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Cupressus gigantea W. C. Cheng & L. K. Fu is an endemic conifer tree species that is distributed widely along the northern portion of the deep gorge of the Yarlung Tsangbo River on the Tibetan Plateau. However, as a key plant species growing on the Tibetan plateau, C. gigantea has since become an endangered species due to habitat loss and degradation, overexploitation, and other factors. It has been listed as a first-grade national protected wild plant species in China. Accordingly, to conserve this plant species, we should obtain more information on its genetic structure. In this study, the genetic diversity and structure among 67 samples were evaluated by the inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) technique. Overall, 78 bands were produced with a molecular length of 200 bp to 3100 bp using 10 ISSR primers. The mean values for the average number of alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne), Nei's gene diversity (H), and Shannon's information index (I) were 1.529, 1.348, 0.199, and 0.293, respectively. Additionally, the number of polymorphic loci (NPLs) and percentage of polymorphic loci (PPLs) averaged 41.25 and 52.90, respectively. Further, total variation among populations was 14.2%, while that within populations was 85.8%; accordingly, the within-population genetic differentiation was found to be significant (p < 0.001). These results demonstrated that a genetic structure model with K = 3 fitted the data best, which agreed with the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) cluster and the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). These findings are beneficial for ensuring the development and genetic protection of C. gigantea populations in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the transformation and upgrading of the world economy entering a new normal, changes in the fields of industry and consumption have brought new business opportunities, and there is a large space for the less-than-truckload (LTL) express market. Considering the urban network resource operation status, this study aims to solve the optimization problem of urban location selection for LTL express under the common delivery model. To minimize the total cost of logistics and distribution, we established an integer programming model with constraints such as radiation range and service-capacity limitations. A model with a fixed reality-node strategy, an expanded initial antibody group strategy, improved traditional elite individual retention strategy and a node-clustering strategy was introduced. An improved immune optimization algorithm was further designed to obtain globally optimal solutions. With the comparison of existing algorithms, the results verified the practicability of the proposed model to solve the urban location-selection problems for LTL express. We then conducted an empirical analysis of a real-world enterprise's reasonable urban network location selection in a central-south city of China. The simulation results further verified the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm. This study provides new solutions and methods for resource utilization and urban network optimization of LTL-express enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Reporting quality is a critical issue in health sciences. Adopting the reporting guidelines has been approved to be an effective way of enhancing the reporting quality and transparency of clinical research. In 2012, we found that only 7 (7/1221, 0.6%) journals adopted the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement in China. The aim of the study was to know the implementation status of CONSORT and other reporting guidelines about clinical studies in China. Methods: A cross-sectional bibliometric study was conducted. Eight medical databases were systematically searched, and 1039 medical journals published in mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan were included. The basic characteristics, including subject, language, publication place, journal-indexed databases, and journal impact factors were extracted. The endorsement of reporting guidelines was assessed by a modified 5-level evaluation tool, namely i) positive active, ii) positive weak, iii) passive moderate, iv) passive weak and v) none. Results: Among included journals, 24.1% endorsed CONSORT, and 0.8% endorsed CONSORT extensions. For STROBE (STrengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology), PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), STARD (An Updated List of Essential Items for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy Studies), CARE (CAse REport guidelines), the endorsement proportion were 17.2, 16.6, 16.4, and 14.8% respectively. The endorsement proportion for SPIRIT (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials), TRIPOD (Transparent Reporting of a Multivariable Prediction Model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis), AGREE (Appraisal of Guidelines, Research, and Evaluation), and RIGHT (Reporting Items for Practice Guidelines in Healthcare) were below 0.7%. Conclusions: Our results showed that the implementation of reporting guidelines was low. We suggest the following initiatives including i) enhancing the level of journal endorsement for reporting guidelines; ii) strengthening the collaboration among authors, reviewers, editors, and other stakeholders; iii) providing training courses for stakeholders; iv) establishing bases for reporting guidelines network in China; v) adopting the endorsement of reporting guidelines in the policies of the China Periodicals Association (CPA); vi) promoting Chinese medical journals into the international evaluation system and publish in English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article compares the discursive construction of news values in English news reporting of China Daily and CNN about the COVID-19 vaccine, to reveal how the two media packaged the vaccine and improved the acceptance of the international community towards the vaccines made in the respective countries. Adopting corpus linguistic methods and Discursive news values analysis (DNVA) framework, this study examines news values through keywords, nomination strategies, and photographs. The results show that the two media outlets constructed the news value of Eliteness dominantly through a systematic combination of words and images, albeit in different ways. China Daily prominently consists of references to China's international communications in the production and application of the COVID-19 vaccine, at the same time packaging the COVID-19 vaccine as foreign aid to enhance diplomatic relations as well as protect and promote the order of the international community. In contrast, CNN chiefly demonstrates references to domestic medical experts and the well-known manufacturers of the COVID-19 vaccine, packaging the COVID-19 vaccine as the US' medical/commercial product. The respective ways in which they portray the COVID-19 vaccine have helped to bolster the acceptance of each country's vaccine by the international community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the steady growth of trade between China and Europe, the number of trains in CHINA RAILWAY Express has steadily increased under the Belt and Road Initiative. By the end of 2019, more than 21,000 trains have been operated. However, in the development of CHINA RAILWAY Express, the cost of empty container transportation and leasing remains high. So, it is necessary to put forward the strategy of container sharing. Aim: Through the optimization of empty container transfer and rent under container sharing, this study aim to reduce the operation cost and put forward the strategy of container sharing. Method: Considering the dynamic characteristics of empty container transportation in reality, this paper constructs a multi-period empty container transportation optimization model with the lowest total cost and the stability of the network, combining with the container sharing strategy. Lyapunov optimization method is used to transform the complex problem into a single period optimization problem, and then genetic algorithm is used to solve the model. Result: Based on the analysis of 13 existing regular train companies, the results show that the model can effectively improve the utilization rate of containers and reduce the cost in the decision-making period. Based on the results and parameters analysis, some suggestions are put forward to optimize the empty container sharing and effectively realize of container sharing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloroplast genome sequences have been used to understand evolutionary events and to infer efficiently phylogenetic relationships. Callitropsis funebris (Cupressaceae) is an endemic species in China. Its phylogenetic position is controversial due to morphological characters similar to those of Cupressus, Callitropsis, and Chamaecyparis. This study used next‐generation sequencing technology to sequence the complete chloroplast genome of Ca. funebris and then constructed the phylogenetic relationship between Ca. funebris and its related species based on a variety of data sets and methods. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and adaptive evolution analysis were also conducted. Our results showed that the monophyletic branch consisting of Ca. funebris and Cupressus tonkinensis is a sister to Cupressus, while Callitropsis is not monophyletic; Ca. nootkatensis and Ca. vietnamensis are nested in turn at the base of the monophyletic group Hesperocyparis. The statistical results of SSRs supported the closest relationship between Ca. funebris and Cupressus. By performing adaptive evolution analysis under the phylogenetic background of Cupressales, the Branch model detected three genes and the Site model detected 10 genes under positive selection; and the Branch‐Site model uncovered that rpoA has experienced positive selection in the Ca. funebries branch. Molecular analysis from the chloroplast genome highly supported that Ca. funebris is at the base of Cupressus. Of note, SSR features were found to be able to shed some light on phylogenetic relationships. In short, this chloroplast genomic study has provided new insights into the phylogeny of Ca. funebris and revealed multiple chloroplast genes possibly undergoing adaptive evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2030 agenda of the United Nations provides a framework of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 232 indicators for its members to fulfill. The overall achievement critically depends on how nations understand the interactions between these SDGs and set priorities for development pathways. This study provides a comprehensive network analysis of global SDG complementarities, measured by the co-occurrences of SDG pairs' comparative advantages in the same region by adopting the 'product space' concept from economics. We construct the 'SDG space' at goal and indicator levels with the most recently available data and then validate its robustness by comparing it to the commonly used correlation network and confirm its predictive power using historical data. Network analysis reveals a strongly connected socioeconomic-related core and an environmental-related periphery, with 'bridge' indicators connecting different clusters. The goal-level space identifies the 'bridge' goals as SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals), SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), and SDG 15 (Life on Hand) in the environmental-related cluster, while identifying SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), SDG 6 (Clean water and Sanitation), and SDG 16 (Justice and Strong Institutions) in the socioeconomic cluster. The indicator-level space provides details to explain how they act as 'bridges' in the network. In particular, 16–9: Free Press Index is the 'bridge' indicator with the highest betweenness centrality value and acts as the bottleneck indicator in China for its overall sustainable development. Improving it can enhance connected indicators' performance, leading to positive cascading effects on different aspects of sustainability. • A comprehensive network analysis of global SDG complementarities, measured by the co-occurrences of comparative advantages in the same region. • Network analysis reveals a strongly connected socioeconomic-related core and an environmental-related periphery, with 'bridge' indicators connecting different clusters. • The goal-level space identifies the 'bridge' goals as SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals), SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG 15 (Life on Hand) in the environmental-related cluster, while identifying SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), SDG 6 (Clean water and Sanitation), and SDG 16 (Justice and Strong Institutions) in the socioeconomic cluster. • The indicator-level space provides details to explain how they act as 'bridges' in the network.16–9: Free Press Index is the 'bridge' indicator with the highest betweenness centrality value and acts as the bottleneck indicator in China for its overall sustainable development. • 16–9: Free Press Index is the 'bridge' indicator with the highest betweenness centrality value and acts as the bottleneck indicator in China for its overall sustainable development [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fundamental understanding of the composition of archaeological wood stored under oxygen-limited environments, such as waterlogged sediments, is needed to inform preservation conditions of remains and to evaluate the validity of sediment and tree core-derived proxies of past environmental conditions. For this purpose, we determined chemical changes along the radial direction of archaeological (∼2000 yrs old) and modern (growth period 1948 to 2018 CE) wood of the Chinese swamp cypress (Glyptostrobus pensilis), an ethnobotanically important species in subtropical China, using conventional analytical pyrolysis (pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; Py-GC-MS), pyrolysis with in situ methylation (thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation; THM-GC-MS), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results showed 1) excellent preservation of the archaeological wood expressed by significant contributions of levoglucosan to the polysaccharides fingerprint after Py-GC-MS; 2) considerable chemical differences between archaeological and modern wood, i.e. archaeological wood samples yield relatively small proportions of lignin and large proportions of polysaccharides and terpenoids; 3) major differences in chemical characteristics of sapwood (more polysaccharides) and heartwood (more lignin). Furthermore, some tested decay proxies show large differences between sap- and heartwood (and are therefore of little value), yet the 4-acetylguaiacol/total guaiacol ratio (4AG/G; Py-GC-MS) of heart- and sapwood are similar, implying that this ratio is a more suitable proxy for decay assessment. Data comparison allowed to identify discrepancies and complementarities of Py-GC-MS, THM-GC-MS and FTIR for the characterization of different wood constituents and their preservation during long-term storage under waterlogged conditions. These results expand our understanding of the chemical composition of decomposing trunks of archaeological wood in general, and of G. pensilis in particular. [Display omitted] • Archaeological and modern Glyptostrobus pensilis wood analyzed by Py-GC-MS, THM-GC-MS and FTIR. • Post-depositional decay reflected by preferential decay of polysaccharides and preservation of lignin. • Clear evidence of lignin alteration in archaeological wood from parameters such as 4-acetylguaiacol/guaiacol. • Significant compositional differences between heartwood and sapwood influence potential decay proxies. • Application and cross-validation of multiple techniques recommended to identify pitfalls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cypress (Cupressus funebris Endl.) is an important tree species in the subtropical regions of China; it is also a major tree species for afforestation and forest land restoration under low-fertility soil conditions. Cypress is considered a calcicolous tree, and its growth and development can be promoted significantly by exchangeable calcium (Ca2+) in the soil. However, most of the subtropical regions have low-fertility acidic soils, in which Ca2+ gradually becomes a limiting element for Cypress growth. In this study, different concentrations of Ca2+ fertilizer were added under fertile soil (3 g kg-1 NPK fertilizer added) and low-fertility soil (0 g kg-1 NPK fertilizer added) conditions. Cypress clones responded differently to Ca2+ addition in different soil conditions. The seedling height and dry matter quality of Cypress in fertile soil were significantly greater than those in low-fertility soil, but plant height and dry biomass did not differ significantly among Ca2+ treatments. The accumulation efficiencies of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and Ca all differed significantly among the Ca2+ treatments. In low-fertility soil, the addition of 3 g kg-1 Ca2+ significantly promoted development of roots 0.5-2 mm in diameter, and both the C1 and C2 clones achieved their highest N, P and Ca accumulation efficiencies. When the Ca2+ concentration increased to 6 g kg-1, the seedling height, dry matter quality and root development were lower than those of the 3 g kg-1 Ca2+ treatment. In the fertile soil, the addition of Ca2+ significantly inhibited development of roots 0.5-1 mm in diameter. The highest N accumulation efficiency was achieved under the 0 g kg-1 Ca2+ treatment, and the highest Ca accumulation efficiency was achieved under the 6 g kg-1 Ca2+ treatment. Seedling height, root dry weight, roots 0-1.5 mm in diameter and Ca accumulation showed a significant interaction effect between NPK fertilizer and Ca2+. Therefore, Ca accumulation was more efficient in low-fertility soils. Under low-fertility soil conditions, the addition of CaSO4 can promote the root development of seedlings and advance and prolong the fast growth period of seedling height. Cypress clones can be used as an important tree species for afforestation under low-fertility soil conditions, especially under calcareous soil conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WeChat is one of the most popular social media applications in China and is widely used by publishers to promote their journals and activities.The Chinese Laser Press (CLP) has four WeChat accounts; approximately 1 million reads were recorded in 2018.The most influential WeChat account of the CLP had almost 43,000 subscribers at the end of 2019.WeChat is a successful tool for connecting journals with readers and can increase the visibility of the journals both within China and elsewhere.Connecting with researchers via WeChat is helping CLP maintain relations with researchers throughout their career. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy consumption and economic performance of the solar PV cooling system, the solar absorption cooling system and the conventional vapor compression cooling system located in Hefei, Chengdu and Haikou have been analyzed. The annual cost method is used to compare the economic performance of the three kinds of cooling systems. For the PV cooling system, 'full power to grid' PV grid-connected mode and 'self-generated, left power to grid' PV grid-connected mode are discussed. And for the solar absorption cooling system, the single-effect absorption chiller and the double-effect absorption chiller are both discussed. Meanwhile, the economic performances of three kinds of cooling systems are also analyzed when PV subsidies are ignored and energy prices are variable. The results indicate that the economic performance of the PV cooling system is better than that of the solar absorption cooling system and the conventional vapor compression cooling system. Furthermore, even when PV subsidies are ignored or the energy prices change a lot, the economic performance of PV cooling is better than that of solar absorption cooling and conventional vapor compression cooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The level of international trade liberalization and facilitation between Chinese cities and countries along the route has increased significantly since the opening of the CHINA RAILWAY Express. Increased economic activity is bound to significantly affect environmental quality. However, academic empirical evidence on the effect of international trade on environmental quality is inconsistent. Moreover, there is need to further clarify the specific effect paths. Based on data from various cities in China, this study examines the direction and potential effect mechanisms of China's international trade activities on the environmental status represented by carbon dioxide using the Staggered Differences-in-Differences method, considering the opening of the CHINA RAILWAY Express as an entry point. The opening of the CHINA RAILWAY Express promotes environmental pollution in Chinese cities; this finding still holds after a series of placebo and robustness tests. A study of the mechanism of influence between the two suggests that the opening of the CHINA RAILWAY Express increased environmental pollution at the city level in China by promoting industrial agglomeration and improving green technology innovation. A study based on regional heterogeneity showed that the opening of the CHINA RAILWAY Express insignificantly negatively affected environmental quality in eastern China but significantly increased environmental pollution in the central and western regions. Further examination of the spoke network effect of the environmental pollution effect of the CHINA RAILWAY Express revealed that the opening of the CHINA RAILWAY Express in one city significantly negatively affected the environmental quality of all cities within a distance of 200 km. Although the CHINA RAILWAY Express reduces the environmental quality of cities in China where they are opened, studies using data from 145 countries or regions worldwide show that access to the CHINA RAILWAY Express is beneficial for the improvement of environmental quality in countries and regions along the route. This study explores the environmental effects of international trade from the perspective of the CHINA RAILWAY Express, enriches the relevant studies on the relationship between the two, and proposes new perspectives and conclusions to provide new empirical evidence and policy recommendations in the context of China's planning to build a strong trade nation and accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing energy consumption is becoming a more and more essential consideration for low carbon manufacturing. In this paper, an operation scheduling approach is proposed for a multi-hydraulic press system to explore the potential on energy saving at system level. In the multi-hydraulic press system, a drive is composed of several motor-pumps and supplies energy to each press according to a given schedule. The scheduling formulation is developed based on power models of the forming process on an individual press. At single press level, models of energy conversion units, including asynchronous motors, piston pumps, hydraulic cylinders, valves and pipes are built by identifying their energy dissipation characteristics. Based on the established model of a single press and scheduling formulation, the energy consumption model and makespan at multi-press level are obtained. In order to balance makespan and energy consumption, the duration of each operation is adjusted by optimizing the configuration of the drive and the schedule of operations. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach, a case study on a four presses system is presented. The results show that this approach is effective in identifying schedules to reduce makespan and total energy consumption during forming processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Responses of bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) and pond cypress (Taxodium ascendens) saplings in photosynthesis and growth to long-term periodic submergence in situ in the hydro-fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Dam Reservoir (TGDR) were studied. Water treatments of periodic deep submergence (DS) and moderate submergence (MS) in situ were imposed on 2-year-old bald cypress and pond cypress saplings. The effects of periodic submergence on photosynthesis and growth were investigated after 3 years (i.e. 3 cycles) compared to a control (i.e. shallow submergence, abbreviated as SS). Results showed that pond cypress had no significant change in net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in response to periodic moderate and deep submergence in contrast to a significant decrease in Pn of bald cypress under both submergence treatments, when compared to that of SS. Ratios of Chlorophyll a/b and Chlorophylls/Carotenoid of pond cypress were significantly increased in periodic moderate submergence and deep submergence, while bald cypress showed no significant change. Diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height of both species were significantly reduced along with submergence depth. Relative diameter and height growth rates of the two species were also reduced under deeper submergence. Moreover, bald cypress displayed higher relative diameter growth rate than pond cypress under deep submergence mainly attributed to higher productivity of the larger crown area of bald cypress. When subjected to deep subergence, both species showed significant reduction in primary branch number, while in moderate submergence, bald cypress but not pond cypress showed significant reduction in primary branch number. These results indicate that both bald cypress and pond cypress are suitbale candidates for reforestation in the TGDR region thanks to their submergence tolerance characteristics, but bald cypress can grow better than pond cypress under deep submergence overall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an update on public health as of August 2021. The number of children who missed out on basic childhood vaccines in 2020 reached 23 million according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. The use of interleukin-6 receptor blockers was recommended by WHO to treat patients severely ill with COVID-19. The first global guidance on the application of human genome editing for public health was released by WHO.

An interview with Colin Sparks, professor of the Department of Journalism at the Hong Kong Baptist University, is presented. When asked about the research trend on the issue of tabloidization, Sparks discusses the problem with newspaper readership that is very widespread in a stratified society. He describes popular evening newspapers and commercial newspapers in China. He analyzes the link between tabloid journalism and the declining quality of the press.

This paper focuses on the relationship between the 2008 Beijing Olympic Torch Relay mega-event and contemporary imaginings of China's geopolitical position and the Chinese national geo-body. The performance of China's territorial presence at the international and domestic scales drew both support and resistance. Chinese media coverage of the spectacle reiterated tropes of geopolitical struggle and national unity. While these tropes resonated with some Chinese audiences who have been primed to recognize the Chinese geo-body through banal nationalism, Chinese citizens' satirical online comments reveal that some rejected the stilted ideological representations of the relay. Further, protesting groups' high-profile disruptions of the relay mega-event outside of the national territory of the host country worked to undermine the relay's international reception. Drawing from analyses of Chinese and international media sources and Chinese Internet satire, this article suggests that the scripted nature and geographical extent of mega-events compromises the geopolitical and nation-building aspects of such events in both neoliberal and postsocialist contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: To understand flooding adaptation mechanisms of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) and Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb.), we designed field experiments to examine the changes of morphology, growth, aerenchyma formation, porosity and root O2 consumption of one-year-old seedlings of both species. Both trees were divided into two groups. One group was not flooded (NF, soil water content was 75% of field capacity), while the other group was treated with flooding (FL, water level was 5cm above soil surface) for 95days. We found that flooding inhibited growth of both baldcypress and Chinese tallow tree, and biomass increment of baldcypress and Chinese tallow tree under FL decreased 36.4% and 74.5%, respectively, indicating that baldcypress was more tolerant to flooding. Root/shoot ratio of the two tree species increased significantly under flooding, which was primarily due to the decrease of stem and leaf biomass. Flooding also stimulated aerenchyma formation in the roots (lateral and adventitious), stems and leaves of baldcypress and roots of Chinese tallow tree. Porosity in the roots, stems and leaves of the two tree species increased significantly under flooding. The aerenchyma formation and increased porosity enhanced O2 diffusion to the roots. Our results indicate that baldcypress and Chinese tallow tree exhibit a number of adaptive mechanisms in response to flooding, including formation of adventitious roots and new lateral ones, aerenchyma formation, increased porosity of the roots, stems and leaves, and increased O2 release into the rhizosphere. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This essay analyses the official and media response to the WTO cases related to cultural products, which China lost. It aims to contextualize both the official discourse and the press discourse in terms of domestic politics and China's trade priorities. It concludes that in the official discourse, China and the US are working at cross purposes, as they have fundamentally divergent concepts of trade in cultural products. The newspaper discourse is more moderate and emphasises developmental and commercial issues, but is also subject to the priorities of Chinese politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on the de-liberalization and de-theorization of Marxism in China. It mentions that sinicized Marxism has not allowed any liberal and theoretical critique of the official ideology, while philosopher Karl Marx himself applied to bravely support freedom of the press. It states that the name of Marx first appeared in the Chinese press in 1898, but Marxism did not influence the political practice of China until the October Revolution in Russia. It says that Russian Marxism had prevailed Chinese understanding of Marxism called as doctrinarism by Chinese Communist Party Mao Zedong from the Chinese Communist Party's foundation in 1921 to the victory of Mao in the competition for the leadership of the Party with Wang Ming in 1938.

The Hong Kong journal Ershiyi shiji (21st Century) occupies a special place in the radical reconfiguration of the Chinese intellectual landscape that followed the traumas, both national and international, of 1989. On the occasion of its twentieth anniversary, we retrace the founding of the journal and the aspects that have made it unique in the world of the "thinking" press, and question the normalisation in China of the intellectual internationalisation of the first decade of the twenty-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to examine how patterns of Indian and Chinese reporting on Myanmar reflect the political climates of each country. A sample of 94 articles from Indian sources and 106 articles from Xinhua News Agency (English) was examined using content-analysis techniques. Then is a clear divergence in the topics covered by the Indian and Chinese media during the time period reviewed, 3 November to 17 November 2010, which was selected to coincide with Myanmar's first nationwide elections in twenty years as well as the release of political prisoner Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest. The Indian press provided more coverage of Suu Kyi's release and of Myanmar political affairs than the Chinese press, but neither India nor China covered Suu Kyi's activities in the days following her release. The Chinese press provided more coverage of economic affairs and the Myawaddy border crisis, which the Indian press ignored. Surprisingly, the press in non-democratic China attentively chronicled and promoted Myanmar's elections while the press in democratic India had very little to say about them. This suggests that on these issues, the press focus on what they perceive to be in tile national interest of their respective countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attempts at reinvigorating mythical sensations of shared values and cultural identities happen particularly at times of dislocatory events in a community's history, when 'the national Self' is perceived to be threatened by external forces. Such a critical moment for China was the collision between a US surveillance plane and a Chinese F-8 jet fighter on April 1, 2001, and the ensuing diplomatic standoff between the US and China. As the Chinese authorities and the state media viewed this incident in a series of ambiguous incidents involving the US, it was concluded that the collision had been the inevitable outcome of US hegemonism intended to provoke China. It is this concurrence of events, triggering feelings of disempowerment of the Self that causes recurrent flumes of heated anti-Other rhetoric. Boundaries of exclusion/inclusion along cultural, historical and political lines set up the Other as the negative mirror of the Self, which as a consequence is positively reasserted. Informed by insights from Language Pragmatics and Critical Discourse Analysis, this paper sets out to examine linguistic tools of alienation and empowerment in the Chinese official press narratives about the collision, comprising the Chinese-language Renmin Ribao, its English equivalent The People's Daily and the English-language China Daily. It aims to trace processes of meaning generation, in particular discursive practices of an ideological nature, such as antagonistic portrayals of in- and outgroups, hegemonic exercise of power, as well as naturalized conceptualizations of contingent processes, structures and relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese media have undergone commercial liberalization during the reform era. Interviews with media practitioners reveal that media reform has brought about three different types of newspapers that differ with respect to their degree of commercial liberalization. Based on a natural experiment during the anti-Japanese protests in Beijing in 2005, this article shows that urban residents found more strongly commercialized newspapers more persuasive than less commercialized newspapers. Provided that the state can enforce press restrictions when needed, commercial liberalization promotes the ability of the state to influence public opinion through the means of the news media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although allopatric speciation is viewed as the most common way in which species originate, allopatric divergence among a group of closely related species has rarely been examined at the population level through phylogeographic analysis. Here we report such a case study on eight putative cypress (Cupressus) species, which each have a mainly allopatric distribution in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and adjacent regions. The analysis involved sequencing three plastid DNA fragments (trnD-trnT, trnS-trnG and trnL-trnF) in 371 individuals sampled from populations at 66 localities. Results: Both phylogenetic and network analyses showed that most DNA haplotypes recovered or haplotypeclustered lineages resolved were largely species-specific. Across all species, significant phylogeographic structure (NST >GST, P < 0.05) implied a high correlation between haplotypes/lineages and geographic distribution. Two species, C. duclouxiana and C. chengiana, which are distributed in the eastern QTP region, contained more haplotypes and higher diversity than five species with restricted distributions in the western highlands of the QTP. The remaining species, C. funebris, is widely cultivated and contained very little cpDNA diversity. Conclusions: It is concluded that the formation of high mountain barriers separating deep valleys in the QTP and adjacent regions caused by various uplifts of the plateau since the early Miocene most likely promoted allopatric divergence in Cupressus by restricting gene flow and fixing local, species-specific haplotypes in geographically isolated populations. The low levels of intraspecific diversity present in most species might stem from population bottlenecks brought about by recurrent periods of unfavorable climate and more recently by the negative impacts of human activities on species' distributions. Our findings shed new light on the importance of geographical isolation caused by the uplift of the QTP on the development of high plant species diversity in the QTP biodiversity hotspot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing economic liberalization of the Chinese media has not resulted in proportional political liberalization, and previous explanations for the state's puzzlingly firm grip are inadequate. This article argues that a "regime of uncertainty" is critical toward keeping the Chinese media in line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, educational publishing is devoted to publishing mainly textbooks and teaching materials. For a long time, education publishing has dominated others in China’s publishing industry. However, after entering the new century, especially in the last 2 years, there has been the impact of changes in the College-Entrance Examination, the Invitation to Bid for Compilation and Publication of Textbooks, government procurement and Scientific and Technological Advancement for supplementary books. Therefore, publishing for education has been losing its previous major role and dominance. For making a leap forward and breakthrough in educational publication, we must open up a new train of thought for the development of educational publishing, we need three distinct transformations: first, change in publishing mode from extensive to intensive growth. Second, transformation from variety-scale to market-scale expansion. Third, transformation from being just a provider of content to one providing both content and services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ten years after the handover, Hong Kong's media faced multiple pressures. There were few cases of outright prosecution of the media, but there were subtle political and economic pressures. Co-optation of media bosses, fear of losing advertising revenue and media takeovers by pro-Beijing figures brought some of the media into line. This brought editorial shift and self-censorship, as the media systematically shied away from stories that might antagonize Beijing, underplayed negative news for the government and gave the democrats less favourable coverage. Interviews with journalists showed little evidence of ostensible intervention from government officials or media bosses, but newsroom socialization and editorial gatekeeping are effective constraints. The constitutional guarantee of freedom of the press and the moral force of professional ethics lent the media the room to defend and negotiate their freedom, but the pervasive fear induced by the political environment invariably overpowered the resistance and constrained press freedom in Hong Kong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sino-American relations represent a pivotal point in the current balance of global power. This article considers the 2001 spy plane crisis as a revealing episode and considers the framing of media coverage of the crisis in both countries. Of particular interest is the correspondence of news coverage to the divergent regime types and cultural orientations of each state. The findings of the content analysis reinforce the presence of such linkages and conclude that, as actors play a vital role in reflecting as well as informing public opinion, prominent news outlets in both countries serve as purveyors of mutual distrust rather than the easing of inherent tensions in the bilateral relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines a controversy that took place in Shanghai, China print culture in 1992 concerning the suicide of Xi Shangzhen, a female secretary. Use of the New Culture press to condemn Confucian tradition; Social analysis of suicide by Chinese women; Association of Xi case to economic realities and profit making through the stock exchange market.

Focuses on the link between the efforts of elite authors to take their part in the political decision-making process through statecraft writings, and the rise of the newspaper press of Hong Kong, China and treaty-port Shanghai. Comparison between Cai Erkang's and Wanwei Shuqiao's statements on the political status of the press in China; Issues concerning the merger of statecraft discourse and journalistic writing; Examples of journals that have coincided with the implementation of yangwu politics in the decade preceding the Sino-French war.

Examines the evolution of press in Hong Kong, China. Introduction of the English Language Press; Role of the newspaper in industrialization; Circulation of the 'Qiribao' newspaper.

Argues that contrary to Western impressions, China's news media is relatively vigorous and healthy judging from the quantity and variety of information it provides. Impression that freedom of expression in China is severely restricted; Persistence of the facade of state control of news media; Growth of news and information sources since 1978; Expansion and diversification of radio and television.

Examines the role of the state in the incorporation of the market-based press forms and practices into the existing press structure in China. Influence of market rationalization campaign on press conglomeration; Implications of press commercialization on emerging class and power relations; Path of the Communist party-controlled press commercialization.

Focuses on the press freedom of Hong Kong newspapers after the island's sovereignty reverted to the People's Republic of China. Discussion on the rights and freedoms of Hong Kong people under the Sino-British Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong, 1984; Views of members of the Hong Kong Journalist Association on press freedom under the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region government; Reasons for China's press policy in the Island.

Discusses the developments in Chinese press freedoms since the initiation of market reforms in the late 1970s. Structural changes of the press in the 1980s; Tiananmen Square incident and its impact; Debates over economic policies from the press; Cry for democracy; Contemplating the future of the Chinese press.

Examines the Chinese press coverage of the political and economic restructuring in East Central Europe (ECE) from 1989 to 1994. Launching of a comprehensive critique of the ECE transformation by the Chinese press from 1990 to 1992; Most common features of the coverage.

Looks at the effect of Hong Kong's transformation into a Chinese special administrative region on Hong Kong's press industry. Fear of the press people in Hong Kong in relation to Chinese turnover; Personnel changes that happened in the press industry; Freedom given by the Chinese government to Hong Kong's press industry.

Provides a historical background into the press in China during the Republican period from 1911 to 1949. Role of the press as an agent of historical change; Invention of printing that did not change the nature of Chinese politics; Emergence of an independent popular press in China's coastal cities in the early 1900s; Inadequacy of literature on the history of China's modern press.

Examines the relations between Chinese government leaders and the press. Arrests and political persecution of personalities from the pro-democracy movement and its impact on economic reform and liberalization; Freedom of the press in communist China despite changes in political attitude and journalistic philosophy; Collaboration between the pro-democracy movement and the press.

Examines the history, personnel and content of the `Dagong bao' newspaper in China from 1924 to 1941. Quality of the paper's news reporting and commentaries; Management; Independence under an authoritarian regime; Rebirth of `Dagong bao' in 1926; Conflict between former editor-in-chief Zhang Jiluan's independent journalism and his dependency upon Chiang Kai Sek's patronage.