of 7.5% SSH over 4 minutes on T24 and T48. The CON group received the same therapy, but instead of 7.5% SSH, Ringer with lactate bolus was given at the same dosis and times. All evaluations were performed prior to the administration of the bolus in both groups. Data collection included complete blood count and clinical variables (AVDN scale, degree of dehydration, respiratory rate and rectal temperature), heart rate (HR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Parametric data were evaluated by the Student Newman Keuls and Student t tests, and the nonparametric ones by the Friedman and Mann Whitney test, with a significance level of 0.05. There were no significant differences between the groups and moments in clinical variables. Nevertheless, the SSH group presented a significant elevation of SBP and HR reduction at T72. Hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration decreased in both groups over time. Total leukocyte and monocyte counts showed a significant elevation in the SSH group, however the leukocytes were within the normal range at T72. There were no significant differences in the segmental neutrophils, but a 9.5-fold increase in T72 compared to T24 (P=0.09) in the SSH group was observed, whereas this increase was only 2.5-fold in the CON group (P=0.30). A decrease in platelet counts and globulin concentration was observed in the CON group, while these variables remained stable in the SSH group. In conclusion, serial administration of 7.5% SSH is promising in the therapy of dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome, since it assists in the stabilization of leukocytes, platelets and globulins in dogs with severe sepsis due to this syndrome.

A avaliação radiográfica do casco é essencial no diagnóstico e na avaliação da laminite em equinos, contudo poucos estudos têm sido feitos em raças nacionais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a morfometria de imagens radiográficas obtidas do dígito de éguas Mangalarga Marchador (MM), a fim de obter um perfil de medidas indicadoras de laminite nessa população e comparar grupos sem (escore corporal 5 e 6) e com (escore corporal 7 e 8) sinais de sobrepeso. Não houve diferença significativa entre os valores para as medidas dos dois grupos (P>0,05), mas verificou-se correlação positiva entre a distância entre os planos da linha coronária e do ápice do processo extensor (afundamento da falange distal) e indicadores de deposição de gordura localizada no pescoço e na base da cauda. Os achados demonstram que a morfometria radiográfica do dígito dessa população de equinos Mangalarga Marchador difere da de raças estrangeiras. Além disso, nos animais estudados, éguas com escore corporal 7 e 8 não aparentaram estarem mais sujeitas à laminite, uma vez que não houve diferença entre a morfometria de éguas com escore inferior. Entretanto, as correlações positivas entre índices de obesidade e a distância de afundamento da falange distal indicam que éguas Mangalarga Marchador também estão sujeitas à ocorrência de laminite associada à obesidade. The radiographic evaluation of the hoof is essential in the diagnosis and follow-up of equine laminitis; however, few studies have been conducted in Brazilian breeds. The aim was to perform the morphometry of radiographic images taken from the digit of Mangalarga Marchador in order to obtain a profile of measurements indicative of laminitis in this population. We also compared measurements form mares without (body score 5 and 6) and with (body score 7 and 8) signs of overweight. There was no significant difference between measurements from the two groups (P> 0.05), but there was significant positive correlation between founder distance and signs of adiposity in the neck and in the base of the tail. Findings from this study demonstrate that radiographic morphology of the hoof from this population of Mangalarga Marchador mares differ from standard international reference values. Furthermore, in this group of mares, those with body condition grading 7 and 8 did not seem to be more prone to develop laminitis, since there was no difference when they were compared with mares showing lower grades. However, a significant correlation among founder distance and signs of adiposity in the neck and base of tail indicate that Mangalarga Marchador mares are also prone to obesity-associated laminitis.

As mastites estão entre as principais causas de prejuízo para produtores de leite. Em casos graves de hiperqueratose, o canal do teto pode se tornar uma barreira mais fácil para que as bactérias penetrem na glândula mamária. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar um dispositivo fotobiomodulador de LED para tratamento e prevenção de hiperqueratose de teto e prevenção da mastite subclínica em um rebanho de leite com alta prevalência de hiperqueratose (35,3% de casos graves). Foram utilizadas 60 primíparas para o experimento de prevenção e 30 vacas com hiperqueratose para o experimento terapêutico. Em ambos os experimentos, metade dos animais foram tratados com o dispositivo fotobiomodulador três vezes por semana, durante 6 semanas. Os outros animais foram os controles. Imagens fotográficas digitalizadas foram realizadas na avaliação inicial e, semanalmente, por 6 semanas consecutivas. Nas primíparas, novas avaliações foram realizadas entre 6 e 7 meses de lactação. Para avaliação da mastite subclínica, contagem de células somáticas (CCS) foram feitas mensalmente. No experimento preventivo, o diâmetro externo das lesões permaneceu constante nos tetos do grupo tratado, enquanto houve aumento no grupo controle. No experimento terapêutico não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre as variáveis de hiperqueratose. Contudo, o grupo tratado apresentou menor incidência de mastites subclínicas (CCS < 250 células/mL) por lactação do que o grupo controle (P 250 cells/mL) during lactation was lower in the treated group (P

Considering the hypothesis that laminitic horses display changes in the kinematics of their forelimbs and clog type orthopedic devices can be beneficial in such cases, the objectives of this study were to compare the stride pattern of healthy horses versus that of horses with chronic laminitis and to assess the kinematic effects of three types of clog shoes on the stride of laminitic horses. Six healthy and six laminitic mares were subjected to a kinematic evaluation at a walk. The horses with laminitis were evaluated before and after the use of three different models of clog type orthopedic shoes on the hooves of both their forelimbs. The treatment types that were administered were the application of no shoes, wooden shoes, leather and ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) shoes, and wooden and EVA shoes. The horses with laminitis have a stride length that is reduced by 11% (P = 0.03), and in the swing phase, by 18% (P = 0.004), and the relative stance phase of each limb is prolonged by 6% (P = 0.02) when compared with the healthy group. However, values associated with the stride duration, stance phase duration, breakover duration, speed, and frequency were not significantly different among the laminitic groups. Further, no statistical differences were found in the comparison of the outcomes among the treatments administered to the horses with laminitis, except in their stride length, which was longer in the horses shod with wooden clogs when compared with in the unshod laminitic horses (P = 0.04). It was concluded that horses with stable chronic laminitis display changes in the kinematics of their forelimbs while walking. Immediate and remarkable beneficial effects were not observed with the use of all the types of orthoses; however, the wooden clog resulted in a significant improvement in the length of the stride. Further studies are needed to verify the prolonged effects of clog shoe-type ortheses in the different phases of equine laminitis.

Verificaram-se características radiográficas do posicionamento da falange distal em relação ao estojo córneo em equinos da raça Crioula e correlacionaram-se tais achados com sinais de obesidade e concentrações plasmáticas de insulina. Consideraram-se dois grupos com base no escore da condição corporal (ECC). A média de idade entre os grupos foi de 9,2±5,8 anos em indivíduos normais (ECC 5-7) e de 10,3±3,7 anos em obesos (ECC 8-9). Diferenças estatísticas entre grupos ocorreram para valores de peso, perímetro torácico, escore da condição corporal, escore da crista do pescoço, comprimento do pescoço, circunferência do pescoço em três regiões referentes a 25%, 50% e 75% do comprimento do pescoço e entre o posicionamento da falange distal em relação ao estojo córneo. O ângulo formado entre as superfícies dorsais de falange distal e casco (ângulo de rotação) correlacionou-se estatisticamente com ECC (r = 0,30; P=0,02) e com peso e perímetro torácico (r = 0,50; P

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da administração dos anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs) cetoprofeno, fenilbutazona e flunixin meglumine sobre o índice apoptótico de células epiteliais do tecido lamelar de cavalos com laminite induzida por administração de amido. Foram empregados 20 equinos hígidos, divididos em quatro grupos experimentais (n=5): solução salina, cetoprofeno, fenilbutazona e flunixin meglumine. O tecido lamelar foi coletado por biópsia, fixado e corado pela técnica de TUNEL. À marcação positiva por essa técnica adicionou-se a avaliação morfológica celular para identificação da apoptose. Não houve diferença significativa no índice apoptótico entre os grupos tratados com anti-inflamatórios e o controle (P>0,05). Os anti-inflamatórios não interferiram sobre o índice apoptótico possivelmente porque foram administrados após a fase prodrômica da laminite e/ou porque não são eficazes em alterar a dinâmica da apoptose. Concluiu-se que a administração de anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais após a fase prodrômica da laminite não contribui para uma intervenção no curso da apoptose no tecido lamelar de cavalos com laminite quando comparados ao grupo controle não tratado. Outros estudos, com diferentes períodos de avaliação, são necessários para esclarecer os efeitos dos anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais na fisiopatologia da laminite em equinos, especialmente no que concerne à participação da apoptose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the administration of anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) ketoprofen, phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine on the apoptotic index of the epithelial cells of lamellar tissue of horses with induced laminitis. 20 healthy horses were employed and underwent induction of laminitis by administration of starch, divided into four groups with induced laminitis (n = 5): saline, ketoprofen, phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine. The lamellar tissue was collected by biopsy, fixed and stained with the TUNEL technique. All that were stained positive by this technique were added to the cell morphological identification of apoptosis. No significant difference was found in the apoptotic index between the groups treated with anti-inflammatory and controls (P> 0.05). It was concluded that the administration of NSAIDs after the prodromal phase of laminitis does not contribute to an intervention in the course of apoptosis in the lamellar tissue of horses with laminitis when compared to the untreated control group. Other studies with different evaluation periods are needed to clarify the effects of anti-inflammatory non-steroidal drugs in the pathophysiology of laminitis in horses, especially regarding the role of apoptosis.

O recrutamento de leucócitos aos tecidos é uma parte essencial da resposta imune inata e esse processo de forma desregulada pode resultar em lesões aos tecidos. Assim, a infiltração de leucócitos tem sido implicada na patogênese de laminite aguda em equinos. Os objetivos dessa pesquisa foram verificar a ação da ICXCR1/2 sobre os sinais clínicos e parâmetros hematológicos de cavalos com laminite induzida por oligofrutose. Doze equinos receberam oligofrutose (10g/kg de peso vivo PO) no tempo 0 e foram divididos em 2 grupos: tratados (30mg/kg p.v. ICXCR1/2 IV, nos tempos 6, 12, 18 e 24 h) e não tratados. As frequências cardíaca e respiratória, temperatura retal, coloração de membranas mucosas, presença e intensidade de pulso digital, sensibilidade ao exame com pinça de casco e grau de claudicação segundo Obel, bem como parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos (hemograma e as concentrações sanguíneas de glicose, uréia, creatinina, ALT, AST, FA, GGT, bilirrubina total e proteína total) foram aferidos nos tempos 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60 e 72 horas . O modelo usando oligofructose foi adequado para induzir sinais de laminite e de sinais de endotoxemia, como diarreia, febre e leucocitose em cavalos sem raça definida de origem nacional. Também, não foram observadas quaisquer reações adversas clínicas ou hematológicas relacionadas ao uso intravenoso do antagonista de CXCR1/2, contudo essa substância, quando administrada na dose de 30mg/kg de peso vivo, 4 vezes ao dia, por 4 aplicações, não foi capaz de prevenir os sinais clínicos e as alterações hematológicas causadas pela administração de oligofructose nos equinos deste estudo. Leucocytes recruitment to tissues is an essential part of the innate immune response and an unregulated process can result in tissue damage. Thus, leucocytes infiltration has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute laminitis. The objectives of this stud were to determine the effect of an antagonist for CXCR1/2, a chemokine receptor for neutrophils attraction on clinical signs and hematological parameters in horses given oligofructose to induce laminitis. Twelve horses were given oligofructose (10g/kg bw PO) in time 0 and divided into two groups: one treated (30mg/kg bw. ICXCR1/2 IV, times 6, 12, 18 e 24 h) and the other not treated. Cardiac and respiratory frequency, rectal temperature, mucous membrane colour, digital pulse, hoof sensitivity and Obel's grade of lameness were recorded. Values for RBC, WBC and blood glucose, BUN, creatinin, ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase, GGT, total bilirubin and serum protein concentrations were measured on times 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60 e 72 h. All the horses given oligofructose developed signs of endotoxemia like diarrhea, fever and leukocytosis and laminitis. Also, CXCR1/2 antagonist treatment did not cause any adverse effects. However, this substance when injected intravenously (30mg/kg) 6/6 hours in 4 applications, did not ameliorate clinical and hematological signs of endotoxemia.

Submitted by Fernando Passon Casagrande (fernando.casagrande@ufba.br) on 2015-05-14T16:50:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mendes et al. - 2013 - Histopathology of dairy cows' hooves with signs of naturally acquired laminitis.pdf: 1423896 bytes, checksum: 9ec781f369dfa7b2677d00e2b1265472 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Alda Lima da Silva (sivalda@ufba.br) on 2015-05-20T17:16:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Mendes et al. - 2013 - Histopathology of dairy cows' hooves with signs of naturally acquired laminitis.pdf: 1423896 bytes, checksum: 9ec781f369dfa7b2677d00e2b1265472 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-20T17:16:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mendes et al. - 2013 - Histopathology of dairy cows' hooves with signs of naturally acquired laminitis.pdf: 1423896 bytes, checksum: 9ec781f369dfa7b2677d00e2b1265472 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar as alterações histológicas no casco de vacas leiteiras sem e com lesões de laminite, naturalmente, adquirida. Utilizaram-se animais de descarte sem lesões macroscópicas no casco (G1 n=9) e com lesões macroscópicas associadas à laminite sem (G2 n=23), ou com claudicação (G3 n=7). Após o abate, amostras da junção derme-epiderme das regiões solear, axial e dorsal do casco foram obtidas e processadas, histologicamente, nas colorações de HE e PAS. Avaliou-se, semiquantitativamente, às cegas e por um mesmo pesquisador, congestão, hemorragia e infiltrado inflamatório na derme das regiões solear, axial e dorsal. Avaliou-se infiltrado inflamatório na lâmina dermal das regiões axial e dorsal. A morfologia das células epidermais e a presença de irregularidades em três regiões do comprimento da membrana basal (MB) foram examinadas na coloração de PAS. Os escores das lesões nas diferentes regiões do casco no mesmo grupo e nos diferentes grupos para cada região do casco foram comparados através de análises não paramétricas (P0,05). Vacas sem lesões macroscópicas secundárias à laminite (G1) apresentaram escores de inflamação e alteração de células epidermais semelhantes aos dos grupos com lesões de laminite, sugerindo a existência de fase prodrômica para a doença em bovinos. A MB apresentou irregularidades com intensidade variável ao longo de seu comprimento (P0,05). O padrão de irregularidades na MB encontrado não foi relatado até o momento e não se assemelha ao colapso de MB descrito em equinos e bovinos com laminite induzida. Concluiu-se que, mesmo na ausência de lesões macroscópicas no casco causadas por laminite, vacas leiteiras apresentam lesões histológicas compatíveis com inflamação da junção derme-epiderme como em animais afetados. A membrana basal de bovinos sem e com lesões de laminite apresenta irregularidades com distribuição irregular ao longo de seu comprimento que precisam ser melhor estudadas.

Treatment of long bone fractures in bovines has been an objective of recent veterinary research. Accurate estimates of body segment inertial parameters (BSIP) play an important role in an appropriate prosthesis development. The aim of the present study is to develop a geometric model of bovine pelvic limb based on the mass distribution properties. Computer tomography images were used to obtain a computational model of bovine limb. This model provided information for geometric model construction. Measures of segmental mass, positions of segmental center of mass (CoM), and longitudinal moment of inertia (MoI zz ) of segments of the right pelvic limb were estimated based on the geometric model. These estimates were compared with the computational model’s measurements and showed consistent accuracy. The segment mass decreased with distance from the pelvis with mean relative error (Er) less than −5.87 ± 1.2%, as did the segment MoI zz with Er(%) less than −16.40 ± 7.61% for segments predominantly consisting of bony tissue. The MoI zz was overestimated for segment with more soft tissue with Er(%) = 10.95 ± 19.08. The CoM zz was located 36–50% distal to the proximal segment end. The more proximal segment showed the largest Er(%) = −11.21 ± 2.41%, while the more distal showed the smallest Er(%) = 1.82 ± 0.87% for CoM zz . This study not only presents a technique that may be applied to other body segments, but also provides insight into bovine musculoskeletal system necessary to improve the biomechanical models applied to dynamic analysis of bovine movement.

With the hypothesis that blocking chemokine signaling can ameliorate acute laminitis, the aim was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of intravenous DF1681B, a selective antagonist for CXCR1 and CXCR2 (chemokine receptors), in an oligofructose equine laminitis model. To twelve mixed breed clinically healthy hoses with no previous history of hoof-related lameness was administered oligofructose (10g/kg given by nasogastric tube) and divided into two groups: treated (intravenous DF1681B at 30mg/kg 6, 12, 18, and 24h after oligofructose) and non-treated groups. Laminar biopsies were performed before and 12, 36, and 72h after administering oligofructose. Samples were stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and scored from 0 to 6 according to epidermal cell and basal membrane changes. The IL-1β, IL-6, and CXCL1 RNA expressions were determined by RT-PCR. Parametric and non-parametric tests were used to compare times within each group (P