Search

Vegetable soybean has high nutritional value and offers functional benefits to human body. However, its use in cooking is still limited, mainly due to the lack of knowledge about its properties. In addition, the availability of cultivars for human consumption is reduced. Therefore, this study was conducted in Botucatu, Brazil, to assess the potential of grain soybean (GS) and dual-purpose soybean (DPS) cultivars for consumption as vegetable soybean (VS). Pods were harvested at R6 stage, and the contents of bioactive compounds (total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, antioxidant activity and proteins) and antinutritional components (nitrates, oxalate, alkaloids and tannins) were evaluated. The cultivars showed the same protein content, not differing statistically from each other, as well as for nitrate and oxalate. The content of phenolic compounds and total antioxidant activity of the SG cultivar differed statistically from the content of the DPS and VS cultivars, respectively. According to the results, the GS cultivar, with pods harvested at R6 stage, showed nutraceutical quality and contents of antinutritional compounds similar to those of the two cultivars proposed for the vegetable soybean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tannins are critical plant defense metabolites, enriched in bark and leaves, that protect against microorganisms and insects by binding to and precipitating proteins. Hydrolyzable tannins contain ester bonds which can be cleaved by tannases—serine hydrolases containing so‐called "cap" domains covering their active sites. However, comprehensive insights into the biochemical properties and structural diversity of tannases are limited, especially regarding their cap domains. We here present a code pipeline for structure prediction‐based hierarchical clustering to categorize the whole family of bacterial tannases, and have used it to discover new types of cap domains and other structural insertions among these enzymes. Subsequently, we used two recently identified tannases from the gut/soil bacterium Clostridium butyricum as model systems to explore the biochemical and structural properties of the cap domains of tannases. We demonstrate using molecular dynamics and mutagenesis that the cap domain covering the active site plays a major role in enzyme substrate preference, inhibition, and activity—despite not directly interacting with smaller substrates. The present work provides deeper knowledge into the mechanism, structural dynamics, and diversity of tannases. The structure‐based clustering approach presents a new way of classifying any other enzyme family, and will be of relevance for enzyme types where activity is influenced by variable loop or insert regions appended to a core protein fold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise in global temperature and accumulation of petroleum-based wastes in the environment forces the scientific focus towards renewable alternatives. In the present work, an under-exploited resource – spruce bark – is investigated as a raw material for production of bio-oil as a liquid energy carrier. To enhance the energy-content of the produced bio-crude, ultimately being produced through hydrothermal liquefaction, the polysaccharides were extracted through organosolv fractionation and converted to lipids by oleaginous microorganisms. The effect originating from tannins was also investigated by performing a pre-extraction before the organosolv fractionation. It was found that performing the organosolv fractionation and upgrading the isolated organosolv lignin to bio-oil greatly reduced the oxygen content of the oil fraction thereby improving its energy content, and introducing upgraded polysaccharides in the form of lipids, as well as pre-extracted tannins, caused clear changes in the product distribution of the final bio-oil and kept a final product with low oxygen content. The other factor largely influencing the product distribution originated from the various heating rates tested by altering operational mode of the HTL process between batch and semi-continuous. Ultimately, performing the organosolv fractionation and individual upgrading of the polysaccharides had a beneficial effect on reducing the final solids content and enhancing the liquid oil yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This minireview presents some unusual but encouraging examples of lignocellulosic-based adhesives and coatings used for metals, glass, and some other difficult-to-adhere materials. The reactions and applications presented are as follows. (i) The reactions of tannins and wood lignin with phosphate salts, in particular triethylphosphate, to adhere and join steel and aluminum to Teflon, in particular for non-stick frying pans. These adhesive coatings have been shown to sustain the relevant factory industrial test of 410 °C for 11 min and, moreover, to present a 50% material loss even at 900 °C for 5 min. (ii) Non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPU) based on glucose and sucrose as coatings of steel and glass. These were obtained by the carbonation of carbohydrates through reaction with the inexpensive dimethyl carbonate followed by reaction with a diamine; all materials used were bio-sourced. Lastly, (iii) the use of citric acid-based adhesive coupled with any hydroxyl groups carrying material for coating metals is also described. These three approaches give a clear indication of the possibilities and capabilities of biomaterials in this field. All these are presented and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our purpose was to carry out a comparative phytochemical analysis of fruits (both fresh and stored for 1 month) of two local apple varieties of the Republic of Tajikistan. Assays were carried out to quantify total phenolic compounds, flavonols, catechins, tannins, phenolcarboxylic acids, pectins, and protopectins by UV spectrometry and ascorbic acid by titration. The profile and levels of phenolic compounds were investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Antiradical activity was quantitated by means of free radical DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). In fresh fruits, total levels of tannins (19 mg/g) and phenolcarboxylic acids (15 mg/g) (including chlorogenic acid: 451 μg/g) and of a flavonol (quercetin: 26 μg/g) and two catechins [epigallocatechin (173 μg/g) and L-epicatechin (50 µg/g)] were shown to be higher in the Surkhseb apple variety than in the Kosimsarkori variety. The antioxidant activity of water–ethanol extracts from Surkhseb apples (20 mg/mL) was also higher in comparison with Kosimsarkori apples. In the latter, concentrations of other detected biologically active substances, such as flavonols (0.78 mg/g), ascorbic acid (65 mg/100 g), and pectins (37 mg/g), were found to be higher, suggesting that the fruits of this apple variety have biological effects other than antioxidant, potentially anti-inflammatory, or antidiabetic. Further phytochemical and pharmacological studies on Kosimsarkori fruits may identify these other potential biological effects that may be useful in the prevention of disease. Fruits of the analyzed apple varieties should preferably be consumed fresh because after the apples were stored in the refrigerator for 1 month, indicators of antioxidant activity (22 mg/g in Surkhseb apples) and levels of almost all biologically active substances (tota) levels of tannins (14 mg/g), phenolcarboxylic acids (9 mg/g) (including chlorogenic acid: 250 μg/g) and catechin L-epicatechin (30 µg/g) in Surkhseb apples decreased. This study highlights the importance of conserving local, unique varieties of major worldwide crop plants because they may unearth novel combinations of compounds beneficial to humanity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hardness of the wood surface determines its wear resistance and resistance to mechanical damage. This study aimed to determine the effect of walnut tannin used in wood preservation on the surface properties of wood. For this purpose, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and walnut (Juglans regia L.) wood test specimens were treated with walnut tannin with a brush. The specimens then were coated with water-based and polyurethane varnishes. After drying, the surface hardness was measured. As a result of the research, it was determined that the highest surface hardness was in the control samples without tannin application and the highest value was in walnut wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides information on nutritional strategies for managing gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in small ruminants such as sheep and goats. GIN infections can have negative impacts on the health and economic well-being of these animals. The article discusses the effects of GIN on nutrition and metabolism and explores various approaches to managing GIN, including pasture management, supplementation, the use of copper oxide wire particles, and the inclusion of plant secondary compounds in the diet. The authors emphasize the importance of taking a holistic approach to nutrition in integrated parasite management programs. They also highlight the benefits of rotational grazing, complementary forages, and protein supplementation in enhancing the resistance and resilience of small ruminants to GIN. The article concludes by calling for further research to evaluate the effectiveness of these nutritional strategies on animal health, performance, and the sustainability of small ruminant production. [Extracted from the article]

The increase in global temperatures over the past few decades due to greenhouse gas emissions has raised concerns and necessitated further research in climate change mitigation and adaptation. Methane is a prominent greenhouse gas that significantly contributes to climate change, with a substantial amount generated through fermentation processes occurring in the rumen of ruminant animals. The potential of plant secondary metabolites, especially those derived from tannin-rich plants, warrants investigation to modify rumen fermentation and mitigate methane emissions in livestock diets. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of extracts obtained from green and black tea waste on rumen fermentation dynamics and gas (methane) production, utilizing in vitro methods. For this purpose, rumen fluid was collected from two fistulated sheep and subjected to three treatments: (1) a basal diet (control), (2) a basal diet + green tea waste extract (5% of dry matter), (3) a basal diet + black tea waste extract (5% of dry matter). The study assessed the effects of incorporating extracts from green and black tea waste on various parameters, including digestibility, protozoa population, ammonia nitrogen levels, volatile fatty acids, and methane gas production following a 24-h incubation period. Statistical analysis of the data was conducted using SAS software within a completely randomized design framework. The findings indicated that the addition of green and black tea waste extracts significantly decreased methane gas production (p < 0.05), protozoa count (p < 0.05), and ammonia nitrogen concentrations in rumen fluid (p < 0.05) when compared to the control group. The addition of green and black tea waste extracts has significantly altered the concentration of VFAs in rumen fluid (p < 0.05). Specifically, the addition of green tea waste extract has led to a highly significant reduction in acetic acid, (p < 0.01) and the addition of both extracts has resulted in a significant increase in propionic acid (p < 0.05). Consequently, the results suggest that the inclusion of green and black tea waste extracts in livestock diets may effectively mitigate methane emissions in the rumen, thereby reducing feed costs and reducing environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The rise in global temperature and accumulation of petroleum-based wastes in the environment forces the scientific focus towards renewable alternatives. In the present work, an under-exploited resource – spruce bark – is investigated as a raw material for production of bio-oil as a liquid energy carrier. To enhance the energy-content of the produced bio-crude, ultimately being produced through hydrothermal liquefaction, the polysaccharides were extracted through organosolv fractionation and converted to lipids by oleaginous microorganisms. The effect originating from tannins was also investigated by performing a pre-extraction before the organosolv fractionation. It was found that performing the organosolv fractionation and upgrading the isolated organosolv lignin to bio-oil greatly reduced the oxygen content of the oil fraction thereby improving its energy content, and introducing upgraded polysaccharides in the form of lipids, as well as pre-extracted tannins, caused clear changes in the product distribution of the final bio-oil and kept a final product with low oxygen content. The other factor largely influencing the product distribution originated from the various heating rates tested by altering operational mode of the HTL process between batch and semi-continuous. Ultimately, performing the organosolv fractionation and individual upgrading of the polysaccharides had a beneficial effect on reducing the final solids content and enhancing the liquid oil yield.

IntroductionTannins are a type of phenolic compound usually found in plants, with high molecular weights typically ranging from 500 to more than 3000 Da and even up to 20000 Da. The chemical structure of tannins is very diverse and varied. Tannin exists in plant cells in two forms: hydrolyzable and condensed. The tannin content in plants can vary from 0.2% to 25% of the dry weight of the plant. This can vary depending on the plant species, harvest time, plant habitat, and extraction method. Currently, tannin is used in various fields such as leather making, medicine, food, beverages, ink and glue making, paint and tanning industries, plastic resins, water treatment, and surface coatings. The application of tannins depends on the tannin concentration. Extraction of tannin from agricultural products is done by different methods. Maceration, decoction, pressurized water extraction, Soxhlet extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasound, and microwave are among these methods. Ultrasound extraction is an effective method for extracting chemical compounds, which is performed in a shorter period of time compared to other methods, and can be used for heat-sensitive compounds such as tannins.Materials and MethodsPotato peels were randomly selected, dried, and ground. Extraction was performed with an ultrasonic device, and after centrifugation, the total amount of phenolic compounds was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Afterward, utilizing the method used by Makkar et al. (2001), the amount of total tannins was calculated, and the condensed tannin content was calculated using the method introduced by Porter et al. (1986).Results and DiscussionThe average amount of total tannin extracted by using water as solvent was 142.8 ± 50.9 mg per 100 grams of dry powder in a period of 15 minutes, which was the highest amount of extraction. After water, methanol was the second solvent, yielding an extracted amount of 0.63 ± 55.9 mg per 100 grams of dry powder in 15 minutes. The lowest amount of extraction was related to the ethanol solvent in which was measured over a period of 10 minutes.Due to its higher polarity, water is the best-performing solvent for extraction. Comparing the results of this experiment with previous research, water is suitable for extracting tannins from potato peels. Additionally, water is a non-toxic and environmentally friendly solvent, and making it an ideal choice for extraction. Increasing the extraction time from 10 to 15 minutes, significantly affects the total amount of extracted tannin, more tannin being extracted during the longer the extraction period.The effect of extraction time on the amount of condensed tannin is not significant, and no variable in this study had a significant effect on the amount of extracted condensed tannin. It is expected that the increase in the total amount of tannin with the increase in extraction time is related to the increase in the amount of hydrolyzable tannin extracted from the sample.ConclusionIn this research, the amount of tannin extracted from potato peel was measured. The ultrasound method was used to prepare potato peel, which is a less expensive and faster alternative to other methods. The effect of different solvents were investigated over various extraction times. The results showed that the total amount of extracted tannin increases with the ultrasound extraction time, specifically from 10 to 15 minutes. However, with the increased extraction time, the amount of condensed tannin does not significantly increase. Among the studied solvents, water accounted for the highest amount of extracted tannin. After water, methanol was the second-best solvent, followed by acetone and ethanol. Water is an effective and environmentally friendly solvent for tannin extraction. Potato peels are rich in tannin and contain significantly less condensed tannin than hydrolyzable tannin.

Chestnut tannin, extracted from the bark or wood of chestnut trees, possesses unique properties that make it valuable in various industries. It serves as a natural source of tannins, which are widely used in the production of leather, textiles, and wood preservation. As research continues to explore its potential applications, chestnut tannin remains a promising resource with diverse industrial uses. Highlighting new use, research and bioeconomy aspects, this study provides a unified perspective on chestnut tannin. New advanced applications will likely emerge shortly.

Abstract Background The mutually beneficial coevolutionary relationships between rodents and plant seeds have been a theme of research in plant-animal relationships. Seed tannins are important secondary metabolites of plants that regulate the food-hoarding behavior of rodents; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not yet clear. In this study, we investigated whether and how seed tannins improve spatial memory and regulate the hoarding behavior of Tamias sibiricus by altering their gut microbiota. Results We showed that acorn tannins not only improved spatial memory but also enhanced scatter-hoarding in T. sibiricus. Changes in the composition and function of the gut microbiota in response to tannins from acorns are closely related to these improvements. Metabonomic analyses revealed the role of gut isovaleric acid and isobutyric acid as well as serum L-tryptophan in mediating the spatial memory of T. sibiricus via the gut microbiota. The hippocampal proteome provides further evidence that the microbiota-gut-brain axis regulates spatial memory and scatter-hoarding in animals. Our study is likely the first to report that plant secondary metabolites improve hippocampal function and spatial memory and ultimately modulate food-hoarding behavior via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Conclusion Our findings may have resolved the long-standing puzzle about the hidden role of plant secondary metabolites in manipulating food-hoarding behavior in rodents via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Our study is important for better understanding the mutualistic coevolution between plants and animals. Video Abstract

The current study proceeded to reduce the environmental hazards spreading worldwide due to synthetic dyes. To overcome these problems, eco-friendly natural dyes are introduced as alternative sources of synthetic dyes. The present study was focused on exploring the bio-colorant of the aqueous and acidic extract of the bark of Melia azedarach L. for the dyeing of both silk and cotton samples. The results of the extraction medium specified that the aqueous extract gave maximum colorant solubility and upon fabric dyeing produced higher color strength in contrast to the acidic medium. The optimization experimentation data showed that excellent color strength of silk fabric was found at 45 min dyeing time duration, in 35:1 mL dye extract, and using 2% salt (NaCl) as an exhausting agent, whereas cotton fabric showed the maximum K/S value at 60 min dyeing time, in a 45:1 mL liquor ratio, and with the use of 2% salt. Bio-mordants produce different shades on both fabrics. Bio-mordanting experiments on silk revealed that pre-mordanting with 2% turmeric and 3% pomegranate, and post-mordanting using 3% turmeric and 2% pomegranate produced a darker shade. In the case of cotton, the pre-mordanted samples with 2% turmeric and 3% pomegranate and the post-mordanted samples with 4% turmeric and 4% pomegranate gave the highest color strengths. All the mordanted samples gave excellent fastness ratings. Overall, it has been found that Bakain bark proved to be an excellent source of tannin. The result of this study showed that it could be a cost-effective and eco-friendly dye source for textile progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study investigated how different levels of antioxidants and contrasting proportions of native legumes in the diet affect lamb meat quality. Twenty-four male Texel lambs were randomly assigned to three groups: two groups on a natural pasture in southern Brazil (Pampa Biome), each at a different proportion of legumes: Low-legume (LL, 4.37%) and High-legume (HL, 14.01%); the other group was stall-fed (Control) to achieve the same growth rates as the grazing groups. Cold carcass yield from the Control lambs was higher than HL. The meat from pasture-fed animals had a higher deposition of muscle α-tocopherol and lower lipid oxidation (TBARS values) after 9 days of storage. LL lambs had higher subcutaneous fat thickness, which promoted better sensory quality of the meat, as assessed by a trained panel. Pasture-based diets enhanced odd- and branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFAs), trans vaccenic acid, and total conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs), while decreasing elaidic acid. Despite the lower ∆9-desaturase activity, the higher proportion of Desmodium incanum (condensed tannin-rich native legume) in the HL diet did not impact meat nutritional quality. Finishing lambs on the Pampa Biome grasslands is an option for improving the oxidative stability and beneficial fatty acid content of lamb meat, which improves product quality and human consumer health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction1 Tannins are a type of phenolic compound usually found in plants, with high molecular weights typically ranging from 500 to more than 3000 Da and even up to 20000 Da. The chemical structure of tannins is very diverse and varied. Tannin exists in plant cells in two forms: hydrolyzable and condensed. The tannin content in plants can vary from 0.2% to 25% of the dry weight of the plant. This can vary depending on the plant species, harvest time, plant habitat, and extraction method. Currently, tannin is used in various fields such as leather making, medicine, food, beverages, ink and glue making, paint and tanning industries, plastic resins, water treatment, and surface coatings. The application of tannins depends on the tannin concentration. Extraction of tannin from agricultural products is done by different methods. Maceration, decoction, pressurized water extraction, Soxhlet extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasound, and microwave are among these methods. Ultrasound extraction is an effective method for extracting chemical compounds, which is performed in a shorter period of time compared to other methods, and can be used for heat-sensitive compounds such as tannins. Materials and Methods Potato peels were randomly selected, dried, and ground. Extraction was performed with an ultrasonic device, and after centrifugation, the total amount of phenolic compounds was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Afterward, utilizing the method used by Makkar et al. (2001), the amount of total tannins was calculated, and the condensed tannin content was calculated using the method introduced by Porter et al. (1986). Results and Discussion The average amount of total tannin extracted by using water as solvent was 142.8 ± 50.9 mg per 100 grams of dry powder in a period of 15 minutes, which was the highest amount of extraction. After water, methanol was the second solvent, yielding an extracted amount of 0.63 ± 55.9 mg per 100 grams of dry powder in 15 minutes. The lowest amount of extraction was related to the ethanol solvent in which was measured over a period of 10 minutes. Due to its higher polarity, water is the best-performing solvent for extraction. Comparing the results of this experiment with previous research, water is suitable for extracting tannins from potato peels. Additionally, water is a non-toxic and environmentally friendly solvent, and making it an ideal choice for extraction. Increasing the extraction time from 10 to 15 minutes, significantly affects the total amount of extracted tannin, more tannin being extracted during the longer the extraction period. The effect of extraction time on the amount of condensed tannin is not significant, and no variable in this study had a significant effect on the amount of extracted condensed tannin. It is expected that the increase in the total amount of tannin with the increase in extraction time is related to the increase in the amount of hydrolyzable tannin extracted from the sample. Conclusion In this research, the amount of tannin extracted from potato peel was measured. The ultrasound method was used to prepare potato peel, which is a less expensive and faster alternative to other methods. The effect of different solvents were investigated over various extraction times. The results showed that the total amount of extracted tannin increases with the ultrasound extraction time, specifically from 10 to 15 minutes. However, with the increased extraction time, the amount of condensed tannin does not significantly increase. Among the studied solvents, water accounted for the highest amount of extracted tannin. After water, methanol was the second-best solvent, followed by acetone and ethanol. Water is an effective and environmentally friendly solvent for tannin extraction. Potato peels are rich in tannin and contain significantly less condensed tannin than hydrolyzable tannin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Lamb fattening is the main production model of mutton sheep farming because it can produce high-quality meat. In order to meet the requirements of nutrients, the fattening lambs are often provided a high-concentrate diet for maintaining productivity. However, during the lamb period, the functions of the immune and digestive organs are relatively low. Long-term feeding of a high-concentrate diet further aggravates the damage to the gastrointestinal tracts and the oxidative stress of lambs. Thus, alleviating oxidative stress and promoting healthy growth of fattening lambs are of great significance in the intensive feeding of the mutton sheep industry. Our experiment studied the effects of tannin supplementation on the growth performance, rumen fermentation, apparent digestibility, and serum antioxidant and immune indexes in fattening lambs fed a high-concentrate diet. The results of this study indicate that tannin can be used as an effective additive to improve immunity and antioxidant ability in fattening lambs. This experiment aimed to study the effects of tannin supplementation on growth performance, rumen fermentation characteristics, apparent digestibility and serum biochemistry, and antioxidant and immune indexes in fattening lambs. A total of 36 male Hu sheep lambs (body weight = 15.83 ± 0.48 kg and days of age = 55 ± 2 d) were fed a high-concentrate diet and randomly divided into one of three groups of 12 animals each: control with no tannin (CON) and tannin treatments (TA1, 3 g/d per lamb; TA2, 6 g/d per lamb). The feeding experiment lasted for 60 d. The results showed that the average daily gain and ruminal propionate content of lambs in the TA1 group were higher (p < 0.05) than those in the CON group. Lambs fed tannin had significantly increased (p < 0.05) microbial protein and decreased (p < 0.05) ammonia nitrogen concentrations in the rumen. In addition, the crude protein and neutral detergent fiber digestibility of the TA2 group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) as compared with the TA1 and CON groups, respectively. The serum concentrations of triglyceride, immunoglobulin A, and catalase and the total antioxidant capacity were higher (p < 0.05) in the TA1 group that those in the CON group, whereas an opposite trend of urea nitrogen, interleukin-1β, and malondialdehyde was found between the two groups. Also, tannin supplementation increased (p < 0.05) Lactobacillus and decreased (p < 0.05) Salmonella counts in the feces of lambs. Taken together, tannin supplementation can improve the growth performance, immunity, and antioxidant ability of fattening lambs fed a high-concentrate diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Analog rice is an alternative food diversification that has rice-like characteristics. Various food ingredients can be utilized to produce analog rice as functional and healthy foods. Objectives: This study aims to identify the effect of cooking techniques on the phytic acid and tannin content of analogous rice (made from sorghum, mocaf, glucomannan, and moringa flour) and C4 rice. Methods: This experimental research used RAL for two treatments, namely cooking rice with a steamer and a rice cooker. This research was conducted in October-November 2022 at the Chem-mix Pratama Laboratory. The sample used analog rice and C4 rice for phytic acid and tannin content analysis using the Infrared Spectrophotometry and UV-S Spectrophotometry methods. Results: The highest phytic acid content of analog rice cooked using a rice cooker and a steamer was 6.64 mg and 4.75 mg respectively. The highest average tannin content of analog rice cooked using a rice cooker and a steamer was 18.35 mg and 19.55 mg respectively. The highest phytic acid content of C4 rice cooked using a rice cooker and a steamer was 7.43 mg and 9.01 mg respectively. The tannin content of C4 rice cooked using e rice cooker and a steamer was 4.45 mg and 9.11 mg respectively. Conclusions: The phytic acid content of analog rice is lower than in C4 rice. The tannin content of analog rice is higher than C4 rice. Tannin content reduction in analog rice needs to be studied further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To anchor chelating groups with nitrogen and sulfur atoms on tannin, a novel adsorbent (tannin-thiosemicarbazide-formaldehyde resin) was prepared through Mannich reaction by using blank wattle tannin, thiosemicarbazide and formaldehyde as raw materials. The adsorption behaviour of Ag+ from aqueous solution on the resin was evaluated via batch adsorption experiments. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR) and elemental analysis were applied to verify the successful immobilization. The surface morphology, thermal stability and pore structure of the resin were also characterized. The results showed that the adsorption isotherm of Ag+ for the resin was described well by the Freundlich model. Ag+ adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 180 min, and the kinetic data were better fitted by the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation than by the pseudo-first-order and intraparticle diffusion equations. The adsorption capacity first increased and then stabilized with increasing pH (ranging from 1.0 to 7.0), and the resin exhibited high selectivity towards Ag+ in relation to Pb2+, Cd2+, Ni2+ and Ca2+. After three regeneration and reuse cycles, the adsorption capacity reached 1.68 mmol/g (84.0% of removal efficiency). Based on the experimental results and findings from various characterization techniques, the mechanism of Ag+ adsorption onto the resin could be attributed to inner-sphere complexation and chelation between Ag+ and multiple electron-rich atoms (N, O, and S), in which S atoms played the most important role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes produces substantial challenges to agriculture, and new strategies for nematode control in livestock animals are called for. Natural compounds, including tannins, with proven anthelmintic activity could be a functional option as structurally diverse complementary compounds to be used alongside commercial anthelmintics. However, the dual use of two anthelmintic components requires an understanding of the pharmacological effects of the combination, while information concerning the interactions between plant-based polyphenols and commercial anthelmintics is scarce. We studied the direct interactions of proanthocyanidins (PAs, syn. condensed tannins) and a commercial anthelmintic thiabendazole, as a model substance of benzimidazoles, by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Our results show evidence of a direct interaction of an exothermic nature with observed enthalpy changes ranging from 0 to −30 kJ/mol. The strength of the interaction between PAs and thiabendazole is mediated by structural characteristics of the PAs with the strongest positive correlation originating from the presence of galloyl groups and the increased degree of polymerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chestnut tannin, extracted from the bark or wood of chestnut trees, possesses unique properties that make it valuable in various industries. It serves as a natural source of tannins, which are widely used in the production of leather, textiles, and wood preservation. As research continues to explore its potential applications, chestnut tannin remains a promising resource with diverse industrial uses. Highlighting new use, research and bioeconomy aspects, this study provides a unified perspective on chestnut tannin. New advanced applications will likely emerge shortly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The mutually beneficial coevolutionary relationships between rodents and plant seeds have been a theme of research in plant-animal relationships. Seed tannins are important secondary metabolites of plants that regulate the food-hoarding behavior of rodents; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not yet clear. In this study, we investigated whether and how seed tannins improve spatial memory and regulate the hoarding behavior of Tamias sibiricus by altering their gut microbiota. Results: We showed that acorn tannins not only improved spatial memory but also enhanced scatter-hoarding in T. sibiricus. Changes in the composition and function of the gut microbiota in response to tannins from acorns are closely related to these improvements. Metabonomic analyses revealed the role of gut isovaleric acid and isobutyric acid as well as serum L-tryptophan in mediating the spatial memory of T. sibiricus via the gut microbiota. The hippocampal proteome provides further evidence that the microbiota-gut-brain axis regulates spatial memory and scatter-hoarding in animals. Our study is likely the first to report that plant secondary metabolites improve hippocampal function and spatial memory and ultimately modulate food-hoarding behavior via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Conclusion: Our findings may have resolved the long-standing puzzle about the hidden role of plant secondary metabolites in manipulating food-hoarding behavior in rodents via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Our study is important for better understanding the mutualistic coevolution between plants and animals. -v6UxNpVaqDZi2u857Rxwn Video Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaves of Avicennia marina can provide various health benefits to society. These benefits are obtained due to the presence of phytochemical compounds. This study aims to analyze the phytochemical profile, active compounds, and antioxidant activity of old and young extract leaves. The natural deep eutectic solvents consisted of a combination of citric acid and glucose in different molar ratios (A 1:1 B 2:1 C 3:1 D 4:1). The results showed that the total phenol, flavonoid, tannin, and alkaloid from old leaves can be extracted in high yield by solvent D with 4.18±0.68, 11.16±0.01, 0.65±0.00, and 0.81±0.09, and from young leaves in high yield by solvent D with 5.72±0.12, 29.70±0.00, 1.68±0.15, 1.54±0.01, and 1.68±0.15, respectively. The highest antioxidant activity from old leaves was observed by solvent D with IC50 of 133.85±20.01 ppm. For the extracts from young leaves, the highest antioxidant activity was by solvent D with IC50 of 107.41±22.80 ppm. Active compound analysis of old and young leaves were phenol, flavonoid, tannin, and alkaloid. The results of FTIR analysis of the old and young leaves showed phenolic, aliphatic, carbonyl, alkene, alkane, amine, ester, and aromatic compounds. Diosmetin 7-O-β-D-glucuronide has the best binding affinity through hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The color-changing effect of tannin, which is a sustainable and environmentally friendly material used in wood preservation, was studied on varnished and un-varnished wood samples. For this purpose, walnut tannin was applied on samples prepared from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and walnut (Juglans regia L.) wood in accordance with ISO 3129 (2019) standard with a brush, and then samples were coated with polyurethane varnish and water-based varnish according to ASTM D3023-98 (2017) principles. Color changes were determined according to ASTM D2244-21 (2021). The obtained data indicated that the highest value in the red color tone (a*) was observed in Scots pine+tannin+polyurethane varnish (PU) (14.4) and the lowest was in Scots pine+control+unvarnished (Uvr) (6.5). The highest value for the yellow color tone (b*) was observed in Scots pine+tannin+PU (34.1), the lowest was in walnut+control+Uvr (14.4), and the highest color lightness value (L*) was obtained in Scots pine+control+Uvr (77.0), and the lowest was obtained in walnut+tannin+PU (18.9). The tannin application, which darkened the wood surface, increased the a* and b* values in both wood types while decreasing the color lightness values 60% to 70%. Tannin application caused a noticeable decrease in total color changes in Scots pine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Butanol-HCl4 (Bu-HCl4) and Protein-Precipitation (P-P) are methods that proposed to determine the content of free tannins, protein-bound tannins, and fiber-bound tannins. This study aims to determine the feasibility of tannin measurements by both methods and validation of Analytical Methods (VMA) evaluates specific parameters like accuracy, precision, specificity, and linearity through lab testing. The material used was twenty C. calothyrsus leaves which collected randomly from different trees. The samples were measured by both methods in triplicates for qantification and validation. The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive and t-test to compare both methods. The analysis of VMA shows that the P-P method yields higher accuracy compared to the Bu-HCl method in percentage recovery rates. The quantification of free tannins, protein-bound tannin, tannin fiber, and total tannin by the Bu-HCl4 method versus the P-P method showed significantly higher values (p<0.01) for the Bu-HCl4 method: free tannins (13.44±0.54 vs. 7.11±0.16), protein-bound tannin (2.80±0.44 vs. 1.52±0.20), tannin fiber (5.20±0.45 vs. 1.00±0.21), and total tannin (21.50±0.88 vs. 9.59±0.36). The methode validation result of Bu-HCl4 and P-P methods in the accuracy was different, but the linearity test showed a good response. In conclusion, the tannin quantivication by the P-P and Bu-HCl4 can be applied for C. calothyrsus analysis. The total tannin content was higher if quantified by the Bu-HCl4 method compared to P-P. The accuracy of the P-P found higher than the Bu-HCl4 method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-based meat analogs require improvements in taste and texture to better replicate traditional meat. L-theanine and tannin, abundant in green tea, influence food taste and physicochemical properties. This study evaluated the quality characteristics of green tea extract (GE)-supplemented plant-based patties (PP) and the mechanisms affecting taste and texture. Green tea was extracted with water (GWE) or 70 % ethanol (GEE). GEE contained higher tannin and lower L-theanine levels than GWE. Both GWE and GEE reduced protein deterioration and lipid oxidation in PP throughout the 28-day storage period. PP with 1.0 % GEE (PP-GEE1.0) showed improved emulsion stability and texture due to non-covalent interactions including hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonds, and increased β-sheet structures between tannin and pea protein. PP-GEE1.0 also had superior sensory characteristics due to an optimal balance of L-theanine and tannin. Overall, the incorporation of GE, particularly GEE significantly improved physicochemical properties, sensory quality, and storage stability of PP.

With the aim of effectively removing tannin from Rosa roxburghii juice, reducing astringency, and enhancing its taste, chemical precipitation was applied, and ginger protein was used as the tannin remover. Besides, tannin removal rate and vitamin C (VC) retention rate were adopted as the key analytical parameters. In addition, single-factor experiment and orthogonal test were used to determine the optimal tannin removal process for ginger protein. The results were as follows: (1) The optimal conditions for removing tannin from R. roxburghii juice with ginger protein were a liquid-solid ratio of 30∶1.2 (mL∶g), R. roxburghii juice pH of 3.0, a stirring temperature of 5 ℃, and a stirring time of 30 min. (2) According to orthogonal test analysis, the degree of influence of various factors on removing tannin from R. roxburghii juice was liquid-solid ratio > stirring temperature > R. roxburghii juice pH > stirring time. (3) Under the optimal process conditions, the tannin removal rate and VC retention rate were (47.451±0.608)% and（75.904±1.244）% respectively. (4) Under the optimal process conditions, juice transmittance rate increased from (8.44±0.662)% to (92.47±0.397)%, the astringency of R. roxburghii juice was significantly reduced, and its flavor was improved. In summary, this study provides a novel approach and a new technological route for solving common key technical problems faced by the deep processing industry of R. roxburghii juice and also provides a certain technical reference for exploiting ginger resources comprehensively.

Abstract Enrichment of ultrafine liberated valuable minerals from their associated gangue phases is one of the emerging investigation topics within mineral processing and recycling. Using green flotation reagents and turning processes into eco-friendly systems is also one of the challenges in the green transition of ore beneficiation plants. Starch and Tanin as biodegradable depressants for hematite depression have been commercially used in various iron ore processing plants. However, their depression effects on ultrafine particles were not systemically assessed and compared. To fill this gap, this investigation examined the effects of starch, tannin, their mixtures (different ratios), and their different conditioning sequence on the floatability of ultrafine quartz and hematite (− 15 µm). Since the macromolecular polymer of these biodegradable depressants can bind particles together and flocculate them, turbidity analyses were used to assess their optimum ratio for hematite depression without affecting quartz floatability. Turbidity analyses provided a mixture of tannin and starch might enhance the flotation separation of quartz from hematite. Starch could flocculate ultrafine hematite particles, while tannin could disperse ultrafine quartz particles. Floatability experiments indicated that starch had the highest performance in hematite depression (lowest effect on quartz particles) compared to other conditions. Surface analyses (zeta potential and FTIR) proved floatability outcomes and highlighted starch had stronger adsorption on the hematite surface than tannin.

Proteins that are amphiphilic and have low water solubility can self-assemble into nanoparticles useful in food science, pharmaceutical science, or biotechnology. However, protein nanoparticles exhibit drawbacks such as low stability unless the particles are coated. In the current study, tannic acid is the coating agent for nanoparticles synthesized from the protein zein. Tannic acid is a hydrolyzable tannin comprising a polyol esterified with galloyl residues. The nominal molecular formula of tannic acid (C76H52O46) suggests the material is decagalloyl glucose, obscuring its complex composition as a mixture of galloyl esters of glucose. We prepared hollow zein nanoparticles and coated them with tannic acid preparations that had short or long galloyl ester chains. The % α-helix of zein in nanoparticles is lower than in native zein but there is no effect of coating the particles with tannic acid. Interactions between the tannic acid and the zein slightly perturb the IR spectrum of the protein but there is no effect of galloyl chain length. We confirmed that tannic acid-coated particles have a more negative zeta potential, suggesting greater stability compared to uncoated particles. Coating with longer chain length tannic acid reduces particle diameter and tends to decrease polydispersity but does not change particle digestibility. Coating with shorter galloyl chain length tannic acid tends not to change particle diameter, reduces polydispersity of the particles, and stabilizes particles to enzymatic digestion. Tannic acid is a naturally occurring tunable coating for nanoparticles that can be used to adjust properties such as particle size, polydispersity, and digestibility for specific purposes.

The color-changing effect of tannin, which is a sustainable and environmentally friendly material used in wood preservation, was studied on varnished and un-varnished wood samples. For this purpose, walnut tannin was applied on samples prepared from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and walnut (Juglans regia L.) wood in accordance with ISO 3129 (2019) standard with a brush, and then samples were coated with polyurethane varnish and water-based varnish according to ASTM D3023-98 (2017) principles. Color changes were determined according to ASTM D2244-21 (2021). The obtained data indicated that the highest value in the red color tone (a*) was observed in Scots pine+tannin+polyurethane varnish (PU) (14.4) and the lowest was in Scots pine+control+unvarnished (Uvr) (6.5). The highest value for the yellow color tone (b*) was observed in Scots pine+tannin+PU (34.1), the lowest was in walnut+control+Uvr (14.4), and the highest color lightness value (L*) was obtained in Scots pine+control+Uvr (77.0), and the lowest was obtained in walnut+tannin+PU (18.9). The tannin application, which darkened the wood surface, increased the a* and b* values in both wood types while decreasing the color lightness values 60% to 70%. Tannin application caused a noticeable decrease in total color changes in Scots pine.

This study introduces an innovative approach to enhance the antibacterial properties of lithium disilicate glass ceramics, widely used in dental restorations. We explored the efficacy of tannic acid (TA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) as coating agents, capitalizing on a robust defense against microbial colonization and biofilm formation. We employed various analytical techniques, including differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to characterize the physical, chemical, and antibacterial properties of the TA/PEI coated glass-ceramics. Results indicated a notable improvement in the mechanical properties, such as Weibull modulus, elastic modulus, and fracture toughness of the coated samples. Moreover, the TA/PEI coatings displayed superior thermal stability and effective leaching behavior in different pH, pertinent to dental applications. Significantly, the TA/PEI coatings exhibited high antibacterial activity against Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive (S. aureus) bacteria, making them promising candidates for enhancing the bioactivity of dental restorative materials. This study lays the foundation for developing advanced antibacterial coatings for dental applications, aiming to improve patient outcomes in dental care.

Enrichment of ultrafine liberated valuable minerals from their associated gangue phases is one of the emerging investigation topics within mineral processing and recycling. Using green flotation reagents and turning processes into eco-friendly systems is also one of the challenges in the green transition of ore beneficiation plants. Starch and Tanin as biodegradable depressants for hematite depression have been commercially used in various iron ore processing plants. However, their depression effects on ultrafine particles were not systemically assessed and compared. To fill this gap, this investigation examined the effects of starch, tannin, their mixtures (different ratios), and their different conditioning sequence on the floatability of ultrafine quartz and hematite (− 15 µm). Since the macromolecular polymer of these biodegradable depressants can bind particles together and flocculate them, turbidity analyses were used to assess their optimum ratio for hematite depression without affecting quartz floatability. Turbidity analyses provided a mixture of tannin and starch might enhance the flotation separation of quartz from hematite. Starch could flocculate ultrafine hematite particles, while tannin could disperse ultrafine quartz particles. Floatability experiments indicated that starch had the highest performance in hematite depression (lowest effect on quartz particles) compared to other conditions. Surface analyses (zeta potential and FTIR) proved floatability outcomes and highlighted starch had stronger adsorption on the hematite surface than tannin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the aim of effectively removing tannin from Rosa roxburghii juice, reducing astringency, and enhancing its taste, chemical precipitation was applied, and ginger protein was used as the tannin remover. Besides, tannin removal rate and vitamin C(VC)retention rate were adopted as the key analytical parameters. In addition, single-factor experiment and orthogonal test were used to determine the optimal tannin removal process for ginger protein. The results were as follows:(1)The optimal conditions for removing tannin from R. roxburghii juice with ginger protein were a liquid-solid ratio of 30:1.2(mL:g), R. roxburghii juice pH of 3.0, a stirring temperature of 5 ℃, and a stirring time of 30 min.(2)According to orthogonal test analysis, the degree of influence of various factors on removing tannin from R. roxburghii juice was liquid-solid ratio > stirring temperature > R. roxburghii juice pH > stirring time.(3)Under the optimal process conditions, the tannin removal rate and VC retention rate were(47.451±0.608)% and(75.904±1.244)% respectively.(4)Under the optimal process conditions, juice transmittance rate increased from(8.44±0.662)% to(92.47±0.397)%, the astringency of R. roxburghii juice was significantly reduced, and its flavor was improved. In summary, this study provides a novel approach and a new technological route for solving common key technical problems faced by the deep processing industry of R. roxburghii juice and also provides a certain technical reference for exploiting ginger resources comprehensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this research were to investigate the usability of black grape pomace in the production of shalgam juice, which is a traditional fermented Turkish beverage, to transform the pomace into the high value‐added product and to enrich the shalgam juice with phenolic compounds. Black grape pomace and black carrot were used as the sources of polyphenols and five different formulations were obtained according to the amounts of black carrot and black grape pomace. During the fermentation, the samples were taken at different periods and analyzed for anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and tannin content. Gentisic, caffeic, ferulic, coumaric, and chlorogenic acids, catechin, glucosides of kaemferol and isorhamnetin, resveratrol, rutin, cyanidin‐3‐xylosylglucosylgalactoside, cyanidin‐3‐xylosylgalactoside, cyanidin‐3‐xylosylglucosylgalactoside acylated with sinapic acid, ferulic acid, or coumaric acid, and glucosides of cyanidin, petunidin, and malvidin were identified in the shalgam juices that contained both black grape pomace and black carrot in their formulation. Some of these polyphenols were not detected detect in the shalgam juices that were produced from only the black carrot or black grape pomace. During the fermentation, a decrease in the amount of anthocyanins originated from black carrots and an increase in the amount of anthocyanins orginated from black grape pomace were determined. Black grape pomace addition to the formulation before the fermentation caused an increase in the amount of tannin in the shalgam juice samples. Consequently, it is thought that black grape pomace can be fruitfully evaluated in shalgam juice production and can be enhanced by polyphenolic profile of shalgam juice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proteins that are amphiphilic and have low water solubility can self-assemble into nanoparticles useful in food science, pharmaceutical science, or biotechnology. However, protein nanoparticles exhibit drawbacks such as low stability unless the particles are coated. In the current study, tannic acid is the coating agent for nanoparticles synthesized from the protein zein. Tannic acid is a hydrolyzable tannin comprising a polyol esterified with galloyl residues. The nominal molecular formula of tannic acid (C76H52O46) suggests the material is decagalloyl glucose, obscuring its complex composition as a mixture of galloyl esters of glucose. We prepared hollow zein nanoparticles and coated them with tannic acid preparations that had short or long galloyl ester chains. The % α-helix of zein in nanoparticles is lower than in native zein but there is no effect of coating the particles with tannic acid. Interactions between the tannic acid and the zein slightly perturb the IR spectrum of the protein but there is no effect of galloyl chain length. We confirmed that tannic acid-coated particles have a more negative zeta potential, suggesting greater stability compared to uncoated particles. Coating with longer chain length tannic acid reduces particle diameter and tends to decrease polydispersity but does not change particle digestibility. Coating with shorter galloyl chain length tannic acid tends not to change particle diameter, reduces polydispersity of the particles, and stabilizes particles to enzymatic digestion. Tannic acid is a naturally occurring tunable coating for nanoparticles that can be used to adjust properties such as particle size, polydispersity, and digestibility for specific purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the phytochemical properties in the leave and fruit of Iranian populations of Rhamnus persica Boiss, eighteen different populations from six geographical regions of Kermanshah province were studied. The results showed that the highest and lowest leaf saponin was present in Aliabad (6.40 mg/g) in Eslamabad-e Gharb and Chaharzebar in Mahidasht (3.29 mg/g), respectively. In fruit saponin, the highest content was in the population of Arkavazi in Eslamabade Gharb (4.33 mg/g) and the lowest being in Mahidasht population (Chaharzebar) and Sarpol-e Zahab (Galin) each with 2.20 mg/g. About the leaf tannin, the highest and lowest values were available in Barf-Abad population in Eslamabad-e Gharb (4.57 mg/g) and Chaharzebar in Mahidasht (1.83 mg/g), respectively. In addition, in the case of fruit tannin, the highest amount in Meleh-Sorkh population belonged to Homeil (2.74 mg/g) and the lowest being in of Changizeh population (Sonqor) in 2.28 mg/g. Moreover, the highest and lowest leaf flavonoids were obtained in two populations including Gordi in Eslamabad-e Gharb (6.14 mg/g) and Changizeh from Sonqor (4.09 mg/g), respectively. Regarding fruit flavonoids, the highest and lowest amounts were observed in populations of Meleh-Sorkh from Homeil (3.45 mg/g) and Banganjab in Mahidasht (2.13 mg/g). These findings confirmed the effect of geographical location on changing the phytochemical characteristics of Rhamnus populations in Kermanshah province from Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress is a condition characterized by a higher content of free radicals than the potential antioxidants in the body. Exogenous antioxidants are needed to resolve this condition. The Nypa fruticans (Nipa palm) fruit husk is a source of polyphenol potential and can be used as a natural antioxidant agent. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of ethanol concentration on polyphenol and tannin contents and their antioxidant activities. The polyphenol substances were extracted using several ethanol concentrations, whereas the antioxidant activity was determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method. The results show that the ethanol concentration has no effect on the yield of extraction. However, it affects the total polyphenol and tannin contents with high levels in the 50% and 70% ethanol concentrations. Fifty percent ethanol exhibits more effective antioxidant activity when compared to other ethanol concentrations. Therefore, a 50% ethanol concentration is a suitable solvent to extract polyphenol and tannin substances from nipa palm fruit husk and can be used as an alternative natural antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraction of natural compounds generally uses organic solvents, which have a high risk to human health. Green solvents based on the natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have been used for the extraction of active compounds from coffee cherry waste. This research has formulated eight NADES based on choline chloride by combining fructose, citric acid, glycerol, proline, glucose, xylose, propylene glycol, and lactic acid with a mole ratio of 1:2. The FTIR analysis of NADES showed that there was a hydrogen bond interaction with OH group peaks in the wave number range 3012-3357 cm-1. NADES application was used for phenolic and tannin extraction from coffee cherry waste. The extraction efficiency of phenolic was combined of choline chloride with HBD of proline>xylose>glucose>glycerol>lactic acid >fructose>propylene glycol>citric acid. The maximum phenolic content in the extract using choline chloride-proline was 11.81 mg GAE/g. The ability of NADES to extract tannins using choline chloride with the combination of glucose>proline>lactic acid>propylene glycol>glycerol>citric acid> fructose. The maximum tannin content was obtained at 1.58% using NADES based on choline chloride with glucose. NADES has been successfully used as an environmentally friendly to replace organic solvents to extract phenolic and tannin in coffee cherry waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algae growth can be carried out in treated mine waters, providing biomass and helping to achieve the standards for water discharge. However, efficient separation of algae from the aqueous medium is crucial. The present work investigated the stability of Scenedesmus sp. in treated acid drainage from coal mining and assessed the harvesting of microalgae via coagulation/flocculation and dissolved air flotation (DAF). Successful algae growth was achieved, with cells remaining suspended in the water at a wide range of pH values, requiring the use of reagents for destabilization/aggregation. Algae coagulation/flocculation was attained with the use of tannin or ferric chloride associated with an anionic polymer flocculant at a pH of 8.0 ± 0.1. When combined with the flocculant, both tannin and the inorganic coagulant proved effective in enhancing floc stability and hydrophobicity for the DAF process. In summary, this operational approach facilitated algae biomass recovery and significantly reduced turbidity in the treated water. Finally, a schematic diagram illustrating the algae cultivation and harvesting process is presented, offering a practical alternative to acid mine drainage (AMD) treatment refinement associated with algae biomass production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tannins, present in numerous plants, exhibit a binding affinity for proteins. In this study, we aimed to exploit this property to reduce the concentration of allergenic egg white proteins. Tannins were extracted, using hot water, from the lyophilized powder of underutilized resources, such as chestnut inner skin (CIS), young persimmon fruit (YPF), and bayberry leaves (BBLs). These extracts were then incorporated into an egg white solution (EWS) to generate an egg white gel (EWG). Allergen reduction efficacy was assessed using electrophoresis and ELISA. Our findings revealed a substantial reduction in allergenic proteins across all EWGs containing a 50% tannin extract. Notably, CIS and BBL exhibited exceptional efficacy in reducing low allergen levels. The addition of tannin extract resulted in an increase in the total polyphenol content of the EWG, with the order of effectiveness being CIS > YPF > BBL. Minimal color alteration was observed in the BBL-infused EWG compared to the other sources. Additionally, the introduction of tannin extract heightened the hardness stress, with BBL demonstrating the most significant effect, followed by CIS and YPF. In conclusion, incorporating tannin extract during EWG preparation was found to decrease the concentration of allergenic proteins while enhancing antioxidant properties and hardness stress, with BBL being particularly effective in preventing color changes in EWG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several preclinical studies suggest the potential of edible plants in controlling blood sugar levels and stabilizing diet. The goals of the study were to examine, analyze, and describe whether there are chemical compounds in dandelion and burdock roots that could have antidiabetic properties. The 70% ethyl alcohol and lyophilizate extracts (AE and LE, respectively), were used, and analyses were carried out on their total polysaccharide (TP), total phenolic content (TPC), tannin, and inulin. The antioxidant activity of extracts was determined using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay, and hypoglycemic properties were based on α-amylase activity. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry was used for the tentative identification of the chemical components. Qualitative techniques confirmed the presence of inulin in both roots. Analysis of TPC, tannin content, DPPH assay, and α-amylase activity revealed higher values for burdock compared to dandelion. However, dandelion exhibited higher TP content. Burdock contained a small amount of tannin, whereas the tannin content in dandelion was insignificant. All LE consistently exhibited higher values in all analyses and assays for all roots compared to AE. Despite burdock root showing overall better results, it is uncertain whether these plants can be recommended as antidiabetic agents without in vivo studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Caffeine, tannins, and total phenol are chemical components of tea leaves that are beneficial for the body. Caffeine is a psychoactive substance, tannin is anti-diarrhea, and phenol compounds are antioxidants that prevent free radicals. The purpose of this research was to analyze the levels of caffeine, tannin, and total phenol of tea leaves at Sirah Kencong Blitar Plantation. Determination of the caffeine level was carried out in tea leaves powder using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry method at 273.5 nm wavelength with caffeine as a standard. The determination of tannin and total phenol levels was carried out using the ethanol extract of tea leaves. Tannin was determined by the Follin Denis method using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at 649.9 nm wavelength with tannic acid as a standard. The total phenol was determined by the Follin Ciocalteu method using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at 794 nm wavelength with gallic acid as a standard. Based on the results of the research in tea leaves from the Sirah Kencong Blitar Plantation, the caffeine content was 1.649%, tannin was 7.095%, and total phenol was 34.142%.

A well-preserved body is required for the dissection of a human cadaver in order to examine the entire body, which requires both theoretical and practical understanding of human anatomy. Modern science has developed a number of methods for preserving dead bodies, however Acharya Sushruta only cites one in Ayurveda. This method is known as the "Jalnimajjan Paddhati" of Mritsanrakshana. Numerous directions are given in this paddhati, and one of them mentions some of the munjayadi dravyas from which one dravya is employed to wrap the body. Attending paper is about studying the role of these dravyas in delaying the body decaying process. Each and every Munjayadi dravya contains tannin. Tannin has inherent anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. Due to above properties tannins containing plants helps in delaying the process of decaying of dead body.

ABSTRACT: Vegetable soybean has high nutritional value and offers functional benefits to human body. However, its use in cooking is still limited, mainly due to the lack of knowledge about its properties. In addition, the availability of cultivars for human consumption is reduced. Therefore, this study was conducted in Botucatu, Brazil, to assess the potential of grain soybean (GS) and dual-purpose soybean (DPS) cultivars for consumption as vegetable soybean (VS). Pods were harvested at R6 stage, and the contents of bioactive compounds (total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, antioxidant activity and proteins) and antinutritional components (nitrates, oxalate, alkaloids and tannins) were evaluated. The cultivars showed the same protein content, not differing statistically from each other, as well as for nitrate and oxalate. The content of phenolic compounds and total antioxidant activity of the SG cultivar differed statistically from the content of the DPS and VS cultivars, respectively. According to the results, the GS cultivar, with pods harvested at R6 stage, showed nutraceutical quality and contents of antinutritional compounds similar to those of the two cultivars proposed for the vegetable soybean.

Candlenuts can be used as a substitute in producing chocolate spread due to their high-fat content. However, the limitation of using candlenut in the spread formulation is the existence of a bitter taste. This study aimed to investigate the effect of sodium bisulfite and sodium bicarbonate soaking treatment (100, 300, and 500 ppm) on reducing the bitter taste of candlenut seed. In order to reach the goal, bitter compounds of candlenut and chocolate spread were identified using Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The sensory characteristics of chocolate spread were profiled using the Rate All That Apply (RATA) descriptive method. It was shown that the panelists identified 14 sensory attributes in the samples, one of which was bitter taste. Treatment with sodium bisulfite, as well as sodium bicarbonate at the level of 300 ppm, reduced the intensity of the bitter taste. The treatment reduced flavonoid and tannin levels by 85.21% and 82.08% in candlenut seeds. It also reduced flavonoid and tannin levels by 88.47% and 72.71% in chocolate spread, respectively. LC-MS identified 13 compounds that cause the bitter taste, namely quercetin, oleuropein, kaemferol, resveratrol dimer, luteolin, epicatechin, theobromine, caffeine, iso-humolones, colaflavone, chlorogenic acid, feruloyl-caffeoylquinic acid, and coumaroylquinic acid. This study creates a new technique for producing chocolate spread formulated with candlenuts with lower bitterness levels.

The study explores the application of tea leaf-extracted tannin as a bio-mordant and thyme extract as a natural dye on cationized silk-cotton blend fabric to enhance colour fastness and absorption. The colour strength and depth (shown as DL, Da, and Db values) on silk-cotton blend fabric were investigated in the CIE lab test. The results showed that temperature, shade percentage, and mordanting had a substantial impact on the dyeing process efficacy at DL = 30.61, Da = 11.49 and Db = 12.77. When the temperature was raised to 90 °C and the dye content was increased to 120%, the dyed sample's colour fastness (as measured by wash, rubbing, and perspiration) significantly improved, acquiring a grade of 4 to 5, which indicates good to excellent. There was a slight change in wet rubbing fastness from grade 3 to grade 4, indicating good to fair. The K/S values of the silk and cotton fibres, which ranged from 8.89 to 7.94 on average, respectively, demonstrated that the processes of bio-mordanting and cationization enhanced the absorption of dye. Tensile strength and extension increased in the weft direction to 22.19 N force and 5.21% extension at break, while the warp direction showed a fall to 6.63 N force and a rise in extension of 0.72%. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of Amino (N-H) bonds, Carbohydrate bonds (CH), Tannins, and Terpenoid phytochemicals of thyme in the dyed sample. The study highlights the potential of thyme extract as a natural dye and its benefits in improving the dyeing properties of silk-cotton blend fabric.

Animal feeding in the arid and semi-arid regions during the dry season is largely dependent on cereal crop by-products and herbaceous plants, which provide poor feed and have low nutritive value. Research is directed towards the possibility of using on-farm produced feeds as feed supplements to meet some nutrient requirements of ruminants. Nutritive and anti-nutrient contents in leaves of some tree species (Melia azesarach, Pinus halepansis, Eucaliptus camaldulensis, Acacia ampliceps, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Casuarina equisetifolia, Sesbania aculeate, Schinus molle, Olea europea) and agricultural by-products were determined. The crude protein values ranged from 43 to 234 g/kg DM, with the leaves of E. angustifolia having the highest value and sunflower seed shells having the lowest value. Crushed date palm kernels had high (P < 0.05) contents (g/kg DM) of total carbohydrates (878), cellulose (441) and hemicellulose (280) and low contents of lignin (25), and could therefore be used as an energy-rich feed supplement for ruminants. The highest values (41-84 g/kg DM) of tannins were noted in the tree leaves of C. equistifolia, A. ambiceps, E. camaldulensis, S. molle, S. aculeate and P. halepansis. Nitrogen solubility in the leaves of the studied tree species was negatively correlated with total phenols and tannins. The leaves of the studied tree species (with the exception of P. halepansis), olive cake pulp, olive tree pruning branches and leaves of olive oil extraction are suitable as protein feed supplements for ruminants in arid and semi-arid regions.

Our purpose was to carry out a comparative phytochemical analysis of fruits (both fresh and stored for 1 month) of two local apple varieties of the Republic of Tajikistan. Assays were carried out to quantify total phenolic compounds, flavonols, catechins, tannins, phenolcarboxylic acids, pectins, and protopectins by UV spectrometry and ascorbic acid by titration. The profile and levels of phenolic compounds were investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Antiradical activity was quantitated by means of free radical DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). In fresh fruits, total levels of tannins (19 mg/g) and phenolcarboxylic acids (15 mg/g) (including chlorogenic acid: 451 μg/g) and of a flavonol (quercetin: 26 μg/g) and two catechins [epigallocatechin (173 μg/g) and L-epicatechin (50 µg/g)] were shown to be higher in the Surkhseb apple variety than in the Kosimsarkori variety. The antioxidant activity of water–ethanol extracts from Surkhseb apples (20 mg/mL) was also higher in comparison with Kosimsarkori apples. In the latter, concentrations of other detected biologically active substances, such as flavonols (0.78 mg/g), ascorbic acid (65 mg/100 g), and pectins (37 mg/g), were found to be higher, suggesting that the fruits of this apple variety have biological effects other than antioxidant, potentially anti-inflammatory, or antidiabetic. Further phytochemical and pharmacological studies on Kosimsarkori fruits may identify these other potential biological effects that may be useful in the prevention of disease. Fruits of the analyzed apple varieties should preferably be consumed fresh because after the apples were stored in the refrigerator for 1 month, indicators of antioxidant activity (22 mg/g in Surkhseb apples) and levels of almost all biologically active substances (tota) levels of tannins (14 mg/g), phenolcarboxylic acids (9 mg/g) (including chlorogenic acid: 250 μg/g) and catechin L-epicatechin (30 µg/g) in Surkhseb apples decreased. This study highlights the importance of conserving local, unique varieties of major worldwide crop plants because they may unearth novel combinations of compounds beneficial to humanity.

This minireview presents some unusual but encouraging examples of lignocellulosic-based adhesives and coatings used for metals, glass, and some other difficult-to-adhere materials. The reactions and applications presented are as follows. (i) The reactions of tannins and wood lignin with phosphate salts, in particular triethylphosphate, to adhere and join steel and aluminum to Teflon, in particular for non-stick frying pans. These adhesive coatings have been shown to sustain the relevant factory industrial test of 410 °C for 11 min and, moreover, to present a 50% material loss even at 900 °C for 5 min. (ii) Non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPU) based on glucose and sucrose as coatings of steel and glass. These were obtained by the carbonation of carbohydrates through reaction with the inexpensive dimethyl carbonate followed by reaction with a diamine; all materials used were bio-sourced. Lastly, (iii) the use of citric acid-based adhesive coupled with any hydroxyl groups carrying material for coating metals is also described. These three approaches give a clear indication of the possibilities and capabilities of biomaterials in this field. All these are presented and discussed.

The increase in global temperatures over the past few decades due to greenhouse gas emissions has raised concerns and necessitated further research in climate change mitigation and adaptation. Methane is a prominent greenhouse gas that significantly contributes to climate change, with a substantial amount generated through fermentation processes occurring in the rumen of ruminant animals. The potential of plant secondary metabolites, especially those derived from tannin-rich plants, warrants investigation to modify rumen fermentation and mitigate methane emissions in livestock diets. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of extracts obtained from green and black tea waste on rumen fermentation dynamics and gas (methane) production, utilizing in vitro methods. For this purpose, rumen fluid was collected from two fistulated sheep and subjected to three treatments: (1) a basal diet (control), (2) a basal diet + green tea waste extract (5% of dry matter), (3) a basal diet + black tea waste extract (5% of dry matter). The study assessed the effects of incorporating extracts from green and black tea waste on various parameters, including digestibility, protozoa population, ammonia nitrogen levels, volatile fatty acids, and methane gas production following a 24-h incubation period. Statistical analysis of the data was conducted using SAS software within a completely randomized design framework. The findings indicated that the addition of green and black tea waste extracts significantly decreased methane gas production (p < 0.05), protozoa count (p < 0.05), and ammonia nitrogen concentrations in rumen fluid (p < 0.05) when compared to the control group. The addition of green and black tea waste extracts has significantly altered the concentration of VFAs in rumen fluid (p < 0.05). Specifically, the addition of green tea waste extract has led to a highly significant reduction in acetic acid, (p < 0.01) and the addition of both extracts has resulted in a significant increase in propionic acid (p < 0.05). Consequently, the results suggest that the inclusion of green and black tea waste extracts in livestock diets may effectively mitigate methane emissions in the rumen, thereby reducing feed costs and reducing environmental pollution.