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A viable approach to improve the nutritional quality of cereal-based foods is their enrichment with pseudocereals. The aim of this research was to evaluate the antioxidant properties of amaranth, quinoa and buckwheat, and the heat damage of water biscuits (WB) produced from either wholemeal or refined flour of einkorn and enriched with 50% buckwheat, amaranth or quinoa wholemeal. Buckwheat had the highest tocols content (86.2 mg/kg), and einkorn the most carotenoids (5.6 mg/kg). Conjugated phenolics concentration was highest in buckwheat (230.2 mg/kg) and quinoa (218.6 mg/kg), while bound phenolics content was greatest in einkorn (712.5 mg/kg) and bread wheat (675.7 mg/kg). The all-wholemeal WB had greater heat damage than those containing refined flour (furosine: 251.5 vs. 235.8 mg/100 g protein; glucosylisomaltol: 1.0 vs. 0.6 mg/kg DM; hydroxymethylfurfural: 4.3 vs. 2.8 mg/kg DM; furfural: 8.6 vs. 4.8 mg/kg DM). The 100% bread wheat and einkorn wholemeal WB showed greater heat damage than the WB with pseudocereals (furfural, 9.2 vs. 5.1 mg/kg; glucosylisomaltol 1.1 vs. 0.7 mg/kg). Despite a superior lysine loss, the amino-acid profile of the pseudocereals-enriched WB remained more balanced compared to that of the wheats WB.

Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis) seeds are appreciated for their high protein and lipid contents and have potential applications as ingredients in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Nevertheless, the information about the seed composition (especially in lipophilic antioxidants) of ecotypes from distinct cropping areas is currently limited. Thus, the aim of the present research was to assess the morphological characteristics, chemical composition, tocopherol and carotenoid contents of the seeds of 33 Andean lupin ecotypes from different Peruvian regions, along with three L. albus, one L. angustifolius and one L. luteus controls. Significant differences were noted among the Andean ecotypes for all analyzed features. The protein, lipid and ash contents were 32.0-46.9, 13.6-18.6 and 2.7-4.4 g/100 g dry matter (DM), respectively. The seeds were rich in tocopherols (172.1-249.8 mg/kg DM; γ-tocopherol was 98% of total tocols) and low in carotenoids (0.69-2.89 mg/kg DM). Debittering increased the tocopherol content (227.0-378.2 mg/kg DM), probably because of the soluble components loss, although the carotenoid concentration remained unchanged. The Andean lupins had higher protein, lipid and tocopherol contents than L. albus and L. angustifolius; the L. luteus values were within the L. mutabilis range. These results suggest that L. mutabilis harbors nutritional characteristics that are well suited to modern food trends.

Aim of this research was to study the evolution of heat damage, phenolic acid content and in vitro antioxidant capacity of whole meal einkorn water biscuits baked at 205 °C for increasing times (10 min steps) from 25 to 75 min. The heat damage was gauged by determining furosine, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), furfural and glucosylisomaltol (GLI) contents. Furosine increased up to 50 min baking, when HMF started to form; furfural augmented only after 65 min treatment, whereas GLI did not change. An unknown compound, apparently related to the severity of the heat load, aroses through the aldolic condensation of HMF with the acetone used for the extraction of phenolic acids; hence the use of acetone-based solvents in thermally processed cereal products should be avoided. The conjugated phenolic acids ferulic, vanillic, syringic, p-coumaric, p-hydroxybenzoic and syringaldehyde and the bound phenolic acids ferulic, p-coumaric, syringic, and p-hydroxybenzoic were identified in water biscuits. The stronger heating treatments led to an increase of the soluble conjugated compounds, but did not influence the bound fraction. The in vitro antioxidant capacity of water biscuits augmented significantly as baking time increased, likely for the formation of antioxidant compounds as a consequence of heat damage.

Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. subsp. monococcum, 2n = 2× = 14, AmAm) is a diploid wheat whose cultivation was widespread in the Mediterranean and European area till the Bronze Age, before it was replaced by the more productive durum and bread wheats. Although scarcely cultivated nowadays, it has gained renewed interest due to its relevant nutritional properties and as source of genetic diversity for crop breeding. However, the molecular basis of many traits of interest in einkorn remain still unknown. A panel of 160 einkorn landraces, from different parts of the distribution area, was characterized for several phenotypic traits related to morphology, phenology, quality, and yield for 4 years in two locations. An approach based on co-linearity with the A genome of bread wheat, supported also by that with Triticum urartu genome, was exploited to perform association mapping, even without an einkorn anchored genome. The association mapping approach uncovered numerous marker-trait associations; for 37 of these, a physical position was inferred by homology with the bread wheat genome. Moreover, numerous associated regions were also assigned to the available T. monococcum contigs. Among the intervals detected in this work, three overlapped with regions previously described as involved in the same trait, while four other regions were localized in proximity of loci previously described and presumably refer to the same gene/QTL. The remaining associated regions identified in this work could represent a novel and useful starting point for breeding approaches to improve the investigated traits in this neglected species.

The authors analyse the evolution of citizens’ living standards in the European Union (EU), considering the EU as a single country. Average living standards have improved considerably as the European integration process has unfolded. EU28 income inequality has steadily declined, mostly as a result of the macroeconomic convergence of new EU-accession countries. EU15 income inequality fell steadily until the mid-1980s, but picked up again during the economic turmoil following the Great Recession, largely reflecting the divergence between periphery and core countries in the Euro Area. Using a common EU standard reveals more progress in terms of poverty reduction. It also shows that the patterns of income convergence across member states differ across categories of residents, thus calling for a more careful consideration of the personal and national dimensions of EU policies.

Apple peel, a food industry by-product, is rich in fibre, polyphenols and minerals, and is a potentially attractive ingredient for bakery products. To evaluate the effect of wheat cookies enrichment with apple peel powder six types of cookies with increasing apple peel powder percentage (0%, 4%, 8%, 16%, 24% and 32%) were produced. The traits analysed were: pasting parameters; chemical properties (moisture, ash, lipid, protein, fibre and total polyphenols content); antioxidant capacity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ferric reducing antioxidant power methods); physical attributes (width, thickness, volume and CIE lab colour); and sensory characteristics (external appearance, internal structure, texture, odour, taste and aroma). Statistical analysis included analysis of variance followed by Fisher's least significant difference test ( p

Cereals supply humankind with carbohydrates, proteins and several health-enhancing compounds, including antioxidants. Pomace, a by-product of beetroot juice preparation, is rich in antioxidants (phenolic compounds and betalains). The aim of this work was to study the effect of pomace extract addition, either pure or microencapsulated, on antioxidant properties, heat damage and colour of einkorn water biscuits enriched with pseudocereals. Pomace extract addition had different effects on total polyphenol contents and antioxidant capacity (FRAP and ABTS) in diverse blends. In bread, wheat and einkorn matrices, a significant increase was observed, while in pseudocereals-enriched blends, richer in antioxidants, only microencapsulation improved their content. Pomace extract addition led to furosine reduction and hydroxymethylfurfural increase. Microencapsulate-enriched WB were richest in betanin, isobetanin, total phenolics and antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, pomace extracts, by-products of juice manufacturing, significantly improve some nutritional characteristics of baked products, especially when conveyed as microencapsulates.

The status of Triticum boeoticum subsp. aegilopoides (Link) Schiem. is somehow confusing, suggesting a need to verify whether this subspecies is a truly wild or a feral form. After reviewing some rather inaccessible older literature, a half-diallel of three pure einkorn lines (truly wild, domesticated and aegilopoides) was performed. The F2 and F3 analyses of brittleness and microscope-based studies of the abscission scars on rachis fragments were combined with extant genome maps. Two QTL segregated in the cross domesticated × wild (one on chromosome 4 and one on chromosome 7), but only one segregated in the cross feral × wild (same as before on chromosome 7), indicating that the feral form carried a wild (or equivalent) allele. Within the cross domesticated × feral, quantitative segregation occurred and could be caused by some neat abscission scars, but without the typical ‘fish-mouth-like’ appearance of the truly wild form. We suggest that aegilopoides and domesticated einkorn emerged in patches of semi-brittle mutants in the Karacadag Mountains and were collected and maintained by humans. When agriculture moved from South-East Turkey into Western Turkey and later into the Balkans, aegilopoides became the feral form we know today, characterized by a semi-brittle rachis that makes it less wild compared to the truly wild Triticum boeoticum subsp. thaoudar (Reut. ex Hausskn.) Grossh.

The continuous increase of pasta consumption is favoured by the availability of new products, manufactured from non-traditional cereals. Einkorn is a diploid relative of durum and bread wheats, appreciated for its high protein, carotenoid and tocol contents, and for its excellent organoleptic characteristics. Aim of this research was to assess its suitability for pasta production and the quality of its products. The dry einkorn pasta differed from durum wheat pasta for most of the traits, including dimensions, carotenoids content, colour and image analysis parameters. During cooking the pasta from einkorn flours was significantly less firm but had lower cooking losses, probably for a better structure of the gluten matrix. Compression-extrusion tests evidenced, at equal cooking times, significant differences between pasta samples. Among einkorns, ID331 and SAL98-32 showed firmness values similar to durum wheat pasta. Pasta manufacturing led to a significant decrease in lutein and a limited increase in heat damage, but cooking did not induce any further changes. Overall, einkorn pasta had similar technological characteristics but better nutritional value than the control durum wheat pasta.

Background and objective: Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) has health benefits with promising possibilities for food industry. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of processing (water debittering, extrusion, and spray-drying) on chemical composition, heat damage and in vitro protein digestibility in Andean lupin. Findings: The processing treatment modified all the parameters while the genotype showed limited effect. The untreated lupins had high protein and lipid content (47.4 and 16.2 g/100 g dry matter). The extruded products showed higher protein content (55.7 g/100 g) and digestibility (68.1%) than the untreated lupins, along with limited heat damage (8.7 mg furosine/100 g protein). Spray-drying led to the lowest protein content (31.8 g/100 g) and, when maltodextrin was used, the highest heat damage (54.1 ± 20.7 mg furosine/100 g protein; 0.60 mg hydroxymethylfurfural/kg; 0.58 mg glycosylisomaltol/kg), but also to the maximum protein digestibility (72.8%–74.0%). Conclusions: The chemical composition of Andean lupin was improved by the technological treatments (debittering, extrusion, and spray-drying) applied. Processing enhanced nutritional value and digestibility, without inducing relevant heat damage. Significance and novelty: Extrusion and spray-drying improve the in vitro protein digestibility of Andean lupin flour causing limited heat damage. © 2020 Cereals & Grains Association

SUMMARY: Triticum urartu (2n = 2x = 14, subgenome AᵘAᵘ), a wild diploid wheat progenitor, features broad allelic diversity for a number of traits of agronomic relevance. A thorough characterization of the diversity of T. urartu natural accessions may provide wheat breeders with new alleles potentially contributing to wheat improvement. In this study, we performed an extensive genotypic and phenotypic characterization of a world collection of 299 T. urartu ex situ accessions, developing 441 327 single nucleotide polymorphisms and recording trait values for agronomic and quality traits. The collection was highly diverse, with broad variation in phenology and plant architecture traits. Seed features were also varied, and analyses of flour quality reported 18 distinct patterns of glutenins, and carotenoid concentrations and sedimentation volumes in some cases surpassing those of cultivated materials. The genome‐wide molecular markers developed on the collection were used to conduct a genome‐wide association study reporting 25 highly significant quantitative trait nucleotides for the traits under examination, only partially overlapping loci already reported in wheat. Our data show that T. urartu may be considered a valuable allele pool to support the improvement of wheat agronomy and quality.

Carotenoids were recovered from carrot processing waste using sunflower oil. Simplex centroid mixture design was applied for the optimization of wall material formulations (whey protein/maltodextrin/inulin) for the encapsulation of carrot waste extract by freeze drying (FD) and spray drying (SD). The optimal wall materials were pure whey protein , and 71 g/100 g whey protein - 29 g/100 g inulin mixture, respectively, showing total carotenoids of 1.31 and 0.87 mg β-carotene/100 g, encapsulation efficiencies of 63.69 g/100 g and 53.78 g/100 g, and β-carotene bleaching antioxidant capacities of 70.06 and 41.23 μmol TE/100 g. The freeze dried encapsulate showed the best hygroscopicity, oxidative stability and colour properties, while the spray dried encapsulate had the lowest water activity, moisture content and particle size. The morphological properties of the optimal encapsulates were assessed. The techniques and the formulations tested showed a big potential for the preparation of functional food with improved nutritional, colour and bioactive properties.

Recent studies on einkorn wheat, an underutilised relative of durum and bread wheat, demonstrated its outstanding nutritional characteristics and fostered a renewed interest for its cultivation. Einkorn is a disease-resistant and thrifty crop, supplying flour with optimal composition even with minimal agronomic management. To understand the role of nitrogen fertilisation on its composition and nutritional quality, a two-year study comparing five different nitrogen treatments (0 kg/ha, 40 and 80 kg/ha at tillering, 40 and 80 kg/ha at heading) was performed on three einkorn accessions. The two years had similar temperatures but very different rainfall profiles, so the climate had a strong effect on most traits, including thousand kernels weight, Falling number, viscoamylographic parameters, carotenoid and phenolic acid concentration. On the other hand, nitrogen fertilisation improved protein content, SDS sedimentation volume and phenolic acids concentration. Carotenoids synthesis was slightly limited with increasing fertilisation; a similar, but less evident, effect was present for tocols. The results demonstrate that einkorn wheat does not require abundant nitrogen fertilisation to provide flour with good nutritional and technological characteristics.

This paper contributes to the debate on the design of a centralised fiscal tool absorbing country-specific negative shocks in the euro area. Based on theoretical insights, it identifies the broad characteristics that a shock absorber based on unemployment should have in order to be incentive-compatible and politically feasible. It then derives empirically the combination of activation thresholds, experience rating, eligibility criteria, and benefit generosity which define the systems offering the highest stabilisation for given levels of redistribution, accounting for the large variation in benefit take-up rates across European countries. The analysis suggests that the shock absorber should: i) give rise to macro cross-national transfers, mimicking those that would be generated by a notional euro-wide unemployment benefit scheme of minimal coverage and generosity; ii) be activated by a trigger; and iii) feature partial experience rating. The simulation results, confirmed by robustness checks, show that even systems that do not redistribute resources between countries can have a non-negligible stabilisation impact in the medium run. Low benefit take-up rates in Southern Europe substantially reduce the stabilisation properties and the size of the scheme. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)

Puffed cereals are widely used in the preparation of breakfast products, snacks and ready-to-eat foods. Puffing leads to deep structural, chemical and nutritional modifications of the grains but the information available about the end-product quality is still scant. Aim of this research was to assess the effect of gun-puffing on several technological characteristics and chemical composition of einkorn and bread wheat kernels. A survey of some commercial puffed cereals was also performed. Bread wheat and einkorn kernels were treated in a lab gun-puffing system of a private food industry under two different processing conditions. The raw and puffed kernels were then assessed for technological (1000 kernel weight, expansion rate, test weight, water uptake, water absorption and solubility index, pasting properties, surface area, colour) and compositional (starch, protein, carotenoid and tocol content) traits. Puffing induced significant changes in most technological and chemical characteristics of einkorn and bread wheat kernels. A drastic loss of carotenoids (on average, −54%), but not of tocols, was observed. While bread wheat and einkorn differed for several traits, the two puffing treatments generally gave similar results. Most of the technological and compositional properties of commercially-available puffed cereals were species-related.

Aim of the research was to study the influence of grape (Vitis vinifera) pomace powder, a by-product of wine manufacturing, on chemical composition, nutritional properties and physical characteristics of cakes prepared replacing bread wheat flour with 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% grape pomace powder. The addition of growing quantities of grape pomace powder gradually increased ash, lipid, proteins, fibres, free phenolics, anthocyanins and total polyphenol content as well as antioxidant capacity (DPPH, FRAP), while decreased moisture and рН. The main phenolics provided by grape pomace were catechin, gallic acid, quercitin, protocatechuic acid, kaempferol and apigenin. The phenolic acids and flavonoids content increased from 4.1 mg/kg DM (control) to 26.4–60.9 mg/kg DM (cake with 4%–10% grape pomace powder). The colour coordinates L* and a* diminished, while b* augmented. The cake containing 4% grape pomace powder showed the best sensory quality. The addition of grape pomace powder significantly improved the content in free phenolics, highly bioavailable, that are scarce in bread wheat, and thus the nutritional value of cakes without penalising their technological and sensorial attributes. Therefore, grape pomace powder utilisation will give foods with nutritionally enhanced properties; additionally, its utilisation will alleviate the ecological problems connected to its disposal.

The increasing interest of consumers for foods with enhanced nutritional characteristics has spurred the industry to look for unconventional raw materials and novel products. Aim of this research was to evaluate pasta prepared from different T. monococcum flours and mixtures: refined flour (EF), refined flour from pregerminated kernels (EPG), whole meal flour from decorticated kernels (EDK), refined flour plus egg albumen (EA) and refined flour plus whole egg (EW); pasta from durum wheat semolina (DS) was the control. Pasta colour was not modified by the addition of egg white or pregerminated flour, while decorticated flour decreased brightness and whole egg increased brightness and yellow component. All einkorn samples showed higher protein and carotenoid content, and lower heat damage than DS. The EDK pasta had more carotenoid, lipid and furosine than EF pasta; EPG instead had slightly less proteins, more reducing sugars and higher heat damage. The addition of egg products increased protein content and, for whole egg, lipids and carotenoids concentration, while maintaining within acceptable levels the heat damage. All einkorn pastas had good cooking characteristics; compared to whole egg, the albumen gave an optimal texture pasta, while delivering a cholesterol-free product with low lipid content.

We analyse the evolution of EU citizens' living standards, considering the EU as a single country. Average living standards have improved considerably as the European integration process has unfolded. EU28 income inequality has steadily declined, mostly as a result of the macroeconomic convergence of new EU-accession countries. EU15 income inequality fell steadily until the mid-1980s, but picked up again during the economic turmoil following the Great Recession, largely reflecting the divergence between periphery and core countries in the euro area. Using a common EU standard reveals more progress in terms of poverty reduction. It also shows that the patterns of income convergence across member states differ across categories of residents, thus calling for a more careful consideration of the personal and national dimensions of EU policies.

The original version of this article was revised: In the original publication of the article, the word “symbol” was mistakenly added to the article title.

This paper examines the social welfare bases of the measurement of income inequality among the inhabitants of the world. We develop a general family of global inequality indices which encompasses different concepts of global equity, from the cosmopolitan to the nationalist view. The analysis also provides an interpretation of the EU-wide inequality measures adopted in European statistics.

Summary The paper argues that we need more general statistical indices for the analysis of the European labour markets. First, the paper discusses some normative aspects that are implicit in the current definition of the employment rate, which is a fundamental policy target in the new strategy Europe 2020. Second, it proposes a class of generalized indices based on work intensity, as approximated by the total annual hours of work relative to a benchmark value. Third, it derives, in a consistent framework, household level employment indices. These indices provide a more nuanced picture of the European labour markets, which better reflects the diversity in the use of part-time and fixed term jobs as well as other factors affecting the allocation of work between and within households.

Modern plant breeding can benefit from the allelic variation that exists in natural populations of crop wild relatives that evolved under natural selection in varying pedoclimatic conditions. In this study, next-generation sequencing was used to generate 1.3 million genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on ex situ collections of Triticum urartu L., the wild donor of the Au subgenome of modern wheat. A set of 75 511 high-quality SNPs were retained to describe 298 T. urartu accessions collected throughout the Fertile Crescent. Triticum urartu showed a complex pattern of genetic diversity, with two main genetic groups distributed sequentially from west to east. The incorporation of geographical information on sampling points showed that genetic diversity was correlated to the geographical distance (R2 = 0.19) separating samples from Jordan and Lebanon, from Syria and southern Turkey, and from eastern Turkey, Iran and Iraq. The wild emmer genome was used to derive the physical positions of SNPs on the seven chromosomes of the Au subgenome, allowing us to describe a relatively slow decay of linkage disequilibrium in the collection. Outlier loci were described on the basis of the geographic distribution of the T. urartu accessions, identifying a hotspot of directional selection on chromosome 4A. Bioclimatic variation was derived from grid data and related to allelic variation using a genome-wide association approach, identifying several marker-environment associations (MEAs). Fifty-seven MEAs were associated with altitude and temperature measures while 358 were associated with rainfall measures. The most significant MEAs and outlier loci were used to identify genomic loci with adaptive potential (some already reported in wheat), including dormancy and frost resistance loci. We advocate the application of genomics and landscape genomics on ex situ collections of crop wild relatives to efficiently identify promising alleles and genetic materials for incorporation into modern crop breeding.

Tony Atkinson is universally celebrated for his outstanding contributions to the measurement and analysis of inequality, but he never saw the study of inequality as a separate branch of economics. He was an economist in the classical sense, rejecting any sub-field labelling of his interests and expertise, and he made contributions right across economics. His death on 1 January 2017 deprived the world of both an intellectual giant and a deeply committed public servant in the broadest sense of the term. This collective tribute highlights the range, depth and importance of Tony’s enormous legacy, the product of over fifty years’ work. This is a discussion paper which subsequently has been published in The Review of Income and Wealth. © 2017 Wiley

The nutritional value of cereal kernels is markedly improved by the germination process. Aim of this study was to evaluate protein, ash, sugars, heat damage (furosine, hydroxymethylfurfural, glucosylisomaltol), carotenoids, tocols, phenolics and antioxidant capacity (FRAP, ABTS, DPPH, reducing power, superoxide anion, β-carotene bleaching tests) of water biscuits enriched with increasing quantities (0, 5, 10 and 20%) of sprouted bread wheat or barley. The wholemeals from sprouted wheat and barley showed high concentrations of total carotenoids (82.6 and 119.7 mg/kg, respectively), tocols (53.4 and 88.2 mg/kg), conjugated (368.0 and 564.2 mg/kg) and bound (1811.6 and 3022.0 mg/kg) phenolics. Therefore, the enriched water biscuits had higher carotenoids, tocols and phenolics content, heat damage and antioxidant capacity than the controls. The greatest increase was recorded in barley-enriched samples. The addition of 15%–20% sprouted wheat or 5%–10% sprouted barley improved the nutritional quality of water biscuits while limiting heat damage.

More than 100 years ago, before the rediscovery of Mendel’s laws of inheritance, Nazareno Strampelli started a deliberate crossing programme among Italian and foreign bread wheat genotypes that led to the constitution of over 100 varieties and allowed Italy to significantly increase wheat production. Several varieties enjoyed worldwide popularity and were instrumental in the success of many other breeding programmes. To better understand the reasons of these accomplishments, 84 accessions, representing 50 Strampelli varieties, were characterized for glutenin storage proteins and AFLP patterns, in order to confirm their identification and to assess their genetic diversity. The molecular markers analysis confirmed the correct attribution of most accessions and highlighted the broad genetic variation existing among Stampelli’s varieties. Some genotypes, deemed incompatible with the available pedigree data, were removed from the final analysis. A limited within-variety diversity among genotypes was probably due to incomplete homogeneity and stability of Strampelli materials, but also to the use of heterogeneous local populations as parents.

Poverty is generally defined as incom e or expenditure insufficiency, but the econom ic condition of a household also depends on its r eal and financial asset holdings. T his paper investigates measures of poverty that rely on indicators of household net worth. W e review and assess two m ain approaches followed in th e literature: incom e-net worth m easures and asset-poverty. We provide fresh cross-national evidence based on data from the Luxembourg Wealth Study.

Consideration of world inequality should cause reexamination of the key concepts underlying the welfare approach to measuring income inequality and its relation to measuring poverty. This reexamination leads to exploration of a new measure that allows poverty and inequality to be considered in the same framework, incorporates different approaches to measuring inequality, and allows varied expressions of the cost of inequality. Applied to the world distribution of income for 1820--1992, the new measure provides different perspectives on the evolution of global inequality. Copyright The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / the world bank . All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org, Oxford University Press.

The molecular characterization of cultivated plant genepools is of foremost importance for germplasm utilization in plant breeding. However, no comprehensive genetic fingerprinting of Turkish lentil landraces existed so far. To overcome this gap, 38 lentil landraces from southeast Turkey, together with six commercial varieties, were molecularly characterized using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) molecular markers. The ISSR analysis, performed with 14 primers, yielded 105 polymorphic bands and the AFLP analysis, carried out with six primer combinations, amplified 119 polymorphic fragments. Even though the AFLP produced more bands per primer combinations, the ISSR detected more polymorphisms. Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means dendrograms based on Jaccard similarities obtained from three data sets: (i) ISSR, (ii) AFLP and (iii) combined ISSR and AFLP data, were similar and separated the landraces into two main groups. Turkish lentil landraces exhibited considerable genetic diversity. One landrace from Karacadag/Diyarbakir region was significantly different from the rest of the germplasm analysed. Jaccard distances highlighted sharp differences among landraces over short geographic distances. The knowledge of regional differentiation has practical utility in the management of germplasm and in breeding programmes. © 2008 Blackwell Verlag, Berlin.

The celiac disease (CD) is an inflammatory condition characterized by injury to the lining of the small-intestine on exposure to the gluten of wheat, barley and rye. The involvement of gluten in the CD syndrome has been studied in detail in bread wheat, where a set of “toxic” and “immunogenic” peptides has been defined. For wheat diploid species, information on CD epitopes is poor. In the present paper, we have adopted a genomic approach in order to understand the potential CD danger represented by storage proteins in diploid wheat and sequenced a sufficiently large number of cDNA clones related to storage protein genes of Triticum monococcum. Four bona fide toxic peptides and 13 immunogenic peptides were found. All the classes of storage proteins were shown to contain harmful sequences. The major conclusion is that einkorn has the full potential to induce the CD syndrome, as already evident for polyploid wheats. In addition, a complete overview of the storage protein gene arsenal in T. monococcum is provided, including a full-length HMW x-type sequence and two partial HMW y-type sequences. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00438-008-0412-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The interest for household production has grown since the release of the new System of National Accounts in 2008. In this paper we analyse how accounting for own-use production may affect labour statistics. Traditional headcount ratios may not be very informative when employment rates consider both home and market production, as most people are engaged in at least one of those activities. Hence, we propose a general class of indices based on the hours spent on each type of work that encompasses headcount indicators as a special case. Our empirical analysis based on time use data for a selected group of countries shows that international rankings are sensitive to the shift from headcounts to hour-weighted indices and that accounting for own-use production changes considerably the picture on the work burden of men and women.

YILMAZ, Volkan Arif/0000-0001-5039-4026; Brandolini, Andrea/0000-0002-4552-4081; Hidalgo, Alyssa/0000-0002-3311-814X WOS: 000368039600047 PubMed: 26787973 The whole meal flour of wheat is rich in phenolic acids, which provide a relevant antioxidant activity to food products. Aim of this research was to assess the influence of processing on phenolic acid content and antioxidant activity of whole meal flour water biscuits and puffed kernels of einkorn and bread wheat. To this end, the evolution of syringaldehyde, ferulic, vanillic, syringic, p-coumaric, p-hydroxybenzoic, and caffeic acids was studied during manufacturing. Overall, from flour to water biscuit, the total soluble conjugated phenolic acids increased slightly in einkorn, while the insoluble bound phenolic acids decreased in all the accessions as a consequence of losses during the mixing step. In the puffed kernels, instead, the total soluble conjugated phenolic acids increased markedly, while the bound phenolics did not show any clear change, evidencing their high thermal stability. The antioxidant activity, measured by FRAP and ABTS, increased during processing and was highest under the most drastic puffing conditions. Erasmus Programme The Erasmus Programme sponsored the doctorate training internship of Volkan A. Yilmaz at DeFENS.

The paper describes the Luxembourg Wealth Study (LWS), an international project launched in 2003 by the Luxembourg Income Study and by institutions from Canada, Cyprus, Finland, Germany, Italy, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The aim of the project is to assemble and to harmonise existing micro-data on household wealth, in order to provide a sounder basis for comparative research on household net worth, portfolio composition, and wealth distributions.

PubMedID: 16758198 Archaeological remains indicate that the origin of western agriculture occurred in a brief period about 10,500 years ago in a region of the Middle East known as the Fertile Crescent, where the wild progenitors of several key agricultural cereal species are endemic. Domestication entailed the appearance of agronomic traits such as seed size and threshability. For a representative sample of 20 domesticated barley (Hordeum vulgare) lines, including 13 two-rowed and 7 six-rowed varieties, we determined the haplotypes at seven loci-Adh2, Adh3, Amy1, Dhn9, GAPDH, PEPC and WAXY encompassing 5,616 bases per line-and compared them to the haplotypes at the same loci for 25 wild forms (Hordeum spontaneum) collected within and outside the Fertile Crescent. In comparisons of wild versus domesticated barley, the number of haplotypes (70 vs. 17), average nucleotide diversity, ?, (0.0077 vs. 0.0028), and Watterson's theta at silent sites (0.0104 vs. 0.0028) was reduced in domesticated lines. Two loci, Amy1 and PEPC, were monomorphic in domesticated lines; Amy1 and GAPDH produced significant values of Tajima's D. At GAPDH, ? was slightly higher in domesticated than wild forms, due to divergent high-frequency haplotypes; for the remaining six loci, 87% of nucleotide diversity has been lost in the domesticated forms. Bottlenecks acting on neutrally evolving loci either during the domestication process, during subsequent breeding, or both, are sufficient to account for reduced diversity and the results of Tajima's test, without the need to evoke selection at these loci. Phylogenetic networks data uncover distinct wild and domesticated barley genotypes and suggest that barley may have been domesticated in the Jordan valley. Because, based on AFLP data, the domesticated Turkish cultivars had a genetic basis as large as that present in large germplasm collections, all comparisons provided in this paper are of general value more than being restricted to the Turkish barley germplasm. © Springer-Verlag 2006. was supported by the Deutsche

The labour market status of many non-working persons is at the boundary between unemployment and inactivity. Like the unemployed, they seek and are available for work; unlike them, their last search action was not recent enough to meet the ILO definition of unemployment. In this paper we examine by non-parametric tests how the transition probabilities of these out-of-the-labour-force job seekers differ from those of the unemployed as well as the other non-participants. First, using data from the European Community Household Panel, we show that in most EU countries these job seekers constitute a distinct labour market state. Second, we rely on information only available in the Italian Labour Force Survey to derive a measure of search intensity which we use to break down the out-of-the-labour-force job seekers. On the basis of their transition probabilities, the most active are indistinguishable from the unemployed.