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This article analyzes the music of Black female rapper Missy Elliott in order to consider performative challenges to the politics of visibility and visuality of Black queerness in hip hop. While mainstream media lauds the recent increase in and representation of out Black LGBTQ rappers, scholars such as C. Riley Snorton caution such praise for the unique ways visibility and surveillance are entangled formations that render Black queer communities vulnerable to violence. This article draws on Elliott’s songs “Get Ur Freak on” and “Pussycat” to present alternative ways of navigating the violence of visibility for Black queers and queerness. It argues that Elliott musically inhabits, expresses, and produces queerness through a set of cultural practices that this article calls the “musical aesthetics of impropriety.” The musical aesthetics of impropriety are performative expressions that are developed and deployed at the level of the sound recording, and that exploit the gaps and fissures of what qualifies as proper sexual subjects (e.g., LGBT) and how we come to perceive them as such (i.e., “evidence“) in order to produce alternative sexual and sonic formations. It is, thus, through the musical aesthetics of impropriety that we might imagine and articulate racialized queerness in hip hop differently.

This article explores allegations of sexual scandal connected with premodern royal women in Europe and China. It begins by assessing expectations of queenly ideals, particularly the emphasis given to female chastity in European and Chinese culture. This forms a foundation for an extended discussion of tales of sexual impropriety of both real and legendary queens from China in the third century BCE to eighteenth century Europe. This survey highlights three key themes: the idea of dangerous and destructive beauty, the topos of the wanton and promiscuous queen and perceptions of transgressive affairs. Finally, the article assesses the connection between the portrayal of the sexual scandal of royal women in contemporary sources with the way in which these women’s lives are represented in modern media, particularly films and television series. Ultimately, it demonstrates that allegations of sexual scandal could both be a means to attack these women (and their royal husbands) in their lifetimes and could have long lasting negative impact on the memory of their lives, resulting in their political power, agency and activity being obscured by an emphasis on their love lives and supposed affairs. Este artículo explora las acusaciones de escándalo sexual relacionado con mujeres reales premodernas en Europa y China. Comienza evaluando las expectativas de los ideales de la reina, particularmente el énfasis que se le da a la castidad femenina en la cultura europea y china. Esto forma una base para una discusión extensa de historias de conducta sexual inapropiada de reinas reales y legendarias desde China en el siglo III a. C. hasta la Europa del siglo XVIII. Esta investigación destaca tres temas clave: la idea de una belleza peligrosa y destructiva, el topos de la reina lasciva y promiscua y las percepciones de los asuntos transgresores. Finalmente, el artículo evalúa la conexión entre la descripción del escándalo sexual de las mujeres reales en fuentes contemporáneas con la forma en que las vidas de estas mujeres están representadas en los medios modernos, particularmente películas y series de televisión. En última instancia, demuestra que las acusaciones de escándalo sexual podrían ser un medio para atacar a estas mujeres (y a sus maridos reales) en sus vidas y podrían tener un impacto negativo duradero en la memoria de sus vidas, lo que resultaría en su poder político, agencia y actividad. siendo oscurecidos por un énfasis en sus vidas amorosas y supuestos affairs.

The article studies the mainstreaming of the crypto assets’ market legal regulation on the example of Ukraine and Poland. Specifically, the notions “crypto currency” and “virtual currency” are analyzed. On the basis of dialectical method and of critical analysis of research literature, regulatory legal acts, etc. the impropriety of the stated notions’ use is proved, especially as concerns the legislative level; the specifics of the stated categories’ legal status is defined; the necessity and practicality of special regulatory legal acts approval in this sphere on the level of Ukraine and Poland is determined, for effective rights’ exercising of the corresponding relations participants, including constitutional rights. Simultaneously, the article provides the grounds for inacceptability of adoption by Ukraine and Poland of the crypto assets’ market development by means of impelementation of varios benefits (preferences) for this market participants, because this can threaten the ecological, energy, information, and in total, national security of the given states.

In November 2020, Indian celebrity Milind Soman posted a picture of himself on social media, which showed him running naked on a beach. He was charged with obscenity. This article considers the time and place of Soman’s act over the alleged impropriety. The photograph was taken on a beach in Goa, the tropical setting serving as a pleasure periphery to India which annexed the region in 1961. Accordingly, a longer history of states of undress in Indian advertising, filmmaking, and tourism are considered here to apprehend how Goa has been posited in the Indian imagination as a destination for wanton self-gratification while local realities are undermined. The article thus interrogates what it means for Goa, whose economy is overly dependent on tourism, to serve as a vacation spot during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially when, in 2020, it had among the highest number of virus-related deaths in the country (Dias, 2020, par. 4). Using the metaphor of the celebrity who has no qualms about running naked and unmasked in Goa, this article enquires into what such events leave unrevealed in the economic requirement that some locales function as holiday destinations, even in the midst of a pandemic.

Psychological theory and research suggest that religious individuals could have differences in the appraisal of immoral behaviours and cognitions compared to non-religious individuals. This effect could occur due to adherence to prescriptive and inviolate deontic religious-moral rules and socio-evolutionary factors, such as increased autonomic nervous system responsivity to indirect threat. The latter thesis has been used to suggest that immoral elicitors could be processed subliminally by religious individuals. In this manuscript, we employed masking to test this hypothesis. We rated and pre-selected IAPS images for moral impropriety. We presented these images masked with and without negatively manipulating a pre-image moral label. We measured detection, moral appraisal and discrimination, and physiological responses. We found that religious individuals experienced higher responsivity to masked immoral images. Bayesian and hit-versus-miss response analyses revealed that the differences in appraisal and physiological responses were reported only for consciously perceived immoral images. Our analysis showed that when a negative moral label was presented, religious individuals experienced the interval following the label as more physiologically arousing and responded with lower specificity for moral discrimination. We propose that religiosity involves higher conscious perceptual and physiological responsivity for discerning moral impropriety but also higher susceptibility for the misperception of immorality.

Text recycling (hereafter TR), sometimes problematically called “self-plagiarism,” involves the verbatim reuse of text from one’s own existing documents in a newly created text – such as the duplication of a paragraph or section from a published article in a new article. Although plagiarism is widely eschewed across academia and the publishing industry, the ethics of TR are not agreed upon and are currently being vigorously debated. As part of a federally funded (US) National Science Foundation grant, we have been studying TR patterns using several methodologies, including interviews with editors about TR values and practices (Pemberton, Hall, Moskovitz, & Anson, 2019) and digitally mediated text-analytic processes to determine the extent of TR in academic publications in the biological sciences, engineering, mathematical and physical sciences, and social, behavioral, and economic sciences (Anson, Moskovitz, & Anson, 2019). In this article, we first describe and illustrate TR in the context of academic writing. We then explain and document several themes that emerged from interviews with publishers of peer-reviewed academic journals. These themes demonstrate the vexed and unsettled nature of TR as a discursive phenomenon in academic writing and publishing. In doing so, we focus on the complex relationships between personal (role-based) and social (norm-based) aspects of scientific publication, complicating conventional models of the writing process that have inadequately accounted for authorial decisions about accuracy, efficiency, self-representation, adherence to existing or imagined rules and norms, perceptions of ownership and copyright, and fears of impropriety.

O trabalho em tela tem como fundamento apresentar as perspectivas jurídicas disposta na lei de improbidade administrativa (Lei nº. 8.429/92), principalmente no que concerne à aplicabilidade da remessa necessária nas sentenças de improcedência proferidas em ações de tal natureza. É importante lembrar que a remessa necessária não possui previsão legal na Lei nº. 8.429/92. Contudo, há discussão no âmbito doutrinário e jurisprudencial referente à aplicação do instituto nas ações de improbidade administrativa com sentença de improcedência. De início, o trabalho busca apresentar alguns aspectos da Lei de Improbidade Administrativa. Por conseguinte, em breves linhas, irá expor sobre a finalidade da remessa necessária e, por fim, demonstrará as divergências sobre a sua aplicação ou não nas ações proveniente de improbidade administrativa.

En este artículo, se reúnen los resultados de la investigación de mi tesis acerca de la relación de dos errores léxicos: la imprecisión y redundancia léxica en la coherencia del texto argumentativo de universitarios de los primeros ciclos. Se define la coherencia como la construcción de una unidad de sentido sin ninguna contradicción entre sus partes, lo que contribuye a la interpretación del texto a partir de la vinculación léxica con el desarrollo del contenido del texto desde espacios menores a nivel de microestructura, relación entre oraciones, así como de estas con el texto en general a nivel de macroestructura. En el estudio, se tuvo como objetivo principal analizar cómo la imprecisión y la redundancia léxica generan consecuencias semánticas en la coherencia de los textos de los estudiantes de la muestra. La investigación tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo, ya que primero se contabilizó la cantidad de errores para vincularlos estadísticamente, mediante el programa SPSS, con la coherencia textual. El diseño del estudio es no experimental y explicativo, ya que no existe manipulación de las variables. Los resultados de la investigación se pueden sintetizar en que hay una relación positiva entre la presencia o ausencia de la imprecisión, impropiedad, redundancia léxica y coloquialismos, y la coherencia de los textos argumentativos de la muestra. Es decir, conforme incrementaba el número de errores léxicos, los textos se volvían menos coherentes.

The deviation of continuous and discrete complex random variables from the traditional proper and symmetric assumption to a generalized improper and asymmetric characterization (accounting correlation between a random entity and its complex conjugate), respectively, introduces new design freedom and various potential merits. As such, the theory of impropriety has vast applications in medicine, geology, acoustics, optics, image and pattern recognition, computer vision, and other numerous research fields with our main focus on the communication systems. The journey begins from the design of improper Gaussian signaling in the interference-limited communications and leads to a more elaborate and practically feasible asymmetric discrete modulation design. Such asymmetric shaping bridges the gap between theoretically and practically achievable limits with sophisticated transceiver and detection schemes in both coded/uncoded wireless/optical communication systems. Interestingly, introducing asymmetry and adjusting the transmission parameters according to some design criterion render optimal performance without affecting the bandwidth or power requirements of the systems. This dual-flavored article initially presents the tutorial base content covering the interplay of reality/complexity, propriety/impropriety and circularity/noncircularity and then surveys majority of the contributions in this enormous journey., Comment: IEEE COMST (Early Access)

From the intrinsic limits of §§. 39-42 of the work Being and Time, this research paper seeks to thematize the Selfhood of Dasein understood as a non-thingness wisdom of self, the which is correlative of the existentiality and facticity of this entity. This searching is carried out from the mode of appearing of existential Care, precisely this existential word is responsible for endowing of unit and / or structural totality to the constitutive moments of the being-in-the-world as such. This analysis also is exercised in order to enhance a possible link between Care and Selfhood, where, as it seems, the Selfhood is constituted as a neccesary and sufficient condition of Care. This Selfhood is responsable for not only to favor the unity of Care, but the transition from impropriety to existential property of Dasein.

The matter of Gerolomou Constructions (Pty) Ltd v Van Wyk (2011 (4) SA 500 (GNP)) alludes to two rather problematic aspects of the law of contract: on the one hand it demonstrates that practically speaking the question of what constitutes an enforceable agreement of compromise is still no easy matter (see further Ismail "Contentious Issues Arising from Payments made in Full and Final Settlement" 2008 PER 154; and cf Zeffertt "Payments 'In Full Settlement'" 1972 SALJ 35), and despite the sound judgment delivered recently by the Supreme Court of Appeal in Be Bop A Lula Manufacturing & Printing CC v Kingtex Marketing (Pty) Ltd (2008 (3) SA 327 (SCA)), it seems that the judiciary's interpretation as to when an offer of compromise exists remains difficult to predict. On the other hand the Gerolomou decision deals with improperly obtained consensus by way of undue influence, whereas the facts actually fit more comfortably into the niche of so-called economic duress, a form of procedural impropriety that has yet to be recognized as an independent ground for setting aside a contract in our law. This case note examines these issues against the backdrop of the manner in which the case was pleaded.

Recent theories of community (Nancy, Agamben, Esposito) aim to think the term beyond its definition as the ownership of shared identity, language, culture or territory. For Esposito, to reduce community to a property whose possession distinguishes members from non-members undermines the commonality the term implies. The common opposes what is proper or one’s own; it belongs to everyone and anyone. Rather than securing identity and belonging, community, defined by its impropriety, disrupts them so that we are in common. While his work successfully illustrates the incompatibility of the common and the proper, it leaves unanswered the question of how communities come to experience their impropriety. Through a comparison with Ranciere’s improper community, we can identify and gesture beyond this limit. Its members intervene in proper communities by exercising the right to decide on common matters despite officially having no right to do so. Their actions, by demonstrating the openness of the common to anyone and everyone, turn its privatisation into a shared wrong that connects community with non-community. By supplementing Esposito’s work with Ranciere’s, we see how communities relate to what they have deemed improper in a way that both challenges and revitalises their sense of commonality.

This research is motivated by a "unique" phenomenon from of the role of the profession internal auditors. For Internal auditors of Internal Control Unit (SPI) in a non-profit organization, especially in an Higher Education Institution , the uniqueness has the potential to place it in a situation of independence dilemma. The purpose of this study is to understand the reality of the independence dilemma faced by SPI auditors as a result of the conditions and work environment. In order to explore the auditor's understanding of SPI, phenomenology is employed as methodology, under interpretive paradigm as the umbrella of this research. Exploration of understanding and awareness is done using Epoche. The results of the study revealed that the SPI auditor faced a situation of independence in various forms: (1) the negative auditing stigma in the form of the awarding of "kambing hitam" to SPI raises a dilemma for auditors and disturbs the working spirit of the SPI auditor, on the other hand if implemented improperly will be contrary to the obligation and further aggravate the negative stigma already attached; (2) there is a phenomenon of impropriety (abuse) on audit guidelines that has not been fully implemented and not evaluated to provide ethical consideration in the future; (3) the existence of obedience pressure in the form of "suspension" the rector signs the SPI examination report . d ue to the term audit conception that has not been agreed upon.

This paper examines the syntactic, informational, discursive, and metadiscursive functions of the SOV construction in heated parliamentary dialogic discourse. Syntax and information structure coincide in the SOV construction, creating a tripartite structure, in which the initial subject is topicalized, the medially positioned object contains defocalized topical material, and the reduced object-less VP constitutes a narrowed down focus domain, containing the newsworthy element. Discursively, the subject and the newsworthy element stand in contrast with parallel elements in a paired sentence, which is often only implicit. Metadiscursively, the SOV construction is employed in the heated parliamentary arena for an emotively accentuated expression of propriety/impropriety.

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the possibility of excep­tionally making an composition/Agreement in the area of Administrative Improbity, in spite of the prohibition expressed in § 1 of art. 17 of Law 8,429 / 93. It was considered that, due to the delays in the judgment of public civil actions by an act of impropriety, the public interest is impai­red, considering the absence of reimbursement to the Public Treasury of values misappropriated or appropriated illicitly. It was sought to make explicit that an agreement previously concluded (pre-procedural phase) or during the course of action (judicial), can constitute an effective tool and instrument, in cases of administrative improbity, so as to ensure a quick compensation of the damages caused to the public purse, thereby protecting the public interest. It was demonstrated that Paragraph 1 of art. 17 of Law 8,429 / 93 was implicitly revoked by art. 36, § 4 of Law No. 13.140/2015 (Law on Mediation). It was concluded that, in recent years, there has been a paradigm shift in the Brazilian legal system that favors the conflict-self-modeling model, with institutes for alternative conflict resolution within the multiport system (article 5, LXXVIII of the Federal Constitution of 1988, established the principle of celerity and reasonable duration of the process, Code of Civil Procedure, establishing new conciliatory benchmarks, guiding the instrumentalization of the process. In addition, it was verified the implementation of agreement in other Public Ministries of the States, proposing its implementation in the Cearense Public Ministry.

Different approaches to the interpretation of the concept “error in speech in a non-native language” are analyzed: psychological, psycholinguistic, linguistic, methodical. The possibility to use the results of the analysis of errors in speech in a non-native language to study the processes of learning the language is proved. It is emphasized that the conclusions should be taken into account when developing a complex of productive and receptive lexical exercises. The conclusion about the impropriety of dividing errors in foreign speech to “communicatively significant and insignificant” is made. The most frequent lexical errors in the Russian speech of Greek students and deviations from the lexical norms of the Russian language are revealed. The features of the influence of errors on the nature of communication are described. The article deals with the types of lexical errors that Greek students make when mastering the system of the Russian language. The classification of lexical errors in the Russian speech of Greek students is made on the basis of two criteria: the reasons for the deviation from the lexical norm and the consequences of the deviation. Recommendations for the prevention of lexical level errors when teaching the Greeks the Russian language are given.

Resumo “A gente escreve o que ouve e nunca o que houve”, essa frase de Oswald de Andrade, recuperada na epígrafe do livro Delírios de damasco de Veronica Stigger, nos provoca a um redimensionamento do que entendemos das escritas literárias. Do mesmo modo, convoca uma prática de escrita não coincidente consigo mesma. A essa não coincidência, chama-se, aqui nesse texto, inespecificidade, noção da autora Florencia Garramuño, que nos serve de aproximação à leitura do poema “Sessão” de 2017, de Roy David Frankel. Esse encontro, que centraliza o debate do texto, traz uma série de provocações às práticas literárias recentes e ao atual cenário político brasileiro figurado desde o golpe de Estado em 2016. O esforço é de tomar as práticas literárias atuais como espaço possível de construção política, sob a forma da impropriedade e da impertinência. Abstract “We write what we hear and never what happened”, this phrase by Oswald de Andrade, retrieved in the epigraph of the book Delírios de damasco , by Veronica Stigger, invites us to reconfigure what we understand about literary writings. Likewise, it calls for a writing practice that does not coincide with itself. This non-coincidence is called here in this text ‘unspecificity’ a notion by the author Florencia Garramuño, which serves as an approximation to the reading of the poem “Sessão” (2017), by Roy David Frankel. This encounter, which centralizes the debate in the text, brings a series of provocations to recent literary practices and to the current Brazilian political scenario figured since the Coup d'état in 2016. The effort is to take current literary practices as a possible space for political construction in the form of impropriety and impertinence. Resumen “Escribimos lo que oímos y nunca lo que sucedió”, la frase de Oswald de Andrade recuperada del epígrafe del libro Delírios de damasco de Veronica Stigger, impulsa un redimensionamiento de lo que entendemos sobre la escritura literaria. Asimismo, exige una práctica de escritura que no coincide consigo misma. Esta no coincidencia, en este texto, se denomina inespecificidad, noción de la autora Florencia Garramuño que sirve de aproximación a la lectura del poema “Sessão”, de Roy David Frankel (2017). Este encuentro, que centraliza el debate en el texto, trae una serie de provocaciones a las prácticas literarias recientes y al actual escenario político brasileño figurado desde el Golpe de Estado de 2016. El esfuerzo es el de tomar las prácticas literarias actuales como un posible espacio de construcción política, en forma de impropiedad e impertinencia.

The research aims to analyze the Ombudsman institute as an advocate for the rights of the population to supervise the Public Administration and as a guardian of legality against impropriety and abuses of power in the exercise of administrative activity. With the Federal Constitution of 1988, Brazil resumed the traditional way of Democracy and Rule of Law. However, despite the democratic climate established, the National Constituent Assembly rejected the proposal that would establish the figure of the Ombudsman in the country. The method used is the hypothetical-deductive, based on legislation, doctrine and jurisprudence. It is concluded that the Ombudsman, as an external body of the Public Administration, although not expressly provided in the Major Law, has the mission of impartial inspection of Public Administration in defense of fundamental rights, all in light of the Federal Constitution and the principles and norms that govern the Brazilian Democratic State of Law

El artículo discute la noción de Ge-stell planteada por Heidegger en su filosofía tardía de la técnica. Tal idea se entiende en una doble posibilidad: como dispositivo de control tecnológico al modo de una imposición, es decir, como la esencia de la técnica moderna, o como destinación otorgante de la salvación, esto es, como desocultamiento de la verdad del ser. Como Jano bifronte, el Dasein se encuentra permanentemente en la encrucijada de elegir mantenerse en el modo de la impropiedad y, por lo mismo, perder su autonomía ante la omnipotencia tecnológica del Ge-stell, o bien, decidirse por una existencia desde la propiedad y proyectar su ser a partir de la posibilidad de la intercambialidad ontológica del Ge-stell, resguardando de este modo su autonomía de la dictadura metafísica del dispositivo.

The relationship between quantum entanglement and classical impropriety is considered in the context of multi-modal squeezed states of light. Replacing operators with complex Gaussian random variables in the Bogoliubov transformations for squeezed states, we find that the resulting transformed variables are not only correlated but also improper. A simple threshold exceedance model of photon detection is considered and used to demonstrate how the behavior of improper Gaussian random variables can mimic that of entangled photon pairs when coincidence post-selection is performed., Comment: 9 pages, 1 figure

Resumo Este estudo analisa a Resolução n. 179/2017-CNMP, que regulamentou, no âmbito do Ministério Público, a tomada de compromisso de ajustamento de conduta. Discute-se a natureza, o objeto, a competência e o impacto desse mecanismo de solução extrajudicial de conflitos diante do problema da crise da jurisdição existente no Brasil. Também se avalia a Resolução no que se refere à expressa possibilidade de sua utilização em matéria de improbidade administrativa, em aparente contrariedade à Lei n. 8.429/1992. A partir de pesquisa bibliográfica e do emprego do método dedutivo, conclui-se o artigo apontando-se as possibilidades e os limites do ato do CNMP. Abstract The study examines the Resolution n. 179/2017-CNMP, which regulates, within the scope of the Public Prosecutor’s Office, the commitment to conduct adjustment. The nature, object, competence, and impact of this out-of-court dispute resolution mechanism is studied in the face of the crisis of jurisdiction in Brazil. The Resolution also evaluates with regard to the manifest possibility of its use in matters of administrative impropriety, in apparent contradiction to Law n. 8.429/1992. From a bibliographical research and the use of the deductive method, the study concludes pointing out the possibilities and the limits of the act of the CNMP.

Grotesque and vulgar, the masked character Gongoli upends the codes of Mende decorum in his madcap pursuit of laughs. His impropriety goes so far as to allow his mask to fall, comically revealing the identity of his dancer and subverting the anonymity so elemental to his fellow spirits’ vaunted status. Yet despite such transgressions, he stands among the most beloved figures of Sierra Leone's rich performance traditions. Gongoli's popularity hinges on his irreverence towards the fundamental laws of masked dance, laws that also regulate the balance between individual agency and communal responsibility, between internal desire and external restraint. The only quality necessary to play Gongoli is shamelessness (ngufe baa), and the greatest performers are acrobats braving risks that are not physical, but social. This article follows Siloh, an itinerant performer whose celebrity inheres in his uncanny similarity to the Gongoli he often plays. The composite figure Siloh Gongoli exemplifies a comic aesthetic relished throughout Sierra Leone in storytelling, ritual, festivals, videos and radio shows. Although mobilized for different ends, each of these conventions undermines principles of self-effacement, gerontocratic privilege and esoteric power by shamelessly playing with and within the existential tensions between interior and exterior selves.

This study investigates the eff ects of pay vis-a-vis elements of the ethics infrastructure that contribute to eff ective administrative control; and to unethical practices in the Nigerian public service. Based on critical analysis of primary offi cial and secondary data, the study reveals that corruption and fi nancial impropriety are far more common and intense among higher public offi cials who, incidentally, are better remunerated, than among the lower cadre offi cials, who are poorly remunerated. Th e study shows that despite the emphasis on the compliance or sanction approach to administrative ethics rather than the virtue approach, there is still wide incongruence between the ethical approach adopted and the expected results. Th is is because of the existence of a weak political and administrative control system at the higher administrative functions. The study suggests that reducing unethical practices should aim at improvingopenness and transparency at the high level through more citizen involvement and civil society action, reviewing the criminal justice system to ensure severe punishment that can serve the purpose of deterrence and prevention, speedy dispatch of corruption cases and strengthening of oversight linkages between the public institutions and ethics coordinating institutions.

The growth of the constructive role of public financial control in management is a logical consequence of the modernization of the established system of state financial control and necessitates an update of the ideology and paradigmatic principles of state financial control. A retrospective review of the theoretical and practical aspects of the methodology and organization in the state financial control of Ukraine suggests that in the scientific environment these issues are studied extensively. However, despite the scientific and practical value of these works, the question of the possible modernization of the modern system of state financial control in the conditions of Ukraine’s integration into the world economic system remains unresolved for the time being and is still the subject of lively discussions. The subject of the study is theoretical and methodological principles and methods for the implementation of state financial control, as well as the results of the activities of the State Audit Office of Ukraine for 2017. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the theoretical positions of the system of state financial control in Ukraine, to analyse the activity of the State Audit Service of Ukraine for 2017, and to suggest ways to improve it. To achieve the research goal, the following questions are addressed and solved: the analysis of the activity of the State Audit Service of Ukraine was carried out, based on the results of which the financial impropriety and state of its elimination for 2017 were described; the analysis revealed an increased attention to the organization of an effective system of financial control of budgetary institutions, the continuous improvement of mechanisms of management and control over budgetary funds. Method. To achieve the defined goal, a complex of general scientific and special methods was used: the method of system analysis and complex structures formalization; generalization and scientific abstraction; statistical method of data processing, grouping method. Results. However, despite the scientific and practical value of these works, the question of the possible modernization of the modern system of state financial control in the conditions of civilization and formation transformation of society through the establishment of paradigmatic principles of public audit, which are already typical of most highly developed countries of the world, remain in Ukraine today finally unresolved and still the subject of lively discussions. Conclusions. An important requirement for the construction of a modern system of state financial control at all levels of management is the implementation of control on the basis of ensuring a clear interaction and coordination of efforts of all participants in financial and budgetary relations to solve tasks of state financial control. The modern system of public financial control should be designed in such a way that it can be quickly and effectively adjusted to the solution of new challenges. Thus, only the complex realization of the measures specified in the study will provide the best effect from their introduction. In view of this, the need to improve the system of public financial control is particularly urgent and relevant. This contribution was supported by research work of the Department of Accounting and Taxing of the Zaporizhzhia National Technical University No. 0115U004682 “Transformation of accounting, analysis, and audit methods in the context of integration processes in Ukraine”.

COVID-19 is caused by a new type of Corona Virus. This virus is a new type of virus so the disease is not known until the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Cases of COVID-19 disease first appeared and infected humans in Wuhan province, China. The Indonesian government has urged them to stay indoors and isolate themselves. The Government of Indonesia applies PSBB rules which stands for Large-Scale Social Restrictions made in the framework of handling COVID-19. This is done in the hope that the virus does not spread more widely and healing efforts can run to the maximum. In an effort to limit social restrictions, the Indonesian government has restricted outdoor activities such as educational activities that have been conducted online through online learning. A student who experiences saturation in learning will gain an impropriety in the learning outcomes. Therefore, it is necessary to encourage students to move so that the spirit of learning can have learning achievements. In today's limited conditions, it takes the understanding and creativity of teachers in packaging their online learning in order to attract students' motivation and motivation in following the stages of online learning.

I aim in this paper to demonstrate the moral problem of expatriate employment in developing countries. To determine how best to construe the moral problem in this context, I first examine four arguments, namely, that in developing countries, expatriate employment is morally wrong because it 1) entrenches the injustice of wage discrimination; 2) produces undesirable outcomes; 3) disregards contextual aspirations and historical memory and 4) is a tool of external domination and control. I analyse these arguments to show that they are insufficient frameworks for understanding the moral impropriety of expatriate employment in developing countries. To this end, I provide an outline of a plausible framework and argue that the moral problem of expatriate employment in this context is unequal or arbitrary distribution of power among employees. The moral wrong in this, I argue, consists in the failure to respect the universal moral equality of people.

The work will deal with labor harassment in the Public Administration, through the possibility of applicability and effectiveness of Bill No. 8.178 / 14, which is processed under an emergency regime, and seeks the amendment of article 11, of Law 8429/92, to Moral harassment as an improper conduct and violating constitutional principles. The aforementioned project is the result of a trial in 2013 by the STJ's 2nd class, which recognized bullying as an act of administrative impropriety. In addition, it will be treated and emphasized as this conduct that violates human dignity, can directly contradict the constitutional principles, the Legal Security, the Democratic State of Law, and also cost the public coffers a lot., O trabalho tratará do assédio moral laboral na Administração Pública, através da possiblidade de aplicabilidade e efetividade do Projeto de Lei nº 8.178/14, que tramita em regime de urgência, e busca a alteração do artigo 11, da Lei nº 8429/92, para configurar o assédio moral como conduta improba e violadora de princípios constitucionais. O projeto supracitado é produto de um julgamento em 2013, pela 2ª turma do STJ, que reconheceu o assédio moral como ato de improbidade administrativa. Ademais, será tratado e enfatizado como essa conduta violadora da dignidade humana, pode contrariar, frontalmente, os princípios constitucionais, a Segurança Jurídica, o Estado Democrático de Direito, além de que custar muito aos cofres públicos.

This paper examines graffiti as an object that has historically confounded stylistic or formal analysis proper, although elements of this deviant form of mark making have been appropriated as expressive resources within the recognisable styles of modern and contemporary art. Critiques of the concept of style are now well established and this formerly dominant method of approaching the analysis of art historical objects has largely fallen out of favour in current scholarship. Beyond rehearsing these familiar critical points, it will be argued that a consideration of the limitations of this foundational disciplinary concept may be a paradoxically productive exercise if an approach is taken that examines the boundaries, or limits, to the kinds of objects and images to which the concept of style has been applied. It will be argued that a number of historically liminal categories of person – children; primitives; the mentally ill; and criminals – inform the genealogy of perception of the contemporary liminal ‘styles’ of graffiti, post-graffiti and street art; and that these limit cases, rather than being marginalised exclusions not worthy of analytic attention, are generative of the very coherence of the notion of style. Following Rancière, it is argued that contemporary applications of the concept of style may lie in attending to the contingency and primacy of the processes of perception itself, an essential component of seminal approaches to style (e.g., Wölfflin, 1915) in determining our practices of looking.

There are concerns that UK policing could soon be awash with 'algorithmic impropriety'. Big(ger) data and machine learning-based algorithms combine to produce opportunities for better intelligence-led management of offenders, but also creates regulatory risks and some threats to civil liberties - even though these can be mitigated. In constitutional and administrative law terms, the use of predictive intelligence analysis software to serve up 'algorithmic justice' presents varying human rights and data protection problems based on the manner in which the output of the tool concerned is deployed. But regardless of exact context, in all uses of algorithmic justice in policing there are linked fears; of risks around potential fettering of discretion, arguable biases, possible breaches of natural justice, and troubling failures to take relevant information into account. The potential for 'data discrimination' in the growth of algorithmic justice is a real and pressing problem. This paper seeks to set out a number of arguments, using grounds of judicial review as a structuring tool, that could be deployed against algorithmically-based decision making processes that one might conceivably object to when encountered in the UK criminal justice system. Such arguments could be used to enhance and augment data protection and/or human rights grounds of review, in this emerging algorithmic era, for example, if a campaign group or an individual claimant were to seek to obtain a remedy from the courts in relation to a certain algorithmically-based decision-making process or outcome.

Adolescence is prone to deviations and impropriety should be grown a sense of creativity. Creativity of students to be skilled in making VCO so that will grow entrepreneurship spirit for students. Skills in the way of making VCO is expected to increase students' creativity and applied in economic activities to increase student income. The solution offered from the problems that have been mentioned above, then training the manufacture of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) is very necessary. Program activities offered in the form of socialization or introduction of VCO products produced both from the benefits and advantages they have compared with other similar products, and there is also a demonstration later in the making of VCO and explanation of how the right and proper marketing. Implementation of community service is specifically a promotive effort in the field of business development to create skilled and productive student students in producing a health product that can later be utilized both for themselves, the family and the surrounding community. Community service activities, also relevant to economics and business, where the product will be marketed so that this can be an income or additional income for local students. The participants' response to this counseling is quite high, indicated by the attendance rate of 80% of the number of invitations. Understanding high school students and SMK Mutiara to the benefits and content of VCO and how to manufacture the correct VCO using this simple and cheap enzymatic method was responded with great enthusiasm by the participants.

Udzielanie kredytów przez banki obarczone jest ryzykiem kredytowym, jakim jest brak spłaty zobowiązania przez dłużnika. W tym celu banki wymagają zabezpieczeń, a jedną z głównych form zabezpieczenia kredytu jest ubezpieczenie, w szczególności ubezpieczenie nieruchomości od ognia i innych zdarzeń losowych. W praktyce banki wymagają również przeniesienia praw przyszłych przysługujących kredytobiorcy z umowy ubezpieczenia. Również kredytobiorcy narażeni są na różnego rodzaju ryzyka, których zmaterializowanie się może skutecznie utrudnić spłatę kredy-tu. W związku z tym, kredytobiorcy korzystają z ubezpieczeń w nadziei, że ubezpieczyciel pokryje dług w ramach ochrony ubezpieczeniowej. W artykule autorka przedstawia główne nieprawidłowości występujące w praktyce w dystrybucji ubezpieczeń nieruchomości od ognia i innych zdarzeń losowych oraz ocenia warunki cesji praw z umowy ubezpieczenia na bank. Lending by banks is fraught with credit risk which can be defined as a risk of default of the borrower. For this purpose banks require collateral especially insurance specifically insurance of real estate. Borrowers are also exposed to various types of risks which may make difficult to repay the loan in the future. In this connection borrowers can also benefit from insurance in the hope that insurer will repay the debt within insurance protection. In the article author presents the impropriety occurring in practice at the insurance of real estate distribution and assesses the main conditions assignment of rights to the bank.

Studying the behavior of high-status corporate lawyers is challenging. Much writing (including some of my own) addresses the risk of lawyer enabling of client misconduct by drawing from work in behavioral ethics suggesting that at least some apparent complicity is without full awareness of the impropriety. Is this naive? The first part of this essay pushes harder on consciousness by looking more closely at the lengthy continuum — not a binary yes/no — in the awareness of wrongdoing risk as heavily influenced by the “slippery slope.” Looking at corporate lawyers’ professional responsibility through this lens has some interesting, and as far as I can tell, under-explored implications that help us understand ethical apathy as a distinctive state of mind. The essay’s second part is more hopeful: that such ethical apathy among private practitioners might be offset by greater embrace of the possibility by in-house lawyers. There has emerged in recent years a different lens for the empirical examination of corporate general counsel, using the tools of financial economics to seek correlations (and maybe causation) between identifiable lawyer characteristics and outcomes for the company in terms of (for example) its legal exposure. There is some hopeful news in this research, albeit heavily contingent on the company’s governance structure. The essay ends by suggesting that, while the effort in normative legal ethics to enlist corporate lawyers in more than a legalistic conception of gate-keeping has failed, corporate governance and corporate ethics — surprisingly, perhaps — have some potential to enable gate-keeping general counsels in a way that filters down to the demand for more ethically-sensitive outside counsel as well.

In Zen Magnets v. Consumer Product Safety Commission, the court barred a federal agency decision maker from participating in a case based on an irrevocably closed mind test satisfied by an open-ended “appearance of impropriety” standard. The decision failed to follow the well-worn path that requires a presumption of honesty, integrity, and good faith for administrative actors. The exclusion from this case, an enforcement action, was based on a single comment made several years earlier in a rulemaking. This action denied unjustly a fair-minded and distinguished agency official from exercising the right and responsibility to participate in an important case. The core of the holding in Zen is predicated on an assumption of mistrust, the exact opposite assumption mandated by the Supreme Court. Were this approach to become the norm, it would chill the essential discourse between agency officials and the public, unnecessarily formalize agency process, and increase the likelihood of uninformed enforcement or regulation. The ramifications and downstream hazards of sanctioning agency decision makers in this manner are obvious and significant. Were Zen followed, it would undermine the system of administrative justice, erode public confidence in agency action, and demonize legions of committed public servants who, in good faith, share their perspectives with those they regulate. The goal is to keep open channels of communication, encourage commentary and public discourse, not chill and suppress this vital means of governance.

Pairing the Rancierian concept of dissensus with the Lefebvrian notion of autogestion, this chapter proposes the term spatial dissensus as a form of spatial self-organisation that can be seen in urban politics today as a response to the depoliticised ‘post-political’ condition brought about through neoliberalisation. Empirically, the chapter mobilises the Wards Corner Coalition (WCC) in London as an example of spatial dissensus. This broad alliance of local actors has led a self-organised campaign to resist neoliberal gentrification through spatial dissensus, with the effect of introducing ‘impropriety’ into the configuration to create a rupture in the spatial, sensory and experiential reality of the city. This illustrates how spatial self-organisation offers new roles, possibilities and subjectivities for action that enable alternative urban futures.

Sparse Bayesian learning models are typically used for prediction in datasets with significantly greater number of covariates than observations. Such models often take a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) approach to carry out the task of prediction and can be implemented using either proper or improper priors. In this article we show that a few sparse Bayesian learning models in the literature, when implemented using improper priors, lead to improper posteriors., 13 pages

The ethics and deontology of the conservation-restoration of human remains in the United States is explored in this article. Most indigenous people venerate human remains. When considering care, treatment, storage, display, or research there are typically ideological intensions and ethics, cultural traditions of appropriateness, and legal regulations that must be considered. Conservators need to be responsive to legislative changes and to calls from descendant communities. Conservation has moved away from treatment to a responsive and collaborative role in research, analysis, or repatriation. This paper gives an introduction to propriety and impropriety of conservation related to NAGPRA. Cet article examine l’éthique et la déontologie de la conservation-restauration de restes humains aux États-Unis. La plupart des peuples indigènes vénèrent les restes humains. La conservation, la restauration, la présentation, le stockage, ainsi que l’analyse des restes humains soulèvent les questions éthiques de la finalité intellectuelle, du respect des traditions culturelles et du dispositif légal en vigueur. Les restaurateurs doivent rester attentifs à l’évolution du droit et aux demandes des populations concernées. Ils limitent désormais leurs interventions pour privilégier la collaboration éclairée dans la recherche, l’analyse ou le rapatriement. Cet article évoque aussi le cadre fixé par le NAGPRA, la loi fédérale sur la protection et le rapatriement des tombes d’Amérindiens.

According to “disjunctivist neo-Mooreanism”—a position Duncan Pritchard develops in a recent book—it is possible to know the denials of radical sceptical hypotheses, even though it is conversationally inappropriate to claim such knowledge. In a recent paper, on the other hand, Pritchard expounds an “uberhinge” strategy, according to which one cannot know the denials of sceptical hypotheses, as “hinge propositions” are necessarily groundless. The present article argues that neither strategy is entirely successful. For if a proposition can be known, it can also be claimed to be known. If the latter is not possible, this is not because certain propositions are either “intrinsically” conversationally inappropriate (as Pritchard claims in his book) or else “rationally groundless” (as Pritchard claims in his paper), but rather that we are dealing with something that merely presents us with the appearance of being an epistemic claim.

The analysis of humour in interaction is often closely tied to the intentions of the producer in question. The notion of intent that is invoked in humour research generally involves a deontological construct, where issues of moral accountability come to the fore. In this paper, the role of claims to non-serious intent with respect to (ostensibly) jocular forms of teasing amongst speakers of English are examined in order to broaden our understanding of this deontological account of intent. Building on an analysis of the action-sequential environments in which claims to non-serious intent are made, a distinction is first made between two distinct teasing practices, jocular mockery and jocular pretence. These practices are revealed as distinct through the design of the tease itself (i.e. whether it is delivered as non-serious or serious), the sequential placement of laughter from recipients (i.e. whether it is contiguous with the tease or delayed), and what next action is made contingently relevant by a claim to non-serious intent (i.e. a return to serious talk or laughter). It is subsequently claimed that claims to non-serious intent are not only sequentially implicative, but morally implicative as well, given such claims revolve around the degree to which producers may be legitimately held accountable for the potentially serious implications of the tease in question, and the degree to which recipients are licensed to take offence. The moral work associated with claims to non-serious intent include pre-empting or blocking the taking of offence in response to the tease, acknowledging a possible impropriety, sanctioning a recipient for taking things too seriously, and disputing the appositeness of the claim to non-serious intent itself. It is concluded that claiming non-serious intent is sequentially and morally implicative, and so constitutes a situated social action in and of itself, and that an analysis of the interpersonal implications of teasing, including the interactional accomplishment of interpersonal evaluations, participant identities and relationships, requires careful attention be directed accordingly. The implications of this first order, discursive account of intent for technical, second accounts of cognition-for-interaction are also briefly considered.

Recently, two Japanese clinical studies of antihypertensive drugs, supported by pharmaceutical companies and published in the Lancet by groups of Japanese investigators, were later withdrawn (Editors of the Lancet, 2009, 2013a). Four other studies of one of these drugs (Editors of the Lancet, 2013b; Uzu et al., 2008; Muramatsu et al., 2012; Narumi, Hakano, and Shindo, 2011), all funded by the Swiss company Novartis that supported one of the studies, but conducted by different Japanese research groups, were later found to be tainted by misconduct unacceptable by scientific standards (Review Committee for the Recent Cases of Clinical Study on an Antihypertensive Drug, 2013). In this article, we discuss deeply-rooted ties between clinical investigators and pharmaceutical companies that underlie these recently surfaced examples of impropriety in patient-oriented research in Japan, which have been banned in most major U.S. medical centers for some time (Conflict of Interest Policies at Academic Medical Centers, 2014). Typically, companies finance many clinical studies, then pick their preferred research data, and advertise the less-than-scientific conclusions through popular professors.

Separate debatable issues on the use of special knowledge in criminal proceedings are analysed in the article, i.e. the issues, to which so far less attention was paid in the scientific literature. The concept of special knowledge is looked into; it is herein emphasized that special knowledge is the non-routine, non-judicial knowledge. It is exactly this aspect of special knowledge that causes actual difficulties when the subjects of criminal proceedings seek for the evaluation of the conclusions that are stated in the report, issued by the specialist, and in the statement of expertise, seek for the scientific reasonableness and reliability of the applied methodology and instrumentation because the pre-trial investigation officers, prosecutors and judges, who evaluate them, do not have special knowledge, whereas neither the law nor the judicial practice formulate at least some more explicit criteria of evaluation. The foreign practice and the criteria, formulated by foreign scientists and courts, that can help to evaluate these sources of evidence are analysed in the article. Meanwhile, it is stated in the Lithuanian judicial practice that the conclusions, drawn by the expert, and statements of expertise must be evaluated according to the criteria that are applied to all the evidence ( interrelatedness, admissibility). It is reasoned in the article that usually such evaluation serves only as the formality that prevents from real revelation of the content of the source of evidence because of specificity of the information that is fixed in it. It is proposed to formulate the criteria as the basis for evaluation of reliability and veracity of the information that was obtained in the process of application of the special knowledge and, correspondingly, to draw the conclusions on its probative value. Also, the other related problem is analysed herein, i.e. the fact that the foreground probative value in the judicial practice is actually attached to the conclusions that are drawn by experts and by specialists of the state expert institutions, if compared with the conclusions that are issued by private experts and specialists; the latter are not even attributed to the relevant group of the sources of evidence, i.e. to the statements of expertise and to the conclusions, drawn by the specialist. Such differentiation, i.e. not according to the content of the conclusion, reasonableness and reliability of the information that was ascertained, but according to the procedural status of the entity/individual, that/who has issued the conclusion, is to be acknowledged as the one that does not meet the realities and objectives of criminal proceedings. As such judicial practice is derived neither from the legal regulation, nor from the general principles of criminal proceedings (from the principle of free evaluation of evidence), it is proposed to change the judicial practice; that can be done by the courts themselves as a result of making the decisions in the definite cases and, thus, forming the precedents. Also, the authors draw attention to the impropriety of selection of specialists and experts. The formed practice, when execution of the object investigation is entrusted to the specialists, working for the state institutions, who can acquire the independent status of the participant of the process in criminal cases (for example, the status of the pre-trial investigation institution, of the civil plaintiff), does not ensure objectivity and impartiality of such specialists and, correspondingly, ─ reliability of the conclusions, drawn by them. It is proposed to change this practice; the carrying out of the research must be delegated to the specialists who are neither institutionally related, nor bound by official relations. It could be regulated by the order to be issued by the Prosecutor General of the Republic of Lithuania that would approve the corresponding recommendations; the adoption of such recommendations is mandatory for the prosecutors and for the pre-trial investigation officers.

The article focuses on the main features of the expectations (trust) channel of the monetary transmission mechanism of Ukraine. Its assessment in the present conditions has been made. There has been considered the formation of the economic behaviour of the economic agent in the context of its inflation expectations taking into account currency exchange, inflation and interest rate risks as well as and risk of capital and profit loss. The thesis of crossing the channels of monetary transmission mechanism which greatly complicates financial architectonics and makes it impossible to apply one-dimensional instruments for inflation targeting. The dollarization indices have been calculated: IMF dollarization and assets replacement index. Their dynamics has been examined from 2005 to 2014 by year and from January 2014 to September 2015 by month. The dollarization growing tendency has been determined. The model of expectations channel has been built up with neural networks. The impropriety of application the vector autoregression (VAR) method under current conditions of Ukraine for studying channel expectations as the loss by a large number of banks their solvency and suspension or delay in the payment on deposits distorts confidence of economic agents in the banking system.

As higher education institutions globally become increasingly performative, competitive and corporatised in response to neoliberal rationalities, the exigencies of higher education (HE) leadership are being realigned to accommodate its value system. This paper draws on recent British Council funded research, including thirty semi-structured interviews, to explore women's engagement with leadership in HE in South Asia. A potent affective economy was discovered. Leadership was associated with affects such as competitiveness, aggression, impropriety, stress and anxiety, in ways that were intensified by highly patriarchal and corporatised HE cultures. Indeed, its difficulties and toxicities meant that leadership was rejected or resisted as an object of desire by many women. We illuminate how different forms of competition contribute to the affective economy of higher education leadership. The research also raises wider questions about the possibilities of disrupting dominant neoliberal constructions of HE if those who question such values are excluded (or self exclude) from leadership positions.

Law n. 12,846 of 2013, also known as the Brazilian Anti-corruption Law, was created with the aim of combating corruption as well as holding legal entities responsible for their actions. For the optimistic few, it created salutary institutes. However, for those who are a bit more skeptical, it is easy to see that it doesn’t innovate in its institutes, as it copies perfectly already known provisions existing in the Brazilian Legal System, such as the law of administrative impropriety and the law governing public contracts. It happens that, with the enactment of this law, Brazil conformed to the international standard, creating legal provisions to regulate and punish maculate acts originating not only from civil servants but also from legal entities – thusly, aligning itself with modern compliance ideas. Yet this paper questions, if the compliance prescribed in the anti-corruption law is beneficial, or if it is an empty repeated promise? From this question, this study offers a much needed criticism of the institute of compliance, utilizing a moray of interpretations and comparisons with foreign and international law as a means for reaching this manuscript’s objective, ie, to find out if compliance is an effective instrument for combating corruption as proposed in the anti-corruption law or if it can become an artifice for those who want to use it in order to avoid penalties. For this reason, this paper uses the deductive method.

Haydn is known for his playful (mis)use of cadential formulas. Examining examples of this predilection and processes of cadential liquidation, this article develops a theory of the use of musical material. This entails a deconstruction of the Adornian dialectic between generic convention and particular expression and—following Jacques Derrida’s notion of exappropriation—between proper and improper, and propriety and impropriety.

The issue of overprescribing laboratory investigations is an old one in the world of medical practice and it has unfortunately seen a tremendous increase with the digitalisation of medicine, in more recent times. Phrased usually as 'defensive medicine,' this kind of overmedicalisation steers medical practice away from the ethical, skill-refining fronts on the part of doctors and imposes an unnecessary financial burden on the patients' pockets, adding to their suffering. Pakistan has not been able to save itself either, from the impropriety that roots out of what is now almost a norm in medical practice. The existent low literacy and awareness rates in the masses of the country, coupled with the cultural respect for doctors and lack of financial resources amongst the poor patients to stand up to doctors or the hospitals, have all made it even easier for physicians to get away with ordering whatever investigations they choose. The issue is a grave one and its rampancy demands that attention is drawn to it and efforts are made to transition into the practice of evidence-based medicine and quaternary prevention.

This chapter from Peter W. Morgan & Glenn H. Reynolds, "The Appearance of Impropriety: How The Ethics Wars Have Undermined American Government, Business, and Society" describes how the combination of politically inspired prosecutions and indeterminate criminal offenses has served to undermine fairness and faith in government. Excerpt: "In the old days, we would refrain from ringing up the cops until after there was fairly clear evidence of a crime, such as Professor Plum lying in a pool of blood in the conservatory. Off everyone would go looking for clues, with the concrete fact of Professor Plum's corpse to focus their energies. Today, though, we frequently summon our sophisticated investigative technicians before there is evidence of a crime. We run to the phone as soon as someone suggests Colonel Mustard might have committed some impropriety. We then try to solve the mystery of whether this or some other past indiscretion of Colonel Mustard just might constitute a crime. Nowadays, it is more remarkable when the ethics crime laboratory cannot come up with a viable theory of criminality than when it can." Particular attention is paid to the False Statements Act, 18 U.S.C. 1001.

The troublesome topic of Galilean invariance in Lagrangian mechanics is discussed in two situations: (i) A particular case involving a rheonomic constraint in uniform motion and (ii) the general translation of an entire system and the constants of motion involved. A widespread impropriety in most textbooks is corrected, concerning a condition for the equality h = E to hold.

The article analyses whether it is correct to extrapolate the concept of "meaning in life" developed by Thaddeus Metz to the doctrines of ancient philosophers, including Thomas Aquinas. Is Metz’ concept of "purposes" that make "human life" meaningful analogous to Aquinas’ concept of "ultimate goal of man"? Significant points of Metz’ conception of "meaning in life" in our article are described and compared with Aquinas’ conception of "ultimate goal of man." As it turns out, these conceptions are only superficially similar. In fact, they are profoundly different: (1) Aquinas is talking about the "goal of man", which implies objective teleology incompatible with Metz’ "naturalism", and is not talking about "meaning in life" (and even "purpose of life"); (2) "ultimate goal of man", for Aquinas, is intended to provide salvation and eternal life for man, not to make life "significant" in this world.Thus, Metz and Thomas not only use different terminology, but also address different problems. They deal with different questions, not just give different answers to the same question (about the "meaning in life"). Metz’s extrapolation may be correct, when viewed as a kind of rational reconstruction. However, Metz does not make appropriate reservations and groundlessly unifies heterogeneous problems. The article shows that more historically oriented methodology avoids impropriety in the exercise of rational reconstruction of "meaning in life" in the field of ancient and medieval philosophies.