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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscopic structures that are involved in intercellular communication. Recent works have highlighted the existence of these assemblies in several plants and shown that they are able to vectorize hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules. In this study, we have isolated EVs from the two main olive oil by-products (wastewaters [WWs] and pomace) by differential centrifugation/ultracentrifugation and have characterized their main physicochemical properties (size, charge, multimolecular structure, lipid and phenolic contents) and radical scavenging activity. Lipid content in EV fractions was 3.4 (0.2) % (% dry material) for WWEVs and 7.7 (0.3) % and 5.9 (0.9) % for EVs, respectively, from plurivarietal or monovarietal pomaces. Polar lipids represented around 49% of total lipids, and their profiles were globally similar in all EVs. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidic acid were the more abundant molecules. Their phenolic contents ranged from 2.1 to 4.6 mg hydroxytyrosol (HT) eq g−1 of raw material, with HT, oleuropein, and verbascoside being among the most abundant. Transmission electron cryomicroscopy showed the presence of spherical vesicles delimited by a single bilayer of amphiphilic lipids. Finally, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity of EVs was high and depended on their original by-product type. Practical Application: Recent works have highlighted the existence of extracellular vesicles in several plants and shown that they are able to vectorize hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules. Herein, we have isolated and provided a chemical characterization of such vesicles from olive wastewater and pomace. Results showed that these vesicles are rich in the phenolic compounds that are generally found in olives and that the potential radical scavenging activity of extracellular vesicles from olive could be valorized as new antioxidants for the food or cosmetic sectors.

Olive extracellular vesicles and synthetic liposomes were evaluated as carriers of antioxidants to stabilize oil-in-water emulsions against oxidative degradation. For this, hydroxytyrosol, rosmarinic acid and their lipophilic counterparts, (hydroxytyrosyl dodecanoate esters or eicosyl rosmarinate esters) were loaded into these carrier vesicles and the antioxidant efficiencies of these formulations were compared with those of the corresponding antioxidants alone. Using the conjugated autoxidizable triene assay (CAT assay), our results shows that loaded synthetic liposome mimicking the lipid membrane composition of olive extracellular vesicle allowed to enhance the antioxidant effect of the loaded antioxidant especially with the two lipophilic hydroxytyrosol and rosmarinic acid esters. On the contrary, the loading of the studied antioxidant into the olive extracellular vesicles did not result in an improvement of the antioxidant activity. The antioxidant effects of loaded vesicles were also evaluated in rapeseed oil (1% w/w)-in-water emulsions that were stored at 40°C for 21 days and for which oxidative status was monitored by the quantification of primary and secondary oxidation compounds. In that case, the boosting effect of liposomal carriers was not confirmed. This could be due to a different type of emulsions compared to the one used with the CAT assay as different surfactants and oxidation inducers were employed. Additionally, the limited physical stability of the carrier could be involved as liposomes loaded with the most lipophilic antioxidants, namely hydroxytyrosyl dodecanoate and eicosyl rosmarinate were shown to be instable for period exceeding 10 days of storage.

Infant follow-on formulas (IFF) mimic human milk. This study aimed to identify the key structural levers that influence oxidative stability of IFF. Representative model IFF of marketed products in term of lipid composition were formulated with varying droplet size, lipid droplet core composition, and interfacial composition using different emulsifiers (soy lecithin or dairy phospholipids [DPL]). The oxidative stability of model IFF was assessed in accelerated storage conditions. No significant stabilization effect based on the lipid droplet core composition was observed. However, the nature of the interface, influenced by the emulsifier type, had an impact. Model IFF with DPL showed no loss of tocopherols and peroxide value was up to twice lower than those with soy lecithin after 20 days. This effect was particularly pronounced for the 0.4µm droplets. These results suggest that model IFF with DPL had a greater oxidative stability, likely due to the presence of sphingomyelin and the formation of a rigidified domain at the droplet surface. Model IFF with 0.4 µm droplets stabilized with soy lecithin, especially when added to the water phase, showed a tocopherols loss twice as high as that of IFF with DPL. These results indicate that oxidative stability of IFF is more influenced by the chemical environment rather than droplet size. Practical Application: Infant follow-on formulas (IFF) aim to ensure an adequate nutritional intake to support the proper development and infant growth. Therefore, IFF must be stable against degradation phenomena such as lipid oxidation and have a composition and structure that are as biomimetic as possible to mature breast milk. This study provides key information for the development of IFF with a lipid composition and structure that are suitable for the infant nutritional needs and have an acceptable resistance to lipid oxidation. More generally, these results can be applied to all dispersed systems in the form of oil-in-water emulsions wit

The main objective of infant follow-on formulas, consumed from the age of 6 to 12 months, is to mimic the composition of breast milk in order to meet the nutritional needs of infant. In this context, their composition is governed in Europe by a strict regulation that has evolved in 2020 to force manufacturers to improve the nutritional profile of the formulas. The objective of this dataset was to collect the ingredient lists and nutritional values of infant follow-on formulas present on the world market with a focus on the lipid fraction. The data collection was carried out from December 2020 to April 2021 directly on the product packaging or on the websites of the different brands. Only “classic” infant follow-on formulas that are widely consumed were listed. Thus, the ingredient lists and nutritional values of 91 infant formulas were collected. The nutritional values are systematically presented for 100 g of powder, for 100 Kcal and for 100 mL of formula. The sources of fats, emulsifiers and vitamins A and E were also extracted from the ingredient lists. This dataset can be used as a tool for the formulation of infant follow-on formulas or to situate the positioning of products in relation to the market.

Scope: The purpose of the study is to characterize the chemical diversity in Rice bran (RB) lipidome and determine whether daily RB consumption for 4 weeks may modulate plasma lipid profiles in children. Methods and Results: Untargeted and targeted lipidomics via ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) were applied to identify bioactive RB lipids from a collection of 17 rice varieties. To determine the impact of RB (Calrose-USA variety) supplementation on plasma lipid profile, a secondary analysis of plasma lipidome was conducted on data recorded in a clinical study (NCT01911390, n = 18 moderately hypercholesterolemic children) before and after 4 weeks of dietary intervention (15 g/d) with a control or RB supplemented snack. Untargeted lipidomic revealed 118 lipids as the core of lipidome across all 17 varieties among which phospholipids were abundant and oxylipins present. Phytoprostanes and phytofurans were quantified and characterized. Lipidome analysis of the children plasma following RB consumption revealed the presence of novel polar lipids and oxylipins alongside putative modulations in endocannabinoids associated with RB consumption. Conclusion: The investigation of novel polar lipids, oxylipins, phytoprostanes, and phytofurans in RB extracts provides support for new health-promoting properties especially interesting for people at risk for cardiometabolic disease.

Fortification of infant follow-on formulas (IFF) with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which is prone to lipid oxidation, is required by European regulation. This study aimed to identify lipid formulation parameters that improve the nutritional profile and oxidative stability of IFF. Model IFF were formulated using different lipid and emulsifier sources, including refined (POM) or unrefined red palm oil (RPOM), coconut oil (COM), dairy fat (DFOM), soy lecithin, and dairy phospholipids (DPL). After an accelerated storage, RPOM and DFOM with DPL had improved oxidative stability compared to other IFF. Specifically, they had a peroxide value twice lower than POM and 20% less loss of tocopherols for DFOM-DPL. This higher stability was mainly explained by the presence of compounds such as carotenoids in RPOM and sphingomyelin in DFOM-DPL very likely acting synergistically with tocopherols. Incorporation of dairy lipids and carotenoids into DHA-enriched IFF compositions seems promising to enhance their stability and nutritional quality.

Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) is still a public health issue in many low-income and middle-income countries. Its management has changed with the development of Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Foods (RUTF) that are energy-dense, lipid-based, micronutrient-enriched foods. The purpose of the present study was to define some aspects of the nutritional profile (in particular, lipid content, fatty acids profile, lipophilic vitamin content), oxidative status, and mycotoxin content of three RUTF products (of which two manufactured in Asia and one in Europe), at different time points during their storage. All RUTF displayed good lipid stability, with peroxide values < 10 meqO2/kg lipids, acidity index < 0.6 g/100 g lipids, and very low amounts of secondary oxidation volatile compounds. Only the one produced in Europe complied with the international recommendations on vitamin A and E contents. Lipid content ranged from 28.7 ± 0.5 to 41.2 ± 2.4 g/100 g. Oleic acid, palmitic acid, and linoleic acid (47.2 ± 7.4%, 26.8 ± 2.1%, and 12.4 ± 3.9% of total lipids, respectively) were the main fatty acids. Only one of the samples made in Asia exceeded the regulatory limit of mycotoxins. The RUTF lipid phase was rather stable at ambient temperature from 9 to 12 months, and appropriate packaging may have contributed to a major stability.

Lipid oxidation is a well-recognized issue in dried food emulsions, such as infant milk formula. Antioxidants can be used to mitigate this issue; however, their efficiency in such complex systems is far from understood. In this study, antioxidant polarity is varied through the alkyl chain length of gallic acid esters (0–16 carbon atoms) incorporated to O/W emulsions that are subsequently spray-dried. During processing and subsequent storage of the samples, antioxidants with more than eight carbon atoms are effective. Both for encapsulated fat and surface free fat, we observe a slight cut-off effect, meaning that beyond eight alkyl groups, a more nonpolar antioxidant is slightly less effective. Depending on the antioxidant polarity, lipid oxidation is faster either in the encapsulated or in the surface free fat. The insights obtained contribute to understanding lipid oxidation in low moisture food emulsions, and thus lead to effective antioxidant strategies.

Lipid oxidation is a major concern in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical sectors. The degradation of unsaturated lipids affects the nutritional, physicochemical, and organoleptic properties of products and can lead to off-flavors and to the formation of potentially harmful oxidation compounds. To prevent or slow down lipid oxidation, different antioxidant additives are used alone or in combination to achieve the best possible efficiency with the minimum possible quantities. In manufactured products, that is, heterogeneous systems containing lipids as emulsions or bulk phase, the efficiency of an antioxidant is determined not only by its chemical reactivity, but also by its physical properties and its interaction with other compounds present in the products. The antioxidants most widely used on the industrial scale are probably tocopherols, either as natural extracts or pure synthetic molecules. Considerable research has been conducted on their antioxidant activity, but results regarding their efficiency are contradictory. Here, we review the known mechanisms behind the antioxidant activity of tocopherols and discuss the chemical and physical features that determine their efficacy. We first describe their chemical reactivity linked with the main factors that modulate it between efficient antioxidant capacity and potential prooxidant effects. We then describe their chemical interactions with other molecules (phenolic compounds, metals, vitamin C, carotenes, proteins, and phospholipids) that have potential additive, synergistic, or antagonist effects. Finally, we discuss other physical parameters that influence their activity in complex systems including their specific interactions with surfactants in emulsions and their behavior in the presence of association colloids in bulk oils.

[EN] In vitro digestion studies often use animal digestive enzyme extracts as substitutes of human gastric and pancreatic secretions. Pancreatin from porcine origin is thus commonly used to provide relevant pancreatic enzymes such as proteases, amylase and lipase. Rabbit gastric extracts (RGE) have been recently introduced to provide gastric lipase in addition to pepsin. Before preparing simulated gastric and pancreatic extracts with targeted enzyme activities as described in in vitro digestion protocols, it is important to determine the activities of enzyme preparations using validated methods. The purpose of this inter-laboratory study within the INFOGEST network was to test the repeatability and reproducibility of lipase assays using the pH-stat technique for measuring the activities of gastric and pancreatic lipases from various sources. Twenty-one laboratories having different pH-stat devices received the same protocol with identical batches of RGE and two pancreatin sources. Lipase assays were performed using tributyrin as a substrate and three different amounts (50, 100 and 200 mu g) of each enzyme preparation. The repeatability results within individual laboratories were satisfactory with coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 4 to 8% regardless of the enzyme amount tested. However, the inter laboratory variability was high (CV > 15%) compared to existing standards for bioanalytical assays. We identified and weighted the contributions to inter-laboratory variability of several parameters associated with the various pH-stat equipment used in this study (e.g. reaction vessel volume and shape, stirring mode and rate, burette volume for the automated delivery of sodium hydroxide). Based on this, we established recommendations for improving the reproducibility of lipase assays using the pH-stat technique. Defining accurate and complete recommendations on how to correctly quantify activity levels of enzyme preparations is a gateway to promising comparison of

Rice bran (RB) corresponds to the outer layers of whole grain rice and contains several phenolic compounds (PCs) that make it an interesting functional food ingredient. PC richness is enhanced in pigmented RB varieties and requires effective ways of extraction of these compounds. Therefore, we investigated conventional and deep eutectic solvents (DES) extraction methods to recover a wide array of PCs from red and black RB. The RB were extracted with ethanol/water (60:40, v/v) and two DES (choline chloride/1.2-propanediol/water, 1:1:1 and choline chloride/lactic acid, 1:10, mole ratios), based on Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) components. Besides the quantification of the most typical phenolic acids of cereals, nontargeted metabolomic approaches were applied to PCs profiling in the extracts. Globally, metabolomics revealed 89 PCs belonging to flavonoids (52%), phenolic acids (33%), other polyphenols (8%), lignans (6%) and stilbenes (1%) classes. All extracts, whatever the solvents, were highly concentrated in the main phenolic acids found in cereals (37–66 mg/100 g in black RB extracts vs. 6–20 mg/100 g in red RB extracts). However, the PC profile was highly dependent on the extraction solvent and specific PCs were extracted using the acidic DES. The PC-enriched DES extracts demonstrated interesting DPPH scavenging activity, which makes them candidates for novel antioxidant formulations.

The effect of the presence of surfactant micelles and of the mode of incorporation (pre-homogenization or post-homogenization) on the antioxidant efficiency of a homologous series of n-alkyl gallates phenolipids (G0, G3, G8, G12 or G16) was investigated in oil-in-water nanoemulsions. In both absence and presence of surfactant micelles, G12 and G16 were the best antioxidants. The effect of the mode of incorporation was modulated by the presence of surfactant micelles. In absence of surfactant micelles, G8 and G16 had higher efficiency when incorporated pre-homogenization, suggesting that the mode of incorporation promoted a distinct initial distribution of these compounds. In contrast, in presence of surfactant micelles, the antioxidants could be incorporated in any phases without efficiency loss. These results demonstrate the important role of surfactant micelles in modulating the antioxidant efficiency and could be used by the food industry to optimize emulsion formulations.