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Static depiction of motion, particularly lines trailing behind a mover, has long been of interest in the psychology literature. Empirical research has demonstrated that these "motion lines" benefited motion comprehension in static images by disambiguating the direction of movement. Yet, there is no consensus on how those lines derive their meaning. In this article, we review three accounts suggesting different interpretations of what motion lines represent. While a perceptual account considers motion lines originating from motion streaks in the primary visual cortex, metaphorical and lexical accounts propose them as graphical conventions that should be learned—either through resemblance to sensory experiences (e.g., natural path marks) or directly being mapped to a conceptual category of paths. To contrast these three accounts, we integrate empirical research on motion lines and their understanding. Overall, developmental, proficiency, and cross‐cultural variances indicate that the understanding of motion lines is neither innate nor universal, thus providing less support for lines having a purely perceptual origin. Rather, we argue the empirical findings suggest that motion lines are not iconic depictions of visual percepts but are graphical conventions indexing conceptual path information, which need to be learned and encoded in a visual lexicon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problems of studying the relationship between manifestations of perfectionism and emotional burnout are of considerable interest to modern psychology. Prospective participants in such a study are representatives of various professional communities and students as future specialists. The purpose of this work is to consider the manifestations and relationships of emotional burnout, self-esteem, mental states and perfectionism among Russian and Chinese students. A total of 80 people took part in the study (40 Russian and 40 Chinese students). Research Methods applied: 1) multidimensional scale of perfectionism by P. Hewitt and G. Flett, adapted by I.I. Grachev; 2) the burnout questionnaire by K. Maslach adapted by N.E. Vodopyanov; 3) a technique for diagnosing self-assessment of mental states by G. Eysenck. As a result of the use of comparative and correlation types of analysis, intercultural differences and interrelations between the characteristics of perfectionism, self-assessment of the emotional state and characteristics of emotional burnout were found. Respondents from China showed lower results on the "aggressiveness" scale compared to Russian respondents. Russian students showed higher scores on the "anxiety" scale than Chinese students. Meanwhile, Chinese students, compared to Russian respondents, showed higher results in self-confidence and their future. In the course of the study, both groups showed average indicators of rigidity, but the level of rigidity in Russian students was higher than in Chinese students. In conclusion of this scientific study, the main recommendations for the correction of emotional burnout and self-regulation of perfectionism and mental states among students are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans perceive the external world by integrating information from different modalities, obtained through the sensory organs. However, the aforementioned mechanism is still unclear and has been a subject of widespread interest in the fields of psychology and brain science. A model using two reservoir computing systems, i.e., a type of recurrent neural network trained to mimic each other's output, can detect stimulus patterns that repeatedly appear in a time series signal. We applied this model for identifying specific patterns that co-occur between information from different modalities. The model was self-organized by specific fluctuation patterns that co-occurred between different modalities, and could detect each fluctuation pattern. Additionally, similarly to the case where perception is influenced by synchronous/asynchronous presentation of multimodal stimuli, the model failed to work correctly for signals that did not co-occur with corresponding fluctuation patterns. Recent experimental studies have suggested that direct interaction between different sensory systems is important for multisensory integration, in addition to top-down control from higher brain regions such as the association cortex. Because several patterns of interaction between sensory modules can be incorporated into the employed model, we were able to compare the performance between them; the original version of the employed model incorporated such an interaction as the teaching signals for learning. The performance of the original and alternative models was evaluated, and the original model was found to perform the best. Thus, we demonstrated that feedback of the outputs of appropriately learned sensory modules performed the best when compared to the other examined patterns of interaction. The proposed model incorporated information encoded by the dynamic state of the neural population and the interactions between different sensory modules, both of which were based on recent experimental observations; this allowed us to study the influence of the temporal relationship and frequency of occurrence of multisensory signals on sensory integration, as well as the nature of interaction between different sensory signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background We have investigated and analyzed the latest research on love addiction in the fields of clinical psychology, diagnosis, psychotherapy and treatment. Methods From 30 November 2021 to July 2022 a review was conducted aimed at identifying the current diagnostic paradigms associated with this new behavioral dependence, investigating in depth what has not yet emerged, searching for strong and weak correlations with related theoretical constructs, comorbidities, investigate which evaluation scales are currently used and outline a guiding design that allows you to move between current scientific discoveries, searching for relevant studies in the databases PubMed, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), PsycINFO, MDPI, APA, ScienceDirect, and ReserchGate. Results We identified a total of 102 unique articles. Among these, 22 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility and 5 of these met the eligibility criteria and were, therefore, included in the final systematic review. Conclusions Group psychotherapy has proved to be a valid alternative, in fact the scientific landscape suggests that most group therapies are successful because these dynamics involve the reward and attachment systems in the brain in most subjects. Although there is currently no official classification for this type of addiction, the continuing interests of clinical psychology open up new scenarios for achieving greater psychophysical well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Intersectionality is the interface between a person's identities in relation to social systems and institutional discrimination. The concept has generated much interest in psychology for understanding societal inequities and providing culturally informed services to minoritized patients but has yet to be incorporated in clinical neuropsychology. This omission is unfortunate as it is argued that appreciating the impact of institutional discrimination on minoritized groups can enhance our understanding of brain organization and functioning and bolster access to competent neuropsychological services to minoritized patients. The purpose of this article is to illustrate how intersectionality is germane to the discipline of clinical neuropsychology and to make recommendations for infusing it into the practice. Method Theories and findings in cultural neuroscience are summarized to provide a theoretical background for understanding how the environment can impact brain development and organization. The literature on disparities in education, economics, and health disparities between Whites and minoritized groups was reviewed for institutional biases that place minoritized groups at a disadvantage. These topics were selected due to their known impact on brain organization and cognition. This was followed by a similar review for access to competent neuropsychological assessments for minoritized patients. Results There is a confluence of institutional discriminatory processes that contribute to disparities in education attainment, economic status, health disparities, and accessibility to culturally informed neuropsychological services. Perceived discrimination has significant health and cognitive ramifications. Conclusions Intersectionality is germane to appreciating brain functioning and providing competent services to minoritized patients. Recommendations were made to incorporate intersectionality in clinical neuropsychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cuteness in the young has long been theorized to elicit care and protection. Most research on this topic has focused on human infants, despite theories suggesting that cuteness may elicit broader social interest that could support learning and development beyond infancy. In four experiments (N = 531 adults, 98 children), we tested whether 'kindchenschema'—facial features associated with cuteness—and perceived cuteness elicit interest in playing with and caring for children, and whether masks disrupt these processes. Participants viewed images of children's faces, masked or unmasked. Kindchenschema correlated with perceived cuteness and age, and these variables predicted adults' interest in playing with and caring for children. Masks did not reduce cuteness ratings or interest in children, although they weakened relations between perceived cuteness and interest, and between perceived age and interest. Cuteness and related signals may guide adults' interactions with children, fostering learning and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to problematize ethnic-racial inequalities in Joinville, Santa Catarina, through an analysis of the constitution and trajectory of four recreational social clubs in the city. Several were the methodological procedures adopted: analysis of documents from the Municipal Historical Archive; participation in events promoted by clubs and conversations with some attendees; production and analysis of two images: one showing the geographic location of the clubs and the other their facades. The information made it possible to carry out what we understand as topographic reading, a tool for research in social psychology interested in the critical analysis of the constitutive relations of urban space. As a result of the research, the way in which the constitution and trajectory of these social clubs highlights the ethnic-racial inequalities present in the city's history is evident, as well as the process of (in)visibility of memories, knowledge and sayings. We conclude that the location of clubs in the city's territory and the structure of its buildings enable different forms of visibility, directly implying the ways in which the narratives, memories and trajectories of the ethnic-racial groups represented by each of them are known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress psychology is an interesting and important interdisciplinary research field. In this perspective article, we briefly discuss 10 challenges related to the conceptual definition, research methodology, and translation in the field of stress that do not receive sufficient attention or are ignored entirely. Future research should attempt to integrate a comprehensive stress conceptual framework into a multidimensional comprehensive stress model, incorporating subjective and objective indicators as comprehensive measures. The popularity of machine learning, cognitive neuroscience, and gene epigenetics is a promising approach that brings innovation to the field of stress psychology. The development of wearable devices that precisely record physiological signals to assess stress responses in naturalistic situations, standardize real‐life stressors, and measure baselines presents challenges to address in the future. Conducting large individualized and digital intervention studies could be crucial steps in enhancing the translation of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of language learning anxiety has received considerable attention in the last decades due to interest in learner psychology. Foreign language anxiety has been investigated as situation-specific anxiety related to the language classroom. Lately, researchers focused on language anxiety from a skills perspective, mainly the productive ones, speaking and writing, exploring the debilitating effects of anxiety on language learners. This paper reports on a study on speaking anxiety that included a sample of sixteen EFL undergraduates who took part in focus group interviews. They were conducted to collect qualitative data that would shed light on speaking anxiety from students’ perspectives. Based on existing language anxiety research, a theoretical overview of some of the personal and procedural factors that are thought to contribute to foreign language speaking anxiety is provided. The findings revealed a significant impact of the teachers’ role (s) in alleviating much of the anxiety experienced by the subjects in EFL speaking. An essential aim of this paper was to suggest some possible pedagogical measures that would help learners, as well as teachers, overcome major difficulties caused by foreign language speaking anxiety in an EFL university setting with reference to the teaching and learning of the speaking skill in the EFL Algerian university context. Ways to deal with and minimise foreign language speaking anxiety could be more effective if they intersect with students’ concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Michel Foucault is one of the most emblematic figures of postmodernism, who included a wide range of social-historical, philosophical-epistemological, culturalanthropological issues through his numerous works. There is a rich assortment of matters in the works of Foucault: from his early interests in psychology and madness, through the birth of modern medicine and humanities, to the analysis of disciplining forms of the history of sexuality. By opposing modern views, he valorizes the peculiar effectiveness of the individual, discontinuous, and local critique compared to the driving effect of global and totalitarian theories, both on the theoretical and political level, although he acknowledges that theories such as Marxism and psychoanalysis created easier tools for local research, however he believed that they are reductionist and imposing in practice, and should be replaced by a plurality of forms of knowledge and microanalysis. Genealogy is one of the key notions in his philosophy, through which he aimed at problematizing the truth of our everydayness: our bodies (sexuality), our social institutions (prisons, schools, hospitals, families) and scientific norms (normality, madness, health and diseases) which are in fact objects produced in historically changeable relations of power. The genealogical analysis suggested by Foucault aims to destroy the unity of the well-known and natural objects of our experience, at the same time being aware that such a political will is not created in theory but it needs action and people who would operate in such a way. The purpose of this paper is to examine genealogy through the prism of Foucault's thought and its relation to power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Psychological mindedness concept is widely accepted to be significantly correlated to psychological strength and mental health. There are multiple scales that attempted to measure psychological mindedness objectively, with the most recent one being Balanced Index of Psychological Mindedness (BIPM). Psychological mindedness is an area of interest in psychiatry and psychology in Malaysia. Hence, this study aims to validate the Bahasa Malaysia Version of Balanced Index of Psychological Mindedness (BIPM-M). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The 14-items scale was translated according to World Health Organization guidelines. 141 participants were recruited from the university population. Participants were required to fill the basic demographic information, as well as Bahasa Malaysia version of Balanced Index of Psychological Mindedness, and two other scales, namely Mindful Awareness Attention Scale (MAAS), and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II Scale (AAQ-II). RESULTS: BIPM-M showed excellent internal consistency with Cronbach a of 0.87. As per the original BIPM, the Bahasa Malaysia version also suggested two factor structures in this scale. BIPM-M was significantly correlated with AAQ-II. Conclusion: BIPM-M is a psychometrically sound instrument that can be utilized to assess the psychological mindedness among Malaysians, and certainly enhance the array of psychological assessments available as Malaysia faces the mental health after-effect of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The population´s lack of interest in being vaccinated against coronavirus is a problem for pandemic management. Objective. To estimates the lack of interest in receiving the coronavirus vaccine in the population of 23 Colombian cities between July and December 2020. Methods. A descriptive study using information from the Social Pulse Survey – DANE- was done. The Social Pulse Survey asked participants about their interest to get the vaccine and the reasons for refusing it. The Prevalence of interest in not receiving the vaccine and differences between December to July were estimated. Results. The prevalence was highest in women, people over 54 years of age, population without schooling, households with two people or less, poor groups, and cities like Cali and Bucaramanga. Differences between December and July showed a further increase in people under 25 years of Santa Marta and Cartagena. The main reason for refusing the vaccine was the belief that this may be unsafe due to potential side effects. There were geographic and demographic variations in the prevalence of non-acceptance. Conclusions. This research can help health authorities to develop policies related to education and communication strategies that could increase the confidence in the efficacy and safety of the vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Body is subject to a paradox within Jungian psychotherapy. At times, it is described as an isolated system, with its drives, desires, and workings. At others, it is linked to the mind and viewed as part of the psyche. This alleged ambivalence percolated to the post-Jungians, resulting in the body receiving comparatively little interest in analytical psychology until recently. In a psychology that seeks to understand communications from the unconscious, dismissing the body is a missed opportunity. Jung did use the body and bodily expression in his academic and psychotherapeutic work. He did not write on the subject in depth, however. While his attitudes have a reputation for ambiguity, a consistent theory relating to the mind, body, and their heterogeneity can be discerned from his writings. In this review, this theory will be discussed, along with the Jungian and post-Jungian attitude towards the body. A Jungian contribution to the field of body psychotherapy has the potential to offer new insights, given the expansive subject matter in Jung's collected works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Article critically examines copyright's scheme of statutory damages. It argues that the statutory framework and its implementation by the courts do not find adequate support in any of the rationales commonly invoked in the case law, including evidentiary difficulties, retribution, or deterrence. The paper then reviews an alternative rationale: the economic argumentfor supracompensatory damages as a mechanism for achieving optimal deterrence in the presence of substantial enforcement cost. We find that with respect to a subset of the cases where large multiplayer damages are imposed on individual infringers, the optimal deterrence rationale suffers from two grave defects, both of which are traceable to its welfarist underpinnings. One is ignoring the distributive inequity imposed on the few caught infringers who pay supracompensatory damages grossly disproportionate to their equitable share of the social burden of supporting the copyright system. The other is aggregating on a single scale qualitatively distinct human interests, of different degrees of urgency, thereby risking the swamping offundamental human interests of a few by aggregates of modest--or even trivial--interest fragments of many. The paper concludes by briefly suggesting directions for amending these defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to adapt to the Brazilian Portuguese the O*NET Interests Profiler -- Short Form. The instrument evaluates vocational interests according to the RIASEC model, which includes six types (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional). Validity evidence was obtained through Principal Components Analysis, Multidimensional Scaling, correlations between secondary concepts from the theoretical model, and contrasts between groups. PCA results, the contrasts between selected occupational groups and correlational results between secondary concepts followed the theoretical expectations. However, the MDS results did not fully confirm the hexagonal structure. Overall results suggest the adapted instrument has acceptable evidence of validity. Further studies are suggested to increase the suitability of the Brazilian version of the instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on the evolution (past, present and future) of the 'psychology of programming' over the 50 year period of this anniversary issue. The International Journal of Human-Computer Studies (IJHCS) has been a key venue for much seminal work in this field, including its first foundations, and we review the changing research concerns seen in publications over these five decades. We relate this thematic evolution to research taking place over the same period within more specialist communities, especially the Psychology of Programming Interest Group (PPIG), the Empirical Studies of Programming series (ESP), and the ongoing community in Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC). Many other communities have interacted with psychology of programming, both influenced by research published within the specialist groups, and in turn influencing research priorities. We end with an overview of the core theories that have been developed over this period, as an introductory resource for new researchers, and also with the authors' own analysis of key priorities for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students of Psychology must make professional choices during the course and may experience a harrowing period. The objective of this article was to search for evidence of validity and precision for the Psychology Interests Range by Areas of Psychology (EIAPsi) and to verify the differences of gender and period of the course in the averages of interests. Participated 980 psychology students who answered an EIAPsi. The results presented are 11 factors as best structure for EIAPsi, which are good indexes of precision. She noted that women scored more than men in the areas of Health and Legal, and the body was observed in the area of Teaching and Research. End-of-course students have a more discriminated interests profile than others. From the obtained results, the viability of the use of EIAPsi by students of Psychology in the Brazilian context can be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was established from a qualitative approach, a type of non-experimental design with exploratory scope at the University of Cuenca, from noting, in an experiential and documentary manner, an increase in research activities. Its purpose was to identify the interests of faculty researchers in the Faculty of Psychology. Individual and group semi-structured interviews were applied, directed to nine titular and contracted research teachers with assigned research hours, belonging to the Faculty of Psychology. It was obtained that the research Faculty of the Faculty of Psychology have technical and practical interests, with personal motivations and power, characteristic of a mercantilist society, that the investigative approaches are technical and administrative, so that the purpose of research is to publish. It was concluded that the investigations of the University of Cuenca, in the Faculty of Psychology, are subject to bureaucratic demands away from social problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present experiment sought to examine the effects of event rate on a cognitive vigilance task.Background: Vigilance, or the ability to sustain attention, is an integral component of human factors research. Vigilance task difficulty has previously been manipulated through increasing event rate. However, most research in this paradigm has utilized a sensory-based task, whereas little work has focused on these effects in relation to a cognitive-based task.Method: In sum, 84 participants completed a cognitive vigilance task that contained either 24 events per minute (low event rate condition) or 40 events per minute (high event rate condition). Performance was measured through the proportion of hits, false alarms, mean response time, and signal detection analyses (i.e., sensitivity and response bias). Additionally, measures of perceived workload and stress were collected.Results: The results indicated that event rate significantly affected performance, such that participants who completed the low event rate task achieved significantly better performance in terms of correction detections and false alarms. Furthermore, the cognitive vigil utilized in the present study produced performance decrements comparable to traditional sensory vigilance tasks.Conclusion: Event rate affects cognitive vigilance tasks in a similar manner as traditional sensory vigilance tasks, such that a direct relation between performance and level of event rate was established.Application: Cognitive researchers wishing to manipulate task difficulty in their experiments may use event rate presentation as one avenue to achieve this result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Situational interest (SI) has been conceptualized in physical education (PE) as a multidimensional construct including five dimensions: instant enjoyment, exploration intention, attention demand, novelty and challenge. Consistent with Ding, Sun and Chen (2013), who argued for the need 'to develop cross-culture models to examine the universality of the motivation constructs', the purpose of this study was to investigate the universality and uniqueness of students' SI by comparing three French-speaking PE contexts. Participants were 1812 secondary school students from Belgium, France, and Switzerland. They responded to the French 15-item SI scale and the Total Interest scale (Roure, Pasco & Kermarrec, 2016) after practicing learning tasks in regular PE lessons. The relationships between the SI dimensions and total interest were compared between the three samples using correlation and regression analyses. A multivariate analysis of variance was also used to compare SI scores between the contexts. The results revealed that instant enjoyment and exploration intention were the two major motivating dimensions, highlighting the universality of students' SI, whereas challenge and novelty revealed the uniqueness of this construct explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural workers number registration techniques are analyzed. These techniques are determined by a set of diverse aspects, such as the purposes of the specific agricultural activity and the interests and hierarchies of those who work in the activity. These aspects have also main influence on the mathematical knowledge involved in the development of the activity. The theoretical perspective adopted on this study looks for a dialog between diverse perspectives, particularly with the Theory the Anthropological Theory of Didactics and the New Literacy Studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of the 18REST, a short 18-item inventory to describe students' position on John Holland's RIASEC interest types, is documented. The instrument is meant to be used in large-scale assessment in education and on the labor market, supplementing information on school achievement and social-emotional skills. This research was carried out in Brazil, initially with two independent samples composed by adolescents and adults. The 18REST's psychometric properties are compared to those of the more extended RIASEC item pool and confirmed in a new independent undergraduate sample. Despite differences between genders were found as expected, invariance measurement across gender was indicated. Different ways to use the 18REST in large-scale assessment are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the predictors of 2 types of media selectivity: interest-based (i.e., choice of entertainment over politics) and partisan (i.e., choice of pro-attitudinal over counter-attitudinal or balanced news). Relying on a large survey-based experiment, we find that issue-specific engagement variables, including perceived issue understanding, issue importance, and issue attitude strength, predict interest-based and partisan selectivity above and beyond the influence of general political knowledge, news interest, and strength of political leanings. These results show that the drivers of selectivity are more complex than general political attributes; rather, they are contextual and reflect people’s engagement with particular issues. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Third-party litigation funding is an emerging industry that provides financial backing to plaintiffs. Typically, third-party litigation funders provide money in exchange for a percentage of damage returns. If the plaintiff's claim fails, then the third-party litigation funder loses its investment. To decide whether a given plaintiff's claim is a good investment, the thirdparty litigation funder assesses the claim's merits by conducting due diligence over a large swath of documents. Often, these documents are protected by attorney-client privilege. Under normal waiver rules for attorney-client privilege, when privileged documents are disclosed to a third party, the privilege holder impliedly waives the privilege protection. As an exemption from normal waiver rules for attorney-client privilege, the common interest doctrine has developed, preventing a waiver when a disclosure is made to a third party sharing a common legal interest with the privilege holder. Courts vary in their approaches to defining what constitutes a common legal interest, but typically the third-party litigation funder's commercial interest in a lawsuit is insufficient. Although superficially this may appear a legitimate result (as the funders invest in a lawsuit without providing any direct legal assistance), it is largely incongruent with how courts apply the common interest doctrine for insurers and re-insurers. Most courts find that insurers of defendants (and re-insurers of insurers defending claims) have sufficiently common legal interests with privilege holders to invoke the common interest exemption from normal waiver rules. In these insurance situations, sharing liability--to the extent that it constitutes a collaborative effort towards a joint defense of a claim--is sufficient to indicate a common legal interest. These insurers allow defendants to share the inherent risks with their lawsuits. Consequently, third-party litigation funders deserve the same protection (afforded to insurers and re-insurers) offered by the common interest doctrine. Recognizing the common interest doctrine to protect documents disclosed to insurers and third-party litigation funders effectuates the policy goal of attorney-client privilege; it enables litigants to most effectively obtain legal counsel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Having awareness, interest, and positive attitude toward one's fields of study leads to the development of a compatibility between demands and expectations on the one hand and future career on the other hand. This study was carried out to determine the level of awareness, attitude, and interest of medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy students of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch toward their own field of study on entering university. Materials and Methods: This research is a basic descriptive study conducted on 273 students who had just entered university. This study was performed using census. Data collection instrument was a four-part questionnaire which included demographic information, and questions measuring students' awareness, attitude, and interest. Results: With regard to their field of study, there was no statistically significant difference in the average of students' awareness (P = 0.731). The attitude of medicine students was significantly more positive than pharmacy and dentistry students (P < 0.001), and the attitude of dentistry students was significantly more positive than that of pharmacy students (P = 0.460). Medical students' interest level was significantly higher than that of pharmacy and dentistry students (P < 0.05), and the interest level of dentistry students was significantly greater than the interest level of pharmacy students (P = 024/0). There was a statistically significant positive relationship between awareness and attitude and between awareness and interest in all of the study subjects (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The study results indicated that having a high level of awareness toward one's major led students studying in medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy to experience a more positive attitude and a higher level of interest. Thus, before entering the university, academic counseling will be beneficial for acquiring a better understanding of most majors, a goal which could be provided through school, social media, and family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is focused on consumer attention to the positioning of 5 product categories (packaged vegetables, dairy food, packaged fish, packaged meat and frozen food) in store bays and shelves. The results compare consumer attention to different levels of shelves. A different space solution -- the SpaceGrid II system -- was also used in the chosen bays. In these bays, the data indicate a distinct increase of consumer attention. The data were obtained through the eye-tracking device SMI RED 250 (n = 22). Particular attention was given to consumer perception by analysing AOI (areas of interest). The research was carried out during September 2015 in the Eye-Tracking Laboratory at Mendel University in Brno. The objective of the research was to identify attention in different levels of shelves and differences in perception between two types of shelves (classic and SpaceGrid). The results imply that the shelf level significantly influences the variability of attention of all product categories except for vegetables. The influence of the type of shelves was proven for meat and fish. The article also offers detailed information about the behaviour of participants who were surveyed in the framework of in depth interviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Physical activity (PA) has well-established health benefits, but most Americans do not meet national guidelines. In southeastern Missouri, trails have been developed to increase rates of PA. Although this has had success, broad-scale interventions will be needed to improve rates further. In this study, we surveyed residents of southeastern Missouri to identify ways to improve rates of PA.Methods: We conducted a telephone survey in 2015 of adults (n = 524) from eight rural Missouri towns that had walking trails, regarding their activities and interests.Findings: Forty percent of respondents reported both walking and meeting PA recommendations, 29% reported walking but not meeting PA recommendations, and the remainder did not walk or did not answer. Respondents who used the trails were significantly more likely to meet PA recommendations (odds ratio = 2.7; 95% confidence interval = 1.7, 4.5). Certain values and interests that may encourage PA or draw people to trails were common.Conclusions: The group that walked but did not meet PA recommendations would be the ideal group to target for intervention, which could focus on their reported values and interests (e.g., personal relationships, being outdoors). Use of walking trails was associated with meeting PA recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political knowledge and political interest are generally positively influenced by news media exposure. Yet, at the same time, knowledge and interest are among the most important predictors of news media exposure in the first place. We conduct a field experiment ( N = 393) as a test of this dual function of knowledge and interest in a realistic news media choice setting. We examine whether preexisting interest and knowledge predict which individuals can be encouraged to read an unfamiliar information-rich newspaper, and if using this newspaper, in turn, has effects on interest and knowledge. Results show that interest and knowledge are predictors of compliance in the experiment. While political knowledge shows some response to the additional news exposure, interest remains stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to analyze the university students' self-efficacy for learning how to conduct research and how these ideas interact with their conceptions about research. The sample was made up of 1,304 students from Universidad Técnica de Machala, Ecuador. A questionnaire about self-efficacy for learning how to conduct research was applied to these students. The results of this study show that the ideas of self-efficacy are being formed. Students see research as a requirement for continuing their professional career; therefore, it is from that idea that research is conceived more as product than as a process. There exists a relative interest and confidence in conducting research. As a result, it has been determined that ideas of efficacy in the linear model do not change the research notions that university students have. It was also found that university social representations determine the strength and direction of personal beliefs in the ability to learn how to conduct research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors of this paper have examined the relative contribution of personal (gender, emotional state, gender roles attitudes), contextual (perceived social supports and barriers) and cognitive (self-efficacy beliefs, interests, outcome expectations) variables to technological goals in a sample (N=1558) of high school Spanish students. The results of path analysis have provided confirmation for the extension of the Social-Cognitive Career Theory model, indicating that self-efficacy predicted interest, outcome expectations and goals. Additionally, outcome expectations predicted goals and interest. Perceived social support and perceived social barriers were related with self-efficacy, outcome expectations, goals and interest. Finally, there were gender differences in most variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through associative reward learning, arbitrary cues acquire the ability to automatically capture visual attention. Previous studies have examined the neural correlates of value-driven attentional orienting, revealing elevated activity within a network of brain regions encompassing the visual corticostriatal loop [caudate tail, lateral occipital complex (LOC) and early visual cortex] and intraparietal sulcus (IPS). Such attentional priority signals raise a broader question concerning how visual signals are combined with reward signals during learning to create a representation that is sensitive to the confluence of the two. This study examines reward signals during the cued reward training phase commonly used to generate valuedriven attentional biases. High, compared with low, reward feedback preferentially activated the value-driven attention network, in addition to regions typically implicated in reward processing. Further examination of these reward signals within the visual system revealed information about the identity of the preceding cue in the caudate tail and LOC, and information about the location of the preceding cue in IPS, while early visual cortex represented both location and identity. The results reveal teaching signals within the value-driven attention network during associative reward learning, and further suggest functional specialization within different regions of this network during the acquisition of an integrated representation of stimulus value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the team of J. M. Jachimowicz who propose measuring grit through a combination of the passion attainment scale for passion and an aggregate of perseverance of effort (PE) and consistency of interests (CI) for perseverance. It states that there is a significant and synergistic interaction effect between perseverance and passion attainment on job and academic performance.

Casini, Illari, Russo, and Williamson (2011) suggest to model mechanisms by means of recursive Bayesian networks (RBNs) and Clarke, Leuridan, and Williamson (2014) extend their modeling approach to mechanisms featuring causal feedback. One of the main selling points of the RBN approach should be that it provides answers to questions concerning the effects of manipulation and control across the levels of a mechanism. In this paper I demonstrate that the method to compute the effects of interventions the authors mentioned endorse leads to absurd results under the additional assumption of faithfulness, which can be expected to hold for many RBN models of mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to examine the sequential pattern of a theoretical model that includes contextual and dispositional variables in the learning of three Secondary Education subjects: Maths (MT), Spanish Language and Literature (LC) and Physical Education (PE). The sample consisted of 1108 students of Secondary Education (MT = 374, LC = 364, and EF = 370). The validity of the model was verified by analysis of covariance structures, first independently in each subject, also facing it with rival models. The hypothesized model tested in this study yielded the best values in all three cases, with very similar results in all estimated parameters to those observed in the preliminary confirmatory factor analysis. Invariance multistep analysis showed that the models had acceptable fit indices. The tested covariance structure model places the student at the center of the whole process, and the teacher as an effective assistant. It allows us to overcome the traditional opposition between effort and interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two studies demonstrate that, because choosing from larger variety is usually more difficult, people are likely to select options that are easier to justify; consequently, choosing from larger assortments often shifts the preference from self-indulgent to virtuous. However, when situational factors provide easily accessible reasons to indulge, these effects reverse, resulting in higher relative preference for hedonistic options. Subjects made both real-life (Experiment 1 - E1) and hypothetical choices (Experiment 2 - E2). Individuals' decisions were modified by assortment size and character of options in E1 while E2 also added accessible justifications (for choosing vices) created by subjects' prior altruistic decisions. Results show that variety partially moderates the effect of accessible justifications on option choice. Significant differences were found according to gender and study degree. The fact that none of the subjects was conscious of experimental manipulation suggests that individuals might not always be aware of what truly drives their decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many scholars have offered explanations as to why women are underrepresented at all levels of government. Conventional wisdom states that fewer women are in public office due to lower ambition, and that the presence of gendered perceptions among women considering elected office contributes to women’s disinterest in the political arena. Using original survey data, this article expands the theory of gendered perceptions to current state-level appointed officeholders to explain their levels of interest in pursuing higher public office. The results indicate that gendered perceptions affect the progressive ambitions of appointees; like studies of ambition in elected officials, this study of appointed officials finds that women are generally less ambitious, and unlike studies of ambition in elected officials, this study of appointed officials finds that women with higher self-assessments are less ambitious rather than more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparative psychology has long held an illustrious position in the pantheon of psychology. Depending on who you speak with, comparative psychology is as strong as ever or in deep decline. To try and get a handle on this the International Journal of Comparative Psychology has commissioned a special issue on the State of Comparative Psychology Today. Many of the articles in this issue were contributed by emanate comparative psychologists. The topics are wide ranging and include the importance of incorporating comparative psychology into the classroom, advances in automating, comparative cognition, philosophical perspectives surrounding comparative psychology, and issues related to comparative methodology. Of special interest is that the issue contains a listing of comparative psychological laboratories and a list of comparative psychologists who are willing to serve as professional mentors to students interested in comparative psychology. We hope that this issue can serve as a teaching resource for anyone interested in comparative psychology whether as part of a formal course in comparative psychology or as independent readings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an interview with Kakani Katija, female principal engineer at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute in the U.S. Topics of the interview include her response when asked how her interest in science started, her view on how she could change the current scientific practice for aspiring scientists and her reaction when she was selected as one of the National Geographic Emerging Explorers in 2011.

Seekers of information in libraries either go through a librarian intermediary or they help themselves. When they go through librarians they must develop their questions through four levels of need, referred to here as the visceral, conscious, formalized, and compromised needs. In his pre-search interview with an information-seeker the reference librarian attempts to help him arrive at an understanding of his "compromised" need by determining: (1) the subject of his interest; (2) his motivation; (3) his personal characteristics; (4) the relationship of the inquiry to file organization; and (5) anticipated answers. The author contends that research is needed into the techniques of conducting this negotiation between the user and the reference librarian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]