50,235 results
Search Results
352. Controversy and debate: Memory-Based Methods Paper 1: the fatal flaws of food frequency questionnaires and other memory-based dietary assessment methods
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Carl J. Lavie, Michael L. Marlow, and Edward Archer
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0301 basic medicine ,Value (ethics) ,030109 nutrition & dietetics ,Recall ,Epidemiology ,Energy (esotericism) ,Pseudoscience ,03 medical and health sciences ,Category mistake ,Respondent ,Reification (knowledge representation) ,Empirical evidence ,Psychology ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
There is an escalating debate over the value and validity of self-reported dietary intake as estimated by Food Frequency Questionnaires and other forms of memory-based dietary assessment methods. Proponents argue that despite limitations, memory-based methods provide valid and valuable information about consumed foods and beverages and therefore can be used to assess diet-disease relations. In fact, over the past 60 years, thousands of memory-based dietary research reports were used to inform public policy and establish the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Yet, despite this impressive history, our position is that memory-based dietary assessment methods are invalid and inadmissible for scientific research and therefore cannot be used in evidence-based policy making. Herein, we present the empirical evidence and theoretic and philosophic perspectives that render data derived from memory-based methods both fatally flawed and pseudoscientific. First, the use of memory-based methods is founded upon two inter-related logical fallacies: a category error and reification. Second, human memory and recall are not valid instruments for scientific data collection. Third, in standard epidemiologic contexts, the measurement errors associated with self-reported data are nonfalsifiable because there is no way to ascertain if the reported foods and beverages match the respondent's actual consumption. Fourth, the assignment of nutrient and energy values to self-reported intake (i.e., the pseudoquantification of anecdotal data) is impermissible and violates the foundational tenets of measurement theory. Fifth, the proxy estimates created via pseudoquantification are often physiologically implausible and have little relation to actual nutrient and energy consumption. Finally, investigators engendered a fictional discourse on the health effects of dietary sugar, salt, fat and cholesterol when they failed to cite contrary evidence or address decades of research demonstrating the fatal measurement, analytic, and inferential flaws of memory-based dietary assessment methods.
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- 2018
353. Controversy and Debate: Memory Based Methods Paper 3: Nutrition's ‘Black Swans’: Our reply
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Michael L. Marlow, Carl J. Lavie, and Edward Archer
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0301 basic medicine ,Gerontology ,03 medical and health sciences ,030109 nutrition & dietetics ,0302 clinical medicine ,Nutrition assessment ,Epidemiology ,MEDLINE ,Nutritional status ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Psychology ,Black swan theory - Published
- 2018
354. Evidence Based Social Science in China Paper 4 : The quality of social science systematic reviews and meta-analysis published from 2000-2019
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Rong-Rong Gong, Yang Zhou, Qiang Bing, Ru-Hai Bai, Kehu Yang, and Zhenggang Bai
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China ,Evidence-based practice ,Epidemiology ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Social Sciences ,Checklist ,Social Sciences Citation Index ,Systematic review ,Meta-analysis ,Humans ,Quality (business) ,Social science ,Psychology ,Methodological quality ,business ,Publication ,media_common - Abstract
Objectives To examine the characteristics, methodological and reporting quality of systematic reviews and meta-analyses in social science journals in China. Study Design and Setting The Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index (CSSCI) databases were searched for systematic reviews and meta-analysis published between January 2000 and December 2019. We randomly selected 200 articles from the 401 identified in our search. The Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) checklists were used to assess the methodological and reporting quality, respectively. Results The 200 articles we selected covered a wide range of research fields in 9 disciplines, most of which belonged to management, education and psychology. The mean AMSTAR score and PRISMA score was 8.99±3.36 points and 14.74±3.96 points, respectively. These findings indicated that the quality of the systematic reviews was below the average level. Meanwhile, year of publication was related to both methodological quality (p=0.001) and reporting quality (p Conclusions Although many systematic reviews and meta-analysis have been published in top Chinese journals, the methodological and reporting quality is troubling. Thus, the most urgent task is to increase the standard of systematic reviews and meta-analysis of every discipline rather than continuing to publish them in great quantity.
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- 2021
355. Response to the Opinion paper 'Why do we disagree?'
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Shira Kramer and Colin L. Soskolne
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Text mining ,Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Political science ,General Medicine ,business ,Data science - Published
- 2021
356. Clinical Epidemiology in China series. Paper 4: The reporting and methodological quality of Chinese clinical practice guidelines published between 2014 and 2018: A systematic review
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Zijun Wang, Qi Zhou, Yangqin Xun, Qi Wang, Hui Liu, Xiaoqin Wang, Qianling Shi, Hairong Zhang, Kehu Yang, Liang Yao, Janne Estill, Siya Zhao, Qinyuan Li, Xiao Liu, and Yaolong Chen
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RIGHT ,medicine.medical_specialty ,China ,Epidemiology ,Reporting quality ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Declaration ,MEDLINE ,medicine ,Humans ,Quality (business) ,Methodological quality ,Grading (education) ,media_common ,ddc:613 ,Clinical practice guideline ,business.industry ,AGREE II ,Checklist ,Family medicine ,Practice Guidelines as Topic ,Systematic review ,Periodicals as Topic ,business ,Quality assurance - Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to systematically review the methodological and reporting quality of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) developed in China and published in medical journals between 2014 and 2018. Study Design and Setting: We conducted a comprehensive search in multiple databases: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, CBM (China Biology Medicine), CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) and Wanfang Data. We included all clinical practice guidelines developed in China between 2014 and 2018. The AGREE II tool and the RIGHT checklist were used to appraise the methodological quality and reporting quality of the included guidelines, respectively. Results: We identified 17,188 records, and included finally 573 CPGs. Most (n=507, 88.5%) were published in Chinese, and 508 (88.7%) were about Western medicine. Only 62 (10.8%) of the guidelines used the GRADE approach. The mean overall score of methodological quality over all guidelines was 19.4%, and the mean scores for the AGREE II domains were 28.6% (Scope and purpose), 17.0% (Stakeholder involvement), 11.7% (Rigor of development), 32.2% (Clarity of presentation), 14.2% (Applicability) and 12.8% (Editorial independence). The mean overall score for reporting quality over all guidelines was 30.2%, with the following mean scores for each RIGHT domain: 55.6% (Basic information), 43.8% (Background), 14.5% (Evidence), 29.2% (Recommendations), 10.7% (Review and quality assurance), 12.6% (Funding and declaration of interest) and 8.4% (Other information). Subgroup analyses found that both the methodological and reporting quality were generally higher among CPGs that used evidence grading systems or reported receiving funding. Conclusion: Both the methodological quality and the reporting quality of CPGs developed in China have improved over time, but are still below the international average.
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- 2021
357. Evidence-Based Research Series-Paper 1:What Evidence-Based Research is and why is it important?
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Donna Ciliska, Hans Lund, Karen A. Robinson, Carsten Bogh Juhl, Klara Brunnhuber, and Robin Christensen
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Biomedical Research ,Evidence-based practice ,Epidemiology ,Computer science ,Context (language use) ,Clinical health research ,Medical ethics ,Ethics, Research ,Research ethics ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Clinical trials ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Clinical Trials as Topic ,Evidence-Based Medicine ,Series (mathematics) ,Reproducibility of Results ,Data science ,Evidence-based research ,Clinical trial ,Treatment Outcome ,Research Design ,Evidence synthesis ,Systematic review ,Needs Assessment ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Systematic Reviews as Topic - Abstract
Objectives There is considerable actual and potential waste in research. Evidence-based research ensures worthwhile and valuable research. The aim of this series, which this article introduces, is to describe the evidence-based research approach. Study Design and Setting In this first article of a three-article series, we introduce the evidence-based research approach. Evidence-based research is the use of prior research in a systematic and transparent way to inform a new study so that it is answering questions that matter in a valid, efficient, and accessible manner. Results We describe evidence-based research and provide an overview of the approach of systematically and transparently using previous research before starting a new study to justify and design the new study (article #2 in series) and—on study completion—place its results in the context with what is already known (article #3 in series). Conclusion This series introduces evidence-based research as an approach to minimize unnecessary and irrelevant clinical health research that is unscientific, wasteful, and unethical.
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- 2021
358. Evidence-Based Research Series-Paper 3:Using an Evidence-Based Research approach to place your results into context after the study is performed to ensure usefulness of the conclusion
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Birgitte Nørgaard, Mona Nasser, Janet Martin, Marius Henriksen, Caroline Blaine, Karen A. Robinson, Jong-Wook Ban, Robin Christensen, Donna Ciliska, Klara Brunnhuber, Hans Lund, Jane Andreasen, Peter Tugwell, Mike Clarke, Eva Draborg, and Carsten Bogh Juhl
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Evidence-based practice ,Biomedical Research ,Epidemiology ,Computer science ,Context (language use) ,Clinical health research ,Medical ethics ,Clinical study ,Research ethics ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Clinical trials ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Clinical Trials as Topic ,Evidence-Based Medicine ,Reproducibility of Results ,Research needs ,Data science ,Evidence-based research ,Trustworthiness ,Treatment Outcome ,VDP::Medical disciplines: 700::Health sciences: 800::Epidemiology medical and dental statistics: 803 ,Evaluation Studies as Topic ,Research Design ,Evidence synthesis ,Systematic review ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Systematic Reviews as Topic - Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: There is considerable actual and potential waste in research. Using evidence-based research (EBR) can ensure the value of a new study. The aim of this article, the third in a series, is to describe an EBR approach to putting research results into context.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: EBR is the use of prior research in a systematic and transparent way to inform a new study so that it is answering questions that matter in a valid, efficient, and accessible manner. In this third and final article of a series, we describe how to use the context of existing evidence to reach and present a trustworthy and useful conclusion when reporting results from a new clinical study.RESULTS: We describe a method, the EBR approach, that by using a systematic and transparent consideration of earlier similar studies when interpreting and presenting results from a new original study will ensure usefulness of the conclusion.CONCLUSION: Using an EBR approach will improve the usefulness of a clinical study by providing the context to draw more valid conclusions and explicit information about new research needs.
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- 2021
359. Phyloseq R object accompanying the paper Temporal Dynamics Cloacal Microbiota 16S metataxonomics
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16S v3v4 ,Epidemiologie ,Epidemiology ,Bioinformatica & Diermodellen ,Bio-informatics & Animal models ,DaDa2 ,microbiota ,phyloseq R object - Abstract
This ready to load phyloseq R S4 object contains the ASV table, taxonomy table and sample metadata. This data was build using the DaDa2 (version 1.6.0) and phyloseq (version 1.223) R packages using our raw MiSeq PE300 sequencing data deposited at NCBI-SRA under BioProject: PRJNA673103. Associations between animal health and performance, and the host’s microbiota have been recently established. In poultry, changes in the intestinal microbiota have been linked to housing conditions and host development, but how the intestinal microbiota respond to environmental changes under farm conditions is less well understood. To gain insight into the microbial responses following a change in the host’s immediate environment, we monitored four indoor flocks of adult laying chickens three times over 16 weeks, during which two flocks were given access to an outdoor range, and two were kept indoors. To assess changes in the chickens’ microbiota over time, we collected cloacal swabs of 10 hens per flock and performed 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The poultry house (i.e., the stable in which flocks were housed) and sampling time explained 9.2 % and 4.4 % of the variation in the microbial community composition of the flocks, respectively. Remarkably, access to an outdoor range had no detectable effect on microbial community composition, the variability of microbiota among chickens of the same flock, or microbiota richness, but the microbiota of outdoor flocks became more even over time. Fluctuations in the composition of the microbiota over time within each poultry house were mainly driven by turnover in rare, rather than dominant, taxa and were unique for each flock. We identified 16 amplicon sequence variants that were differentially abundant over time between indoor and outdoor housed chickens, however none were consistently higher or lower across all chickens of one housing type over time. Our study shows that cloacal microbiota community composition in adult layers is stable following a sudden change in environment, and that temporal fluctuations are unique to each flock. By exploring microbiota of adult poultry flocks within commercial settings, our study sheds light on how the chickens’ immediate environment affects the microbiota composition.
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- 2021
360. Hormonelle Kontrazeptiva – immer noch ein Forschungsgegenstand: Stellungnahme zum Beitrag von C. Giersig: Gestagene und Brustkrebs. Die fehlenden Puzzleteile
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Löwer, Johannes
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- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
361. Call for Papers-Journal of Epidemiology Reprints of Pioneering Papers Series: Spotlighting Little-Known Non-English Language Research Papers From Japan and Around the World
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Naoki Kondo
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Publishing ,lcsh:R5-920 ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Epidemiology ,policy implication ,Public health ,Spotlighting ,public health ,Library science ,General Medicine ,English language ,Global Health ,pioneering studies ,Editorial ,Japan ,Others ,medicine ,Humans ,Periodicals as Topic ,lcsh:Medicine (General) ,business ,Language - Published
- 2019
362. Statistical approaches in published ophthalmic clinical science papers: a comparison to statistical practice two decades ago
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Harrison G Zhang and Gui-Shuang Ying
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Biomedical Research ,Biometry ,genetic structures ,Paired comparison ,Clinical science ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,0302 clinical medicine ,Research community ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Humans ,Statistical analysis ,030212 general & internal medicine ,business.industry ,Individual level ,eye diseases ,United Kingdom ,Sensory Systems ,Ophthalmology ,Current practice ,030221 ophthalmology & optometry ,Optometry ,Periodicals as Topic ,business - Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the current practice of statistical analysis of eye data in clinical science papers published in British Journal of Ophthalmology (BJO) and to determine whether the practice of statistical analysis has improved in the past two decades. All clinical science papers (n=125) published in BJO in January–June 2017 were reviewed for their statistical analysis approaches for analysing primary ocular measure. We compared our findings to the results from a previous paper that reviewed BJO papers in 1995. Of 112 papers eligible for analysis, half of the studies analysed the data at an individual level because of the nature of observation, 16 (14%) studies analysed data from one eye only, 36 (32%) studies analysed data from both eyes at ocular level, one study (1%) analysed the overall summary of ocular finding per individual and three (3%) studies used the paired comparison. Among studies with data available from both eyes, 50 (89%) of 56 papers in 2017 did not analyse data from both eyes or ignored the intereye correlation, as compared with in 60 (90%) of 67 papers in 1995 (P=0.96). Among studies that analysed data from both eyes at an ocular level, 33 (92%) of 36 studies completely ignored the intereye correlation in 2017, as compared with in 16 (89%) of 18 studies in 1995 (P=0.40). A majority of studies did not analyse the data properly when data from both eyes were available. The practice of statistical analysis did not improve in the past two decades. Collaborative efforts should be made in the vision research community to improve the practice of statistical analysis for ocular data.
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- 2018
363. European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA)/European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation (EACPR) position paper on how to prevent atrial fibrillation endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) and Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS)
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Isabelle C. Van Gelder, Harry J.G.M. Crijns, Chern En Chiang, Pompilio Faggiano, Timm Dickfeld, Martin Halle, Irina Savelieva, Prashanthan Sanders, Ugo Corrà, Emelia J. Benjamin, Gulmira Kudaiberdieva, Jean-Paul Schmid, Massimo F Piepoli, Ana Abreu, Martin K. Stiles, Lale Tokgozoglu, Laurent Fauchier, David R. Van Wagoner, Marc A. Vos, Bulent Gorenek, Deirdre A. Lane, Maja-Lisa Løchen, Francisco Marín, Richard I. Fogel, Márcio Jansen de Oliveira Figueiredo, Gregory Y.H. Lip, Giuseppe Boriani, Josef Niebauer, Stefan Agewall, Andreas Goette, Pedro Marques-Vidal, Torben Larsen, Antonio Pelliccia, Kristen K. Patton, Cardiovascular Centre (CVC), MUMC+: MA Cardiologie (9), RS: CARIM - R2.01 - Clinical atrial fibrillation, Cardiologie, and Kardiyoloji
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Epidemiology ,COMMUNITY-BASED COHORT ,Medications ,Comorbidity ,Disease ,Arrhythmias ,Amiodarone ,Indirect costs ,0302 clinical medicine ,OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP-APNEA ,Air pollution ,Alcohol ,Atrial fibrillation ,Caffeine ,Diabetes ,Diet ,Genetic predisposition ,Health economics ,Hyperlipidaemia ,Hypertension ,Hyperthyroidism ,Obesity ,Obstructive sleep apnoea ,Patient preferences ,Physical activity ,Post-operative atrial fibrillation ,Prevention ,Psychological distress ,Recreational drugs ,Risk factors ,Smoking ,Stroke ,Supraventricular arrhythmias ,Therapy ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,ACUTE ISCHEMIC-STROKE ,education.field_of_study ,Evidence-Based Medicine ,Preventive Health Services / standards ,Prognosis ,NORMAL THYROID-FUNCTION ,medicine.medical_specialty ,RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIALS ,TYPE-2 DIABETES-MELLITUS ,Risk Assessment ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Quality of life (healthcare) ,Physiology (medical) ,Humans ,Risk factor ,education ,Intensive care medicine ,Life Style ,Atrial Fibrillation / prevention & control ,RISK STRATIFICATION SCHEMES ,Genetic predisposition, Hyperthyroidism, Supraventricular arrhythmias, Post-operative atrial fibrillation, Therapy, Stroke ,Odds ratio ,medicine.disease ,Arrhythmias, Atrial fibrillation, Prevention, Risk factors, Obesity, Hyperlipidaemia, Diet, Caffeine, Alcohol ,Blood pressure ,Relative risk ,Cardiovascular System & Cardiology ,Preventive Medicine ,Risk Reduction Behavior ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,HSM CAR ,Risk Factors ,POLYUNSATURATED-FATTY-ACIDS ,Atrial Fibrillation ,Preventive Health Services ,030212 general & internal medicine ,PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION ,Patient preferences, Health economics, Medications ,Atrial Fibrillation / epidemiology ,Treatment Outcome ,Cardiology ,Risk assessment ,EHRA Position Paper ,Cardiology / standards ,medicine.drug ,Consensus ,Population ,Diabetes mellitus ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Journal Article ,Genetic Predisposition to Disease ,business.industry ,Preventive Medicine / standards ,Obstructive sleep apnoea, Diabetes, Hypertension, Smoking, Air pollution, Recreational drugs, Psychological distress, Physical activity ,Atrial Fibrillation / diagnosis ,BODY-MASS INDEX ,Heart failure ,business ,HEALTH TECHNOLOGY-ASSESSMENT - Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an important and highly prevalent arrhythmia, which is associated with significantly increased morbidity and mortality, including a four- to five-fold increased risk for stroke,1,2 a two-fold increased risk for dementia,3,4 a three-fold risk for heart failure,2 a two-fold increased risk for myocardial infarction,5,6 and a 40–90% increased risk for overall mortality.2,7 The constantly increasing number of AF patients and recognition of increased morbidity, mortality, impaired quality of life, safety issues, and side effects of rhythm control strategies with antiarrhythmic drugs, and high healthcare costs associated with AF have spurred numerous investigations to develop more effective treatments for AF and its complications.8 Although AF treatment has been studied extensively, AF prevention has received relatively little attention, while it has paramount importance in the prevention of morbidity and mortality, and complications associated with arrhythmia and its treatment. Current evidence shows a clear association between the presence of modifiable risk factors and the risk of developing AF. By implementing AF risk reduction strategies aiming at risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and obstructive sleep ap-noea (OSA), which are interrelated, we impact upon the escalating incidence of AF in the population and ultimately decrease the healthcare burden of associated co-morbidities of AF. To address this issue, a Task Force was convened by the European Heart Rhythm Association and the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society, with the remit to comprehensively review the published evidence available, to publish a joint consensus document on the prevention of AF, and to provide up-to-date consensus recommendations for use in clinical practice. In this document, our aim is to summarize the current evidence on the association of each modifiable risk factor with AF and the available data on the impact of possible interventions directed at these factors in preventing or reducing the burden of AF. While the evidence on AF prevention is still emerging, the topic is not fully covered in current guidelines and some aspects are still controversial. Therefore, there is a need to provide expert recommendations for professionals participating in the care of at-risk patients and populations, with respect to addressing risk factors and lifestyle modifications. Health economic considerations Atrial fibrillation is a costly disease, both in terms of direct, and indirect costs, the former being reported by cost of illness studies as per-patient annual costs in the range of US $2000–14200 in North America and of €450–3000 in Europe.9 In individuals with AF or at risk of developing AF, any effective preventive measure, intervention on modifiable risk factors or comorbidities, as well as any effective pharmacological or non-pharmacological treatment has the aim to reduce AF occurrence, thromboembolic events and stroke, morbidity and, possibly, mortality related to this arrhythmia. Apart from the clinical endpoints, achievement of these goals has economic significance, in terms of positive impact on direct and indirect costs and favourable cost–effectiveness at mid- or long-term, in the perspective of healthcare systems.10–12 In view of the epidemiological profile of AF and progressive aging of the population,13 an impressive increase of patients at risk of AF or affected by AF,14 also in an asymptomatic stage, is expected in the next decades, inducing a growing financial burden on healthcare systems, not only in Europe and North America, but also worldwide.15,16 In consideration of this emerging epidemiological threat due to AF, it is worth considering a paradigm shift, going beyond the conventional approach of primary prevention based on treatment of AF risk factors, but, instead, considering the potential for ‘primordial’ prevention, defined as prevention of the development of risk factors predisposing to AF in the first place.17 This approach, aimed at avoiding the emergence and penetration of risk factors into the population, has been proposed in general terms for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases17 and should imply combined efforts of policymakers, regulatory and social service agencies, providers, physicians, community leaders, and consumers, in an attempt to improve social and environmental conditions, as well as individual behaviours, in the pursuit of adopting healthy lifestyle choices.16 Since a substantial proportion of incident AF events can be attributable to elevated or borderline levels of risk factors for AF,18 this approach could be an effective way to reduce the financial burden linked to AF epidemiology. In terms of individual behaviour and adoption of a ‘healthy lifestyle’, it is worth considering that availability of full healthcare coverage (through health insurance or the healthcare system) may in some cases facilitate the unwanted risk of reducing, at an individual level, the motivation to adopt all the preventive measures that are advisable, in line with the complex concept of ‘moral hazard effect’.19 Patient education and patient empowerment are the correct strategies for avoiding this undesirable effect.
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- 2017
364. A White Paper on Global Wheat Health Based on Scenario Development and Analysis
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Serge Savary, Paul D. Esker, Pawan K. Singh, J. Kumar, Jonathan Yuen, Laetitia Willocquet, Laurence V. Madden, Vittorio Rossi, Sébastien Saint-Jean, J. M.C. Fernandes, E. M. Del Ponte, C. Pope de Vallavielle, Andrea Ficke, Pierce A. Paul, Laurent Huber, Neil McRoberts, Annika Djurle, Université de Toulouse, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa), Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento [Brasil] (MAPA), Governo do Brasil-Governo do Brasil, Universidade Federal de Vicosa (UFV), Ohio State University, Partenaires INRAE, Dept Plant Pathol, University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California-University of California, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR], Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), BIOlogie et GEstion des Risques en agriculture (BIOGER), SMaCH, (RAW) Workshop, CNPq, AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires (AGIR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Istituto di Entomologia e Patologia vegetale, Centre for Environmental Biology, Lisbon University, University of Lisbon, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), University of California, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), JOSE MAURICIO CUNHA FERNANDES, CNPT., Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), and AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
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0106 biological sciences ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Plant Science ,01 natural sciences ,SMALL-GRAIN CEREALS ,Theoretical ,Doença de planta ,Models ,wheat ,Plant Pathosystems ,Triticum ,Epidemiology ,2. Zero hunger ,CLIMATE-CHANGE ,FUSARIUM HEAD BLIGHT ,Environmental resource management ,food and beverages ,MYCOSPHAERELLA-GRAMINICOLA ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,WINTER-WHEAT ,Plant disease ,Wheat ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,Settore AGR/12 - PATOLOGIA VEGETALE ,Risk assessment ,Crops, Agricultural ,Risk ,Risk analysis ,Climate Change ,[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,Climate change ,Crops ,Trigo ,Biology ,Scenario development and analysis ,agrosystem ,Computer Simulation ,Scenario analysis ,Epidemiologia ,Plant Diseases ,YELLOW DWARF VIRUS ,Agricultural ,SEPTORIA-TRITICI BLOTCH ,Plant disease epidemiology ,business.industry ,NORTH-WEST EUROPE ,Simulation modeling ,pathogens ,Models, Theoretical ,15. Life on land ,[SDV.BV.PEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Phytopathology and phytopharmacy ,A white paper ,MAPPING POTENTIAL EPIDEMICS ,13. Climate action ,PLANT-DISEASES ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,fungi ,[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology ,business ,Septoria like ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
International audience; Scenario analysis constitutes a useful approach to synthesize knowledge and derive hypotheses in the case of complex systems that are documented with mainly qualitative or very diverse information. In this article, a framework for scenario analysis is designed and then, applied to global wheat health within a timeframe from today to 2050. Scenario analysis entails the choice of settings, the definition of scenarios of change, and the analysis of outcomes of these scenarios in the chosen settings. Three idealized agrosystems, representing a large fraction of the global diversity of wheat-based agrosystems, are considered, which represent the settings of the analysis. Several components of global changes are considered in their consequences on global wheat health: climate change and climate variability, nitrogen fertilizer use, tillage, crop rotation, pesticide use, and the deployment of host plant resistances. Each idealized agrosystem is associated with a scenario of change that considers first, a production situation and its dynamics, and second, the impacts of the evolving production situation on the evolution of crop health. Crop health is represented by six functional groups of wheat pathogens: the pathogens associated with Fusarium head blight; biotrophic fungi, Septoria-like fungi, necrotrophic fungi, soilborne pathogens, and insect-transmitted viruses. The analysis of scenario outcomes is conducted along a risk-analytical pattern, which involves risk probabilities represented by categorized probability levels of disease epidemics, and risk magnitudes represented by categorized levels of crop losses resulting from these levels of epidemics within each production situation. The results from this scenario analysis suggest an overall increase of risk probabilities and magnitudes in the three idealized agrosystems. Changes in risk probability or magnitude however vary with the agrosystem and the functional groups of pathogens. We discuss the effects of global changes on the six functional groups, in terms of their epidemiology and of the crop losses they cause. Scenario analysis enables qualitative analysis of complex systems, such as plant pathosystems that are evolving in response to global changes, including climate change and technology shifts. It also provides a useful framework for quantitative simulation modeling analysis for plant disease epidemiology.
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- 2017
365. Evaluation of bacterial contaminants found on unused paper towels and possible postcontamination after handwashing: A pilot study
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Sylvain Moineau, Louis Gendron, Luc Trudel, and Caroline Duchaine
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Paper ,Epidemiology ,Microorganism ,Microbial Consortia ,Colony Count, Microbial ,Bacillus ,Pilot Projects ,engineering.material ,Airborne transmission ,Microbiology ,Paenibacillus ,RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ,Humans ,Medicine ,Bacterial contaminants ,Desiccation ,Occupational Health ,biology ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Pulp (paper) ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Contamination ,Hand ,Exiguobacterium ,biology.organism_classification ,Pulp and paper industry ,RNA, Bacterial ,Infectious Diseases ,engineering ,business ,Bacteria ,Hand Disinfection - Abstract
Background Bacterial contamination is a concern in the pulp and paper industry. Not only is the machinery contaminated but also can be the end-paper products. Bacterial transmission from unused paper towels to hands and surfaces is not well documented. Methods The culturable bacterial community of 6 different unused paper towel brands was determined by culture methods and by sequencing the 16S ribosomal DNA of bacterial contaminants. Next, we investigated the possible airborne and direct contact transmissions of these bacterial contaminants during hand drying after washing. Results Between 10 2 and 10 5 colony-forming units per gram of unused paper towels were isolated from the different paper towel brands. Bacteria belonging to the Bacillus genus were by far the most abundant microorganisms found (83.0%), followed by Paenibacillus (15.6%), Exiguobacterium (1.6%), and Clostridium (0.01%). Paper towels made from recycled fibers harbored between 100- to 1,000-fold more bacteria than the virgin wood pulp brand. Bacteria were easily transferred to disposable nitrile gloves when drying hands with paper towels. However, no evidence of bacterial airborne transmission was observed during paper towel dispensing. Conclusion This pilot study demonstrated that a large community of culturable bacteria, including toxin producers, can be isolated from unused paper towels and that they may be transferred to individuals after handwashing. This may have implications in some industrial and clinical settings as well as in immunocompromised individuals.
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- 2012
366. Series: Pragmatic trials and real world evidence: Paper 8. Data collection and management
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Anna Katharina Meinecke, Mira G. P. Zuidgeest, Paco M J Welsing, George Kafatos, Gaëlle Nachbaur, Des Burke, Maria Kubin, Sven Trelle, and Matthias Egger
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Evidence-Based Medicine ,Data collection ,Electronic data capture ,Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Process (engineering) ,Management science ,Data Collection ,Level of detail (writing) ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Real world evidence ,Data science ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Data access ,Pragmatic Clinical Trials as Topic ,Health care ,Electronic Health Records ,Humans ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,business ,Case report form - Abstract
Pragmatic trials can improve our understanding of how treatments will perform in routine practice. In a series of eight papers, the GetReal Consortium has evaluated the challenges in designing and conducting pragmatic trials and their specific methodological, operational, regulatory, and ethical implications. The present final paper of the series discusses the operational and methodological challenges of data collection in pragmatic trials. A more pragmatic data collection needs to balance the delivery of highly accurate and complete data with minimizing the level of interference that data entry and verification induce with clinical practice. Furthermore, it should allow for the involvement of a representative sample of practices, physicians, and patients who prescribe/receive treatment in routine care. This paper discusses challenges that are related to the different methods of data collection and presents potential solutions where possible. No one-size-fits-all recommendation can be given for the collection of data in pragmatic trials, although in general the application of existing routinely used data-collection systems and processes seems to best suit the pragmatic approach. However, data access and privacy, the time points of data collection, the level of detail in the data, and the lack of a clear understanding of the data-collection process were identified as main challenges for the usage of routinely collected data in pragmatic trials. A first step should be to determine to what extent existing health care databases provide the necessary study data and can accommodate data collection and management. When more elaborate or detailed data collection or more structured follow-up is required, data collection in a pragmatic trial will have to be tailor-made, often using a hybrid approach using a dedicated electronic case report form (eCRF). In this case, the eCRF should be kept as simple as possible to reduce the burden for practitioners and minimize influence on routine clinical practice.
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- 2017
367. Office Paper
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Epidemiology ,Business, international - Abstract
Request for quotations : office paper 1. office paper, class a 100 packs, 900 byn2. office paper, class b 1,000 packs, 8,500 byn3. office paper, class c 500 packs, 4 [...]
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- 2021
368. Paper For Office Equipment For A Branch In The South-west Administrative District
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Epidemiology ,Electronic office machines ,Business, international - Abstract
Tenders are invited for paper for office equipment for a branch in the south-west administrative district Paper and paper products Major organization : FEDERAL BUDGETARY INSTITUTION OF HEALTHCARE 'CENTER OF [...]
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- 2021
369. Obesity-related hypertension: Pathogenesis, cardiovascular risk, and treatment-A position paper of theThe Obesity Societyand theAmerican Society of Hypertension
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Lewis Landsberg, James R. Sowers, Valerie Burke, Donald M. Lloyd-Jones, Louis J. Aronne, Lawrence J. Beilin, and Leon I. Igel
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,business.industry ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,MEDLINE ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,medicine.disease ,Obesity ,Lifestyle management ,Pathogenesis ,Endocrinology ,Blood pressure ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Physical therapy ,Position paper ,Metabolic syndrome ,Intensive care medicine ,business - Abstract
In light of the worldwide epidemic of obesity, and in recognition of hypertension as a major factor in the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with obesity, The Obesity Society and The American Society of Hypertension agreed to jointly sponsor a position paper on obesity-related hypertension to be published jointly in the journals of each society. The purpose is to inform the members of both societies, as well as practicing clinicians, with a timely review of the association between obesity and high blood pressure, the risk that this association entails, and the options for rational, evidenced-based treatment. The position paper is divided into six sections plus a summary as follows: pathophysiology, epidemiology and cardiovascular risk, the metabolic syndrome, lifestyle management in prevention and treatment, pharmacologic treatment of hypertension in the obese, and the medical and surgical treatment of obesity in obese hypertensive patients.
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- 2012
370. Immune trypanolysis test with blood spotted on filter paper for epidemiological surveillance of sleeping sickness.
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Camara, Oumou, Camara, Mamadou, Lejon, Veerle, Ilboudo, Hamidou, Sakande, Hassane, Léno, Mamadou, Büscher, Philippe, Bucheton, Bruno, and Jamonneau, Vincent
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- *
IMMUNE response , *BLOOD filtration , *FILTER paper , *EPIDEMIOLOGY , *PATIENT monitoring , *IMMUNOGLOBULINS - Abstract
Objectives The immune trypanolysis test ( TL) is an accurate sero-diagnostic tool increasingly implemented for sleeping sickness medical surveillance, but it is restricted to the reference laboratories. To facilitate storage and transport of the test specimen, we developed a protocol for the examination of blood spotted on filter paper ( TL-fp) that can be stored and shipped at ambient temperature. We compared its performance with the classical TL on plasma ( TL-pl) that needs to be kept frozen until use. Methods The study was conducted in active foci of the Republic of Guinea. In total, 438 specimens from treated and untreated sleeping sickness patients and serological suspects were tested with both methods. Result TL-fp gave significantly less positive results than TL-pl, but all the confirmed sleeping sickness cases were positive with the TL-fp protocol. Conclusion TL-fp appears to offer a good compromise between feasibility and sensitivity to detect currently infected subjects who play a role in the transmission of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and is useful for contributing to the elimination of gambiense sleeping sickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
371. A protocol paper: community engagement interventions for cardiovascular disease prevention in socially disadvantaged populations in the UK: an implementation research study
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Sibyl Anthierens, Geofrey Musinguzi, Papreen Nahar, Harm W.J. van Marwijk, Elizabeth Ford, Stephen Bremner, Hilde Bastiaens, Mark Bowyer, Jean Yves Le Reste, Linda Gibson, and Tholene Sodi
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Counseling ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Implementation research ,Health (social science) ,Epidemiology ,Psychological intervention ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Risk Assessment ,Vulnerable Populations ,State Medicine ,03 medical and health sciences ,Study Protocol ,0302 clinical medicine ,Nursing ,Health care ,medicine ,Stakeholder analysis ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Stepped-wedge cluster randomised trial ,Community engagement ,business.industry ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Health Policy ,Public health ,1. No poverty ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Community Participation ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,CVD risk prevention ,United Kingdom ,3. Good health ,Disadvantaged ,England ,Cardiovascular Diseases ,Community health ,Human medicine ,business ,Psychology - Abstract
Background Cardiovascular disorders (CVD) are the single greatest cause of mortality worldwide. In the UK, the National Health Service (NHS) has launched an initiative of health checks over and above current care to tackle CVD. However, the uptake of Health Checks is poor in disadvantaged communities. This protocol paper sets out a UK-based study (Sussex and Nottingham) aiming to co-produce a community delivered CVD risk assessment and coaching intervention to support community members to reduce their risk of CVD. The overall aim of the project is to implement a tailored-to-context community engagement (CE) intervention on awareness of CVD risks in vulnerable populations in high, middle and low-income countries. The specific objectives of the study are to enhance stakeholder’ engagement; to implement lifestyle interventions for cardiovascular primary prevention, in disadvantaged populations and motivate uptake of NHS health checks. Methods This study uses both qualitative and quantitative methods in three phases of evaluation, including pre-, per- and post-implementation. To ensure contextual appropriateness the ‘Scaling-up Packages of Interventions for Cardiovascular disease prevention in selected sites in Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa: An implementation research’ (SPICES) project will organize a multi-component community-engagement intervention. For the qualitative component, the pre-implementation phase will involve a contextual assessment and stakeholder mapping, exploring potentials for CVD risk profiling strategies and led by trained Community Health Volunteers (CHV) to identify accessibility and acceptability. The per-implementation phase will involve healthy lifestyle counselling provided by CHVs and evaluation of the outcome to identify fidelity and scalability. The post-implementation phase will involve developing sustainable community-based strategies for CVD risk reduction. All three components will include a process evaluation. A stepped wedge cluster randomised trial of the roll out will focus on implementation outcomes including uptake and engagement and changes in risk profiles. The quantitative component includes pre and post-intervention surveys. The theory of the socio-ecological framework will be applied to analyse the community engagement approach. Discussion Based on the results ultimately a sustainable community engagement-based strategy for the primary prevention of CVD risk will be developed to enhance the performance of NHS health care in the UK. The Trial Registration number is ISRCTN68334579.
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- 2020
372. Patent Application Titled "Paper-Based Sample Testing Devices And Methods Thereof" Published Online (USPTO 20230349008).
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A patent application titled "Paper-Based Sample Testing Devices And Methods Thereof" has been published online. The inventors, David Erickson and Ruisheng Wang, have developed a user-friendly paper-based test that can visually detect test results, such as bacterial antibiotic susceptibility or the presence of COVID-19. The test utilizes on-chip paper microfluidics to enable testing of multiple samples with a single step. It has advantages such as low sample volume requirement and flexibility in incubation conditions. The method involves loading test and control samples, adding a supplementary liquid, incubating the chip, and examining the testing and control areas for a signal indicating the presence of the target. The inventors also propose a portable system that can process a larger number of tests, be cost-effective, and integrate with contact tracing apps to address the need for large-scale screening of asymptomatic carriers of COVID-19. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2023
373. Improvement of cognitive function after paper‐based cognitive training intervention in early‐stage Alzheimer's disease
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Min Ju Kang and Jeong Ho Han
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Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Neuropsychology ,Cognition ,Disease ,medicine.disease ,Cognitive training ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,Developmental Neuroscience ,Intervention (counseling) ,medicine ,Dementia ,Neurology (clinical) ,Geriatrics and Gerontology ,Stage (cooking) ,Cognitive decline ,business ,Clinical psychology - Published
- 2020
374. EPOS 2012: European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2012. A summary for otorhinolaryngologists
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Peter-John Wormald, Christos Georgalas, Bob Kern, David Price, Richard G. Douglas, Rodney J. Schlosser, Nick Jones, Joachim Mullol, Guy Joos, Anders Cervin, Richard J. Harvey, Herbert Riechelmann, Elina Toskala, Richard Louis Voegels, De Yun Wang, Wytske Fokkens, Brent A. Senior, Claus Bachert, Noam A. Cohen, Peter Hellings, Isam Alobid, Herman Goossens, Mike Thomas, Fuad M. Baroody, Livije Kalogjera, Philippe Gevaert, Claire Hopkins, Valerie J. Lund, and Marek L. Kowalski
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Evidence-based practice ,Chronic rhinosinusitis ,business.industry ,General Medicine ,Disease ,medicine.disease ,Dermatology ,Otorhinolaryngology ,Epidemiology ,Acute rhinosinusitis ,medicine ,Position paper ,Aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease ,Nasal polyps ,business - Abstract
The European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2012 is the update of similar evidence based position papers published in 2005 and 2007. The document contains chapters on definitions and classification, we now also proposed definitions for difficult to treat rhinosinusitis, control of disease and better definitions for rhinosinusitis in children. More emphasis is placed on the diagnosis and treatment of acute rhinosinusitis. Throughout the document the terms chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) are used to further point out differences in pathophysiology and treatment of these two entities. There are extensive chapters on epidemiology and predisposing factors, inflammatory mechanisms, (differential) diagnosis of facial pain, genetics, cystic fibrosis, aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease, immunodeficiencies, allergic fungal rhinosinusitis and the relationship between upper and lower airways. The chapters on paediatric acute and chronic rhinosinusitis are totally rewritten. Last but not least all available evidence for management of acute rhinosinusitis and chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps in adults and children is analyzed and presented and management schemes based on the evidence are proposed. This executive summary for otorhinolaryngologists focuses on the most important changes and issues for otorhinolaryngologists. The full document can be downloaded for free on the website of this journal: http://www.rhinologyjournal.com.
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- 2012
375. Scientific authorship and collaboration network analysis on malaria research in Benin: papers indexed in the web of science (1996–2016)
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Zachary James Harper, Susan McRoy, Charles M. Welzig, Fiacre R. Agossa, and Roseric Azondekon
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Health (social science) ,Epidemiology ,Computer science ,Collaborative network ,030231 tropical medicine ,Closeness ,Giant component ,World Wide Web ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Betweenness centrality ,Benin ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Clustering coefficient ,Research ,Health Policy ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Complex network ,Co-authorship ,Hierarchical clustering ,Malaria ,Scientific collaboration ,Network analysis - Abstract
Background To sustain the critical progress made, prioritization and a multidisciplinary approach to malaria research remain important to the national malaria control program in Benin. To document the structure of the malaria collaborative research in Benin, we analyze authorship of the scientific documents published on malaria from Benin. Methods We collected bibliographic data from the Web Of Science on malaria research in Benin from January 1996 to December 2016. From the collected data, a mulitigraph co-authorship network with authors representing vertices was generated. An edge was drawn between two authors when they co-author a paper. We computed vertex degree, betweenness, closeness, and eigenvectors among others to identify prolific authors. We further assess the weak points and how information flow in the network. Finally, we perform a hierarchical clustering analysis, and Monte-Carlo simulations. Results Overall, 427 publications were included in this study. The generated network contained 1792 authors and 116,388 parallel edges which converted in a weighted graph of 1792 vertices and 95,787 edges. Our results suggested that prolific authors with higher degrees tend to collaborate more. The hierarchical clustering revealed 23 clusters, seven of which form a giant component containing 94% of all the vertices in the network. This giant component has all the characteristics of a small-world network with a small shortest path distance between pairs of three, a diameter of 10 and a high clustering coefficient of 0.964. However, Monte-Carlo simulations suggested our observed network is an unusual type of small-world network. Sixteen vertices were identified as weak articulation points within the network. Conclusion The malaria research collaboration network in Benin is a complex network that seems to display the characteristics of a small-world network. This research reveals the presence of closed research groups where collaborative research likely happens only between members. Interdisciplinary collaboration tends to occur at higher levels between prolific researchers. Continuously supporting, stabilizing the identified key brokers and most productive authors in the Malaria research collaborative network is an urgent need in Benin. It will foster the malaria research network and ensure the promotion of junior scientists in the field.
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- 2018
376. Seroepidemiological study of human cysticercosis with blood samples collected on filter paper, in Lages, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, 2004-2005
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Noeli Maria Espíndola, Diana Ana Pereira, Alberto Hiroshi Iha, Maria Marcia Imenes Ishida, M.S.S Almeida, Theopi Rados Varvakis, Jean Gabriel de Souza, and Adelaide José Vaz
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Male ,Paper ,Rural Population ,Microbiology (medical) ,Taenia crassiceps ,lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,lcsh:RC955-962 ,Swine ,Epidemiology ,Immunoblotting ,Antibodies, Helminth ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,Biology ,Imunodiagnóstico ,Animals ,Humans ,Immunodiagnosis ,Epidemiologia ,Blood Specimen Collection ,Taenia ,Cysticercosis ,Cisticercose ,biology.organism_classification ,Molecular biology ,Infectious Diseases ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Female ,Parasitology ,Epidemiologic Methods ,Brazil - Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Human serofrequency of antibodies against Taenia solium antigens was determined and risk factors for cysticercosis transmission were identified. METHODS: Individuals (n=878) from periurban and rural locations of Lages, SC, were interviewed to gather demographic, sanitary and health information. Interviews and blood sample collections by finger prick on Whatman filter paper were performed from August 2004 to May 2005. Observation determined that 850 samples were suitable for analysis and were tested by ELISA using vesicular fluid of Taenia crassiceps heterologous antigen. To ensure the reliability of the results, 77 samples of the dried blood were matched with sera. The reactive samples were submitted to a serum confirmatory immunoblot (IB) test using purified Taenia crassiceps glycoproteins. RESULTS: The ELISA results for the dried blood and serum samples were statistically consistent. ELISA was positive in 186 (21.9%) out of 850 individuals. A group of 213 individuals were asked to collect vein blood for IB (186 with positive result in ELISA and 27 with inappropriate whole blood samples) and 130 attended the request. The IB was positive in 29 (3.4%) out of 850 individuals. A significant correlation (p = 0.0364) was determined among individuals who tested positive in the IB assay who practiced both pig rearing and kitchen gardening. CONCLUSIONS: ELISA with dried blood eluted from filter paper was suitable for cysticercosis population surveys. In Lages, human infection was associated with pig rearing and kitchen gardening. The prevalence index was compatible with other Latin American endemic areas. INTRODUÇÃO: O primeiro levantamento sobre cisticercose humana e identificação dos fatores de risco associados à transmissão, foram realizados em Lages, SC. MÉTODOS: Oitocentos e setenta e sete voluntários de regiões periurbana e rural foram entrevistados e forneceram informações demográficas e condições sanitárias e de saúde. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas por meio de punção digital em papel filtro entre agosto 2004 e maio 2005. Verificou-se que 850 amostras estavam adequadas para análise. No ELISA, utilizou-se o antígeno heterólogo liquido vesicular de Taenia crassiceps. Para assegurar a confiabilidade dos resultados de ELISA, foram pareadas 77 amostras de soro e sangue eluido do papel filtro. A confirmação do diagnóstico sorológico foi feita por immunoblot (IB) com glicoproteínas purificadas de Taenia crassiceps. RESULTADOS: A reatividade de IgG eluída de sangue em papel filtro mostrou-se compatível com a dos soros correspondentes. A triagem por ELISA de 850 indivíduos revelou 186 (21,9%) positivos. De 213 pessoas convidadas a colher soro para IB (186 ELISA positivo e 27 com amostras de sangue total inadequadas), compareceram 130. O IB foi positivo em 29 (3,4%) de 850 amostras. Houve correlação significativa entre IB positivo e a prática de criação de suínos e de horta caseira (p = 0,0364). CONCLUSÕES: ELISA com sangue total em papel filtro mostrou-se adequado para inquéritos populacionais para cisticercose. A transmissão da cisticercose humana na área estudada mostrou correlação com criação suína domestica e horta caseira. A prevalência obtida foi semelhante à relatada em áreas endêmicas da América Latina.
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- 2011
377. Series: Pragmatic trials and real world evidence: Paper 6. Outcome measures in the real world
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Maarten van Smeden, Paco M J Welsing, Iris Goetz, Katrien Oude Rengerink, Antonio Ciaglia, Sven Trelle, Aliki Taylor, Sue Collier, Laurent Eckert, Matthias Egger, and Gaëlle Nachbaur
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Blinding ,Standardization ,Endpoint Determination ,Epidemiology ,Decision Making ,Applied psychology ,Outcome measurement ,Context (language use) ,Time horizon ,Outcome (game theory) ,Pragmatic trial ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Outcome Assessment, Health Care ,Pragmatic Clinical Trials as Topic ,Journal Article ,Humans ,Relevance (law) ,Medicine ,Generalizability theory ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ,Real-world evidence ,Evidence-Based Medicine ,Management science ,Surrogate endpoint ,business.industry ,Generalizability ,Research Design ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,business - Abstract
Results from pragmatic trials should reflect the comparative treatment effects encountered in patients in real-life clinical practice to guide treatment decisions. Therefore pragmatic trials should focus on outcomes that are relevant to patients, clinical practice, and treatment choices. This 6(th) paper in the series (see box) discusses different types of outcomes and their suitability for pragmatic trials, design choices for measuring these outcomes and their implications and challenges. Measuring outcomes in pragmatic trials should not interfere with real-world clinical practice to ensure generalizability of trial results and routinely collected outcomes should be prioritized. Typical outcomes include mortality, morbidity, functional status, wellbeing and resource use. Surrogate endpoints are typically avoided as primary outcome. It is important to measure outcomes over a relevant time horizon and to obtain valid and precise results. As pragmatic trials are often open-label a less subjective outcome can reduce bias. Methods that decrease bias or enhance precision of the results, such as standardization and blinding of outcome assessment, should be considered when a high risk of bias or high variability is expected. The selection of outcomes in pragmatic trials should be relevant for decision making as well as feasible in terms of executing the trial in the context of interest. Therefore this should be discussed with all stakeholders as early as feasible to ensure the relevance of study results for decision making in clinical practice and the ability to perform the study.
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- 2017
378. Improvement of leptospirosis surveillance in remote Pacific islands using serum spotted on filter paper
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Van-Mai Cao-Lormeau, Claudine Roche, Martin Bel, Didier Musso, Eric J. Nilles, and Maria Marfel
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Microbiology (medical) ,Prioritization ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Suspected dengue ,Disease ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Filter paper ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Dengue fever ,Dengue ,Environmental health ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Humans ,Leptospirosis ,Retrospective Studies ,business.industry ,Neglected Disease ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Serum samples ,Virology ,PCR ,Infectious Diseases ,Population Surveillance ,Dried Blood Spot Testing ,Neglected disease ,business ,Micronesia - Abstract
Summary Objectives Leptospirosis is a serious neglected disease in the Pacific. Because sensitive and specific laboratory tests are largely unavailable, the burden of disease and epidemiological data are often unreliable and do not allow informed disease prioritization and efficient control. We report the use of serum spotted on filter paper to improve the surveillance of leptospirosis in remote and resource-limited settings. Methods A total of 172 acute-phase serum samples collected from patients with suspected dengue at Yap State Hospital, Federated States of Micronesia, were spotted on filter paper and sent by regular mail to the Institut Louis Malarde, French Polynesia. Real-time PCR protocols for dengue and leptospirosis confirmation were performed on all specimens. Results A total of five leptospirosis infections were detected amongst the patients with suspected dengue. Conclusions This study confirms the use of filter paper as a convenient tool to improve leptospirosis surveillance capacity in remote areas. New surveillance strategies, notably based on the regular use of this type of tool, are essential to more adequately describe the epidemiology and burden of neglected diseases.
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- 2014
379. Measurement agreement of the self-administered questionnaire of the Belgian Health Interview Survey: Paper-and-pencil versus web-based mode
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Stefaan Demarest, Sabine Drieskens, Johan Van der Heyden, Guido Van Hal, Jean Tafforeau, Lydia Gisle, Geert Molenberghs, Rana Charafeddine, Elise Braekman, and Finaba Berete
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Questionnaires ,Male ,020205 medical informatics ,Intraclass correlation ,Social Sciences ,lcsh:Medicine ,Self Administration ,02 engineering and technology ,Health informatics ,Database and Informatics Methods ,0302 clinical medicine ,Belgium ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Psychology ,EPIDEMIOLOGY ,Public and Occupational Health ,030212 general & internal medicine ,lcsh:Science ,Alcohol Consumption ,Multidisciplinary ,Depression ,Multidisciplinary Sciences ,Alcoholism ,Neurology ,Research Design ,RELIABILITY ,Science & Technology - Other Topics ,Female ,REPORTED OUTCOME MEASURES ,EQUIVALENCE ,Behavioral and Social Aspects of Health ,Engineering sciences. Technology ,Psychosocial ,Research Article ,Clinical psychology ,Adult ,Paper ,Substance-Related Disorders ,Addiction ,Health Informatics ,Research and Analysis Methods ,03 medical and health sciences ,Mental Health and Psychiatry ,Humans ,QUALITY ,INTERNET ,Categorical variable ,Nutrition ,Internet ,Survey Research ,Science & Technology ,Data collection ,Mood Disorders ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,Biology and Life Sciences ,INSTRUMENTS ,Missing data ,Health Surveys ,Health indicator ,Diet ,SCL-90-R ,Sample size determination ,Sample Size ,lcsh:Q ,Sleep Disorders ,COLLECTION ,business - Abstract
Before organizing mixed-mode data collection for the self-administered questionnaire of the Belgian Health Interview Survey, measurement effects between the paper-and-pencil and the web-based questionnaire were evaluated. A two-period cross-over study was organized with a sample of 149 employees of two Belgian research institutes (age range 22-62 years, 72% female). Measurement agreement was assessed for a diverse range of health indicators related to general health, mental and psychosocial health, health behaviors and prevention with kappa coefficients and intraclass correlation (ICC). The quality of the data collected by both modes was evaluated by quantifying the missing, 'don't know' and inconsistent values and data entry mistakes. Good to very good agreement was found for all categorical indicators with kappa coefficients superior to 0.60, except for two mental and psychosocial health indicators namely the presence of a sleeping disorder and of a depressive disorder (kappa≥0.50). For the continuous indicators high to acceptable agreement was observed with ICC superior to 0.70. Inconsistent answers and data-entry mistakes were only occurring in the paper-and-pencil mode. There were no less missing values in the web-based mode compared to the paper-and-pencil mode. The study supports the idea that web-based modes provide, in general, equal responses to paper-and-pencil modes. However, health indicators based upon factual and objective items tend to have higher measurement agreement than indicators requiring an assessment of personal subjective feelings. A web-based mode greatly facilitates the data-entry process and guides the completing of a questionnaire. However, item non-response was not positively affected. ispartof: PLOS ONE vol:13 issue:5 ispartof: location:United States status: published
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- 2018
380. Cardiovascular mortality among Swedish pulp and paper mill workers
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Håkan Westberg, Bodil Persson, Kjell Torén, Eva Andersson, Anders Magnusson, Gun Wingren, and Olav Axelson
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Male ,Paper ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Extraction and Processing Industry ,Cohort Studies ,Occupational medicine ,Occupational Exposure ,Diabetes mellitus ,Environmental health ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Humans ,Cardiovascular mortality ,Sweden ,business.industry ,Vascular disease ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Paper mill ,medicine.disease ,Wood ,Surgery ,Occupational Diseases ,Stroke ,Cardiovascular Diseases ,Cohort ,Female ,business ,Cohort study - Abstract
Background Malignant diseases but also cardiovascular and respiratory disorders and diabetes mellitus have been associated with work in pulp and paper production. The present cohort focuses on cardiovascular mortality in relation to various exposures in this industry. Methods The cohort, followed-up for mortality, includes 7,107 workers, 6,350 men and 757 women, from three major old mills in the middle of Sweden. Results Instead of a healthy-worker effect, a slightly increased risk for death in diseases of the circulatory system was found for male workers. Notably, work with sulfate digestion, steam and power generation and maintenance was associated with significantly increased risks. Cerebrovascular diseases showed non-significantly increased risks for maintenance and paper and paperboard production and manufacture. Conclusions The differences in risk among various parts of the production are striking although it is hard to pinpoint any specific exposures. Dust and small particles along with sulfur compounds might be suspected.
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- 2007
381. Research on Vaccination Discussed by a Researcher at University of Chile [Epidemiology of Meningococcal Disease in Four South American Countries and Rationale of Vaccination in Adolescents from the Region: Position Paper of the Latin American...].
- Abstract
New research on vaccination in South America, specifically in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay, has been conducted to analyze the epidemiology of meningococcal disease (MD) and the impact of vaccination programs. The study found that the overall incidence of MD has decreased in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, but has significantly increased in Uruguay. The introduction of meningococcal conjugate vaccines (MCV) has led to a reduction in serogroup C, W, and Y cases, but serogroup B has become predominant in all four countries. The researchers emphasize the importance of continuous surveillance and high vaccine uptake, particularly among adolescents, to maintain population protection. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2024
382. Severe Chronic Allergic (and Related) Diseases: A Uniform Approach – A MeDALL – GA2LEN – ARIA Position Paper
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J Rosado-Pinto, Valérie Siroux, Cynthia Hohmann, A. Mazon, Olivier Vandenplas, A. Mohammadi, M. P. Orru, W. J. Fokkens, K-H. Carlsen, G. Khayat, Jean Bousquet, Ronald Dahl, Gailen D. Marshall, Jan Brozek, Stefan Wöhrl, J. Ratomaharo, Nanshan Zhong, Paulo Augusto Moreira Camargos, Mario Sánchez-Borges, A. Yorgancioglu, Mariona Pinart, Mika J. Mäkelä, A. Bedbrook, Jordi Sunyer, Philippe-Jean Bousquet, G. Passalacqua, Raphaëlle Varraso, G. S. Ouedraogo, Ingrid Terreehorst, G.W. Canonica, Bianca Beghe, John Wright, Josep M. Antó, I. Pin, J. Ring, F. Kauffmann, Gerard H. Koppelman, William K. Dolen, B. Koffi N'Goran, K. C. Lødrup Carlsen, Brian J. Lipworth, Alkis Togias, A. Ben Kheder, Ruby Pawankar, Christophe Pison, Dennis M. Williams, Osman M. Yusuf, Eugene R. Bleecker, Holger J. Schünemann, M. Roman Rodriguez, Amiran Gamkrelidze, Elina Toskala, B. Hellquist-Dahl, Sergio Bonini, Bénédicte Jacquemin, Eleni Fthenou, E.H.D. Bel, Michael A. Kaliner, Ruta Dubakiene, C. S. Ang, E. Melen, Isabelle Momas, Elena Gimeno-Santos, Klaus F. Rabe, Ferran Ballester, Barbara Rogala, Antonino Romano, Stefano Guerra, Sam Oddie, E.D. Bateman, H. Douagui, Renato T. Stein, Claus Bachert, Robert M. Naclerio, Fernando D. Martinez, Talant Sooronbaev, Rudolph Valenta, K. C. Bergmann, Inger Kull, M. Morais-Almeida, Marjan Kerkhof, Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos, Josep Roca, L.-P. Boulet, L. T. Le, Daniela Porta, F. Martin, K. S. Bennoor, Alfredo Cesario, Piotr Kuna, William W. Busse, S. Nafti, Mübeccel Akdis, Dirkje S. Postma, Phil Lieberman, Désirée Larenas, Aziz Sheikh, Y. Z. Chen, J Mullol, T. Didi, D. Y. Wang, Marta Benet, Peter Schmid-Grendelmeier, David Price, Tari Haahtela, Dominique Valeyre, F. E. R. Simons, I. Annesi-Maesano, Magnus Wickman, A. Andrianarisoa, Giovanni Viegi, Pascal Demoly, A. El-Meziane, C. E. Baena-Cagnani, Ulf Darsow, S. Palkonen, F. Berrissoul, X. Basagana, R. Gerth van Wijk, J. O. B. Hourihane, B. Pigearias, A. L. Boner, T. D. Nyembue, B. Samolinski, Y. Okamoto, W. Carr, C. van Weel, Marek L. Kowalski, Christopher E. Brightling, Thomas Keil, D. Rezagui, D. J. Costa, Todor A. Popov, Eli O. Meltzer, Ioana Agache, Marcus Maurer, Thomas B. Casale, T. Bieber, Charles Auffray, Antonella Muraro, K. Ohta, T. Zuberbier, Yousser Mohammad, Henriette A. Smit, Manolis Kogevinas, Dermot Ryan, Iris Lavi, Marc Humbert, Sakari Reitamo, J. Just, Martijn C. Nawijn, M. Beji, Bassam Mahboub, F. Mihaltan, Peter H. Howarth, Alvaro A. Cruz, Cevdet Ozdemir, L. Namazova-Baranova, Y. Tremblay, M. E. Zernotti, Adnan Custovic, C. Bindslev Jensen, João Fonseca, Robyn E O'Hehir, O. Kalayci, H. Haddad, Andrew Bush, L. Cox, Mihaela Zidarn, Anca-Mirela Chiriac, H. J. Zar, Judith Garcia-Aymerich, G. K. Scadding, Peter J. Sterk, Richard G. Roberts, Maria Vassilaki, P. Panzner, and P W Hellings
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medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Public health ,Immunology ,macromolecular substances ,General Medicine ,Atopic dermatitis ,medicine.disease ,3. Good health ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,030228 respiratory system ,Disease severity ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Physical therapy ,Immunology and Allergy ,Position paper ,Disease process ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Intensive care medicine ,business ,Chronic urticaria ,Asthma - Abstract
Concepts of disease severity, activity, control and responsiveness to treatment are linked but different. Severity refers to the loss of function of the organs induced by the disease process or to the occurrence of severe acute exacerbations. Severity may vary over time and needs regular follow-up. Control is the degree to which therapy goals are currently met. These concepts have evolved over time for asthma in guidelines, task forces or consensus meetings. The aim of this paper is to generalize the approach of the uniform definition of severe asthma presented to WHO for chronic allergic and associated diseases (rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, chronic urticaria and atopic dermatitis) in order to have a uniform definition of severity, control and risk, usable in most situations. It is based on the appropriate diagnosis, availability and accessibility of treatments, treatment responsiveness and associated factors such as comorbidities and risk factors. This uniform definition will allow a better definition of the phenotypes of severe allergic (and related) diseases for clinical practice, research (including epidemiology), public health purposes, education and the discovery of novel therapies.
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- 2012
383. Developing trustworthy recommendations as part of an urgent response (1-2 weeks): a GRADE concept paper GRADE Rapid Guidelines project group
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Alexander G. Mathioudakis, Rachel Rodin, Jan Brozek, Mohammed T. Ansari, Francesco Nonino, Maicon Falavigna, Laura Amato, Nicole Skoetz, Rebecca L Morgan, Andrew A. Rooney, Gregory Traversy, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Gerald Gartlehner, Arnav Agarwal, John J. Riva, Andrea J. Darzi, Craig Lockwood, Michael McCaul, Silvia Minozzi, Reem A. Mustafa, Holger J. Schünemann, Miranda W. Langendam, Joerg J Meerpohl, Jitka Klugarová, Amir Qaseem, Thomas Piggott, Kris Thayer, Elie A. Akl, Carlos Alva-Diaz, Manoj J. Mammen, Hector Pardo-Hernandez, Valerie King, Brian S. Alper, Philipp Dahm, Derek K. Chu, Nigar Sekercioglu, Brandiese E. J. Beverly, Epidemiology and Data Science, APH - Mental Health, APH - Methodology, and APH - Quality of Care
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Process management ,Consensus ,Computer science ,Epidemiology ,Information Management ,Multidisciplinary team ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Outcome Assessment, Health Care ,medicine ,Humans ,Guideline development ,trustworthy guideline ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Grading (education) ,Project group ,urgent recommendation ,Evidence-Based Medicine ,Public health ,pandemic ,3. Good health ,Trustworthiness ,GRADE ,Practice Guidelines as Topic ,Original Article ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Healthcare system ,Systematic Reviews as Topic - Abstract
Objective To propose an approach for developing trustworthy recommendations as part of urgent responses (1-2 weeks) in the clinical, public health, and health systems fields. Study design and setting We conducted a review of the literature, outlined a draft approach, refined the concept through iterative discussions, a workshop by the GRADE Rapid Guidelines project group, and obtained feedback from the larger GRADE working group. Results A request for developing recommendations within two weeks is the usual trigger for an urgent response. While the approach builds on the general principles of trustworthy guideline development, we highlight the following steps: (1) assess the level of urgency; (2) assess feasibility; (3) set up the organizational logistics; (4) specify the question(s); (5) collect the information needed; (6) assess the adequacy of identified information; (7) develop the recommendations using one of four potential approaches: adopt existing recommendations; adapt existing recommendations; develop new recommendations using existing adequate systematic review; or develop new recommendations using expert panel input; and (8) consider an updating plan. Conclusion An urgent response for developing recommendations requires building a cohesive, skilled and highly motivated multidisciplinary team with the necessary clinical, scientific, and methodological expertise, adapting to shifting needs, complying with the principles of transparency and properly managing conflicts of interest., Highlights • The proposed approach for developing trustworthy recommendations as part of urgent responses (1-2 weeks) builds on the general principles of trustworthy guideline development; • The approach proposes the following steps: (1) assess the level of urgency; (2) clarify and focus the scope of question(s); (3) prioritize and collect the information needed; (4) assess the adequacy of identified information; and then (5) develop recommendations; • Developing recommendations can consist of a) adopting existing recommendations; (b) adapting existing recommendations; c) developing new recommendations using existing systematic reviews; or d) developing new recommendations using identified information and panel input.
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- 2020
384. Introduction to the Trinity Nuclear Test Collection of Papers
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Steven L. Simon
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Radioactive Fallout ,Engineering ,Editorial ,Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Air Pollutants, Radioactive ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Humans ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Nuclear test ,Environmental Exposure ,business ,Data science - Published
- 2020
385. Controversy and Debate Series on Core Outcome Sets. Paper 1: Improving the generalizability and credibility of core outcome sets (COS) by a large and international participation of diverse stakeholders
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Philippe Ravaud, Viet-Thi Tran, Astrid Chevance, Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS (U1153 / UMR_A_1125 / UMR_S_1153)), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, Fondation pour la Recherche MedicaleFMD20170637634, CCSD, Accord Elsevier, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Columbia University [New York]
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Knowledge management ,Epidemiology ,Process (engineering) ,Outcome (game theory) ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Clinical trials ,Patient and public involvement ,Credibility ,[SDV.EE.SANT] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health ,Generalizability theory ,Preference elicitation ,030212 general & internal medicine ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,Outcome ,[SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health ,business.industry ,Core outcome set ,16. Peace & justice ,3. Good health ,Meta-analysis ,Ranking ,Online survey ,Psychology ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Diversity (business) ,Qualitative research - Abstract
Core outcome sets (COSs) are agreed-on standardized sets of outcomes that should be minimally measured in all trials of a given disease. To enhance the uptake of COSs in trials, their generalizability should be increased by a change in the number and diversity of stakeholders involved in their development. Also, their credibility should be improved by methods that allow the fair capture of participants' views. This article proposes three adjustments to the development of COSs. First, instead of a qualitative study with few participants, we propose to generate the outcome domains by mapping the expectations toward treatment of a large number of stakeholders, internationally, by using an online survey with open-ended questions. Second, we propose to separate preference elicitation from the decision-making process in the selection of core outcomes. Preference elicitation would rely on an international online ranking survey, whereas the decision-making process would involve a formalized discussion among all stakeholders. Third, we propose to involve a large number of participants, including patients, in an online survey to select outcome measurement instruments. Our propositions are low-cost and scalable and help with the involvement of more stakeholders in the development of COSs, thereby increasing their generalizability, credibility, and uptake in trials.
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- 2020
386. A counterpoint paper: Comments on the electrocardiographic part of the 2018 Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction endorsed by the International Society of Electrocardiology and the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology
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Iwona Cygankiewicz, Yochai Birnbaum, Ljuba Bacharova, Javier Garcia Niebla, Sergio Dubner, Antonio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro, Peter W. Macfarlane, Wojciech Zareba, Kjell Nikus, Miguel Fiol, and Antoni Bayés de Luna
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Myocardial ischemia ,Myocardial Infarction ,non‐invasive techniques ,Reviews ,Guidelines as Topic ,non-invasive techniques ,Review Article ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,epidemiology/clinical trials ,Acute ischemia ,Electrocardiography ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Physiology (medical) ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system ,Humans ,cardiovascular diseases ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Myocardial infarction ,Societies, Medical ,clinical trials ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Triage ,RC666-701 ,Risk stratification ,Cardiology ,epidemiology ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business - Abstract
The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (FUDMI) focuses on the distinction between nonischemic myocardial injury and myocardial infarction (MI), along with the role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance, in order to define the etiology of myocardial injury. As a consequence, there is less emphasis on updating the parts of the definition concerning the electrocardiographic (ECG) changes related to MI. Evidence of myocardial ischemia is a prerequisite for the diagnosis of MI, and the ECG is the main available tool for (a) detecting acute ischemia, (b) triage, and (c) risk stratification upon presentation. This review focuses on multiple aspects of ECG interpretation that we firmly believe should be considered for incorporation in any future update to the Universal Definition of MI.
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- 2020
387. Guidelines in Low and Middle Income Countries Paper 1: Scoping clinical practice guidelines in Chile and the Philippines
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Leonila F. Dans, Fernando Lanas, and Antonio L. Dans
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Health Care Rationing ,Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Philippines ,MEDLINE ,Sustainable Development ,Clinical Practice ,Family medicine ,Practice Guidelines as Topic ,medicine ,Health Resources ,Humans ,Universal Health Care ,Chile ,business ,Developing Countries - Published
- 2020
388. Evidence-Based Research Series-Paper 2 : Using an Evidence-Based Research approach before a new study is conducted to ensure value
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Peter Tugwell, Robin Christensen, Mike Clarke, Eva Draborg, Birgitte Nørgaard, Carsten Bogh Juhl, Klara Brunnhuber, Caroline Blaine, Marius Henriksen, Janet Martin, Mona Nasser, Hans Lund, Jane Andreasen, Karen A. Robinson, and Donna Ciliska
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Value (ethics) ,Sociology of scientific knowledge ,Evidence-based practice ,Biomedical Research ,Epidemiology ,Process (engineering) ,Computer science ,research ethics ,Clinical health research ,Medical ethics ,Research ethics ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Clinical trials ,systematic review ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,evidence-based research ,clinical trials ,Clinical Trials as Topic ,Evidence-Based Medicine ,End user ,evidence synthesis ,Reproducibility of Results ,Data science ,Evidence-based research ,Treatment Outcome ,medical ethics ,Evidence synthesis ,Research Design ,Key (cryptography) ,Systematic review ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Needs Assessment ,clinical health research ,Systematic Reviews as Topic - Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There is considerable actual and potential waste in research. The aim of this article is to describe how using an evidence-based research approach before conducting a study helps to ensure that the new study truly adds value.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Evidence-based research is the use of prior research in a systematic and transparent way to inform a new study so that it is answering questions that matter in a valid, efficient, and accessible manner. In this second article of the evidence-based research series, we describe how to apply an evidence-based research approach before starting a new study.RESULTS: Before a new study is performed, researchers need to provide a solid justification for it using the available scientific knowledge as well as the perspectives of end users. The key method for both is to conduct a systematic review of earlier relevant studies.CONCLUSION: Describing the ideal process illuminates the challenges and opportunities offered through the suggested evidence-based research approach. A systematic and transparent approach is needed to provide justification for and to optimally design a relevant and necessary new study.
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- 2020
389. What Happens to Your Manuscript: Characteristics of Papers Published in Volume 188
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Catherine R Lesko, Sunni L Mumford, Andrea R Molino, Harriett Telljohann, Lori E Biddle, Enrique F Schisterman, and on behalf of the Editorial Board
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Publishing ,History ,Epidemiology ,MEDLINE ,Library science ,Humans ,Periodicals as Topic ,Volume (compression) - Published
- 2020
390. Controversy and Debate on Meta-epidemiology. Paper 2: Meta-epidemiological studies of bias may themselves be biased
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Robert D. Herbert
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Data Collection ,MEDLINE ,Epidemiologic Studies ,Bias ,Environmental health ,Outcome Assessment, Health Care ,medicine ,Humans ,business ,Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic - Published
- 2020
391. Cancer prevention – review paper
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Tomasz Lewandowski, Sławomir Rudzki, Marcin Rudzki, Barbara Laskowska, and Anna Lewandowska
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Population ,World Health Organization ,Neoplasms ,Environmental health ,Epidemiology ,Secondary Prevention ,medicine ,Humans ,cancer ,risk factors ,GE1-350 ,education ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Health policy ,Cause of death ,education.field_of_study ,Cancer prevention ,cancer prevention ,business.industry ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Cancer ,Agriculture ,medicine.disease ,Cancer registry ,Primary Prevention ,Environmental sciences ,Poland ,business - Abstract
Introduction Every year there is an increase in the number of cases and deaths due to the majority of cancers. Currently, these diseases constitute the second cause of death in Poland and the USA. The number of cases of malignant neoplasms in Poland has more than doubled over the last three decades. According to the National Cancer Registry, in Poland about 95.5 people per thousand die every year from malignant neoplasms. Current epidemiological data on cancer is worrying because the World Health Organization predicts a significant increase in the incidence of cancer in the general population. This problem, which is significant on the global scale, demands the search for more effective prevention methods so that more and more attention is paid to both primary and secondary prevention. Prevention and early detection of cancer have become a priority for the national health policy of many European countries. Numerous studies around the world prove that reducing the risk of cancer is most effective through adopting a healthy lifestyle, avoiding exposure to carcinogens, combined with regular screening. Objective The aim of the study was to review knowledge on cancer prevention, including the latest research results. Conclusions Due to the systematic increase in the incidence of cancer, a strong emphasis should be placed on prevention. Preventive actions bring benefits not only to the individual, but are an important aspect of health policy. The importance of primary prevention in relation to healthy people has been demonstrated, including secondary prevention aimed at controlling risk factors in relation to persons exposed to them. The combination of these activities becomes an important element in maintaining the health of the individual, as well as society.
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- 2020
392. 'Here be beasties': epidemiological research issues in sexually transmissible diseases. -Paper given at 'The Agenda And Challenge For STD Research in the 1990s' Workshop (1989: La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic )
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Crofts, Nick
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- 1991
393. Implications of identifying the recently defined members of the Staphylococcus aureus complex S. argenteus and S. schweitzeri: a position paper of members of the ESCMID Study Group for Staphylococci and Staphylococcal Diseases (ESGS).
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Becker, K., Schaumburg, F., Kearns, A., Larsen, A.R., Lindsay, J.A., Skov, R.L., and Westh, H.
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- *
STAPHYLOCOCCUS aureus , *STAPHYLOCOCCAL diseases , *STAPHYLOCOCCUS , *METHICILLIN-resistant staphylococcus aureus , *INFECTION prevention - Abstract
Staphylococcus argenteus and Staphylococcus schweitzeri, previously known as divergent Staphylococcus aureus clonal lineages, have been recently established as novel, difficult-to-delimit, coagulase-positive species within the S. aureus complex. Methicillin-resistant strains of S. argenteus are known from Australia and the UK. Knowledge of their epidemiology, medical significance and transmission risk is limited and partly contradictory, hampering definitive recommendations. There is mounting evidence that the pathogenicity of S. argenteus is similar to that of 'classical' S. aureus , while as yet no S. schweitzeri infections have been reported. To provide decision support on whether and how to distinguish and report both species. PubMed, searched for S. argenteus and S. schweitzeri. This position paper reviews the main characteristics of both species and draws conclusions for microbiological diagnostics and surveillance as well as infection prevention and control measures. We propose not distinguishing within the S. aureus complex for routine reporting purposes until there is evidence that pathogenicity or clinical outcome differ markedly between the different species. Primarily for research purposes, suitably equipped laboratories are encouraged to differentiate between S. argenteus and S. schweitzeri. Caution is urged if these novel species are explicitly reported. In such cases, a specific comment should be added (i.e. 'member of the S.aureus complex') to prevent confusion with less- or non-pathogenic staphylococci. Prioritizing aspects of patient safety, methicillin-resistant isolates should be handled as recommended for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In these cases, the clinician responsible should be directly contacted and informed by the diagnosing microbiological laboratory, as they would be for MRSA. Research is warranted to clarify the epidemiology, clinical impact and implications for infection control of such isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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394. Epidemiological analysis and risk assessment of respiratory diseases in individuals residing in the area influenced by a large paper mill
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T.N. Unguryanu
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Operations research ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Environmental health ,Epidemiology ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,medicine ,Health Informatics ,Paper mill ,Risk assessment ,business - Published
- 2013
395. A summary of trauma and trauma-related papers published in BJOMS during 2008–2009.
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Kusanale, Atul, Mackenzie, Neil, Arakeri, Gururaj, Mcleod, Niall, and Brennan, Peter A.
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TRAUMA surgery ,MAXILLOFACIAL surgery ,ORAL surgery ,EPIDEMIOLOGY ,OPERATIVE surgery ,RANDOMIZED controlled trials - Abstract
Abstract: This paper provides a summary of the 49 trauma and related papers published in British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery during the period January 2008 to December 2009. 16/49 (32%) of these publications were full length articles, which covered areas such as epidemiology, service provision, materials and operative surgery. In addition there were other articles including short communications, technical notes, letters to the editor and interesting cases. Whilst fewer full length articles were published compared to the other sub-specialties, it was reassuring to see that the studies represent all aspects of trauma. More basic science and randomized control studies relating to trauma need to be encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2010
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396. Measuring compliance with transmission-based isolation precautions: Comparison of paper-based and electronic data collection
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Elaine Larson, Melissa Marine, Timothy Landers, Rohit Chaudhry, Bevin Cohen, Barbara Ross, Maryam Behta, and Mei Chou
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Isolation (health care) ,Epidemiology ,Article ,law.invention ,Patient Isolation ,law ,Isolation precautions ,Humans ,Infection control ,Medicine ,Data collection ,business.industry ,Data Collection ,Protective Devices ,Health Policy ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Gold standard (test) ,Paper based ,medicine.disease ,Hospitals ,Infectious Diseases ,Transmission (mechanics) ,Electronic data ,Guideline Adherence ,Health Services Research ,Medical emergency ,business - Abstract
Background Decreasing the transmission of resistant organisms in hospitals is a key goal of infection prevention plans. Studies have consistently shown inadequate health care worker (HCW) compliance with isolation precautions. Evaluating adherence through direct observation of HCW behavior is considered the "gold standard" but is labor-intensive, requiring the collection and analysis of a large volume of observations. Methods Two methods of data collection to assess HCW compliance were evaluated: a manual method using a paper form (PF), with subsequent data entry into a database, and an electronic method using a Web-based form (WBF) with real-time data recording. Observations were conducted at 4 hospitals (a total of 2,065 beds) to assess the availability of gloves, gowns, and masks; isolation sign postings; and HCW isolation practices. Results A total of 13,878 isolation rooms were observed in 2009. The median number of rooms observed per day was 61 for PF and 60 for WBF, and the respective mean observation times per room were 149 seconds and 60 seconds. Thus, use of the WBF provided a time savings of 89 seconds per room. Conclusion Simple electronic forms can significantly decrease the required resources for monitoring HCW adherence to hospital policies. Use of the WBF decreased the observation time by 60%, allowing for increases in the frequency and intensity of surveillance activities.
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- 2011
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397. Knowledge, attitude and practices of community pharmacists regarding COVID-19: A paper-based survey in Vietnam
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Huong Thi Thanh Nguyen, Van Minh Nguyen, and Dai Xuan Dinh
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Male ,Viral Diseases ,Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ,Epidemiology ,Physiology ,Cross-sectional study ,Pharmacists ,Geographical Locations ,Medical Conditions ,0302 clinical medicine ,Hygiene ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Coughing ,Public and Occupational Health ,Medical Personnel ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Computer Networks ,Child ,Virus Testing ,Mass media ,media_common ,Multidisciplinary ,Masks ,Professions ,Infectious Diseases ,Vietnam ,language ,Medicine ,Female ,Psychology ,Research Article ,Computer and Information Sciences ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Asia ,Adolescent ,Science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Vietnamese ,030231 tropical medicine ,MEDLINE ,Community Pharmacy Services ,03 medical and health sciences ,Signs and Symptoms ,Cronbach's alpha ,Diagnostic Medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Pandemics ,Internet ,Government ,business.industry ,Biology and Life Sciences ,COVID-19 ,Covid 19 ,Bayes Theorem ,language.human_language ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Family medicine ,People and Places ,Population Groupings ,Residence ,Clinical Medicine ,Physiological Processes ,business - Abstract
Objective To survey the knowledge, attitude, and practices of Vietnamese pharmacists regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. Method This cross-sectional, paper-based study was conducted from June to August 2020. A validated questionnaire (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.84) was used to interview 1,023 pharmacists in nine provinces of Vietnam. Analysis of covariance was employed to identify factors associated with the knowledge of pharmacists. The best model was chosen by using the Bayesian Model Averaging method in R software version 4.0.4. Results The mean knowledge score was 12.02 ± 1.64 (range: 6–15), which indicated that 93.4% of pharmacists had good knowledge of COVID-19. There was no difference in the average score between males and females (p > 0.05). The multivariate linear regression model revealed that the knowledge was significantly associated with pharmacists’ age, education level, and residence (p < 0.001). About attitude and practices, pharmacists daily sought and updated information on the COVID-19 pandemic through mass media and the internet (social network and online newspapers). Nearly 48% of them conceded that they communicated with customers when at least one person did not wear a face mask at the time of the COVID-19 outbreak. At medicine outlets, many measures were applied to protect pharmacists and customers, such as equipping pharmacists with face masks and hand sanitizers (95.0%), using glass shields (83.0%), and maintaining at least one-meter distance between two people (85.2%). Conclusion The pharmacists’ knowledge of COVID-19 transmission, symptoms, and prevention was good. Many useful measures against the spread of this perilous virus were applied in medicine outlets. However, pharmacists should restrict forgetting to wear face masks in communication with medicine purchasers. The government and health agencies should have practical remedies to reduce the significant differences in the COVID-19 knowledge of pharmacists among provinces and education-level groups.
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- 2021
398. Journal retracts paper claiming COVID-19 vaccines kill
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Meredith Wadman
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Vaccination ,medicine.medical_specialty ,2019-20 coronavirus outbreak ,Multidisciplinary ,History ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Family medicine ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,Interpretation (philosophy) ,Disclaimer ,Epidemiology ,MEDLINE ,medicine - Abstract
The journal Vaccines on 2 July retracted a peer-reviewed article after the angry resignations of at least six editors. They were protesting the publication of a study just 1 week earlier that had misused data in a Dutch vaccine adverse events registry to make a startling claim: "For three deaths prevented by [COVID-19] vaccination, we have to accept two inflicted by vaccination." The retraction, signed by the Vaccines Editorial Office, declared: "Serious concerns were brought to the attention of the publisher regarding misinterpretation of data. … The article contained several errors that fundamentally affect the interpretation of the findings." Despite a disclaimer on the website of the Dutch registry, the paper9s authors, none of whom are trained in epidemiology or vaccinology, had implied that adverse events reported there, including deaths, were necessarily caused by COVID-19 vaccines. The paper "is now being used by anti-vaxxers and COVID-19-deniers as evidence that COVID-19 vaccines are not safe. [This] is grossly irresponsible, particularly for a journal specialising in vaccines," wrote Katie Ewer, an immunologist at the University of Oxford.
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- 2021
399. Abstracts of papers and posters presented at the 37th Annual SRIP Conference Principal Hotel, York, UK, 12th – 13th September 2017
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Claire A. I. Stramrood, Miranda Olff, Jens Henrichs, and Anke B. Witteveen
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Postpartum depression ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Epidemiological Factors ,business.industry ,Obstetrics and Gynecology ,medicine.disease ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Clinical trial ,Mood ,Reproductive Medicine ,Oxytocin ,mental disorders ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Childbirth ,business ,Perinatal period ,General Psychology ,Clinical psychology ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Background: Traumatic birth experiences may give rise to PTSD following childbirth (PTSD-FC). The perinatal period is associated with neurobiological alterations in HPA axis- and oxytocinergic systems also implicated in the response to trauma. However, little is known about neurobiological alterations in PTSD-FC and how these may play a role in the prevention and treatment of PTSD-FC. Recent research indicates a potential role for oxytocin. Aim and Objectives: To provide a synthesis of evidence on epidemiology, prevention, and treatment of PTSD-FC including neurobiological alterations and treatment-potential of hormones such as oxytocin. Method: Literature searches were performed in PubMed, Psychinfo, and Web of Science. Results: The prevalence for PTSD-FC ranges from 3-4% in community samples to up to 19% in high risk samples. Clinical trials in the treatment or prevention of PTSD-FC are scarce and do not include neurobiological alterations but the related domains of PTSD and the perinatal period provide findings relevant for PTSD-FC. A systematic search for exogenous oxytocin trials in women with PTSD-FC generated no findings. However, direct neurobiological and psychological effects of oxytocin were positive in trials with PTSD patients albeit negative in trauma-exposed individuals. In postpartum women an oxytocin-related increase of neural processing in reward-related areas was found as well as improved therapist- and infant relationships in women with postpartum depression although their mood worsened. Interpretation: Knowledge of epidemiological factors of PTSD-FC is adequate but research of treatment and prevention of PTSD-FC is scarce and lacks neurobiological data. Exogenous oxytocin has not been studied in PTSD-FC but treatment-relevant neurobiological and psychological changes have been found in PTSD and postpartum depression although negative oxytocin findings should also be acknowledged. Conclusions: This review provides recommendations and cautionary notes for future research into the neurobiological aspects of preventing and treating PTSD-FC.
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- 2018
400. Cochrane Qualitative and Implementation Methods Group guidance series—paper 5: methods for integrating qualitative and implementation evidence within intervention effectiveness reviews
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Andrew Booth, Janet Harris, Angela Harden, Jane Noyes, Kate Flemming, Margaret Cargo, Tomas Pantoja, Ruth Garside, Karin Hannes, James Thomas, Harden, Angela, Thomas, James, Cargo, Margaret, Harris, Janet, Pantoja, Tomas, Flemming, Kate, Booth, Andrew, Garside, Ruth, Hannes, Karin, and Noyes, Jane
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Biomedical Research ,Evidence-Based Medicine ,Epidemiology ,Process (engineering) ,Computer science ,Management science ,Multimethodology ,Guidelines as Topic ,Context (language use) ,Evidence-based medicine ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Systematic review ,Intervention (counseling) ,Humans ,systematic reviews ,mixed methods research ,qualitative research ,implementation research ,process evaluations ,Cochrane collaboration ,qualitative evidence synthesis ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Implementation research ,Delivery of Health Care ,Qualitative Research ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Systematic Reviews as Topic ,Qualitative research - Abstract
The Cochrane Qualitative and Implementation Methods Group develops and publishes guidance on the synthesis of qualitative and mixed-method evidence from process evaluations. Despite a proliferation of methods for the synthesis of qualitative research, less attention has focused on how to integrate these syntheses within intervention effectiveness reviews. In this article, we report updated guidance from the group on approaches, methods, and tools, which can be used to integrate the findings from quantitative studies evaluating intervention effectiveness with those from qualitative studies and process evaluations. We draw on conceptual analyses of mixed methods systematic review designs and the range of methods and tools that have been used in published reviews that have successfully integrated different types of evidence. We outline five key methods and tools as devices for integration which vary in terms of the levels at which integration takes place; the specialist skills and expertise required within the review team; and their appropriateness in the context of limited evidence. In situations where the requirement is the integration of qualitative and process evidence within intervention effectiveness reviews, we recommend the use of a sequential approach. Here, evidence from each tradition is synthesized separately using methods consistent with each tradition before integration takes place using a common framework. Reviews which integrate qualitative and process evaluation evidence alongside quantitative evidence on intervention effectiveness in a systematic way are rare. This guidance aims to support review teams to achieve integration and we encourage further development through reflection and formal testing. Refereed/Peer-reviewed
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- 2018
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