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But, according to the authors, understanding pathogen history and evolution holds the key to saving technological humanity from the onslaught of those many EIDs that have yet to explore the immense opportunity space that climate change and human civilization have provided them with By taking us on a whirlwind tour through the history of such diverse topics as evolutionary biology, the history of vaccines, past pandemics, and climate change, Brooks, Hoberg, and Boeger dismantle our preconceived notions about host-pathogen co-evolution, they explain how we got into the current mess, as they aptly call it, and propose a possible way to get out of it before it is too late Daniel R Brooks, Eric P Hoberg, Walter A Boeger, The Stockholm Paradigm: Climate Change and Emerging Disease [Extracted from the article] Copyright of History & Philosophy of the Life Sciences is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )

International audience; Scenario analysis constitutes a useful approach to synthesize knowledge and derive hypotheses in the case of complex systems that are documented with mainly qualitative or very diverse information. In this article, a framework for scenario analysis is designed and then, applied to global wheat health within a timeframe from today to 2050. Scenario analysis entails the choice of settings, the definition of scenarios of change, and the analysis of outcomes of these scenarios in the chosen settings. Three idealized agrosystems, representing a large fraction of the global diversity of wheat-based agrosystems, are considered, which represent the settings of the analysis. Several components of global changes are considered in their consequences on global wheat health: climate change and climate variability, nitrogen fertilizer use, tillage, crop rotation, pesticide use, and the deployment of host plant resistances. Each idealized agrosystem is associated with a scenario of change that considers first, a production situation and its dynamics, and second, the impacts of the evolving production situation on the evolution of crop health. Crop health is represented by six functional groups of wheat pathogens: the pathogens associated with Fusarium head blight; biotrophic fungi, Septoria-like fungi, necrotrophic fungi, soilborne pathogens, and insect-transmitted viruses. The analysis of scenario outcomes is conducted along a risk-analytical pattern, which involves risk probabilities represented by categorized probability levels of disease epidemics, and risk magnitudes represented by categorized levels of crop losses resulting from these levels of epidemics within each production situation. The results from this scenario analysis suggest an overall increase of risk probabilities and magnitudes in the three idealized agrosystems. Changes in risk probability or magnitude however vary with the agrosystem and the functional groups of pathogens. We discuss the effects of global changes on the six functional groups, in terms of their epidemiology and of the crop losses they cause. Scenario analysis enables qualitative analysis of complex systems, such as plant pathosystems that are evolving in response to global changes, including climate change and technology shifts. It also provides a useful framework for quantitative simulation modeling analysis for plant disease epidemiology.

This article introduces a bottom-up global model of the pulp and paper sector (PULPSIM) with a focus on energy consumption and carbon emissions. It is an annual recursive simulation behavioural model with a 2030 time horizon incorporating several technological details of the industry for 47 world regions. The long time horizon and the modular structure allow the model users to assess the effects of different environmental, energy and climate policies in a scenario comparison setup. In addition to the business as usual developments of the sector, a climate commitment scenario has been analysed, in which the impacts of changing forest management practices are also included. The climate scenario results reveal that there is a significant carbon reduction potential in the pulp and paper making, showing a number of specific features: the central role of the fibrous resource inputs and the potential impact of increased waste wood and black liquor based heat generation.

Climate change is a challenge for the sustainable development of an international economy and society. The impact of climate change on infectious diseases has been regarded as one of the most urgent research topics. In this paper, an analysis of the bibliometrics, co-word biclustering, and strategic diagram was performed to evaluate global scientific production, hotspots, and developing trends regarding climate change and infectious diseases, based on the data of two decades (1999&ndash, 2008 and 2009&ndash, 2018) from PubMed. According to the search strategy and inclusion criteria, a total of 1443 publications were found on the topic of climate change and infectious diseases. There has been increasing research productivity in this field, which has been supported by a wide range of subject categories. The top highly-frequent major MeSH (medical subject headings)/subheading combination terms could be divided into four clusters for the first decade and five for the second decade using a biclustering analysis. At present, some significant public health challenges (global health, and travel and tropical climate, etc.) are at the center of the whole target research network. In the last ten years, &ldquo, Statistical model&rdquo, &ldquo, Diarrhea&rdquo, Dengue&rdquo, Ecosystem and biodiversity&rdquo, and &ldquo, Zoonoses&rdquo, have been considered as emerging hotspots, but they still need more attention for further development.

CALL SPECIAL ISSUE This is the first international special issue for the Journal of Contemporary Administration (RAC). The Journal of Contemporary Administration (Revista de Administração Contemporânea – RAC) was established in 1997 and is published bimonthly by ANPAD (Brazilian Academy of Management), with open-access to its full text (peer-reviewed) content online. It is registered under ISSN 1982-7849 (online) and ISSN 1415-6555 (print version from 1997 to 2010). Anpad is the #2 scientific association in the field of business management (in terms of #members). RAC is the leader publication in business management in the main economy in Latin America, Brazil (the #8 economy all over the world). The journal publishes articles on theoretical development and theoretical-empirical work in the area of Administration and Accounting, aligned with Open Science practices: open data, materials and open source, as well as the dissemination of additional information related to the editorial process, also abiding by the principles of COPE – Committee on Publication Ethics for scholarly publication. The Journal of Contemporary Administration (RAC) is the leading academic journal in its field, with a high citation rate and high quality peer-reviewed contributions (https://rac.anpad.org.br/index.php/rac/article/view/1370/1427). Submission of Abstract Deadline: May 15th, 2020 Submission of Full Paper Deadline: June 30th, 2020 Review Process Ends: September 30th, 2020 Special Issue attempt of publication: November, 2020

Climate change and the ever growing frequency of natural disasters and extreme weather conditions are issues of high interest in present times and are considered to be one of the biggest threats facing mankind. These prevalent issues associated with environmental risks can eminently cause implications towards corporations, not least when the frequency and intensity can impact their operations and finances. Recent happenings confine with the increased importance and urgency to address matters of environmental concerns, not least when advocates fear that mankind is heading into uncharted territories, when the affect towards corporations and society are unknown. Subsequently, the increased stressed conditions related to our environment are thought to elevate the magnitude and severity of environmental risks that can result in economic havoc. This calls for a great understandings of environmental risks and their potential impact on corporations, thus it was of essence to detect which environmental risks that permeate the business environment, identify risks highlighted by the chosen corporations and elucidate potential mitigation strategies towards addressing these risks. With this stated, it is of value to consider environmental risks in light of corporate strategies to help overcome the risk of economic loss. The objective and focus of this study was to identify what environmental risks that are identified by large Swedish corporations within the pulp and paper industry. More specifically, attend to the different environmental risks and mitigation strategies in terms of addressing prominent risks that can affect corporate finances. Further the aim was to see if the corporations perceive the natural environment as a stakeholder or what drivers initially influence them to adhere to environmental interests, this influenced by the stakeholder theory. An additional objective was to see if any differences existed between the risks placed ´on the agenda´ by the media for the given industry and the specific corporate risk identification. This objective was derived from the agenda-setting theory. In order to meet these objectives, annual reports, other relevant sources and publications of the largest corporations within the pulp and paper industry in Sweden were examined. This in order to acquire the information of necessity to answer the stated research question: What environmental risks do large corporations within the Swedish pulp and paper industry identify and how are these managed, and what stakeholders influence the corporations to adhere to the natural environment? The findings revealed evidence that corporations placed emphasis on presenting environmental risks and different mitigation strategies to prevent the chance of financial loss. The most apparent risks that were found constituted of: raw material risks, production risk, climate change, facility risk, forest risk, restoration cost risk and insect/animal pest risk. Further, we found similarities between the risks acquired from corporate data and the elucidated risks for the pulp and paper industry prevalent in media. Subsequently, it was found that only one corporation chose to explicitly state the natural environment as a stakeholder, though other key drivers towards influencing the corporations towards adhering to environmental concerns were found, key drivers such as: inputs by internal and external stakeholders through substantiality analysis, different laws, policies and regulations, trend spotting, their own perceived social responsibility and also through pressure by media. Key words: Environmental risks, risk management, pulp and paper industry, stakeholder, climate change, environmental management systems, agenda-setting theory, stakeholder theory.

Application for Research Ethics Committee (REC) approval and the conduct of medical research is paper intensive. This retrospective study examined all applications to a single REC in the south of England over one year. It estimated the mass of paper used, comparing the proportional paper consumption of different trial types and during different stages of the research process, quantifying the consumption in terms of carbon dioxide emissions. In 2009, 68 trials were submitted to the REC. Total paper consumption for the REC process and study conduct was 176,150 sheets of A4 paper (879 kg), equivalent to an estimated 11.5 million sheets (88 tonnes, 2,100 trees) a year for the UK; the REC process accounted for 26.4%. REC applica- tions and the conduct of approved trials generate considerable environmental impact through paper consumption contributing to the NHS's carbon footprint. Paper use might be reduced through the implementation of digital technologies and revised research methods, namely changing attitudes in both researchers and ethics committees.

First paragraph: Earlier this winter, the Alaska cod fishery—once considered robust and resilient—was closed for the entire 2020 season. It has been a blow to coastal communities’ economies and ways of life, and to the food supply chain North America has depended on for much of its cod. The reality is that fisheries around the world are being dramatically affected by overconsumption, overfishing, and climate change. Consumers are flocking to nutritious sources of ocean-based proteins, from top-of-the-food-chain tuna to secondary and tertiary species and even bycatch. But what are the consequences of this trend? As with many aspects of the food system, we must find a balance between our personal health and well-being and the interests of the planet. Finding this homeostasis is the mission of a growing number of food systems researchers and practitioners, and this is a welcome addition to the good food movement. As depicted on our cover, the state of Rhode Island’s Seafood Marketing Collaborative may provide an example of a practical way forward in finding this balance. . . .

A better understanding of greenhouse gas surface sources and sinks is required in order to address the global challenge of climate change. Spaceborne remote estimations of greenhouse gas atmospheric concentrations can offer the global coverage that is necessary to improve the constraint on their fluxes, thus enabling a better monitoring of anthropogenic emissions. In this work, we introduce the Adaptable 4A Inversion (5AI) inverse scheme that aims to retrieve geophysical parameters from any remote sensing observation. The algorithm is based on Bayesian optimal estimation relying on the Operational version of the Automatized Atmospheric Absorption Atlas (4A/OP) radiative transfer forward model along with the Gestion et Étude des Informations Spectroscopiques Atmosphériques: Management and Study of Atmospheric Spectroscopic Information (GEISA) spectroscopic database. Here, the 5AI scheme is applied to retrieve the column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of carbon dioxide (XCO2) from measurements performed by the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) mission, and uses an empirically corrected absorption continuum in the O2 A-band. For airmasses below 3.0, XCO2 retrievals successfully capture the latitudinal variations of CO2, as well as its seasonal cycle and long-term increasing trend. Comparison with ground-based observations from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) yields a difference of 1.33 ± 1.29 ppm, which is similar to the standard deviation of the Atmospheric CO2 Observations from Space (ACOS) official products. We show that the systematic differences between 5AI and ACOS results can be fully removed by adding an average calculated – observed spectral residual correction to OCO-2 measurements, thus underlying the critical sensitivity of retrieval results to forward modelling. These comparisons show the reliability of 5AI as a Bayesian optimal estimation implementation that is easily adaptable to any instrument designed to retrieve column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of greenhouse gases. This work has received funding from CNES and CNRS.

Over the last decade, international concerns about climate change have stimulated broad investment in the pursuit of agriculture that is more climate-smart. These concerns are particularly pressing in Africa, where most farmers remain severely impoverished and dependent on rain-fed production systems. This volume collates some of the latest research from agricultural scientists working to speed up the development and adoption of more climate-smart farming systems in eastern and southern Africa. These 25 papers highlight ongoing efforts to better characterise climate risks, develop and disseminate climate-smart varieties and farm management practices, and integrate these technologies into well-functioning value chains. The papers emphasise the additional research efforts needed to improve the understanding and response to climate risk. The expert authors also make suggestions for strengthening the responsiveness of agricultural research and extension systems to future climate changes.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the national health systems of Canada and Brazil and how both countries have addressed similar challenges in their primary care sectors. COMPOSITION OF THE COMMITTEE: A subgroup of the Besrour Centre of the College of Family Physicians of Canada developed connections with colleagues in Brazil and collaborated to undertake a between-country comparison, comparing and contrasting various elements of both countries’ efforts to strengthen primary care over the past few decades. METHODS: Following a literature review, the authors collectively reflected on their experiences in an attempt to explore the past and current state of family medicine in Canada and Brazil. REPORT: The Brazilian and Canadian primary care systems are faced with similar challenges, including geography, demographic changes, population health inequities, and gaps in universal access to comprehensive primary care services. Although the approaches to addressing these challenges are different in both settings, they highlight the central importance of family physicians in both systems. Both countries continue to face considerable challenges in the context of mental health services in primary care. It remains important for Canada to draw lessons from the primary care systems and reforms of other countries, such as Brazil.

Situated among small Caribbean states existentially vulnerable to increasing CO2 emissions, Trinidad and Tobago emerges as a paradox: an island nation allied with other low‐lying countries pushing ...

In the era of climate change, life cycle analysis (LCA) has been acknowledged as a useful method for examining carbon footprints of products or services., Once captured and stored by trees and other plants, biogenic CO 2 would re-enter the atmosphere sooner or later after the use phase of the product. And many LCA studies did not calculate the temporary carbon storage in biogenic carbon. Thus, this paper proposed a hybrid LCA approach to provide a structured methodology for evaluating carbon footprint of copying paper in consideration of temporary carbon storage. The developed method was then applied to a paper mill of China. It is indicated that the hybrid LCA method could provide a comprehensive methodology for accounting carbon footprints as well as assessing effects of delaying GHG emissions. The results shows that the carbon footprint of 1000 kg copying paper was 647.89 kg CO 2 under scenario 1 and -5094 kg CO 2 under scenario 2. Concurrently, the effect of delaying the emission of the temporarily stored carbon in copying paper was 7.67%, 15.52%, or 23.58% for a certain period of time (i.e., 10, 25, or 30 years).

Natural pozzolans are defined as either raw (volcanic material, limestone) or calcined natural materials (burnt shale, calcined kaolinite) with pozzolanic properties. Historically, they are among the oldest materials that have been used in combination with lime for construction purposes. For example, Santorin earth is a natural pozzolan from a volcanic eruption around 1500 BCE on an island of the same name in Greece. Over the last decades, research into cement matrices has been changing direction, owing to deeper environmental concerns over the impact of the cement industry and its consequences for climate change. Global environmental policies are increasingly strict, prioritizing the re-use rather than the disposal of industrial wastes. In this context, one of the biggest challenges is the search for strategies that promote the industrial rotation of high volumes of wastes in their productive cycles. The main purpose of this research is to widen the existing knowledge base on the behavior of new mineral pozzolans of high added value in the cement sector, lending special attention to paper sludge wastes generated in the process of paper manufacture, in which recycled paper is used as a raw material. The results to date show that, once thermally activated (in the range of 650–700°C), paper sludge turns out to be an alternative source of recycled metakaolin. This product is characterized by its high pozzolanic activity and improved performance with regard to the benefits of certain binary cements. The possibility of incorporating this industrial waste in cements along with other already standard pozzolans focuses, as mentioned, on the notable increase in the production of these types of cements. This is due, at present, to the extensive constructive applications for type-II cements (single additive) and to their lower economic and energetic costs that also makes them more suitable in times of economic crisis. In the present paper, the influence that pozzolan blends (activated paper sludge and fly ash) have on the reaction kinetics of ternary blended cements (6 and 21% of replacement) is evaluated, paying special attention to the identification and evolution of hydrated phases with increasing reaction times. The results obtained represent a pioneering research line at a global level and represent a starting point for future investigations because in the case of using paper sludge, release of CO2 from organic matter is very low and is listed as zero release

In a move toward the integration of social and ecological goals in land management, landscape approaches are now a part of mainstream conservation and development policy discourses worldwide. Policies for integrated landscape management in Mesoamerica have long promoted biological corridors as a way to enhance biodiversity conservation and habitat connectivity while improving livelihoods in the surrounding landscape matrix. Recently, though, the policy focus throughout the region has shifted toward landscape restoration, which subsumes and expands upon the former approach to respond more explicitly to concerns about climate change. However, the limited success and challenges of translating corridors from paper into practice raise questions about the potential of landscape restoration policies to achieve intended outcomes. Centering on the experience of El Salvador, this paper draws on policy and document analysis and interviews with professionals to compare the two approaches and explore the implications of the transition toward landscape restoration based on lessons learned from past corridor implementation challenges. The paper argues that while the two approaches share many core components and objectives, landscape restoration has different spatial and distributional implications in terms of priority-setting, distribution of resources and benefits, and the promotion of conservation management strategies and alternatives. Nevertheless, unresolved challenges of integrated landscape management revealed by decades of unsuccessful corridor implementation must be addressed if restoration policies are to make headway. Through a critical analysis of shifting policy frameworks in El Salvador, the research offers crucial insight into the limitations and possibilities of integrated landscape management in Mesoamerica and globally.

S. Trivikrama Rao, Ph.D.There is scientific consensus that climate change has been contributing to rising surface temperatures, changing weather pattens, and extreme weather events leading to extre...