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Among angiosperms, the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family is well known for providing traditional or ethnic food and medicine. This family has three subfamilies with approximately 665 genera and 17500 species worldwide, with approximately 1100 species and 100 genera represented in India. Astragalus (>3000 species), Acacia (>1000 species), and Indigofera (>700 species) are the largest genera in this family. Many species in these genera have been identified as producing a variety of phytochemicals, including 3-nitropropanoic acid, a powerful mycotoxin. Almost every tribal community in India is aware of the medicinal uses of leguminous plants. In this regard, India's arid state can be regarded as an extremely rich territory; thus, a review of the scientific literature on their phytochemical characteristics and ethnomedicinal uses is expected to contribute to the further exploration and utilization of members of this large plant family.

In this high sedentary life, low backache is the most common emerging disease affecting day to day life of people, physically as well as psychologically. Low backache is the second most common disorder causing disability. Among its various causes, the most commonly appearing one is sciatica, which refers to the pain in the sciatic nerve and felt in the lumbar-sacral region, back of the thigh, leg, and foot. The features of sciatica are like the condition ‘Gridrasi’ mentioned in Ayurveda. It is explained as one among the 80 nanatmaja vata vyadhis described by Acharya Charaka. The case study being presented here is of a 27 yr old female patient suffering from radiating pain from the low back to the right lower limb. She was also heaving numbness and tingling over the right lower limb with difficulty walking. Her SLR test was positive at 30 degrees, so with all these clinical features, she was diagnosed with Vataja gridrasi. Ayurveda explains Basti karma as the choice of treatment in the case of Gridrasi, whereas Snehana & Snigdha svedana are the best treatments for any Vataja disorder. So, in this case, Basti karma (Anubhuta yoga) was administered in the Kala basti schedule, along with Kati basti with Prasarani taila as local external therapy for 16 days. After treatment, the results indicated that the patient got significant relief in presenting the features of Gridrasi, and the day-to-day activities were also improved.

This review article outlines the currently published most potent hybrid drugs against the Plasmodium species.

Plants are exposed to any number of potentially adverse environmental conditions such as water deficit, high salinity, extreme temperature, submergence, etc. These abiotic stresses adversely affect the plant growth and productivity. Seed priming is an easy, low cost and low risk method for improving growth and development of plants especially under adverse environmental conditions. Seed priming has been developed as an indispensable method to produce tolerant plants against various stresses in rice. The beneficial effects of seed priming include faster emergence, better stands, and lower incidence of re-sowing, more vigorous plants, better drought tolerance, earlier flowering, earlier harvest and higher grain yield. These beneficial effects of seed priming are due to several reasons such as activation of enzymes associated with endosperm utilization and seed germination, mobilization of storage proteins, changes in hormonal balance and synthesis of proteins that play an important role during seed germination. Seed priming emerges as a promising technology for combating abiotic stress in crops and alleviating the detrimental effects of abiotic stress without much affecting its fitness. Seed priming methods are widely used as an emerging technology to produce tolerant crop varieties against abiotic stresses.

In India, the private sector provides 70% of the total outpatient medical care. This study describes the Mumbai Hypertension Project, which aimed to deliver a standard hypertension management package in private sector clinics situated in urban slums. The project was conducted in two wards (one “lean” and one “intensive”) with 82 private providers in each. All hypertensive patients received free drug vouchers, baseline serum creatinine, adherence support, self-management counseling and follow-up calls. In the intensive-ward, project supported hub agents facilitated uptake of services. A total of 13,184 hypertensive patients were registered from January 2019 to February 2020. Baseline blood pressure (BP) control rates were higher in the intensive-ward (30%) compared with the lean-ward (13%). During the 14-month project period, 6752 (51%) patients followed-up, with participants in the intensive-ward more likely to follow-up (aOR: 2.31; p p

IoT is widely used in many fields, and with the expansion of the network and increment of devices, there is the dynamic growth of data in IoT systems, making the system more vulnerable to various attacks. Nowadays, network security is the primary issue in IoT, and there is a need for the system to detect intruders. In this paper, we constructed a deep learning CNN model for NIDS and utilized the NSL-KDD benchmark dataset, consisting of four attack classes, for evaluating the model’s performance. We applied the filter method for feature reduction where highly correlated features are dropped. Our 2D-CNN model achieved an accuracy of 99.4% with reduced loss. We also compared the performance of DNN and CNN models in terms of accuracy and other evaluation metrics.

Biogenetic engineering is a significant technology to sensibly manage microbial metabolic product factories. Genome modification methods for efficiently controlling and modifying genes at the genome level have progressed in biogenetic engineering during the last decade. CRISPR is genome editing technology that allows for the modification of organisms’ genomes. CRISPR and its related RNA-guided endonuclease are versatile advanced immune system frameworks for defending against foreign DNA and RNAs. CRISPR is efficient, accessible, and trustworthy genomic modification tool in unparalleled resolution. At present, CRISPR-Cas9 method is expanded to industrially manipulate cells. Metabolically modified organisms are quickly becoming interested in the production of different bio-based components. Here, chapter explore about the control productivity of targeted biomolecules in divergent cells based on the use of different CRISPR-related Cas9.

Nearly one-third of patients don't achieve seizure control with existing antiepileptic drugs. Brivaracetam (BRV) is a new member of the racetam class of drug, designed to selectively target SV2A, with binding affinity 15- to 30-fold greater than that of levetiracetam.This pooled analysis reports efficacy and tolerability data of adjunct BRV (50, 100, and 200 mg/day) compared with placebo in Indian patients with uncontrolled focal epilepsy.Data of 104 patients (aged 16-80 years) from 2 studies (N01252 and N01358) were pooled for this analysis. The studies comprised an 8-week prospective baseline period, and a 12-week treatment period. The study endpoints included median percent reduction from baseline in focal seizure frequency/28-days, ≥50% responder rate, and seizure freedom (all seizure types). The safety analysis included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs).The efficacy population comprised 101 patients. In the Indian sub-group population, median percent reduction from baseline in focal seizure frequency/28-days was greater in the BRV dose groups: 39.7% (p = 0.00868), 46.8% (p = 0.00180) and 48.2% (p = 0.05224), for BRV 50, 100, 200 mg/day, respectively, compared with 20.6% for placebo. Responder rates (≥50%) were 38.1%, 45.7%, and 45.5% for BRV 50, 100, and 200 mg/day, respectively, compared with 11.7% for placebo. Complete seizure freedom was reported by 4.8% (1/21) and 2.9% (1/35) of patients on BRV50 and 100 mg/day, respectively, and none out of the 11 and 34 patients on BRV200 mg/day and placebo, respectively. In the safety population (n = 104), most commonly reported TEAEs (reported by ≥5% of patients taking brivaracetam) were headache and cough; most TEAEs were mild or moderate in intensity.This pooled analysis has provided evidence that adjunct brivaracetam, was effective and well-tolerated in Indian patients with uncontrolled focal epilepsy.

The study was conducted on farmers field in Nagaur district during 2018 to 2019 to know the impact of improved technologies on chickpea production through Cluster Front Line Demonstration. The demonstrated technologies increase the chickpea seed production 14.24 and 19.31 q/ha during 2018 and 2019 with the per cent increase in of 16.2 and 26.7 respectively. The net return in demonstration technology was 38474 during 2018 and the same 58829 was in 2019. The ultimate cost benefit ratio was also higher 2.6 and 3.11 in demonstration technology during both the years as compared to local check 2.2 and 2.61 respectively.

Background: Traditional lectures (using PowerPoint presentation or chalk and board) have become less effective, monotonous, and involve less student-teacher interaction. Introducing peer-assisted learning (PAL) may improve learning by increased student-teacher interaction, making interesting, and more effective for better student outcome, producing a competent Indian medical graduate. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to introduce PAL in 1st year MBBS students, to evaluate effectiveness of PAL both from Students and Teachers perspective, and to determine feasibility of PAL in a large batch of 150 students with limited teacher availability. Materials and Methods: Place of study is Muzaffarnagar medical college, Muzaffarnagar, UP. Study was conducted on 80, 1st phase MBBS students (2020 Batch) Ethical clearance from Institutional Ethics committee was obtained. A pre-test and a post-test of ten MCQs were given. Feedback from students and faculty members was also taken. Results: As post-test scores show a significant improvement Pal can be introduced as a TL method in MBBS students. Conclusion: Feedback from both the students and teachers show that a significant percentage agree that PAL is helpful in increasing knowledge, should be included in the teaching methodology in CBME curriculum, is feasible, can be included in internal assessment, and improve critical thinking skills.

Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi Sawras) though has been clearly demonstrated in literature for its hypolipidemic and anti-alcoholism properties but its anti-hyperlipidemia mechanistic approach is still missing. Moreover, its direct implication with alcohol induced hyperlipidemia has also not been reported till date. In order to explore the answers of these questions, phytochemicals of Tinospora cordifolia water extract "Guduchi Sawras" (GS) was analyzed using HPLC-Q-TOF-MS. On the basis of relative peak volumes 110 compounds were selected and identified in GS. Besides that, protein targets of most abundant compounds present in GS were fetched from ChEMBL and protein interaction network (PIN) was constructed. GO enrichment analysis showed that GS targets various pathways including dopamine metabolism, cAMP-dependent signaling pathway, and glycolytic process. Biological processes obtained via PIN were correlated with hyperlipidemia markers and dopamine metabolism in moderate alcohol consumers (n=25) and healthy volunteers (n=27) of age 41±3.8years. Metabolic analysis demonstrated the increased serotonin (1.9-fold) and decreased dopamine (-2.3-fold) levels in alcoholics. Further data analysis revealed a significant increase in urinary BCAAs (>2.0-fold), pantothenic acid (1.8-fold), carnitines (>2-fold) levels, and decrease in PPARα activation markers levels i.e. nicotinamide-1-oxide (-1.7-fold), and N-methylnicotinamide (-1.6-fold) in alcoholics. Biochemical analysis showed the increased AST/ALT ratio (1.91), along with triglycerides (20%), and MDA (34%) and GSH (56%) levels in alcoholics. GS treatment significantly reverted the most of the discussed metabolites levels (p

Background and Aims: Total knee replacement (TKR) patients experience considerable post-operative pain. We evaluated whether addition of perineural dexmedetomidine to ropivacaine 0.2% in the femoral nerve block would enhance post-operative analgesia in patients undergoing unilateral TKR under spinal anaesthesia. Methods: Fifty patients were allocated randomly to two groups of 25 each. Group D received ropivacaine (0.2%) with dexmedetomidine (1.5 μg/kg), and Group C received ropivacaine (0.2%) with normal saline. Pain scores, time to the first request for analgesia and total consumption of ropivacaine in 48 h, along with haemodynamic parameters and sedation scores, were recorded. Quantitative data were compared using t-test, categorical data using Chi-square or Fisher's exact test and time variables using ANOVA. Results: The mean pain scores were significantly low till 2 h post-operatively in Group D. Time to the first demand for analgesia after initial loading dose was statistically prolonged in Group D, with mean duration of 346.8 ± 240 min, compared to 150 ± 115.2 min in Group C (P = 0.001). Total local anaesthetic consumption was also decreased over 24 and 48 h in Group D (P = 0.001). Haemodynamically, there was no significant variation in heart rate from their baseline mean values in either group (P > 0.05). However, the drop in systolic and mean blood pressure post-surgery was significant till 4 (P = 0.002) and 8 h (P = 0.02), respectively, in Group D. Group D patients were also significantly more sedated till 4 h post-operatively (P < 0.005). Conclusion: Adding dexmedetomidine to ropivacaine 0.2% in the femoral nerve block in patients undergoing unilateral TKR improves the quality and prolongs the duration of post-operative analgesia.

Background: Over the years, there has been growing evidence of continuous narrowing gender gap in new HIV infections, despite stagnation in overall HIV prevalence in India. Among others, one of the reasons behind the exiting pattern in HIV/AIDS in the country is the poor status of women, lack of control over their sexuality and poor reproductive and sexual rights.Methods: This paper analyses the troika of women’s empowerment, spousal-violence, and HIV prevalence in India using data from two rounds (2005-2006 and 2015-2016) of Indian DHS having a community-based HIV testing.Results: Results corroborate the recent spurts in women’s empowerment in India, which cuts across socio-economic groups. It has positively influenced a decline in spousal-violence even in the lowest socio-economic strata despite significant inequality across states. HIV prevalence among women has not been changed over the last decade (0.22% to 0.23%) despite decreased adult HIV prevalence. Women having control over their sexuality is significantly less likely to have HIV infection. Relationship between marital control behavior of husband and HIV prevalence, which was significant in 2005-06 (OR=1.2, p

Background: It is bitter truth that there is no drug in this world which is without an adverse drug reaction (ADR). After the clinical trials when the drug comes in market or when it is taken by variety of population then actual reality of the drug comes out about its efficacy and adverse drug reactions. Fixed drug eruption is also one such type of ADR in which a specific type of lesions occurs over the skin after the drug is taken. Methods: We have conducted a clinical, observational study, in BPS Government Medical College, Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana, India over a period of eight months. In that period we have found 159 patients having adverse drug reactions. Patients of both genders, under all age group were included in the study. Results: Out of 159 adverse drug reactions reports 69 (43.39%) were cutaneous adverse drug reaction report, 45 (28.30%) cases were of fixed drug eruption (FDE). Out of these 45 cases seen, there were 4 males (8.88%) and 41 females (91.11%). Flouroquinolone antibiotics like ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and norofloxacin were the most common drugs causing fixed drug eruption followed by nitroimadazole antibiotic like metronidazole, tinidazole and NSAIDS like diclofenac, paracetamol and meftal spas in our study. FDE are more common in upper limbs extremities followed by lower limb extremities than face and trunk. Causality assessment was done with the help of WHO UMC scale and we found that association was possible in all the cases. Conclusions: Fixed drug eruptions are one of the major types of adverse drug reactions and should be assessed and reported.

Background: Self-medication is a widely prevalent practice in India. It assumes a special significance among medical students as they are the future medical practitioners and differ from general population as they are exposed to the knowledge about drug and diseases. Self-medication is very common among the medical students, and from previous studies, it was seen that antihistaminic was commonly taken as self-medication. Aims and Objective: The aim of the study is to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of self-medication among undergraduate medical students toward antihistaminics. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among the 300 undergraduate medical students of 2nd and 3rd year from July to December 2018 after taking the approval from the Institutional Ethical Committee. Results: It was found that 200 (90%) respondents practiced self-medication. Most common conditions for taking antihistaminic self-medication were allergic rhinitis (39%), sinusitis (34%), motion sickness (7%), urticaria (14%), and insect bite (6%). Most common reasons for seeking self-medication were mild illness (50%), time-saving (33%), cost-effectiveness (11%), and urgency (6%). Commonly used H1 antihistaminics were cetirizine, levocetirizine, fexofenadine, loratadine, hydroxyzine, and promethazine; main source of their knowledge was from their medical textbooks (50%), internet (30%), and parents and friends (20%). Most of the students reported that antihistaminics were safe drug, the only side effects that they reported were sedation, drowsiness, and lack of concentration, and second-generation antihistaminics were costly. Conclusion: Undergraduate medical students commonly use antihistaminic as self-medication because they are having easy access to knowledge related to the antihistaminics and their adverse effect. We as a faculty should ensure that students practice self-medication only when he/she knows the advantages and disadvantages of self-medication.

Background: UP is one of the biggest cultivators of tobacco. Rules of tobacco consumption are almost absent in the state. The state has almost 34% of young male smokers. Aims and Objectives: The idea of creating awareness among cigarette smokers and promote deaddiction among youth the present study was conducted in Muzaffarnagar Medical College to assess the cardiovascular risks according to the degree of exposure, i.e., pack-years of smoking. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 male subjects were taken for the study after proper consent. Five groups were formed - controls (no smoking), Group 1; 0–10 pack-years of smoking, Group 2; 11–20 pack-years of smoking, Group 3; 21–30 pack-years of smoking, and Group 4; 31–40 pack-years of smoking. Pack-years formula = (number of cigarettes smoked per day/20) × number of years smoked was used. Only cigarette smokers were used for the study after using exclusion criteria to rule out any confounding factor. Serum lipid profile and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were estimated. Results: As the degree of exposure is increasing, i.e. pack-years of smoking increases, the level of dyslipidemias is also becoming severe being highly significant P < 0.01** in 31–40 pack-years of smoking. hsCRP is significantly increasing P < 0.05* in Group 2 and showing highly significant P < 0.01** increase in Groups 3 and 4. Conclusion: Cardiovascular risks are increasing significantly as pack-years of smoking is increasing as indicated by dyslipidemias and hsCRP increase, means 21–30 and 31–40 pack-years are at higher risk as compared to 0–10 and 11–20 pack-years.

Background: Menopause is an inevitable reproductive phase during midlife when various physical and mental changes may impair the quality of life of women. The presence and severity of symptoms vary tremendously from woman to woman and can last from months to years during this transitional period. This study was conducted to assess the quality of life and menopause related problems among post-menopausal women residing rural and urban areas of Sikkim.Methods: Descriptive explorative study was done in East Sikkim among 120 rural and urban post-menopausal women who were in the age group of 45 years and above, had attained natural menopause and didn’t have menstruation from last one year, were selected through purposive sampling technique. Women with induced menopause, hysterectomy, receiving hormonal treatment were excluded. Along with collection of socio-demographic data, the Menopause Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire was used to assess the Quality of life based on experience of the symptoms through interview technique.Results: The mean menopausal age was 48±3.649 years in rural area and 47±3.831 years for urban area. The mean scores in quality of life between post-menopausal women in rural areas (M=136.6, SD=28.78) were found significantly impaired and the difference was found statistically significant (t=5.75 p

Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in a constellation of physical and emotional symptoms during a women’s menstrual cycle. PMS is most common in women between the age group of 25 and 45 years. The estimate is that 80% of women experience some type of premenstrual change during their reproductive period. The definite cause of PMS is still not identified, but several studies have proved that PMS is a stress-induced psychophysiological disorder and stress is a cause of the symptoms of PMS. Some simple stress-relieving exercises perform on a regular basis can bring a feeling of peace and calm. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to study the effect of 61-point relaxation (61-PR) therapy in PMS. Materials and Methods: The protocol was approved by the institutional ethical committee before starting the study. The study group consisted of 40 females suffering from PMS in the age group of 18–40 years, having regular menstrual cycles of 28–34 days. The study group was divided into two groups - Group A consisting of 20 subjects having no intervention and Group B also consists of 20 subjects performing 61-PR. Control group consisted of 30 healthy female subjects. An automated sphygmomanometer was used to record a baseline diastolic (DBP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) from the right arm. An automated biofeedback apparatus Relax 701 was used to record heart rate (HR/min), galvanic skin response (GSR; kΏ), electromyogram (EMG; mV), respiratory rate (RR/min), and peripheral temperature (T;°F) simultaneously. The subjects in Group B performed 61-PR exercises. It was started 7 days before the due date of menstruation for 3 successive menstrual cycles. On the past day, the parameters were again recorded. Results: We observed SBP, DBP, HR, EMG, GSR, and RR in Group B showed a very significant reduction (P < 0.001) while T increased significantly (P < 0.001) in the 3rd menstrual cycle, on comparing with the baseline levels. In our study, the females with PMS showed decrease in the high baseline sympathetic activity. On comparing Group B with Group A, we found an increased relaxation response in Group B. Conclusion: In this study, the females with PMS showed a decrease in the high basal sympathetic activity and an increased relaxation response in Group B.

Mitigation of risks stemming from contaminated sediments in freshwater and estuarine environments remains an important challenge to the field of environmental science and engineering. Capp...

Human faces express and represent their personality and wisdom. According to Ayurveda among the 56 Upangas face is at the top so everyone and mostly youngsters are most cautious and careful about the beauty of face. Unfortunately skin of the face is affected by certain anomaly in adolescence age which is the golden and wonder period of life. If they find any spot or any minor ailment on face, they spend too much money for beauty purpose. In the present scenario of the people are very much conscious about their health as well as beauty and good looking. Face reflects the personality of person. It is saying that “Face is the index of mind”. In Ayurvedic texts Acne is termed as Youvan pidika,was very first described by Acharya Sushruta. Youvan pidika means that the disease almost takes place in young age. A great demand from Ayurveda in the field of cosmetology has been established due to its unique concept about beauty and effective, cheaper and long lasting beauty therapy without any side effect. In the present case study Virechan therapy is given to the patient after Snehan karmn followed by Sanshamn karm. Assessment was done after Virechan karm and after Sanshamn karm. A remarkable changes were found in various symptoms after assessment.Â

Aims Heavy alcohol intake depletes the plasma vitamins due to hepatotoxicity and decreased intestinal absorption. However, moderate alcohol intake is often thought to be healthy. Therefore, effects of chronic moderate alcohol intake on liver and intestine were studied using urinary vitamin levels. Furthermore, effects of Tinospora cordifolia water extract (TCE) (hepatoprotective) on vitamin excretion and intestinal absorption were also studied. Methods In the study, asymptomatic moderate alcoholics ( n = 12) without chronic liver disease and healthy volunteers ( n = 14) of mean age 39 ± 2.2 (mean ± SD) were selected and divided into three groups. TCE treatment was performed for 14 days. The blood and urine samples were collected on Day 0 and 14 after treatment with TCE and analyzed. Results In alcoholics samples, a significant increase in the levels of gamma-glutamyl transferase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, Triglyceride, Cholesterol, HDL and LDL ( P < 0.05) was observed but their level get downregulated after TCE intervention. Multivariate analysis of metabolites without missing values showed an increased excretion of 7-dehydrocholesterol, orotic acid, pyridoxine, lipoamide and niacin and TCE intervention depleted their levels ( P < 0.05). In contrast, excretion of biotin, xanthine, vitamin D2 and 2- O - p -coumaroyltartronic acid (CA, an internal marker of intestinal absorption) were observed to be decreased in alcoholic samples; however, TCE intervention restored the CA and biotin levels. Vitamin metabolism biomarkers, i.e. homocysteine and xanthurenic acid, were also normalized after TCE intervention. Conclusion Overall data depict that moderate alcohol intake is also hepatotoxic and decreases intestinal absorption. However, TCE treatment effectively increased the intestinal absorption and retaining power of liver that regulated alcohol-induced multivitamin deficiency.

Progeria also known Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), is an extremely rare genetic disorder. The prevalence of HGPS is 1 in 4-8 million newborns. Progeria causes premature, rapid aging shortly after birth present within the first year of life. Recently, de novo point mutations in the Lmna gene at position 1824 of the coding sequence have been found in persons with HGPS. Lmna encodes lamin A and C, the A-type lamins, which are an important structural component of the nuclear envelope and play a role in protein processing. The most common HGPS mutation is located at codon 608 (G608G). This mutation responsible for creating a cryptic splice site within exon 11, which deletes a proteolytic cleavage site within the expressed mutant lamin A. In Progeria, gene mutation results in the deletion of a Zmpste24/FACE1 splice site in prelamin A, preventing end terminal cleavage. The result of this point mutation can be observed by the main clinical and radiological features include alopecia, thin skin hypoplasia of nails, loss of subcutaneous fat, and osteolysis. The common symptoms of HGPS is a loss of eyebrows and eyelashes which can observed in early childhood and due to receding hairline and blading can also observed. Generally, this patient has facial character include microganthia (small jaw), craniofacial disproportion, prominent eyes, scalp veins and alopecia (loss of hair), restricted joint mobility and severe premature atherosclerosis. Laboratory findings are unremarkable, with the exception of an increased urinary excretion of hyaluronic acid. There is presently no effective therapy is available for Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) but, it is essential to monitor carefully cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease So, Treatment usually includes low dose aspirin which helps prevent the atherothrombotic events, stroke and heart attacks by hindering platelet aggregation

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the oldest common metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, negative nitrogen balance, and ketonemia. It is a one of the most important pathological conditions associated with dyslipidemia that affects the whole body system. Several types of DM exist and result by a complex interaction of genes and drugs, gestational diabetes, environmental factors such as stress and sedentary lifestyle choices. DM is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, nontraumatic lower extremity amputations, and adult blindness. Aims and Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the hypolipidemic effect of stem part of Berberis aristata in patients of Type 2 DM with dyslipidemia as add on therapy. Materials and Methods: A prospective randomized open parallel group study was conducted in total 90 patients having high fasting blood sugar (FBS) and dyslipidemia of either sex in the age group of 30-60 years attending of outpatient/indoor Department of Medicine of Muzaffarnagar Medical College and Hospital, Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 103 each Group 1 (N = 30) was taken as control while Group 2 (N = 30) and Group 3 (N = 30) was taken as study group who had received 1.5 and 3 g of B. aristata, respectively, as add on therapy along with their conventional antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic (in certain number of patients) treatment. During the study, 13 patients (8 male and 5 female) did not complete the study and reason of premature withdrawal included protocol violation. Results: In our study, there were a statistically a highly significant improvement and stabilization of glycemic control in test Groups 2 and 3 when compared with control group (P 0.05) and highly significant in Group 3 (P < 0.001) as compared to control. The mean triglyceride level decreased highly significantly in the Group 2 and Group 3 (P < 0.001) as compared to control. The mean low density lipoprotein level decreased highly significant in the Group 2 and Group 3 (P < 0.001) as compared to control. Conclusion: It can be concluded that B. aristata as an add on therapy in Type 2 DM patients has a beneficial role with regard to the hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia very safe as no major side effects were observed affecting morbidity and mortality. Hence, B. aristata as an add on therapy could represent a good treatment option before initiating insulin and hypolipidemic therapy in diabetic patient with suboptional glycemic and lipideimic control to avoid unwanted adverse effects and can cut down cost of treatment.

Background: Obesity is a newer chronic non-communicable disease, one of the today’s most neglected public health problems according to WHO. While the complication of obesity such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and osteoarthritis are well established, but less emphasis is traditionally placed on the effects of obesity on the respiratory system. Aims and Objective: To study the effect of gender and correlation of body mass index (BMI) with pulmonary function tests (PFTs). Materials and Methods: This study was done on 115 first year Medical and Paramedical Students of Muzaffarnagar Medical College, Muzaffarnagar. Following the selection, the participants were divided into two groups based on BMI 25. Anthropomeric parameters and spirometeric parameters were measured using a computerized spirometer. Statistical analysis was done by applying Student’s t-test. Linear association was established using Pearson’s correlation. Results: On comparing the female participants with male participants, PFTs (forced vital capacity [FVC], forced expired volume in 1 second [FEV1], FEV1/FVC, peak expiratory flow rate) were found to be significantly lower in female than male. On observing, the correlation of pulmonary function parameter with BMI correlated positively with BMI < 25. PFTs were negatively correlated with increasing BMI in both male and female participants but the correlation is not statistically significant. Conclusion: Our finding suggests that there is a significant impairment of lung functions in the overweight individuals.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) has a strong genetic component. Individuals of a parent with type 2 DM have an increased (40%) risk of diabetes. If both parents have type 2 DM, the risk approaches to 70%. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate cardiovascular parasympathetic functions in offsprings of type 2 diabetic parents. Aims and Objectives: Study was done to compare and observe the degree of changes (if any) in the cardiovascular parasympathetic function tests in the offsprings of diabetic parents (cases) with offsprings of non-diabetic parents (controls) and provides timely lifestyle modifications to prevent the development of diabetes and its complications. Materials and Methods: The cardiovascular parasympathetic function tests were carried out in 50 healthy offsprings of type 2 diabetic parents (study group) and 50 healthy offsprings of non-diabetic parents (control group) in the age range of 18-25 years randomly selected medical and para-medical students. Statistical analysis was done by unpaired Student’s t-test. Results: Study shows decrease in all the three parasympathetic function tests (heart rate variability in response to deep breathing, heart rate variation in response to standing, and valsalva maneuver) in offsprings of type 2 diabetic parents (cases) as compared to non-diabetic parents (controls). However, the results were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Our observations indicate that genetic factors in the form of altered genes could pass from diabetic parents to their offsprings and could manifest as altered response in parasympathetic function tests in healthy offsprings of diabetic parents even before the offsprings developing diabetes.