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With the increasing density of the freeway network, frequent traffic incidents on road segments have a significant impact on the operational efficiency of the road network. Therefore, it has become urgent and important to study traffic route guidance strategy on the road network level. The previous traffic route guidance method primarily focused on the congestion on the road segments where incidents occurred, with insufficient attention given to the impact of congestion on the road network level. In this study, a route guidance model with limited overlap is proposed to improve freeway network reliability under traffic incidents. Specifically, in order to explore alternative paths, we conducted a study on the problem of finding k-short paths with limited overlap. The objective is to identify a set of k-paths that are both sufficiently dissimilar and as short as possible. Then, we promptly update the route guidance information using a stochastic dynamic traffic assignment model that aligns with travelers' path choice psychology. Moreover, we use the reliability of the road network to evaluate the network performance. To illustrate the model, the Jinan freeway network is selected as an experimental study. The effectiveness of this method was validated through SUMO simulations, comparing it with alternative route guidance methods, including Yen's algorithm, [sup.A∗] algorithm, and ant colony algorithm. These results show that the proposed method has proven effective in mitigating traffic congestion arising from incidents and performs well in regard to the reliability of the road network under the impact of incidents., Author(s): Xuan Zhang [1]; Jinjun Tang (corresponding author) [1]; Chengcheng Wang [2]; Chao Wang [2] 1. Introduction Freeway network plays an important role in establishing connectivity among cities. They are [...]

Driving style identification is of vital importance for intelligent driving system design and urban traffic management. This study aims to identify and analyze driving styles using large-scale ride-hailing GPS data taking different time periods, traffic, and weather conditions into account. The large-scale GPS data are collected and preprocessed, and then, the k-means clustering is implemented to acquire driving behavior. The modified latent Dirichlet allocation topic approach is applied to extract the driving states as the latent variables behind driving behaviors and finally recognize driving styles. The results show that driving styles are composed of five driving states with different probability combinations. Different driving styles in different situations are further analyzed and compared. When considering the impact of peak periods on the driving style, it indicates that styles tend to be conservative in the morning peak, free and dispersed in the evening peak, and diverse in the off-peak hours. While comparing styles regarding the influence of workdays, drivers act more cautiously and conservatively on weekdays but freer on weekends without the pressure of peak hours. The weather factor is also explored and rainy days are verified to be the resistance of driving so that most drivers become cautious and conservative. Finally, two aberrant driving styles are discovered and countermeasures are suggested to improve traffic safety., Author(s): Ye Li (corresponding author) [1]; Yiqi Chen [1]; Jie Bao [2]; Lu Xing [3]; Jinjun Tang [1]; Changyin Dong [4]; Ruifeng Gu [1] 1. Introduction Intelligent driving systems are [...]

Mapping relationships of multidimensional architectures play an essential role in the autonomous transportation system (ATS), which can help understand the complex relationships between multidimensional architectures. The current mapping relationship discovery for multidimensional architectures in ATS requires significant manual involvement, leading to the underutilization of textual data and the intense subjectivity of results. In order to address the above issues, it is necessary to mine and further utilize the semantic information in the textual data. This study applies the text-matching model to the mapping relationship discovery of multi-dimensional architectures, which can calculate the semantic similarity between texts. On this basis, a method based on the Siamese-BERT-wwm-Bi-LSTM model is proposed, which incorporates Chinese BERT with whole word masking (BERT-wwm), bidirectional long-short term memory (Bi-LSTM), and the Siamese Network. A series of experiments are conducted with different text-matching models. The results show that the precision rate, recall rate, and F1-score exceed 80% for most applied methods, which verifies the feasibility of using the text-matching model for mapping relationship discovery. These results expect to provide a method with good performance that can automatically perform mapping relationship discovery., Author(s): You Liu [1]; Haonan Tuo [1]; Mingfan He [1]; Qiang Fu [1]; Tianjian Yu (corresponding author) [1]; Jinjun Tang (corresponding author) [1] 1. Introduction With the development of emerging [...]

Travel patterns reflect the regularity of residents' mobility, and it is a crucial factor to evaluate the reasonability of urban spatial structure and connectivity of road networks. Therefore, exploring travel patterns is of practical significance for urban planning, traffic management, and improvement of the operational efficiency of the transportation system. In this study, we apply the tensor model to explore travel patterns under temporal and spatial dimensions based on the license plate recognition (LPR) data collected from the Changsha city, China. As travel patterns are influenced by many variables, a method framework based on the tensor model is proposed to explore the influence of variables on travel characteristics. Firstly, we apply clustering algorithms and the principal component analysis method to extract main feature variables, which can achieve the purpose of dimensionality reduction and eliminate the complex collinearity among variables. Then, the tensor decomposition and reconstruction algorithms are performed based on extracted feature variables to analyze their influence on travel patterns. The experiments demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method framework., Author(s): Zhaoxin Liu [1]; Xiaolu Wang [2]; Yufeng Bi [3]; Jun Kong [1,4]; Run Xu [3]; Yuanpei Chen [1,4]; Jinjun Tang (corresponding author) [2] 1. Introduction The transportation system is [...]

Studying the time interval duration between the first accident and the second accident caused by it can provide decision makers with valuable information on how to effectively deal with high-risk second accidents. This paper is aimed to explore the potential influencing factors of the interval duration between the two accidents and predict it. First, the spatiotemporal definition method is applied to identify the cascaded first accident and the second accident. Then, on the basis of using Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure and Bartlett's sphere test statistics to ensure the applicability of the data to the factor analysis method, the explanatory variables that can significantly affect the interval duration are obtained through the factor analysis method. Finally, the random forest model (RF), which combines the advantages of machine learning methods, is employed to predict the duration of the interval. Traffic accident data set collected in Los Angeles city from February 2016 to June 2020 is used to validate prediction performance in this study. Bayesian method is applied to optimize the hyperparameters in the RF, while three evaluation indicators, including the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), are used to estimate the prediction effect. The test results and comparative experiments confirm that RF is able to predict the interval well and has better prediction performance. This is of great significance for the prediction of the duration of the interval between one accident and the second accident., Author(s): Fang Liu [1]; Lanlan Zheng [2]; Mingyang Li (corresponding author) [2]; Jinjun Tang [2] 1. Introduction Road traffic accidents can be caused by motor vehicles and nonmotor vehicles [1, [...]

Resource sharing within a logistics network offers an effective way to solve problems resulting from inefficient and costly operations of individual logistics facilities. However, the existing analysis of resource sharing and profit allocation is still limited. Therefore, this study aims to model resource sharing in two-echelon delivery and pickup logistics networks to improve the overall efficiency and decrease the total network operating cost. A bi-objective integer programming model is first proposed for two-echelon collaborative multidepot pickup and delivery problems with time windows (2E-CMDPDTW) to seek the minimization of operating costs and number of vehicles. Integrating a customer clustering algorithm, a greedy algorithm, and an improved nondominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (Im-NSGA-II), a hybrid method is then designed to handle the 2E-CMDPDTW model. The customer clustering and the greedy algorithms are employed to generate locally optimized initial solutions to accelerate the calculating velocity and guarantee the diversity of feasible solutions. The Im-NSGA-II combines the order crossover operation and the polynomial mutation process to find the optimal solution of the 2E-CMDPDTW. The comparative results show that the proposed hybrid method outperforms the NSGA-II and the multiobjective genetic algorithm. Furthermore, a Shapley value method is used for allocating total profits of established alliances and finding an optimal coalition sequence of the logistics facilities joining alliances based on the strictly monotonic path strategy. Finally, a case study of 2E-CMDPDTW in Chongqing China is conducted to validate the feasibility. Results indicate that this study contributes to long-term partnerships between logistics facilities within multi-echelon logistics networks in practice and contributes to the long-term sustainability of urban logistics pickup and delivery networks' development., Author(s): Siyu Luo [1]; Yong Wang (corresponding author) [1]; Jinjun Tang (corresponding author) [2]; Xiangyang Guan [3]; Maozeng Xu [1] 1. Introduction The multidepot pickup and delivery problem (MDPDP) is [...]

The emergence of connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) has the potential to dramatically increase road capacity, and the provision of dedicated lanes for CAVs is a common management strategy to ensure that CAVs take appropriate priority over other vehicles. However, existing models of CAV lane management do not perform well at low CAV market penetration rates. Therefore, a novel model is proposed to address this shortcoming in this paper, and qualified human‐driven vehicles (HDVs) are allowed to enter the CAV priority lane when there is a low CAV penetration rate. A theoretical model is proposed to examine the impacts of three managed lane strategies under mixed traffic and then compare three lane management strategies under different CAV penetration rates and traffic demands. The results show that these lane management strategies can improve throughput, reduce travel time, increase speed, and reduce the variance of the distribution of vehicle speeds under different penetration rates and traffic demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the characteristics of time and distance gaps between the primary (PC) and secondary crashes (SC) is crucial for preventing SC ccurrences and improving road safety. Although previous studies have tried to analyse the variation of gaps, there is limited evidence in quantifying the relationships between different gaps and various influential factors. This study proposed a two-layer stacking framework to discuss the time and distance gaps. Specifically, the framework took random forests (RF), gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) and eXtreme gradient boosting as the base classifiers in the first layer and applied logistic regression (LR) as a combiner in the second layer. On this basis, the local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME) technology was used to interpret the output of the stacking model from both local and global perspectives. Through SC dentification and feature selection, 346 SCs and 22 crash-related factors were collected from California interstate freeways. The results showed that the stacking model outperformed base models evaluated by accuracy, precision, and recall indicators. The explanations based on LIME suggest that collision type, distance, speed and volume are the critical features that affect the time and distance gaps. Higher volume can prolong queue length and increase the distance gap from the SCs to PCs. And collision types, peak periods, workday, truck involved and tow away likely induce a long-distance gap. Conversely, there is a shorter distance gap when secondary roads run in the same direction and are close to the primary roads. Lower speed is a significant factor resulting in a long-time gap, while the higher speed is correlated with a short-time gap. These results are expected to provide insights into how contributory features affect the time and distance gaps and help decision-makers develop accurate decisions to prevent SCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to provide tactical and operational decisions in multidepot recycling logistics networks with consideration of resource sharing (RS) and time window assignment (TWA) strategies. The RS strategy contributes to efficient resource allocation and utilization among recycling centers (RCs). The TWA strategy involves assigning time windows to customers to enhance the operational efficiency of logistics networks. A biobjective mathematical model is established to minimize the total operating cost and number of vehicles for solving the multidepot recycling vehicle routing problem with RS and TWA (MRVRPRSTWA). A hybrid heuristic algorithm including 3D k-means clustering algorithm and nondominated sorting genetic algorithm- (NSGA-) II (NSGA-II) is designed. The 3D k-means clustering algorithm groups customers into clusters on the basis of their spatial and temporal distances to reduce the computational complexity in optimizing the multidepot logistics networks. In comparison with NSGA algorithm, the NSGA-II algorithm incorporates an elitist strategy, which can improve the computational speed and robustness. In this study, the performance of the NSGA-II algorithm is compared with the other two algorithms. Results show that the proposed algorithm is superior in solving MRVRPRSTWA. The proposed model and algorithm are applied to an empirical case study in Chongqing City, China, to test their applicability in real logistics operations. Four different scenarios regarding whether the RS and TWA strategies are included or not are developed to test the efficacy of the proposed methods. The results indicate that the RS and TWA strategies can optimize the recycling services and resource allocation and utilization and enhance the operational efficiency, thus promoting the sustainable development of the logistics industry., Author(s): Yong Wang [1]; Xiuwen Wang [1]; Xiangyang Guan [2]; Jinjun Tang (corresponding author) [3] 1. Introduction Sustainability is a constant topic in the logistics industry and research [1, 2]. [...]

Identifying the influential factors in incident duration is important for traffic management agency to mitigate the impact of traffic incidents on freeway operation. Previous studies have proposed a variety of approaches to determine the significant factors for traffic incident clearance time. These methods commonly select a single “true” model among a majority of alternative models based on some model selection criteria. However, the conventional methods generally neglect the uncertainty related to the choice of models. This paper proposes a Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) model to account for model uncertainty by averaging all plausible models using posterior probability as the weight. The BMA model is used to analyze the 2,584 freeway incident records obtained from I-5 corridor in Seattle, WA, USA. The results show that the BMA approach has the capability of interpreting the causal relationship between explanatory variables and clearance time. In addition, the BMA approach can provide better prediction performance than the Cox proportional hazards model and the accelerated failure time models. Overall, the findings in this study can be useful for traffic emergency management agency to apply an alternative methodology for predicting traffic incident clearance time when model uncertainty is considered., Author(s): Yajie Zou [1]; Bo Lin [1]; Xiaoxue Yang [1]; Lingtao Wu [2]; Malik Muneeb Abid [3]; Jinjun Tang (corresponding author) [4] 1. Introduction Improving the efficiency of the traffic [...]

Exploring urban travel patterns can analyze the mobility regularity of residents to provide guidance for urban traffic planning and emergency decision. Clustering methods have been widely applied to explore the hidden information from large-scale trajectory data on travel patterns exploring. How to implement soft constraints in the clustering method and evaluate the effectiveness quantitatively is still a challenge. In this study, we propose an improved trajectory clustering method based on fuzzy density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (TC-FDBSCAN) to conduct classification on trajectory data. Firstly, we define the trajectory distance which considers the influence of different attributes and determines the corresponding weight coefficients to measure the similarity among trajectories. Secondly, membership degrees and membership functions are designed in the fuzzy clustering method as the extension of the classical DBSCAN method. Finally, trajectory data collected in Shenzhen city, China, are divided into two types (workdays and weekends) and then implemented in the experiment to explore different travel patterns. Moreover, three indices including Silhouette Coefficient, Davies-Bouldin index, and Calinski-Harabasz index are used to evaluate the effectiveness among the proposed method and other traditional clustering methods. The results also demonstrate the advantage of the proposed method., Author(s): Fang Liu [1]; Wei Bi (corresponding author) [2]; Wei Hao [1]; Fan Gao [2]; Jinjun Tang [2] 1. Introduction Travel patterns can be explored by analyzing the travel characteristics [...]

Annual fatal traffic accident data often demonstrate time series characteristics. The existing traffic safety analysis approaches (e.g., negative binomial (NB) model) often cannot accommodate the dynamic impact of factors in fatal traffic accident data and may result in biased parameter estimation results. Thus, a linear Poisson autoregressive (PAR) model is proposed in this study. The objective of this study is to apply the PAR model to analyze the dynamic impact of traffic laws and climate on the frequency of fatal traffic accidents occurred in a large time span (from 1975 to 2016) in Illinois. Besides, the NB model, NB with a time trend, and autoregressive integrated moving average model with exogenous input variables (ARIMAX) are also developed to compare their performances. The important conclusions from the modelling results can be summarized as follows. (1) The PAR model is more appropriate for analyzing the dynamic impacts of traffic laws on annual fatal traffic accidents, especially the instantaneous impacts. (2) The law that allows motorcycles and bicycles to proceed on a red light following the rules applicable after a “reasonable period of time” leads to an increase in the frequency of annual fatal traffic accidents by 14.98% in the short term and 30.69% in the long term. The climate factors such as average temperature and precipitation concentration period have insignificant impacts on annual fatal traffic accidents in Illinois. Thus, the modelling results suggest that the PAR model is more appropriate for annual fatal traffic accident data and has an advantage in estimating the dynamic impact of traffic laws., Author(s): Yue Zhang [1]; Yajie Zou (corresponding author) [1]; Lingtao Wu [2]; Jinjun Tang (corresponding author) [3]; Malik Muneeb Abid [1,4] 1. Introduction A report of National Highway Traffic Safety [...]

Accurate prediction and reliable significant factor analysis of incident clearance time are two main objects of traffic incident management (TIM) system, as it could help to relieve traffic congestion caused by traffic incidents. This study applies the extreme gradient boosting machine algorithm (XGBoost) to predict incident clearance time on freeway and analyze the significant factors of clearance time. The XGBoost integrates the superiority of statistical and machine learning methods, which can flexibly deal with the nonlinear data in high-dimensional space and quantify the relative importance of the explanatory variables. The data collected from the Washington Incident Tracking System in 2011 are used in this research. To investigate the potential philosophy hidden in data, K-means is chosen to cluster the data into two clusters. The XGBoost is built for each cluster. Bayesian optimization is used to optimize the parameters of XGBoost, and the MAPE is considered as the predictive indicator to evaluate the prediction performance. A comparative study confirms that the XGBoost outperforms other models. In addition, response time, AADT (annual average daily traffic), incident type, and lane closure type are identified as the significant explanatory variables for clearance time., 1. Introduction According to Lindley [1], traffic incidents result in about 60% of nonrecurrent traffic congestions. These congestions may cause lots of adverse effects such as reducing the roadway capacity, [...]

Efficient parking tends to be challenging in most large cities in China. Drivers often spend substantial amounts of time looking for parking lots while driving at low speeds, thereby resulting in interference with road traffic. This paper focuses on efficiently allocating parking spaces to the demanders. A double-objective model is proposed that considers both the utilizing rate and the walking distance. First, managers want to utilize parking resources fully. Therefore, they tend to prioritize the efficient distribution of parking spaces in response to parking demands. However, demanders typically choose parking spaces according to convenience. The second objective is the acceptable walking distance from the parking space to the destination. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to solve this model. We collected parking demand and supply data in a central business district (CBD) of Harbin in China and evaluated the feasibility of the model. The results demonstrate that the proposed model increases the occupying rates of parking lots in residential zones while decreasing the walking distance. The shared use of parking spaces maximizes the utility and alleviates the shortage of parking spaces in downtown., 1. Introduction Parking efficiently is a significant concern in traffic planning in many modern cities due to the fast increase in the number of private cars [1]. Parking planning has [...]

Accurate prediction of traffic information (i.e., traffic flow, travel time, traffic speed, etc.) is a key component of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). Traffic speed is an important indicator to evaluate traffic efficiency. Up to date, although a few studies have considered the periodic feature in traffic prediction, very few studies comprehensively evaluate the impact of periodic component on statistical and machine learning prediction models. This paper selects several representative statistical models and machine learning models to analyze the influence of periodic component on short-term speed prediction under different scenarios: (1) multi-horizon ahead prediction (5, 15, 30, 60 minutes ahead predictions), (2) with and without periodic component, (3) two data aggregation levels (5-minute and 15-minute), (4) peak hours and off-peak hours. Specifically, three statistical models (i.e., space time (ST) model, vector autoregressive (VAR) model, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model) and three machine learning approaches (i.e., support vector machines (SVM) model, multi-layer perceptron (MLP) model, recurrent neural network (RNN) model) are developed and examined. Furthermore, the periodic features of the speed data are considered via a hybrid prediction method, which assumes that the data consist of two components: a periodic component and a residual component. The periodic component is described by a trigonometric regression function, and the residual component is modeled by the statistical models or the machine learning approaches. The important conclusions can be summarized as follows: (1) the multi- step ahead prediction accuracy improves when considering the periodic component of speed data for both three statistical models and three machine learning models, especially in the peak hours; (2) considering the impact of periodic component for all models, the prediction performance improvement gradually becomes larger as the time step increases; (3) under the same prediction horizon, the prediction performance of all models for 15-minute speed data is generally better than that for 5-minute speed data. Overall, the findings in this paper suggest that the proposed hybrid prediction approach is effective for both statistical and machine learning models in short-term speed prediction., 1. Introduction To alleviate the traffic congestion in large cities, it is particularly important to make full use of existing infrastructure resources such as the application of Intelligent Transportation System [...]

Video-based detection infrastructure is crucial for promoting connected and autonomous shipping (CAS) development, which provides critical on-site traffic data for maritime participants. Ship behavior analysis, one of the fundamental tasks for fulfilling smart video-based detection infrastructure, has become an active topic in the CAS community. Previous studies focused on ship behavior analysis by exploring spatial-temporal information from automatic identification system (AIS) data, and less attention was paid to maritime surveillance videos. To bridge the gap, we proposed an ensemble you only look once (YOLO) framework for ship behavior analysis. First, we employed the convolutional neural network in the YOLO model to extract multi-scaled ship features from the input ship images. Second, the proposed framework generated many bounding boxes (i.e., potential ship positions) based on the object confidence level. Third, we suppressed the background bounding box interferences, and determined ship detection results with intersection over union (IOU) criterion, and thus obtained ship positions in each ship image. Fourth, we analyzed spatial-temporal ship behavior in consecutive maritime images based on kinematic ship information. The experimental results have shown that ships are accurately detected (i.e., both of the average recall and precision rate were higher than 90%) and the historical ship behaviors are successfully recognized. The proposed framework can be adaptively deployed in the connected and autonomous vehicle detection system in the automated terminal for the purpose of exploring the coupled interactions between traffic flow variation and heterogeneous detection infrastructures, and thus enhance terminal traffic network capacity and safety., 1. Introduction SHIP behavior recognition and prediction is very important for the early warning of risky behavior, identifying potential ship collision, improving maritime traffic efficiency, etc., and thus is a [...]

The boundary heat flow has important significance for the microstructures of directional solidified binary alloy. Interface evolution of the directional solidified microstructure with different boundary heat flow was discussed. In this study, only one interface was allowed to have heat flow, and Neumann boundary conditions were imposed at the other three interfaces. From the calculated results, it was found that different boundary heat flows will result in different microstructures. When the boundary heat flow equals to 20 W·cm-2, the growth of longitudinal side branches is accelerated and the growth of transverse side branches is restrained, and meanwhile, there is dendritic remelting in the calculation domain. When the boundary heat flow equals to 40 W·cm-2, the growths of the transverse and longitudinal side branches compete with each other, and when the boundary heat flow equals to 100-200 W·cm-2, the growth of transverse side branches dominates absolutely. The temperature field of dendritic growth was analyzed and the relation between boundary heat flow and temperature field was also investigated.