32 results on '"Singh, Ranu"'
Search Results
2. Inventory model for instantaneous deteriorating items with time sensitive demand for post COVID-19 recovery
- Author
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Fatma Sadaf, Mishra Vinod Kumar, and Singh Ranu
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deteriorating items ,advance and delay-in-payment ,time sensitive demand ,supply chain ,covid-19 ,Management information systems ,T58.6-58.62 - Abstract
The Covid-19 epidemic has caused substantial obstacles to the supply network globally. Hence there is urgency and necessity to build a model for cash flow in the chain of demand and supply system. This research suggests an inventory model to assist retailers in determining the optimal ordering quantity and replenishment cycle to reduce the total cost in different payment cases. The current study looks toward a partial advance and delays in the payment system considering time-sensitive demand, shortage, and partial backlogging for instantaneous deteriorating items. During the financial crisis, the partial advance and delay-in-payment strategy is planned to keep orders flowing from retailers to suppliers and customers to retailers. The impact of advanced and delayed payments on the total cost of a retailer is examined. To exemplify the model’s application, numerical examples are used. A sensitivity study of critical parameters has been done to identify more sensitive parameters which reveal the clear depiction of present problems.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Inventory model using Machine Learning for demand forecast with imperfect deteriorating products and partial backlogging under carbon emissions
- Author
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Singh, Ranu, primary and Mishra, Vinod Kumar, additional
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- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. A Sustainability Planning Framework and Methods for Rural Drinking Water in Satara District, Maharashtra, India
- Author
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Wescoat, James L., primary, Murty, Jonnalagadda V. R., additional, Singh, Ranu, additional, and Verma, Piyush, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Inventory model for instantaneous deteriorating items with time sensitive demand for post COVID-19 recovery
- Author
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Fatma, Sadaf, primary, Mishra, Vinod, additional, and Singh, Ranu, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. A Comparison of Multiple Filtering Methods for Edge Detection of Breast Cancer Cells
- Author
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Jaspinder Singh Sidhu and Gagandeep Singh Ranu
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Multidisciplinary ,business.industry ,Cancer ,020206 networking & telecommunications ,Sobel operator ,02 engineering and technology ,medicine.disease ,01 natural sciences ,Edge detection ,Breast cancer ,0103 physical sciences ,Cancer cell ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Canny edge detector ,Medicine ,Radiology ,Artificial intelligence ,Stage (cooking) ,business ,Breast cancer classification - Abstract
Breast cancer is second most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. In order to find the cure, it is necessary to quickly diagnose the disease accurately and treat it based on the kind of symptoms appeared. Breast cancer has several classifications, which may help to determine the best treatment. The most important of these classifications are binary classification, either benign or malignant. If the cancer is in benign stage, less invasive and risk of treatments is used than for malignant stage. The main cause of breast cancer is when a single cell or group of cells escapes from the usual controls, that regulate cellular growth and begins to multiply and spread. This activity may result in a mass, tumor or neoplasm. The present paper implies the edge detection techniques for the cancer cell detection purpose. The present paper deals with observation of breast cancer classification through Image Processing using the various filters which are mainly gradient based Roberts and Sobel. Laplacian based edge detector which is Canny edge detector. The various aspects and the implementation of above mentioned filters has been put across in the present paper. The images and data sample have been taken from the Digital Database for Screening Mammography (DDSM) and American cancer society and an effort has been made for the detection of malignant cells responsible for cancer
- Published
- 2017
7. Amputee’s Gait Assessment for Successive Steps by Miniature Triaxial Load Cells
- Author
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Harcharan Singh Ranu
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Computer science ,Gait analysis ,medicine ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Load cell - Published
- 2018
8. Why We Are Taller In The Morning Than Going To Bed At Night – An In Vivo And In Vitro Study
- Author
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Harcharan Singh Ranu
- Abstract
Intradiscal and intervertebral pressure transducers were developed. They were used to map the pressures in the nucleus and within the annulus of the human spinal segments. Their stressrelaxation were recorded over a period of time for nucleus pressure, applied load, and peripherial strain against time. The results show that for normal discs, pressures in the nucleus are viscoelastic in nature with the applied compressive load. Mechanical strains which develop around the periphery of the vertebral body are also viscoelastic with the applied compressive load. Applied compressive load against time also shows viscoelastic behavior. However, annulus does not respond viscoelastically with the applied load. It showed a linear response to compressive loading.
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- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Injury Simulation in Wearing High Heel Footwear-An In Vivo Study
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Harcharan Singh Ranu
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,In vivo ,Physical therapy ,Medicine ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,High heel ,business - Published
- 2016
10. INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF WATER HYACINTH (Eichhornia Crassipes)
- Author
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Agarwal Pragya, Dhagat Monika, and Singh Ranu
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Curvularia lunata ,Eichhornia crassipes ,Horticulture ,Fusarium pallidoroseum ,biology ,Agronomy ,Hyacinth ,Systematic survey ,Integrated approach ,biology.organism_classification ,Weed ,Alternaria alternata - Abstract
Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) is a noxious aquatic weed. In India,it has infested more than 200,000 ha of water surface. During the course of present investigation it was proposed to make an extensive, planned and systematic survey of fungal pathogens that destroy the water hyacinth from the ponds of M.P. The study was undertaken to evaluate the compatibility of two or more fungi for integrated management of water hyacinth. Results clearly indicate that except Alternaria eichhorniae all the pathogens are compati- ble to each other. In vivo the lesion diameters were greater on water hyacinth leaves when combination of pathogens were used than indi- vidual pathogens. The Alternaria alternata, Curvularia lunata and Fusarium pallidoroseum combination resulted in maximum disease devel- opment followed by A. alternata with C. lunata, A. alternata with F. pallidoroseum and C. lunata with F. pallidoroseum. Thus, it can be con- cluded that better management of the weed can be achieved by using combination of pathogens.
- Published
- 2012
11. Simulation Of Micro-fracture In Skiers
- Author
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Harcharan Singh Ranu
- Subjects
Materials science ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Composite material ,Micro fracture - Published
- 2011
12. Multipoint determination of pressure-volume curves in human intervertebral discs
- Author
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Harcharan Singh Ranu
- Subjects
Pressure-volume curves ,business.industry ,Annulus (oil well) ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Immunology ,Intervertebral disc ,Anatomy ,Sodium Chloride ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Biomechanical Phenomena ,Intervertebral disk ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Lumbar ,Rheumatology ,Volume (thermodynamics) ,medicine ,Pressure ,Immunology and Allergy ,Humans ,business ,Intervertebral Disc ,Saline ,Nucleus ,Research Article - Abstract
To gain further insight into the biomechanics of the human intervertebral disc and to determine a potential mechanism for causation and relief of symptoms related to a herniated disc, the pressure-volume relation was determined within the nucleus pulposus. Pressure was measured continuously within the nucleus pulposus in 17 intact lumbar discs from human cadavers by means of a miniature strain gauge at the tip of a size 4 French (1.3 mm) catheter inserted into the nucleus pulposus. The volume of the nucleus pulposus was increased at the slow, continuous rate of 0.034 ml/min by the pump regulated infusion of saline coloured with methylene blue. In 12 unloaded discs, nucleus pulposus pressure rose in a linear fashion (linear r = 0.96) from an initial mean pressure of 174 (SD 81) kPa. The mean rate of pressure rise was 327 (SD 109) kPa/ml volume increase. The peak pressure measured was 550 kPa; this was slightly higher than the capability of the transducer. Similar linear relations were obtained during infusion of saline into five vertically loaded discs fixed at the deformation produced by a 9.1 kg weight. The data define the pressure-volume relation within the disc and show that the nucleus pulposus, surrounded by the relatively inelastic annulus and the solid vertebral end plates, has the properties of a tight hydraulic space in which a large pressure rise will regularly result from a small increase in volume. Presumably the opposite is also true. The data may provide a biomechanical basis for the physiological variation in symptoms related to the disc, and for any benefits obtained from interventions designed to remove disc tissue.
- Published
- 1993
13. Gait Analysis of Amputees
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Harcharan Singh Ranu
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,business.industry ,Gait analysis ,medicine ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,business - Published
- 2007
14. 3-d Foot Pressure Measurements In Normal & Diabetic Persons
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Harcharan Singh Ranu
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Medicine ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Foot pressure ,business ,Surgery - Published
- 2005
15. Simulation of Micro-Fracture Injury in Female Gymnasts-An In Vivo Study
- Author
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Harcharan Singh Ranu
- Subjects
business.industry ,In vivo ,Medicine ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,business ,Micro fracture ,Biomedical engineering - Published
- 2002
16. Regulation of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates: characteristics of inhibition of protein synthesis by a translational inhibitor from heme-deficient lysates and its relationship to the initiation factor which binds Met-tRNAf
- Author
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Vivian Ernst, Daniel H. Levin, Rajinder Singh Ranu, Jean Delaunay, and Irving M. London
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Reticulocytes ,GTP' ,Heme ,Biology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Reticulocyte ,Peptide Initiation Factors ,Polysome ,medicine ,Protein biosynthesis ,Initiation factor ,Ternary complex ,Multidisciplinary ,Cell-Free System ,Temperature ,Molecular biology ,Kinetics ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Mechanism of action ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Polyribosomes ,Protein Biosynthesis ,medicine.symptom ,Research Article ,Hemin - Abstract
In heme-deficient reticulocyte lysates a translational inhibitor which regulates protein synthesis is formed or activated. To define the mechanism of action of the translational inhibitor (RI), RI was partially purified. We have utilized the isolated RI to examine its relationship to the translational inhibitor formed in situ in heme-deficiency, some quantitative aspects of inhibition of protein synthesis, and the relationship of RI concentration to the initiation factor (IF-MP) which forms a ternary complex with Met-tRNAf and GTP (IF-MP-Met-tRNAf-GTP). The results demonstrate that the activity of isolated RI is related to the in situ heme-deficiency inhibitor by several criteria: (a) the biphasic kinetics of inhibition manifested by RI in lysates containing optimal levels of hemin are very similar to those observed in heme-deficiency, i.e., an initial period in which several rounds of protein synthesis proceed at the control rate followed by an abrupt decline in the rate of protein synthesis. (b) Both inhibitions are accompanied by the disaggreagation of polyribosomes with a concomitant increase in 80S ribosomes. (c) Both inhibitions are reversed by IF-MP. The isolated RI blocked protein synthesis in lysates at temperatures ranging from 15 degrees to 30 degrees. Although the rate of protein synthesis was a function of the temperature of incubation, the number of rounds of protein synthesis prior to shut-off was essentially the same at various temperatures. When RI was added to lysates, at increasing intervals after the start of incubation, the period of synthesis before shut-off (lag) progressively decreased. The inhibition of protein synthesis by RI was immediately reversed by the addition of IF-MP. The extent of reversal increased with increasing concentrations of IF-MP; at low levels of RI almost complete reversal of inhibition by IF-MP was obtained. However, at high levels of RI which did not appreciably increase the degree of inhibition of protein synthesis, equivalent amounts of IF-MP were less effective in reversing inhibition. These results suggest that the inhibition of protein synthesis by the isolated inhibitor involves the initiation factor IF-MP.
- Published
- 1976
17. Regulation of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates: purification and initial characterization of the cyclic 3':5'-AMP independent protein kinase of the heme-regulated translational inhibitor
- Author
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Irving M. London and Rajinder Singh Ranu
- Subjects
Reticulocytes ,Multidisciplinary ,GTP' ,Heme ,Chromatography, Ion Exchange ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Biochemistry ,chemistry ,Ammonium Sulfate ,Peptide Initiation Factors ,Chromatography, Gel ,Protein biosynthesis ,Animals ,Initiation factor ,Phosphorylation ,Rabbits ,Isoelectric Focusing ,Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational ,Protein kinase A ,Protein Kinases ,Ternary complex ,Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ,Research Article - Abstract
The heme-regulated translational inhibitor (HRI) has been purified 4800-fold. On electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel, the purified HRI showed one major polypeptide band. The purified HRI inhibits protein synthesis in lysates containing optimal levels of hemin with inhibition kinetics which parallel those observed in heme-deficiency. Data are presented which are consistent with an enzymatic function of HRI in the inhibition of protein synthesis. The HRI is an adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate independent protein kinase which phosphorylates the small subunit (38,000) but not the large subunits (52,000 and 50,000) of the initiation factor which forms a ternary complex with Met-tRNAf and GTP. This evidence supports the hypothesis that inhibition of protein synthesis by HRI involves the phosphorylation of the initiation factor. These findings are discussed in relation to various models for the regulation of protein kinase activity by heme. (see article).
- Published
- 1976
18. Association of a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase with a purified translational inhibitor isolated from hemin-deficient rabbit reticulocyte lysates
- Author
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L M London, Daniel H. Levin, Vivian Ernst, Rajinder Singh Ranu, and Michael A. Fifer
- Subjects
Reticulocytes ,Macromolecular Substances ,Heme ,Biology ,Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase ,Enzyme activator ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Reticulocyte ,Cyclic AMP ,Protein biosynthesis ,medicine ,Animals ,Kinase activity ,Protein kinase A ,Cyclic GMP ,Binding Sites ,Multidisciplinary ,Blood Proteins ,Molecular biology ,Enzyme Activation ,Isoenzymes ,Kinetics ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Protein Biosynthesis ,Hemin ,Phosphorylation ,Rabbits ,Protein Kinases ,Research Article ,Protein Binding - Abstract
In the absence of added hemin, protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates proceeds at maximal linear rates for several minutes and then ceases abruptly. Inhibition involves the action of a translational inhibitor whose formation is regulated by hemin. Addition of the isolated inhibitor to hemin-supplemented lysates produces an inhibition of protein chain initiation similar to that observed in heme-deficiency. The inhibitor has been purified over 300-fold and contains a protein kinase activity that copurifies with the inhibitory function. With calf thymus histone II as the phosphate receptor, the inhibitor-associated protein kinase requires ATP as the phosphorylating agent. Cycle AMP stimulates kinase activity 5- to 8-fold; the concentration of cycle AMP required for halfmaximal activity is 4 X 10-8 M. Preincubation of the inhibitor in the presence of cyclic AMP significantly reduces cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation and inhibitory activity. The corresponding protein kinase activity from hemin-supplemented lysates displays reduced cyclic AMP-dependency and little or no inhibitory activity. These findings suggest that the protein kinase activity associated with the purified translational inhibitor is involved in the mechanism of inhibition of initiation observed in hemedeficient reticulocyte lysates.
- Published
- 1975
19. Characterization of bone materials as ultrasonic transducers
- Author
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Surendra Singh and Harcharan Singh Ranu
- Subjects
Materials science ,Biophysics ,Mineralogy ,Bioengineering ,Dielectric ,In Vitro Techniques ,Bone and Bones ,Biomaterials ,Apatites ,Animals ,Humans ,Ultrasonics ,Ceramic ,Composite material ,Electrical impedance ,Phase angle ,Temperature ,Resonance ,Piezoelectricity ,Models, Structural ,Transducer ,Mechanics of Materials ,visual_art ,Ceramics and Composites ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Ultrasonic sensor ,Collagen - Abstract
Physical, dielectric, piezoelectric and electromechanical parameters have been reported for bone and its two major constituents i.e. collagen and apatite, for their characterization as ultrasonic transducer materials. Collagen and apatite have been extracted from full bone using well known methods. These materials have been used to prepare simple disc-shaped test pieces (dimensions: diameter 10 mm and thickness 1.0 ± 0.01 mm). The variation of various electrical parameters with frequency in the region (1–108 MHz) is examined for these materials. These include impedance, phase angle, relative voltage output, quality factor ‘Q’, dielectric constant and resistivity. The data so obtained are compared with those for ceramic and quartz transducers. The observations on impedance, phase and relative voltage output for bone materials indicate that the first resonance peak falls around 56 MHz followed by second and third harmonics around 112 MHz and 168 MHz respectively. A low ‘Q’ value suggests a fairly wide band transducer, while other parameters compare favourably with ceramic and quartz materials. Bone material has also been used to obtain a transducer in the standard configuration and velocity dispersion in the frequency range 1–108 MHz is examined.
- Published
- 1986
20. Inhibition of eukaryotic protein chain initiation by vanadate
- Author
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Rajinder Singh Ranu
- Subjects
Poly U ,eIF2 ,Reticulocytes ,Multidisciplinary ,Vanadium ,Biology ,Kinetics ,Biochemistry ,Polyribosomes ,Eukaryotic initiation factor ,Protein biosynthesis ,Animals ,Initiation factor ,Eukaryotic Small Ribosomal Subunit ,Vanadate ,RNA, Messenger ,Rabbits ,Vanadates ,Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational ,Eukaryotic Ribosome ,Ternary complex ,Research Article - Abstract
Vanadate inhibits protein chain initiation in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. The evidence that supports this conclusion is as follows: (i) the biphasic kinetics of inhibition in which protein synthesis is maintained at the control rate for 1-2 min is followed by an abrupt decline in the rate of synthesis; (ii) inhibition is associated with a marked disaggregation of polyribosomes and a concomitant increase in 80S ribosomes; and (iii) vanadate concentrations that inhibit protein chain initiation do not inhibit polypeptide chain elongation or the aminoacylation of tRNA. In partial reactions of protein chain initiation, vanadate concentrations that inhibit protein synthesis have no detectable effect on the formation of eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-2-promoted ternary complex with Met-tRNAf and GTP and on the assembly of 40S ribosomal subunit-Met-tRNAf complexes. On the addition of mRNA, the 40S ribosomal subunit-Met-tRNAf complexes also are transformed into 80S ribosome-mRNA-Met-tRNAf complexes, termed 80S initiation complexes. In vanadate-treated samples, however, these 80S initiation complexes are defective and unable to proceed beyond this step.
- Published
- 1983
21. Effect of Sulfhydryl Reagents on the Ribosomes of Bacillus subtilis
- Author
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Rajinder Singh Ranu and Akira Kaji
- Subjects
Sucrose ,Protein subunit ,Iodoacetates ,Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Bacillus subtilis ,Buffers ,Biology ,Benzoates ,Microbiology ,Ribosome ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Centrifugation, Density Gradient ,Magnesium ,Centrifugation ,Sulfhydryl Compounds ,Molecular Biology ,Mercaptoethanol ,50S ,Carbon Isotopes ,Sulfhydryl Reagents ,Temperature ,Ribosomal RNA ,biology.organism_classification ,Culture Media ,Molecular Weight ,Monomer ,Biochemistry ,chemistry ,Ethylmaleimide ,Chromatography, Gel ,Iodoacetamide ,Chloromercuribenzoates ,Dialysis ,Ribosomes - Abstract
The effect of various sulfhydryl reagents on the ribosomes of Bacillus subtilis was studied. The 70 S ribosomes were completely dissociated into 30 S and 50 S subunits by appropriate concentrations of p -chloromercuribenzoic acid (PCMB) and 5,5′-dithio- bis -(2-nitro-benzoic acid). The N -ethylmaleimide and iodoacetamide failed to dissociate the ribosomes even at relatively high concentrations. The rate of dissociation of ribosomes by PCMB varied with the concentration of ribosomes. A progressive decrease in the rate of dissociation was observed as the concentration of ribosomes in the reaction mixture was increased. The PCMB-induced ribosomal subunits were unable to reassociate into 70 S monomers unless they were dialyzed against buffer containing β-mercaptoethanol. On the average, four molecules of PCMB per 70 S ribosome and two molecules of PCMB per each 30 S and 50 S subunit were bound. The number of PCMB molecules bound per ribosome did not change with increasing concentrations of PCMB, even though higher concentrations of PCMB resulted in dissociation of ribosomes into subunits.
- Published
- 1971
22. Discrimination between eukaryotic and prokaryotic, and formylated and non-formylated, initiator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor EIF-3
- Author
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Ira G. Wool and Rajinder Singh Ranu
- Subjects
Formic Acid Esters ,Saccharomyces cerevisiae ,macromolecular substances ,environment and public health ,Mice ,Structure-Activity Relationship ,Methionine ,Eukaryotic translation ,RNA, Transfer ,Species Specificity ,Peptide Initiation Factors ,Eukaryotic initiation factor ,Escherichia coli ,Animals ,heterocyclic compounds ,Prokaryotic initiation factor ,Genetics ,Multidisciplinary ,Chemistry ,Prokaryotic initiation factor-2 ,Eukaryotic transcription ,Prokaryotic initiation factor-1 ,hemic and immune systems ,EIF4A1 ,Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma ,Kinetics ,RNA, Bacterial ,Biochemistry ,Guanosine Triphosphate - Abstract
Discrimination between eukaryotic and prokaryotic, and formylated and non-formylated, initiator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor EIF-3
- Published
- 1975
23. Regulation of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates
- Author
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Singh Ranu, Rajinder
- Abstract
The heme-regulated protein kinase, which specifically phosphorylates the 38-kDa subunit of initiation factor eiF-2, can utilize adenosine 5′- O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATP[γS]) as a substrate. The rate of thiophosphorylation is 5-6-times slower than that observed with ATP. It is of special interest that thiophosphorylated derivatives of eIF-2 are resistant to dephosphorylation catalyzed by eIF-2 phosphoprotein phosphatase. The thiophosphorylated eIF-2 is less effective in promoting protein synthesis in hemin-deficient lysates under physiological conditions. In addition, ATP[γS] could also be utilized by the self-phosphorylation activity intrinsically associated with HRI.
- Published
- 1986
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Control of protein synthesis in reticulocyte lysates: effects of 3':5'-cyclic AMP, ATP, and GTP on inhibitions induced by hemedeficiency, double-stranded RNA, and a reticulocyte translationa inhibitor
- Author
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Vivian Ernst, Irving M. London, Daniel H. Levin, and Rajinder Singh Ranu
- Subjects
Reticulocytes ,Time Factors ,GTP' ,Protein subunit ,Heme ,Guanosine triphosphate ,Biology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Adenosine Triphosphate ,Reticulocyte ,RNA, Transfer ,Peptide Initiation Factors ,medicine ,Protein biosynthesis ,Cyclic AMP ,Animals ,Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational ,Multidisciplinary ,Cell-Free System ,Kinase ,Molecular biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Protein Biosynthesis ,Phosphorylation ,Nucleic Acid Conformation ,RNA ,Guanosine Triphosphate ,Rabbits ,Adenosine triphosphate ,Protein Kinases ,Ribosomes ,Research Article - Abstract
Protein chain initiation in reticulocyte lysates is inhibited by (a) heme-deficiency, (b) low levels of double-stranded RNA, and (c) a purified translational inhibitor isolated from heme-deficient lysates. Previous studies have shown that the inhibitions produced by heme-deficiency and double-stranded RNA are prevented by 3': 5'-cyclic AMP, and that GTP, but not ATP, prevents the inhibition of heme-deficiency. In view of the recent finding that the inhibitor purified from heme-deficient lysates is associated with a protein kinase which appears to be involved in the mechanism of inhibition, the effects of cyclic AMP, GTP, and ATP on the three modes of inhibition were examines. In all three types of inhibition, cyclic AMP or GTP (a) prevents the onset of inhibition when added at zero time, and (b) restores protein synthesis in inhibited lysates. In contrast to these effects, ATP potentiates each inhibition, and blocks reversal of inhibition by cyclic AMP or GTP. On the basis of these and earlier findings, we propose that (a) these inhibitions involve the phosphorylation by protein kinases of the Met-tRNAf binding factor and/or a related site(s) on the 40S ribosomal subunit; and (b) cyclic AMP, GTP, and ATP exert their effects by their actions on this phosphorylation mechanism.
- Published
- 1976
25. Regulation of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates: purification and characterization of heme-reversible translational inhibitor
- Author
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Hans Trachsel, Irving M. London, and Rajinder Singh Ranu
- Subjects
Reticulocytes ,Protein subunit ,Heme ,Biology ,environment and public health ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Adenosine Triphosphate ,Reticulocyte ,Peptide Initiation Factors ,medicine ,Protein biosynthesis ,Animals ,Phosphorylation ,Protein kinase A ,Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ,Multidisciplinary ,Molecular biology ,Enzyme Activation ,Repressor Proteins ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Biochemistry ,chemistry ,Ethylmaleimide ,Protein Biosynthesis ,Hemin ,Rabbits ,Adenosine triphosphate ,Protein Kinases ,Research Article ,Transcription Factors - Abstract
To define the mechanism of regulation of the protein kinase that is activated in heme deficiency and that inhibits initiation of protein synthesis, we have isolated and purified the heme-reversible form of the protein kinase from rabbit reticulocytes. The inhibitory activity is found in a single band after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions. It migrates as a 95,000-dalton polypeptide in 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels. This purified inhibitor becomes self-phosphorylated in the presence of ATP; the phosphorylated protein and the inhibitory activity copurify. The inhibitor produces characteristic biphasic kinetics of inhibition in reticulocyte lysates and phosphorylates the 38,000-dalton subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2); the inhibition is reversed by added eIF-2. In contrast to the heme-irreversible inhibitor, this heme-reversible inhibitor is no longer inhibitory after incubation with 20 micron hemin. Incubation with hemin also inhibits self-phosphorylation. Preincubation of the heme-reversible inhibitor in the presence of ATP potentiates the inhibition of protein synthesis in the subsequent incubation, as does treatment with N-ethylmaleimide. Phosphorylation of the heme-reversible inhibitor and inhibition of protein synthesis in the lysate due to phosphorylation of eIF-2 appear to be related. These findings suggest that hemin acts directly on the heme-reversible inhibitor.
- Published
- 1978
26. Regulation of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates: additional initiation factor required for formation of ternary complex (eIF-2.GTP.Met-tRNAf) and demonstration of inhibitory effect of heme-regulated protein kinase
- Author
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Rajinder Singh Ranu and Irving M. London
- Subjects
Conformational change ,Reticulocytes ,GTP' ,Protein subunit ,macromolecular substances ,Heme ,Biology ,environment and public health ,Methionine ,RNA, Transfer ,Peptide Initiation Factors ,Initiation factor ,Animals ,Eukaryotic Small Ribosomal Subunit ,Magnesium ,Protein kinase A ,Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational ,Ternary complex ,Multidisciplinary ,Blood Proteins ,Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2 ,Molecular Weight ,enzymes and coenzymes (carbohydrates) ,Kinetics ,Biochemistry ,Protein Biosynthesis ,Biophysics ,Guanosine Triphosphate ,Rabbits ,Biological Sciences: Biochemistry ,Protein Kinases - Abstract
Heme deficiency in rabbit reticulocytes and their lysates leads to the activation of a heme-regulated translational inhibitor (HRI) which causes the cessation of polypeptide initiation. HRI is a protein kinase that specifically phosphorylates the 38,000-dalton subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2). eIF-2 binds Met-tRNA f and GTP in ternary complex. As a continuation of the studies on the molecular basis of the inhibition of the formation of 40S ribosomal subunit-Met-tRNA f complexes by HRI [Ranu, R. S., London, I. M., Das, A., Dasgupta, A., Majumdar, A., Ralston, R., Roy, R. & Gupta, N. K. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 745-749], we describe here the isolation and some characteristics of a factor that is required for the HRI-catalyzed inhibition of eIF-2-promoted ternary complex formation. In the presence of 1 mM Mg 2+ , ternary complex formation by eIF-2 is dependent on the presence of this stabilization factor (SF). Under these conditions, SF increases the rate and the extent of ternary complex formation. This finding suggests that the interaction of SF with eIF-2 causes a conformational change that stabilizes eIF-2 and promotes efficient ternary complex formation by increasing the affinity of eIF-2 for GTP and Met-tRNA f . In the absence of Mg 2+ , however, eIF-2 efficiently forms the ternary complex and SF has little effect on its ternary complex formation capacity—hence, the name eIF-2 stabilization factor (SF). In the presence of SF, HRI markedly inhibits (70-80%) the ternary complex formation capacity of eIF-2. The inhibitory effect requires both HRI and ATP. Under these conditions, HRI phosphorylates only the 38,000-dalton subunit of eIF-2. Both the rate and the extent of the SF-dependent ternary complex formation are inhibited. These findings are consistent with the idea that phosphorylation causes a conformational change in eIF-2 such that its interactions with other initiation factors in the formation and the binding of ternary complex to 40S ribosomal subunits are inhibited.
- Published
- 1979
27. Regulation of protein synthesis in reticulocyte lysates: phosphorylation of methionyl-tRNAf binding factor by protein kinase activity of translational inhibitor isolated from hemedeficient lysates
- Author
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Daniel H. Levin, Irving M. London, Vivian Ernst, and Rajinder Singh Ranu
- Subjects
Ribosomal Proteins ,endocrine system ,Multidisciplinary ,Reticulocytes ,Protein subunit ,Biology ,Globins ,Biochemistry ,Ribosomal protein ,TAF4 ,Peptide Initiation Factors ,Cyclic AMP ,Phosphorylation ,Initiation factor ,Eukaryotic Small Ribosomal Subunit ,Kinase activity ,Protein kinase A ,Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational ,Protein Kinases ,Research Article - Abstract
A previous study demonstrated that the translational inhibitor from lysates of heme-deficient rabbit reticulocytes is associated with a protein kinase activity. Chromatography of this inhibitor preparation on phosphocellulose yields two distinct protein kinase activities, PC1 and PC2. PC1, which consitutes about 90% of the activity in the unresolved preparation, does not inhibit protein synthesis in lysates, but actively phosporylates calf thymus histone II in a 3':5'-cyclic AMP-denpendent reaction. PC2 contains the translational inhibitor, phosphorylates histone poorly, and is not cyclic AMP-dependent. While [gamma-32P]ATP as the phosphate donor, the two kinase fractions were analyzed with the putative substrates, salt-washed 40S ribosomal subunits, and the initiation factor that mediates the binding of Met-tRNAf to the 40S subunit. PC1 is inactive with the initiation factor, but phosphorylates 40S subunits at a single major site that migrates as a 31,000-dalton band in sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gels; phosphorylation requires cyclic AMP. Similar phosphorylation of the reticulocyte 40S site (31,000 daltons) can be demonstrated with other cyclic AMP-dependent kinases from reticulocytes, rat liver, and bovine heart muscle. PC2 phosphorylates the small subunit (38,000 daltons) but not the large subunit(s) of the initiation factor; the reaction does not require cyclic AMP. PC2 does not phosphorylate 40S subunits. In the presence of 40S subunits, the initiation factor appears to be rapidly bound in a manner that effectively blocks phosphorylation of the initiation factor by PC2; under the same conditions phosphorylation of the 40S subunit by PC1 is not affected. The initiation factor has been shown to reverse the inhibitions of protein chain initiation induced in lysates by heme deficiency, double-stranded RNA, oxidized glutathione, or the purified translational inhibitor. The observation that the Met-tRNAf binding factor is phosphorylated by PC2 supports the hypothesis that this initiation factor is a target for the action of the translational inhibitor activated in heme deficiency.
- Published
- 1976
28. Characterization of a rat liver factor that inhibits initiation of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates
- Author
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Rajinder Singh Ranu, Vivian Ernst, Jean Delaunay, Irving M. London, and Daniel H. Levin
- Subjects
Male ,Reticulocytes ,GTP' ,Protein subunit ,Biology ,Guanosine triphosphate ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Adenosine Triphosphate ,Reticulocyte ,Peptide Initiation Factors ,medicine ,Protein biosynthesis ,Cyclic AMP ,Animals ,Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational ,Multidisciplinary ,Kinase ,Proteins ,Molecular biology ,Rats ,Enzyme Activation ,Perfusion ,Kinetics ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Biochemistry ,chemistry ,Liver ,Protein Biosynthesis ,Phosphorylation ,Guanosine Triphosphate ,Rabbits ,Biological Sciences: Biochemistry ,Adenosine triphosphate ,Protein Kinases - Abstract
Protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes and their lysates is regulated by heme. In heme-deficient reticulocyte lysates, protein synthesis proceeds at the initial rate for several minutes and then declines abruptly. Inhibition of protein synthesis is due to the activation of a heme-regulated translational inhibitor (HRI) which blocks the initiation of protein synthesis. Addition of the isolated HRI to hemin-supplemented lysates causes inhibition of initiation similar to that observed in heme-deficiency. HRI has been shown to be a protein kinase that specifically phosphorylates the Met-tRNA f binding factor (eIF-2). We have isolated an inhibitor (LI) of protein chain initiation from rat liver which displays properties similar to those of HRI: ( i ) the chromatographic behavior of LI on DEAE-Sephadex, DEAE-cellulose, and phosphocellulose is similar to that of HRI; ( ii ) both LI and HRI inhibit protein chain initiation in rabbit reticulocyte lysates with the same kinetics of inhibition—i.e., an initial period of synthesis for several minutes at the control rate followed by an abrupt decline in the rate of initiation; ( iii ) both inhibitions are prevented or reversed by eIF-2; ( iv ) GTP (2 mM) prevents, and ATP (2 mM) potentiates, the inhibition of protein synthesis induced by either inhibitor; ( v ) LI is associated with a protein kinase that also phosphorylates the 38,000-dalton subunit of elF-2. These findings indicate that a mechanism for the regulation of protein synthesis similar to that found in rabbit reticulocytes may be present in rat liver.
- Published
- 1977
29. Points: Awareness of radiation
- Author
-
Harcharan Singh Ranu
- Subjects
business.industry ,Correspondence ,General Engineering ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Medicine ,General Medicine ,business ,Data science ,General Environmental Science - Published
- 1986
30. Evidence for Specific Inhibition of Translocation of Aminoacyl-Transfer Ribonucleic Acid by the Pretreatment of Ribosomes of Bacillus subtilis with p-Chloromercuribenzoate
- Author
-
Rajinder Singh Ranu and Akira Kaji
- Subjects
Genetics, Microbial ,Peptide Biosynthesis ,Poly U ,Phenylalanine ,Peptide Chain Elongation, Translational ,Chromosomal translocation ,Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Bacillus subtilis ,Microbiology ,P chloromercuribenzoate ,Ribosome ,RNA, Transfer ,Centrifugation, Density Gradient ,Escherichia coli ,Magnesium ,Molecular Biology ,Inhibitory effect ,Mercaptoethanol ,Chromosome Aberrations ,Carbon Isotopes ,Binding Sites ,biology ,Cell-Free System ,RNA ,Chromosomes, Bacterial ,biology.organism_classification ,Molecular biology ,Biochemistry ,Transfer RNA ,Chromatography, Gel ,Puromycin ,Chloromercuribenzoates ,Ribosomes - Abstract
The biological activities of Bacillus subtilis ribosomes pretreated with 0.5, 1, or 2 m m p -chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) were examined. The ribosomes treated with 1 or 2 m m PCMB lost their capacity to synthesize polyphenylalanine as well as the capacity to bind phenylalanyl-transfer ribonucleic acid. On the other hand, approximately 70% of the polyphenylalanine synthesis capacity was lost with ribosomes pretreated with 0.5 m m PCMB. This inhibition was found to be due to a specific inhibition of the translocation step. The effect of 0.5 m m PCMB was reversed by 20 m m Mg 2+ without the loss of PCMB bound to ribosomes, while β-mercaptoethanol partially reversed the inhibitory effect with concomitant loss of bound PCMB.
- Published
- 1972
31. Serological Activity of Protein A of Staphylococcus aureus: the Precipitinogen as an Antigen for Determining Antibodies by the Passive Hemagglutination Test
- Author
-
Rajinder Singh Ranu and I. Live
- Subjects
Immunodiffusion ,Erythrocytes ,Swine ,Staphylococcus ,Infection and Immunity ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Microbiology ,Antibodies ,Serology ,Dogs ,Antigen ,Bacterial Proteins ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Horses ,Antigens ,Molecular Biology ,Sheep ,Goats ,Immune Sera ,Hemagglutination Tests ,Hemagglutinin ,Virology ,Staphylococcus aureus ,biology.protein ,Cattle ,Rabbits ,Antibody ,Protein A - Abstract
Tanned sheep erythrocytes have been considered incapable of sensitization with the precipitinogen of protein A of Staphylococcus aureus , so that the activity of this antigen in serological reactions has so far been studied by means of the agar diffusion test (ADT) only. The precipitinogen of the protein A in this study was found to become attached to the tanned erythrocytes and to sensitize them for the passive hemagglutination test (PHT). It was determined that, in contrast to nonspecific reactivity between normal human serum and the precipitinogen in the ADT, the reaction in the PHT was of specific nature. Of seven species studied, all normal human, dog, and hog sera tested were positive in the PHT. However, the hemagglutinin titers of the sera of the two animal species by far exceeded those of the human sera. The data emphasized the usefulness of the highly sensitive PHT for assaying antibodies to protein A.
- Published
- 1968
32. India's bait
- Author
-
Sushil K. Jain, Harcharan Singh Ranu, and Pankajam K. Nair
- Subjects
Multidisciplinary - Published
- 1984
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