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The article discusses the use of paper relief sculpture to teach topographic map skills in the U.S. The enforcement of paper models in creating unique sculptures was influenced by the need to help students visualize in three dimensions. The activity presented in this article requires students to photocopy a topographic map section that they plan to sculpt. This activity opens opportunities for enrichment for students who wish to extend the application to a more complicated structure based on real topographic maps.

The article focuses on four papers by the geographer, Ralph H. Brown. The writings of Brown in historical geography of the U.S. are among the notable contributions to American geography. His many articles, as well as his two major works, "Mirror for Americans," and "Historical Geography of the United States," demonstrate his concept of historical geography with eminent clarity and with scholarly regard for the origins of that concept. He observed existing geographic facts and he searched historical records.

Presents abstracts of papers presented at the Association of American Geographers' 1942 meeting in New York City. "Rural-Urban Population Ratios," by Alford Archer; "Land Classification in the Matanuska Valley," by Meredith F. Burrill; "Siberian Resources for Soviet Warfare," by George B. Cressey; "Geographical distribution of human productivity," by Ellsworth Huntington. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies the abstracts of several research papers on geography in the U.S. in 1925. Beet sugar industry of Nebraska as a response to geographic environment; Physiographic stages in the evolution of the San Juan Mountain region in Colorado; Urban development in the Kentucky mountains.

Presents a list of titles and abstracts of papers regarding geography presented to the Association of American Geographers from 1904 to 1910.

It is a decade since the last review of the geographical understandings of pre-service primary teachers. Examining the range of research about novice primary teachers' geographical and environmental knowledge and understanding, it is clear there have been limited follow up studies, and there remain important gaps in the research. Research relevant to this topic was identified through journal, research book and conference proceedings searches, where these were accessible. It is evident that more research now exists into pre-service primary teachers' senses of geography, geographical and environmental knowledge and environmental attitudes. For instance, it appears that they have an information oriented view of geography but are not clear about the meaning of the term "environment", that there are misunderstandings in such aspects of their geographical knowledge as climate change, that they may not adapt their behaviors though they appreciate a need for care for the environment, and that they have limited experience in planning for and teaching geography in primary schools. Furthermore, studies are lacking into their understanding of such aspects of geographical learning as fieldwork, map work, geographical enquiry and a wide range of topics in physical and human geography. While there is some information, little is known really about their teaching of geography to younger children. In view of the increased focus globally on geographical knowledge in the school curriculum, this raises serious questions about geography teacher educators' understanding of their trainee primary teachers, in part because tutors seem rarely to undertake such research. This appears to be an embedded situation, resulting in negligible evidence to challenge the status quo and improve pre-service primary teachers' geographical knowledge. Is it really a concern? Four responses are presented, but the paper concludes that more needs to be known.

Tools to support teachers and learning technologists in the creation of effective learning designs are currently in their infancy. This paper describes a metadata model, devised to assist in the conception and design of new learning activities, that has been developed, used and evaluated over a period of three years. The online tool that embodies this model was not originally intended to produce runtime executable code such as IMS-LD, but rather focussed on assisting teachers in the thought processes involved in selecting appropriate methods, tools, student activities and assessments to suit the required learning objectives. Subsequently, we have modified the RELOAD editor such that the output from our tool can be translated into IMS-LD. The contribution of this paper is the comparison of our data model with that of IMS-LD, and the analysis of how each can inform the other. (Contains 2 figures.)

This article presents the authors' critique of lessons proposed by the Partnership for 21st Century Skills (P21). The authors initiate a discussion about content that they hope will play out in schoolhouses and statehouses across the country. They take on a different task: they present a handful of lesson ideas from P21 that could enhance studies of academic content. They present examples of content-rich education in which they hope P21 will use as models to revise its current skills maps. (Contains 11 endnotes.)

The article presents abstracts of papers presented at the 47th annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers, held at Chicago, Illinois between march 19, 1951 and march 22, 1951. Lewis M. Alexander presents the paper Survey of Commercial Rivalry between the North Sea Ports of Belgium and the Netherlands. Homer Aschmann presents the paper Consumer-oriented Classification of the Products of Tropical Agriculture. Tracy B. Augur presented the paper on Regional-Urban Relationships. George Beishlag presented the paper on What Cartography Can Do for Geography Students.

The article presents titles and abstracts of papers related to geography. In the paper Outlines of Some Foreign Settlements in Nebraska the author holds that Nebraska was settled principally by people form groups called settlements. latter tended to form groups called settlements. The paper shows for a few of these the origin, development and changes in form. Careful mapping shows this to be somewhat in error. In the article The Place of Geodesy in Scientific Geography the article holds that Geodesy is one of the important branches of geography and is essential in the determination of the shape and size of the earth, a knowledge of which is necessary in geographic research and investigations.

Presents abstracts of papers presented at the 51st annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers on April 11-14, 1955 in Memphis, Tennessee. Research in the design and use of geography teaching materials; Influence of underlying rock structures on valley profiles in the Georgia Piedmont; Review of the users of public land survey records as descriptive resources.

Presents an abstract of papers presented at the 53rd annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers in Cincinnati, Ohio. "The Marine Terraces," by Charles S. Alexander; "Conflicting Claims to Sovereignty Over Sea Areas," by Lewis M. Alexander; "Some Regional Aspects of Agricultural Land Use and Development in the U.S.," by James R. Anderson.

Presents abstracts of geography-related papers, as of March 1926. "The Status of Zoogeography in North America," by Chas. C. Adams; "Settlement and Economic Development of the San Juan Region of Colorado," by Wallace W. Atwood; "Culture and Landscape at Madison, Wisconsin," by V.C. Finch.

Presents abstracts of papers presented during the 44th annual meeting of the Association of Americal Geographers, held in Charlottesville, Virginia. Statistical cartography; Progressive grading of communities for maps and statistics; Some problems relating to the accumulation of geographical statistical information.

"This paper presents suggested matches for the geographical coding (geocoding) of metropolitan areas in the 1970, 1980, and 1990 Censuses. The Census Bureau used different definitions and taxonomies to describe the geography of metropolitan areas in these three Census years. As a result, the geographical areas referred to by the standard Census Bureau definitions differ among the three Census data sets. The geographic matching scheme explained in this paper attempts to maximize consistency over time for metropolitan areas in the U.S.", (excerpt)

At the beginning of the twentieth century, English-Canadian schools have attempted to create citizens of good character who were loyal to a Canadian nation defined by its role in the British Empire. Because of the country's experience in World War I, Canadians refined their identity in the 1920s, keeping it distinct from its relationship with Britain. Schools introduced citizenship courses for the first time, which encouraged students to develop skills appropriate for life in a Canadian democracy. On the other hand, English-Canadians have long defined themselves in contrast to the very large English-speaking community to their south: the United States. Indeed, Canadian historian J. L. Granatstein insists "Canadian anti-Americanism...has for two centuries been a central buttress of the national identity." An examination of English-Canadian school curricula and textbooks, however, reveals an understanding of the United States more complex than antipathy. As the schools' understanding of Canadian citizenship and English-Canadian identity changed from 1900 to 1965, so did their images of the United States. This paper is a historical examination of the treatment of the United States in English-Canadian school texts from 1900 to 1965. It relies on a content analysis of curriculum documents and seventy-five textbooks used in history, geography, civics, and social studies courses in English-Canadian elementary and secondary schools during these years. This analysis also reveals change and continuity in the images of the United States taught to several generations of English-Canadian school children. Sometimes, the image was simply negative: it provided a convenient contrast for the myth of the steady, loyal, and law-abiding Canadian. Sometimes, it was very positive: seeing in America a model of freedom and democracy for the world, a model worth emulating. (Contains 112 footnotes.)

Presents abstracts of articles related to geography. "Tornado Frequencies in the United States and Their Relation to Storm Tracks"; "Notes on thePhysiography of the Southern Maracaibo Lowland of Venezuela".

This study aims to explore the geography of editors-in-chief to demonstrate which countries exercise the highest-level decision-making in scholarly communication. In addition, the study seeks to investigate the potential relationships between the origin and nationality of academic publishers and the geography of editors-in-chief. The analysis involves 11,915 journals listed in Web of Science's Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) and Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE). These journals employ 15,795 scholars as editors-in-chief. The geographical locations of the institutions the editors-in-chief are affiliated with were identified; then, the data were aggregated at the country level. The results show that most editors-in-chief are located in countries of the Anglosphere, primarily the United States and the United Kingdom. In addition, most academic publishers and professional organizations that publish academic journals were found to be based in the United States and the United Kingdom, where most editors-in-chief are also based. The analysis involves journals indexed in the Web of Science's SCIE/SSCI databases, which are demonstrably biased toward the English language. Furthermore, the study only takes a snapshot of the geography of editors-in-chief for the year 2022, but it does not investigate trends. The study maps the highest-level decision-making in scholarly communication. The study explores and maps the geography of editors-in-chief by using a massive dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article begins with an overview of the policy environment in the United States and abroad for skilled immigration, with a particular focus on "supply-driven" versus "demand-driven" systems. The overview emphasizes that firms play a central role in the skilled immigration process in most countries. I then survey the ample evidence that skilled immigrants have a strong positive effect on firm outcomes, followed by a discussion of the many margins of adjustment that firms have when their access to skilled immigrants is affected by national immigration policy. Finally, given such margins of adjustment and the importance of skilled immigrants to firms, I consider how the policies that affect skilled migration shape the global geography and quality of innovation. I conclude by discussing policy implications and open questions. In particular, I emphasize that evaluations of the impact of skilled immigration should not be constrained within borders: immigration flows and national immigration policies affect the global geography of innovation and investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers comments and discussion on the report "The Economics of Place-Making Policies" by Joshua Gottlieb and Edward L. Glaeser. The author discusses how nations such as the U.S. are reacting to higher energy prices, and how U.S. policy discourages population density despite the economic advantages that Internet service and increased public transportation offer. The author discusses urban economics, and how the U.S. is affected by ready automobile access to most destinations, and how this affects the use of public transportation. The author considers whether the U.S. government should use policy, taxation and subsidies to the poor according to geographical location.

Background: Based on single cross-sectional data, prior research finds evidence of “transportation assimilation” among U.S. immigrants: the length of stay in the U.S. is negatively correlated with public transit use. This paper revisits this question by using repeated cross-sectional data, and examines the trend of transportation assimilation over time. Methods and results: Using 1980, 1990, 2000 1% census and 2010 (1%) American Community Survey, I examine the relationship between the length of stay in the U.S. and public transit ridership among immigrants. I first run regressions separately in four data sets: I regress public transit ridership on the length of stay, controlling for other individual and geographic variables. I then compare the magnitudes of the relationship in four regressions. To study how the rate of transportation assimilation changes over time, I pool the data set and regress public transit ridership on the length of stay and its interactions with year dummies to compare the coefficients across surveys. Results confirm the conclusion of transportation assimilation: as the length of stay in the U.S. increases, an immigrant’s public transit use decreases. However, the repeated cross-section analysis suggests the assimilation rate has been decreasing in the past few decades. Conclusions: This paper finds evidence of transportation assimilation: immigrants become less likely to ride public transit as the length of stay in the U.S. increases. The assimilation rate, however, has been decreasing over time. This paper finds that the rate of public transit ridership among new immigrants upon arrival, the geographic distribution of immigrants, and the changing demographics of the U.S. immigrants play roles in affecting the trend of transportation assimilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to produce timely and accurate flu forecasts in the United States can significantly impact public health. Augmenting forecasts with internet data has shown promise for improving forecast accuracy and timeliness in controlled settings, but results in practice are less convincing, as models augmented with internet data have not consistently outperformed models without internet data. In this paper, we perform a controlled experiment, taking into account data backfill, to improve clarity on the benefits and limitations of augmenting an already good flu forecasting model with internet-based nowcasts. Our results show that a good flu forecasting model can benefit from the augmentation of internet-based nowcasts in practice for all considered public health-relevant forecasting targets. The degree of forecast improvement due to nowcasting, however, is uneven across forecasting targets, with short-term forecasting targets seeing the largest improvements and seasonal targets such as the peak timing and intensity seeing relatively marginal improvements. The uneven forecasting improvements across targets hold even when “perfect” nowcasts are used. These findings suggest that further improvements to flu forecasting, particularly seasonal targets, will need to derive from other, non-nowcasting approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Georeferenced digital trace data offer unprecedented flexibility in migration estimation. Because of their high temporal granularity, many migration estimates can be generated from the same data set by changing the definition parameters. Yet despite the growing application of digital trace data to migration research, strategies for taking advantage of their temporal granularity remain largely underdeveloped. In this paper, we provide a general framework for converting digital trace data into estimates of migration transitions and for systematically analyzing their variation along a quasi-continuous time scale, analogous to a survival function. From migration theory, we develop two simple hypotheses regarding how we expect our estimated migration transition functions to behave. We then test our hypotheses on simulated data and empirical data from three platforms in two internal migration contexts: geotagged Tweets and Gowalla check-ins in the United States, and cell-phone call detail records in Senegal. Our results demonstrate the need for evaluating the internal consistency of migration estimates derived from digital trace data before using them in substantive research. At the same time, however, common patterns across our three empirical data sets point to an emergent research agenda using digital trace data to study the specific functional relationship between estimates of migration and time and how this relationship varies by geography and population characteristics., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors.)

The article discusses the study and interpretation of topographic maps in the U.S. The first activity for this type of educational assessment is to ask students to scale the entire science laboratory on graph paper. Since the squiggly lines are depicted in topographic maps, the second activity would be to define to students what these lines represent. An effective way to demonstrate the relationship between contour lines and changes in elevation is presented in this article. Another culminating activity allows students to analyze topographic maps of the area in which their school is located.

Presents a reply to the commentary of John W. Pawling regarding the author's paper "Early Perception of a High Plain in Michigan." Summary of the main points of the paper; Examination of the reviewer's comments; Contentions on Pawling's claims.

Taking European world music charts since 1991 as a surrogate measure of the salience of global economic and geographical linkages in world music production, our paper offers an in-depth analysis into the clustered and transnational dynamics therein. We substantiate the claim that the valorisation of commodified musical content has traditionally been removed from its place of origin and centred on metropolitan areas in Western Europe and the USA. However, the paper suggests a growing diversification in the geography of production, with the emergence of secondary centres with an international and national orientation. It also offers promising avenues for further research into the positionality of cultural mediation and the increasing prominence of hybrid musical output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper examines cross-border mergers and acquisitions undertaken by U.S. companies to determine whether geographic distance directly affects these firms' governance decisions. • We find that U.S. firms tend to acquire higher stakes in geographically proximate targets than in remote ones. • The paper also investigates the moderating effect of geographic distance on cultural distance and political risk. We find that as these two hazards increase, acquirers prefer shared ownership for proximate deals, and full ownership for acquisitions of geographically distant targets. These findings indicate that the previously-reported effects of cultural distance and political risk on FDI are not absolute, but they are moderated by geographic distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prophylactic interventions such as vaccine allocation are some of the most effective public health policy planning tools. The supply of vaccines, however, is limited and an important challenge is to optimally allocate the vaccines to minimize epidemic impact. This resource allocation question (which we refer to as VID) has multiple dimensions: when, where, to whom, etc. Most of the existing literature in this topic deals with the latter (to whom), proposing policies that prioritize individuals by age and disease risk. However, since seasonal influenza spread has a typical spatial trend, and due to the temporal constraints enforced by the availability schedule, the when and where problems become equally, if not more, relevant. In this paper, we study the VID problem in the context of seasonal influenza spread in the United States. We develop a national scale metapopulation model for influenza that integrates both short and long distance human mobility, along with realistic data on vaccine uptake. We also design GA, a greedy algorithm for allocating the vaccine supply at the state level under temporal constraints and show that such a strategy improves over the current baseline of pro-rata allocation, and the improvement is more pronounced for higher vaccine efficacy and moderate flu season intensity. Further, the resulting strategy resembles a ring vaccination applied spatiallyacross the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's views on the cartographic theory of Brian Harley. The author's analysis creates a relationship between cartography and geography. The author analyses two aspects of geosophy developed by Matthew Edney. The author draws a resurgent interest in the history of mid-twentieth century America geography.

Current spatial database systems offer limited querying capabilities beyond binary topological relations. This paper introduces a model for projective relations between regions to support other qualitative spatial queries. The relations are ternary because they are based on the collinearity invariant of three points under projective geometry. The model is built on a partition of the plane into separate zones that are obtained from projective properties of two reference objects: Then, by considering the empty/nonempty intersections of a primary object with these zones, the model is able to distinguish between 34 different projective relations. Then, the paper proposes original algorithms for computing the relations under the assumption that regions of the plane are stored as vector polygons in a spatial database. These algorithms run in optimal O(n log n) time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographers have, in recent years, attempted to develop an anti-racist research and teaching agenda. Critical to this endeavour has been an engagement directly with the theories and philosophies of key activists and scholars, such as W. E. B. DuBois and Richard Wright. Contributing to this effort, I provide a study of Malcolm X. As an activist and outspoken member of the African American Civil Rights Movement during the 1950s and 1960s, Malcolm X re-articulated Black radical thought in significant ways. In particular, Malcolm X placed a territorial dimension at the heart of the Civil Rights Movement and in so doing re-conceptualized the theoretical and practical linkages between the African American movement and other ‘Third World’ movements. The immediate purpose of this paper therefore is to delineate the territorial dimensions of the revolutionary thought of Malcolm X. Heuristically, this paper is situated within four broad areas of inquiry: revolutions and social movements; the thinking of space; anti-racist geographies; and the imbrication of gender and revolutionary thought. More broadly, however, this paper reiterates the call for a more sustained engagement by geographers on the theories and philosophies of Black radical intellectuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Balochistan has always been a territory divided by influential tribal chieftains. A bifurcated social fabric and emergence of princely States is a result of this divided nature of political landscape of Balochistan. The geographical terrain and the history of Baloch's constant moment and migration is partly responsible for the late arrival of any kind of political arrangement among warring tribes and spheres of influences. This paper will take a closer look to Balochistan's princely States, their recent history, geography and religious profiles. The paper will examine some of available historical records and other sources such as legends and traditions to trace the historical emergence of a Baloch confederacy in the name of Khanate of Kalat and its role and relation with difference (semi)autonomous princely States. The paper will examine the relationship between the British colonial government in India and the princely States of Balochistan and will seek to understand causes of the demise of Kalat domination over the autonomous regions and princely States. In consequence of the waning power of Kalat many tribes and princely States asserted their independence and went to make separate arrangement with the British and also later on with newly independent Muslim State of Pakistan. The paper will particularly examine the situation of three major autonomous regions: Makran, Lasbela and Kharan. The paper will also shit lights on the geography and religious profiles of four princely States which later on constituted Balochistan province. The paper argues that the colonial Forward Policy and its implication helped many autonomous regions to assert their independence from Kalat. Overall, the paper will take a critical view of the Khanate and its relation with three major princely States which in consequence define the emergence of first Baloch independency and its demise. The balancing act of these States and Kalat was the key triangular relationship to maintain the first confederacy of Baloch tribes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: As gentrification continues in New York City as well as other urban areas, residents of lower socioeconomic status maybe at higher risk for residential displacement. Yet, there have been few quantitative assessments of the health impacts of displacement. The objective of this paper is to assess the association between displacement and healthcare access and mental health among the original residents of gentrifying neighborhoods in New York City. Methods: We used 2 data sources: 1) 2005–2014 American Community Surveys to identify gentrifying neighborhoods in New York City, and 2) 2006–2014 Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System. Our cohort included 12,882 residents of gentrifying neighborhoods in 2006 who had records of emergency department visits or hospitalization at least once every 2 years in 2006–2014. Rates of emergency department visits and hospitalizations post-baseline were compared between residents who were displaced and those who remained. Results: During 2006–2014, 23% were displaced. Compared with those who remained, displaced residents were more likely to make emergency department visits and experience hospitalizations, mainly due to mental health (Rate Ratio = 1.8, 95% confidence interval = 1.5, 2.2), after controlling for baseline demographics, health status, healthcare utilization, residential movement, and the neighborhood of residence in 2006. Conclusions: These findings suggest negative impacts of displacement on healthcare access and mental health, particularly among adults living in urban areas and with a history of frequent emergency department visits or hospitalizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roadway elevation data is critical for a variety of transportation analyses. However, it has been challenging to obtain such data and most roadway GIS databases do not have them. This paper intends to address this need by proposing a method to extract roadway elevation data from Google Earth (GE) for transportation applications. A comprehensive accuracy assessment of the GE-extracted elevation data is conducted for the area of conterminous USA. The GE elevation data was compared with the ground truth data from nationwide GPS benchmarks and roadway monuments from six states in the conterminous USA. This study also compares the GE elevation data with the elevation raster data from the U.S. Geological Survey National Elevation Dataset (USGS NED), which is a widely used data source for extracting roadway elevation. Mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean squared error (RMSE) are used to assess the accuracy and the test results show MAE, RMSE and standard deviation of GE roadway elevation error are 1.32 meters, 2.27 meters and 2.27 meters, respectively. Finally, the proposed extraction method was implemented and validated for the following three scenarios: (1) extracting roadway elevation differentiating by directions, (2) multi-layered roadway recognition in freeway segment and (3) slope segmentation and grade calculation in freeway segment. The methodology validation results indicate that the proposed extraction method can locate the extracting route accurately, recognize multi-layered roadway section, and segment the extracted route by grade automatically. Overall, it is found that the high accuracy elevation data available from GE provide a reliable data source for various transportation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ancestral state reconstruction in Bayesian phylogeography of virus pandemics have been improved by utilizing a Bayesian stochastic search variable selection (BSSVS) framework. Recently, this framework has been extended to model the transition rate matrix between discrete states as a generalized linear model (GLM) of genetic, geographic, demographic, and environmental predictors of interest to the virus and incorporating BSSVS to estimate the posterior inclusion probabilities of each predictor. Although the latter appears to enhance the biological validity of ancestral state reconstruction, there has yet to be a comparison of phylogenies created by the two methods. In this paper, we compare these two methods, while also using a primitive method without BSSVS, and highlight the differences in phylogenies created by each. We test six coalescent priors and six random sequence samples of H3N2 influenza during the 2014–15 flu season in the U.S. We show that the GLMs yield significantly greater root state posterior probabilities than the two alternative methods under five of the six priors, and significantly greater Kullback-Leibler divergence values than the two alternative methods under all priors. Furthermore, the GLMs strongly implicate temperature and precipitation as driving forces of this flu season and nearly unanimously identified a single root state, which exhibits the most tropical climate during a typical flu season in the U.S. The GLM, however, appears to be highly susceptible to sampling bias compared with the other methods, which casts doubt on whether its reconstructions should be favored over those created by alternate methods. We report that a BSSVS approach with a Poisson prior demonstrates less bias toward sample size under certain conditions than the GLMs or primitive models, and believe that the connection between reconstruction method and sampling bias warrants further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates change in U.S. rail freight flows for the period 1972-81. Hypotheses about possible sources of change in the pattern of flows are generated within a spatial price equilibrium framework and then operationalized as a hierarchical set of Kullback-Leibler models representing inertia, variation in regional imports and exports, and variation in generalized interregional transport cost. Models are calibrated (1) for 1981 compared with all previous years and (2) for adjacent years in the data set. Hypotheses are tested using distribution-free methods. Results indicate that significant change in rail freight flows occurs more rapidly than can be accounted for by existing geographic theory. Change is primarily attributable to variation in regional imports and exports; variation in generalized transport cost is found to be considerably less important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a first-person narrative of a geographer in the United States regarding the development of the "Geographical Analysis" journal. Dissatisfaction with the publication policies of the existing journals in 1966; Publication of the first issue in January 1969 with Richard A. McKee as the first Production Editor; Politicking, panic and interpersonal and intradisciplinary squabbling during the formative period.

Presents a first-person narrative of a geographer in the United States regarding developments in quantitative geography in the 1950s and 1960s. Arrival in the Department of Geography at the State University of Iowa in the fall of 1957; Appointment of Edwin Thomas to the department's faculty in 1958 which served as a catalyst in the accelerated and formal development of quantitative geography who brought with him his expertise in statistical analysis.