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Wood preservation is carried out to increase the service life of wood with low natural durability. Factors such as wood structure, preservatives, and methods of preservation influence the preservation processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate retention, penetration, and distribution of tuba (Derris elliptica) leaves extract into the candlenut wood (Aleurites molluccana) and agathis (Agathis sp.) wood structures. The wood samples were treated with hot and cold soaking. The duration of hot soaking were 3, 5, and 7 hours, while for cold soaking were 3, 5, and 7 days. The result showed that the highest retention of extract was achieved by cold soaking for 7 days at 9.4 kg m-3, and the lowest retention was achieved by hot soaking for 3 hours at 1.9 kg m‑3. The highest penetration occured by cold soaking for 7 days at 8.08 mm and the lowest was that with hot soaking for 3 hours at 2.81 mm. However, the distribution of the extract in the agathis wood structures could not be detected by stereo microscope. In the the case of the candlenut wood, the extract was distributed in the parenchyma cell.

[THE INFLUENCE OF BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES BASED ON CROTON OIL AND DERRIS ROOT AGAINST BROWN PLANTHOPPER]. Brown planthopper (BPH) (Nilaparvata lugens Stall) is a serious pest in rice. Using synthetic insecticide to control BPH is harmful for human health and can caused environmental pollution. The objective of this research is to find out ecofriendly insecticide to control BPH. Research has been conducted at Entomological laboratory, Indonesian Spice and Medicinal Crops Research Institute (ISMECRI), Bogor. It was designed with CRD, 16 treatments and 3 replications. Treatments consisted of botanical insecticides based on Croton tiglium and Derris elliptica. Each material was extracted by water, methanol, and xylene, and then tested by individually and combination, so there were 15 formulas and 1 control treatment (water). Third nymph BPH and IR64 rice variety were used in this research. Research was done in two methods, i.e. contact application and residual application. The result shows that there are 11 formulas which are prospective to be further developed i.e aqueous extraction (6 formulas) and combination extraction (aqueous with xylene and methanol (5 formulas). The aqueous extraction maybe the most prospective formulation since the technique could easily be adopted by farmers. Botanical pesticide based on Croton tiglium and Derris elliptica are very promising, therefore the research should be continued to find out the best formula of botanical insecticides for controlling BPH).

Derris elliptica (Wall.) Benth. is one of the wild plants found in farmland of Southeast Asia. The root of the tuba plant was traditionally used as the fish poison and crop pest insecticide. It has many kinds of toxic chemical compounds as rotenone, toxicarol, elliptone, sumatrol, tephrosin, and deguelin. Recently, root extract has developed in various bioactive compounds exploration not only for the agricultural field but also public health intervention, especially in Dengue control programs. Derris elliptica (Wall.) Benth. root extract have larvacidal potential to control the temephos-resistant Aedes aegypti larvae.

Application of extract tuba root bioactive (Derris elliptica L.) as a natural insecticide on the Crocidolomiabinotalis caterpillar on mustard plants ( Brassica juncea L.) has been carried out. The test results indicate that there are differences in antifeedant activity of the Crocidolomiabinotalis caterpillar on mustard plants ( Brassicajuncea L.) which is significant (significant) at various levels of concentration. The research was carried out in several stages, starting from the tubal root extraction stage, phytochemical testing, preparation of caterpillar tests, testing of antifeedant activity. As the treatment is the level of methanol concentration of 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm. The parameter observed was the percentage of Feeding Reduction (FR). The test results showed the antifeedant activity of Crocidolom he binotalis caterpillars, which is best at concentrations of 500 ppm and 1000 ppm because it is able to inhibit the feeding power or Feeding R eduction of caterpillars test 30.16% and 44.00 %

Anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum capsici) is one of the main problem in the cultivation of chili. This study was aimed to discover about the extract of leaf extract of cattapa (Terminalia catappa L) and leaf extract of derris (Derris elliptica) against the growth of Colletotrichum capsici causes anthracnosis in chilli. The study was conducted at the Mycology Laboratory of Institute Vegetables Research Indonesia, on July - September 2018. The study used a randomized design complete (CRD) with nine treatments and three replications. The treatment consisted of: leaf extract of derris (0.5%; 1.0%; 1.5%; 2.0%), leaf extract of cattapa (0.5%; 1.0%; 1.5%; 2.0%), and control (without treatment). The result showed that the leaf extract of derris more effective to suppress the conidial production of C. capsici. Development of colonies diameter leaf extract of derris was relatively smaller (3.24-4.31 cm), while for the treatment of leaf extract of cattapa showed larger colony size (6.02-6.82 cm).

Brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal.) is one of rice plants' pests that attack from the nursery to the harvest stage. Controls carried out by farmers generally use synthetic insecticides. Reducing the impact caused by synthetic insecticides, an alternative that can be used to controlling the brown planthopper is by using botanical insecticide tuba root. Tuba root plants have been widely reported to control pests and contain the active ingredient rotenone. Rotenone works as a stomach poison and selective. This study aims to examine the ability of tuba root plant parts extracts (leaves, branches, and roots) with organic solvents to control brown planthopper pests in rice plants. The study was conducted in February-April 2019 at the Plant Pest Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Riau. The study was conducted experimentally using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments and six replications to obtain 18 experimental units. The tuba root plant trial test consists of 3 levels: root extract, branch extract, and leaf extract with organic solvents. The parameters observed were the time of death of brown planthopper (hour), lethal meantime (LT50) (hour), daily mortality (%), and total mortality (%). The results showed that the application of root extract caused an initial death of 2.33 hours after application, LT50 17.33 hours after application with a total mortality rate of 100%. Application of botanical insecticide tuba root is effective for controlling brown planthopper pests in rice plants because it causes the death of brown planthopper above 80%.

The research purposed was compared of two extracts as molluscicidal activities from root of Derris elliptica Wallich. and Pangium edule Reinw seed, that assessed to 3-month old snails Pomacea canaliculata L. The Golden apple snails is widely regarded as worst invasive pest species in the rice growing area. It normally destroys the young stems and leaves paddy and could consume 7 – 24 rice seedlings per day. The experiment research started with the mortality test of the golden apple snail, meanwhile hexane extract fraction and etanol extract fraction have completely jumble mode; using the lethal concentration (LC) have mean to describe short term potency of poisonous (toxicity) from materials and can gave little effect or impact for environment; processing phytochemical test from n-hexane extract and etanol extract of root D.elliptica and P.edule showed positive to contain tanin, saponin and fenol. The data of LC 50 from n-hexane fraction measure with probit analyze (9,905 mg L -1 ) by D.elliptica L . with high toxic category, and n-hexane fraction (11,574 mg L -1 ) by P.edule Reinw. with toxic category are more effective for golden apple snail control. The golden apple snail mortality was highest using 5000 ppm n-hexane fraction showed 93,3% from D.elliptica and using 5000 ppm n-hexane fraction from P.edule showed 63,3%. In conclusion, both of extracts from D.elliptica roots and P.edule seeds was showed potency as botanical mollusicicides and it can be apply in the field

Chili ( Capsicum annnum L.) is one of the horticultural commodities that has economic value. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of root extract of tubal ( Derris elliptica ) on various concentration levels to control Trips pavispinnus in red chili plants. The treatment tried is three extra concentrations of the tubal root; 10, 20, and 30 g of tubal root / water and one treatment without tubal roots as a control. The treatment was designed using a randomized block design with three replications. Rensposes observed were percentages of Trips pavispinnus mortality. The results showed that the extract of the root of the tuba can control the pest of Trips pavispinnus. The concentration of 10 g / L of water can kill the Trips pavispinnus to 74.42% on the day after application. To be able to prevent the loss of red chilli plants due to a series of Trips pavispinnus , farmers can take advantage of extracts from the root of the tube, and are an environmentally friendly pest control method. Keywords: Chili, Derris elliptica , Tuba root, Trips pavispinnus

Cockroaches are harmful insects since they act as mechanical vectors. Transmission of the disease can occur through bacteria or germs that are present in waste or food scraps. These germs are carried by the feet or other body parts of the cockroach, then contaminate the food. Based on these facts, it is necessary to conduct research on the effectiveness of tuba roots against the cockroaches. The ethanol extract of tuba roots is effective in reducing the population of annoying insects, fish killers in ponds and reducing rat populations. This study was conducted from March to October 2014. This study used 7 extract concentrations which were : 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 g / 100 ml. Extraction of tuba root ethanol using the maceration method. The seven extracts were diluted with water medium then sprayed on all outside body parts of the cockroach using hand sprayer. Observations were performed on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 48th hours. Data were analysed by probit model. The results showed that tube root ethanol extract (Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth) was effective to kill Periplaneta americana on with LC50 at concentrations of 3 mg / 100 ml and LC90 was 10.306 mg / 100 ml, while LT50 7 h and LT90 was 11 h . Ethanol extract of tuba plant roots (D. elliptica (Roxb.) Benth) can be used as an alternative natural insecticide that can kill P. americana cockroaches. ABSTRAK Kecoa merupakan serangga yang merugikan karena berperan sebagai vektor mekanis. Penularan penyakit dapat terjadi melalui bakteri atau kuman penyakit yang terdapat pada sampah atau sisa makanan. Kuman tersebut terbawa oleh kaki atau bagian tubuh lainnya dari kecoa, kemudian mengontaminasi makanan. Ekstrak etanol akar tuba efektif dalam mengurangi populasi serangga pengganggu, pembunuh ikan di tambak dan mengurangi populasi tikus. Berdasarkan fakta tersebut, perlu dilakukan penelitian mengenai efektivitas dari akar tuba membunuh kecoa. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Maret hingga Oktober tahun 2014. Penelitian ini menggunakan 7 konsentrasi ekstrak yaitu: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, dan 13 g/100 ml. Ekstraksi etanol akar tuba menggunakan metode maserasi. Ketujuh ekstrak diencerkan dengan media air kemudian disemprotkan menggunakan alat sprayer biasa pada seluruh bagian tubuh luar kecoa. Pengamatan dilakukan pada jam ke-1, ke-2, ke-3, ke-4, ke-5, ke-6 dan ke-48. Analisis data menggunakan regresi probit. Hasil analisis menunjukkan ekstrak etanol akar tumbuhan tuba (Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth) efektif mematikan Periplaneta americana dengan LC50 pada konsentrasi 3 mg/100 ml dan LC90 adalah 10,306 mg/100 ml, sedangkan LT50 7 jam dan LT90 adalah 11 jam. Ekstrak etanol akar tumbuhan tuba (Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth) dapat dijadikan sebagai salah satu alternatif insektisida alami yang dapat membunuh kecoa P. americana.

Pests that attack the corn crop are cob borers (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner). The pest control can be done using tubal root botanical insecticide (Derris elliptica Benth.). This study aims to obtain the best concentration of tuba root powder extract in controlling the corn cob borer pests H. armigera. Research has been carried out at the Plant Pest Laboratory of Agriculture Faculty, University of Riau. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments given were several concentrations of tuba root powder extract, namely 0 gr.l−1 of water, 20 gr.l−1 of water, 40 gr.l−1 of water, 60 gr.l−1 of water, 80 gr.l−1 of water and 100 gr.l−1 of water. The parameters observed were initial death, lethal time 50, lethal concentration 50 and 95, daily mortality and total mortality. Daily mortality data obtained from the results of the study were analyzed descriptively and displayed in graphical form, data lethal concentration (LC50 and LC95) were probit analyzed using the POLO-PC program, while other data such as initial death, total mortality, lethal time (LT50), statistically analyzed using a variance. Data from analysis of variance will be continued using the smallest significant difference (LSD) test at the 5% level. The application concentration of tuba root extract with 100 g.l-1 of water is the best concentration to control larvae of H. armigera with an initial time of death 26.50 hours, 67.50 hours of LT50, highest daily mortality on the fourth day by 40% and total larval mortality by 87.5%.

Operationally simple, stereocontrolled semisyntheses of the anticancer rotenoids elliptone and 12aβ-hydroxyelliptone, isolated from Derris elliptica and Derris trifoliata, respectively, are described. Inspired by the work of Singhal, elliptone was prepared from rotenone via a dihydroxylation-oxidative cleavage, chemoselective Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, and acid-catalyzed elimination sequence. Elaboration of elliptone to 12aβ-hydroxyelliptone was achieved via a diastereoselective chromium-mediated Étard-like hydroxylation. The semisynthesis of elliptone constitutes an improvement over previous methods in terms of safety, scalability, and yield, while the first synthesis of 12aβ-hydroxyelliptone is also described.

Rotenone is a biopesticide with an amazing effect on aquatic life and insect pests. In Asia, it can be isolated from Derris species roots (Derris elliptica and Derris malaccensis). The previous study revealed the comparable efficiency of alcohol-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) in extracting a high yield of rotenone (isoflavonoid) to binary ionic liquid solvent system ([BMIM]OTf) and organic solvent (acetone). Therefore, this study intends to analyze the optimum parameters (solvent ratio, extraction time, and agitation rate) in extracting the highest yield of rotenone extract at a much lower cost and in a more environmental friendly method by using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite rotatable design (CCRD). By using RSM, linear polynomial equations were obtained for predicting the concentration and yield of rotenone extracted. The verification experiment confirmed the validity of both of the predicted models. The results revealed that the optimum conditions for solvent ratio, extraction time, and agitation rate were 2 : 8 (DES : acetonitrile), 19.34 hours, and 199.32 rpm, respectively. At the optimum condition of the rotenone extraction process using DES binary solvent system, this resulted in a 3.5-fold increase in a rotenone concentration of 0.49 ± 0.07 mg/ml and yield of 0.35 ± 0.06 (%, w/w) as compared to the control extract (acetonitrile only). In fact, the rotenone concentration and yield were significantly influenced by binary solvent ratio and extraction time (P<0.05) but not by means of agitation rate. For that reason, the optimal extraction condition using alcohol-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) as a green additive in the extraction medium cocktail has increased the potential of enhancing the rotenone concentration and yield extracted.

Derris elliptica (Wall.) Benth is a wild plant or weed in agricultural fields that was traditionally used for poisoning fish and plant pests. Several studies showed the low lethal concentration of Derris elliptica root extract to control the laboratory strain Aedes aegypti larvae. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Derris elliptica root extract against the temephos-resistant Aedes aegypti larvae from the Dengue endemic areas. This experimental study used post-test only control group design with five different concentrations of methanolic Derris elliptica root extract, namely 0.09%, 0.13%, 0.17%, 0.21%, and 0.25%, respectively. Twenty-five of F1 temephos-resistant of wild-caught Aedes aegypti larvae were subjected to each group of the five different concentrations, and two control groups with aquadest. The temephos-resistant strain of Aedes aegypti larvae was determined by bioassay test with temephos -0.02 ppm compound. Mortality rate and lethal concentration (LC50 and LC90) of the larvae were calculated after 24-h contact. Average of mortality rate in each concentration after 24-h contact with Derris elliptica root extract were 32.8%, 49.6%, 72.0%, 95.2%, and 100% with LC50 and LC90 were 1,600 and 2,040 ppm, respectively. The methanolic Derris elliptica root extract have larvacidal potential to control the temephos-resistant Aedes aegypti larvae. Further research to obtain secondary metabolites is needed.

Tuba (Derris elliptica) is one of the insecticide-producing plant which can reduce the pest population due to its active compound, rotenone (C23H2206). The rotenone is deposit in all parts of tuba plant, as such as roots, stems, and leaves. The aim of this research aims was to evaluate the effectiveness of tuba bark extract against subterranean termite Coptotermes sp. The powder of tuba bark extract with 40-60 mesh size macerated with the ethanol by solvent obtains the extract. The extract was made into varions concentration namely 0,5%, 1%, and 1,5%, and applied to the paper disc. There are two types of termite test in this study, namely toxicity test and respiratory test. The mortality of termite and the weight loss of the paper disc were used as indicators of extract activity. The result showed that the concentration of 1,5% indicated the highest mortality from both of two types of test. This study was similar for the lowest weight loss of sample which was also given by concentration 1,5%.

Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to study the impact of rhizobial inoculants on the rhizosphere bacterial communities of three medicinal legumes: Indigofera tinctoria, Pueraria mirifica and Derris elliptica Benth. Rhizosphere soils were collected from these legumes grown naturally in 11 provinces of Thailand. The host-specific rhizobial strains were inoculated to their hosts planted in the collected rhizosphere soils of each legume. Four months after planting, total bacterial communities DNA was extracted from the uninoculated rhizosphere soils and the inoculated rhizosphere soils. DGGE fingerprints of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA were obtained from the bacterial communities. PCR-DGGE analysis showed that the bacterial community structures in native rhizospheres of the three legumes were different from each other based on the generated dendrogram and Sorensen’s index. These results suggest that different plant species and soil characteristics synergically affected the rhizosphere bacterial communities. The bacterial diversity of I. tinctoria and P. mirifica native rhizospheres were significantly different from that of D. elliptica Benth. native rhizosphere. Our results also showed that the inoculants contributed to the slight changes in rhizosphere community structures. In comparison with each other, the plants appeared to have a much stronger influence on the bacterial communities rather than the inoculants. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that the community structure of the inoculated rhizosphere of D. elliptica Benth. was more divergent from those of inoculated rhizospheres of I. tinctoria and P. mirifica. The ribotype richness which indicates species diversity, was highest in I. tinctoria rhizosphere, followed by P. mirifica rhizosphere and D. elliptica Benth. rhizosphere, respectively.

The genotoxicity and toxicity of ethnomedicinal Philippine plants, which include Cassia fistula, Derris elliptica, Ficus elastica, Gliciridia sepium, Michelia alba, Morus alba, Pogostemon cablin and Ricinus communis, were tested using the Vitotox assay. The plants are used traditionally to treat several disorders like diabetes, weakness, menorrhagia, headache, toothache and rheumatism. The dried leaves were homogenized for overnight soaking in methanol at room temperature. The resulting alcoholic extracts were filtered and concentrated in vacuo and tested for their genotoxicity and cytotoxicity using Vitotox®. Results showed that the medicinal plants that were tested are not genotoxic nor cytotoxic, except for R. communis and P. cablin, which showed toxicity at high doses (low dilutions) in the absence of S9.

In Nigeria, fish farmers have traditionally harvested fish by persistently and indiscriminately abusing the use of natural plant piscicides. In particular Derris elliptica , which contains rotenone which is toxic to fish when it is used in higher concentrations than necessary, causing contamination of fresh water bodies and thereby affecting non target organisms. Toxicity studies of Derris elliptica root powder were carried out with juveniles of Clarias gariepinus using sublethal concentrations of the root extracts Derris elliptica in 96 h static bioassay. Estimated numbers of healthy C. gariepinus juveniles were obtained from artisanal fishermen in Ondo State, Nigeria and were transported to the Federal University of Technology, Akure. The 96 h LC50 of Derris elliptica to juveniles of C. gariepinus was observed to be 15.0g/ml. Behavioural activities such as erratic swimming, loss of reflex, hyperventilation, increased surfacing frequency and jerky movements were observed. Values of some haematological parameters of C. gariepinus juveniles were analysed to determine the influence of D. elliptica root powder on the test fish. The range values obtained for the Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Haemoglobin (Hb), Erythrocyte (RBC) for C. gariepinus in higher concentration of D. elliptica root powder were significantly higher; PCV 40.0% - 45.0%, Hb 12.8 – 14.3g /100ml, RBC count 38.5 – 47.4 x 106mm3 than those obtained for Clarias in lower concentrations :PCV 25.0 – 31.2%, Hb 8.3 – 9.8g/100ml, RBC count 21.6 – 32.96 x 106mm2 3 respectively. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) decreased than those obtained at lower concentrations of the powder. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) decreased with increase in D. elliptica concentrations. The increase in PCV with increase in D. elliptica concentration indicated positive absorption of Derris solution by the fish while the increase of haemoglobin concentration (Hb) and Erythrocyte count (RBC) in C. gariepinus at higher concentration of D. elliptica may be associated with erythrocytes synthesis.

Callus induction was carried out by tissue culture using leaves of Derris elliptica to obtain rotenoids. A small amount of rotenoids (2.9 µg/gDW) was detected in the callus tissue thus induced and subcultured for 4 months. Rotenoid biosynthesis, however, decreased with frequent subcultures of callus tissue, and was finally lost. Then, a callus with imperfectly differentiated rootlets was induced from the leaves or stems of derris by regulating plant hormones. This root-like organ was found to contain rotenoids which were identified as rotenone and deguelin by GC-MS. The content was 160 µg/gDW as rotenone.

IN THE LAST two decades Derris Lour. and Lonchocarpus HBK have assumed an important commercial position as sources of the insecticide rotenone, and have been subjects of a great number of taxonomic, chemical and agronomic investigations. However, there are few available reports of cytological studies. Chromosome numbers of 2n20 for Derris elliptica and 2n -_ 22 for D. malaccensis were reported by Heyn (1938), who expected to find further differences in number in other species of the same genus. Skalinska (1945) found a 2n number of 22 for D. elliptica; the present study confirms this as the correct number. Cytological studies involving nine species of Lonchocarpus and four species of Derris will be considered here. Lonchocarpus and Derris are continuously recurring sources of taxonomic debate. The two genera are combined under Derris by MacBride (1943), separated by Killip and Smith (1930), Krukoff and Smith (1937), and Hermann (1947). Bentham (1860) in setting up the tribe Dalbergieae suggested that Lonchocarpus, Pongamia, Piscidia, and Muellera should probably be combined under Derris; yet he retained them as separate genera. The principal reason for retaining both Lonchocarpus and Derris is apparently geographical, Louichocarpus being the new world, Derris the old world genus. However, species of each have been described from both regions. Failure of collectors to find flowering or fruiting specimens of various high rotenone species has resulted in descriptions from leaf characters only, so that the nomenclature of these species is especially confusing. For example, L. utilis A. C. Smith, described from a sterile specimen originally determined as L. nicou (Aubl.) DC., is now referred to L. utilis A. C. Smith, L. nicou var. utilis (A. C. Smith) Hermann, or Derris utilis (A. C. Smith) MacBride. Cytological study may aid in clarifying some of the taxonomic problems, as well as contribute useful information toward practical breeding problems. Lonchocarpus utilis, L. nicou, L. urucu, Derris elliptica and D. malaccensis are the principal specific sources of commercial rotenone. Of the two genera Lonchocarpus is considered the better source (Jones, 1942). Various species of no commercial importance are strikingly ornamental in their native habitats or under cultivation. L. punctatus from Venezuela and L. Dominguensis in I Received for publication December 8, 1948. Publication No. 2, Journal Series from the Atkins Garden and Research Laboratory of Harvard University, Soledad, Cienfuegos, Cuba. The problem was supported by the National Research Council and The Bussey Institution of Harvard University. The author is indebted to Dr. Karl Sax, Dr. P. C. Mangelsdorf, Dr. 0. E. White and Dr. A. G. Kevorkian for suggestions and criticisms. Cuba are usually found along stream banks where they produce an abundance of showy, rose-colored, perfumed flowers. Nigerian natives use L. cyanescens in making an indigo dye. Desirable clones of both genera are usually propagated by means of cuttings, since the species root easily. In this manner, under constant environmental conditions, the rotenone percentage of the original plant is preserved. Thus well-known clones with widely distributed members have arisen. MATERIALS AND METHODS.-All collections of Lonchocarpus and Derris included in this study are from permanent plantings at the Atkins Garden and Research Laboratory of Harvard University, Cienfuegos, Cuba. Original source of material, chromosome number, general distribution of the species and the author's collection number are included in table 1. The identity of the collections has been checked, in so far as possible, by comparison with specimens in the herbarium of the Arnold Arboretum and Gray Herbarium; triplicate specimens have been deposited in the Gray Herbarium, National Herbarium and Atkins Garden and Research Laboratory. It was not possible to make herbarium specimens of L. utilis, D. malaccensis, or the various clones of D. elliptica (GM 1, 2, 5, 7 and "Panama") because the cuttings from which chromosome counts were made had not grown sufficiently. Since these cuttings were obtained from clones which are under experimental study for rotenone content, and which have been subject of some of the taxonomic studies, their identities were accepted as reliable. Somatic chromosome determinations were made from acetic orcein smears of young leaves, petals, or root-tips, pretreated for 1 hr. with a saturated solution of paradichlorobenzene (Meyer, 1945) and fixed in Carnoy's solution. Meiotic studies were made on pollen mother cells smeared in acetic orcein without previous fixation. Camera lucida drawings (fig. 1-11) are reproduced at magnification of ca. 2000. OBSERVATIONS.-1.-L. cyanescens, n 11, 2n 22 (fig. 1, 2). Univalents were occasionally seen in metaphase I divis'ion, but anaphase separation was apparently regular. Pollen counts showed 98 per cent of the grains to be full. Although pollen development was apparently normal, the three plants observed are all sterile; they flowered four times in 11 months but no fruit set. Numerous attempts were made to force fruiting artificially: stigmas were bruised, pollen was transferred from other flowers on the same plant, from different plants of the same species, and from L. violaceus. None of these pollinations was successful.

In rotenone-bearing crops, such as Derris elliptica (Wall.) Benth., in which the root is valued for insecticidal purposes, the yield of root as well as the rotenone content is important. Obviously yield could not be sacrificed to obtain high rotenone percentage, nor could high yield compensate for low rotenone content. A maximum yield of root of uniformly high rotenone content may be considered as a goal. Of the several types of D. elliptica available at this station, one, the St. Croix variety, is characterized by a high yield of root markedly low in rotenone. Another, Changi No. 3, is characterized by a lower yield of root which is relatively high in rotenone. A third variety, the Sarawak Creeping, occupies an intermediate position with regard to rotenone content. The extent to which grafting may modify the yield and rotenone content in Derris roots has never been investigated. The possibility of increasing the rotenone content of the more vigorous St. Croix roots by grafting on scions of the Changi No. 3 seemed promising. Likewise, St. Croix tops on Changi No. 3 roots might increase the yield of roots of the latter. An experiment testing these premises is here reported, the results of which, although negative with regard to the anticipated scion effect, are of interest. A hypothesis under test in this experiment concerned the possibility of the leafy part of the plant supplying some factor, perhaps an intermediate compound, similar to but simpler than rotenone, which was necessary for the completion of the synthesis of rotenone in the roots. This was suggested by the fact that compounds of the rotenone group are chemically related to compounds of the flavone group, of which at least two occur in the leaves of derris.2 Rotenone itself (I) can be considered as an isoflavanone nucleus (II) in which a methoxyl group on 6' is condensed with a hydroxyl group on 2 to result in a bridge. On 7 and 8 there is a pentose residue and on 3' and 4" methoxyl groups. That compounds related to rotenone exist in the root in glycosidic combination (probably acylated) is indicated by the fact that derris resin must be hydrolyzed by mild alkali treatment before crystalline deguelin can be isolated. Methods

RESP-1043

1. Derris elliptica was grown in Puerto Rico at elevations ranging from 50 to 2400 feet above sea level and in Guatemala at altitudes ranging from 910 to 4888 feet. 2. The temperature factor of altitude correlated positively with rotenone and inversely with reserve carbohydrates in derris roots. 3. At elevations favorable to growth of derris plants, the accumulation of rotenone was influenced by major variations in water supply, but reserve carbohydrates were altered by relatively minor variations in available moisture. 4. The varietal selection of Derris grown in Guatemala appeared to be more adapted to higher elevations, in an ecological sense, than the Sarawak Creeping variety grown in Puerto Rico. 5. The normal effect of age on the percentage of rotenone was apparently obscured at high altitudes. 6. Soil pH, ranging from values of 4.7 to approximately neutral, had no measurable effect on rotenone or carbohydrate reserves. 7. At favorable altitudes, derris plants flourished in soils having good physica...

The pyrethrins, nicotine, rotenone and a derris resin have been tested in the laboratory under standard conditions for their ovicidal effect. The test-subjects were : Pieris brassicae, Plutella maculipennis, Aphis rhamni, Ephestia kühniella and Sitotroga cerealella. Notes on the technique of egg production are given for these species. In the majority of the tests made a water medium containing acetone together with sulphonated lorol as a wetting agent was used.It has been shown that all these products are toxic to the species on which they were tested. Lauryl thiocyanate, β-butoxyβ'thiocyanodiethyl ether and 3 : 5 dinitro-o-cresol were included as substances of recognised ovicidal value for purposes of comparison.All the above insecticides derived from plants compared favourably in their toxic action with the synthetics. In two instances during tests on eggs of Ephestia kiihniella, data were obtained enabling a satisfactory statistical comparisdn of relative potency to be made. In the first of these, the pyrethrins were found to be 8·45±1·47 times as toxic as 3 : 5 dinitro-o-cresol, while in the second the pyrethrins were found to be 2·66±0·26 times as toxic as a Derris elliptica resin (rotenone content 37–40 per cent.). It therefore appears that both the pyrethrins and the derris resin were more toxic, weight for weight, than 3 : 5 dinitro-o-cresol which is recognised as one of the most potent ovicides.The above vegetable poisons were found to be toxic not only to eggs developing in a few days without a diapause, but also to those of Aphis rhamni, a species of overwintering egg. The tests on A. rhamni were made at the time the eggs were just starting to hatch. The same result might not have been obtained with eggs at an earlier stage of development.Observations were made on the effect of the different insecticides on the development of the egg. This effect appeared to differ with each substance, either qualitatively or quantitatively, but within the limits of the experiment it seemed to be independent of the species of the egg.

Studies over de veredeling van derris elliptica en derris malaccensis 2.Kruisingswerk, cytologische waarnemingen, genetisch systeem Met kruisingswerk werd in 1935 een aanvang gemaakt in de hoop zaailingen te verkrijgen, waarin het hoge rotenongehalte vanDerris elliptica is gecombineerd met het hoge gehalte verwante insecticiden vanDerris malaccensis. Later is ook massaal kruisingswerk verricht tussen gekweekt en wild materiaal vanDerris elliptica. Het kruisingswerk ondervond vele moeilijkheden, doordat de belangrijkste cloon „ngawi” in het geheel niet bloeit en enkele andere hoogwaardige clonen weliswaar bloeien, maar noch na zelfbestuiving, noch na kruising vrucht zetten. Enkele andere zijn wel te gebruiken, maar op een 1000 tal kruisingen worden toch niet meer dan 7–8 zaden gevormd. Wilde vormen zijn in het algemeen redelijk fertiel en laten zich ook met hoogwaardige gekweekte clonen kruisen. Een groep van de oudste soortshybriden produceerde reeds zoveel wortels, dat daarvan een analyse kon worden gemaakt (tabel 1). Van een jongere groep hybriden van kruisingen tussen gekweekte hoogwaardige en wilde varieteiten vanDerris elliptica en tussen wilde vormen onderling kon colorimetrisch het gehalte aan aetherextract worden bepaald. Op twee planten met 5–6% extract na, bevatte geen van de hybriden practisch enig rotenon. In beide soorten, onder de gekweekte zowel als onder de wilde planten, werden de somatische chromosoomgetallen 22 en 24 gevonden. Het type „pantu” van de soortD. elliptica was triploid met 36 chromosomen. Tevens werden enkele andere soorten onderzocht (tabel 2). Planten met verschillend aantal chromosomen komen willekeurig verspreid voor en morphologisch is er geen verschil tussen beide groepen te constateren. Naar alle waarschijnlijkheid hebben we bij derris te maken met structurele verschillen tussen de chromosomen. Hybriden tussen beide typen bezitien 23 chromosomen. Uit onderzoek van de zaaisels van een zestal willekeurige clonen bleek, dat alle planten vrij sterk heterozygoot zijn, niettegenstaande het zaad in het algemeen door zelfbestuiving ontstaat (tabel 4). Wanneer wordt aangenomen, dat voor het ontstaan van giftige planten enkele factoren recessief aanwezig moeten zijn, dan zullen deze zaailingen slechts door inteelt kunnen ontstaan. Ze zullen daardoor in het algemeen zwakke groeiers zijn, zodat slechts enkelen in de felle strijd om het bestaan tot volwassen planten zullen uitgroeien. De meeste gekweekte vormen zijn inderdaad relatief zwakke groeiers en zo is het te begrijpen, dat onder ± 400 in het wild verzamelde planten er geen enkele giftige is gevonden.

For the investigation of rotenone biosynthesis, acetate-2-14C, mevalonic acid-2-14C lactone and methionine-methyl-14C were administered to Derris elliptica plants, respectively, and the distribution of carbon-14 in the labeled rotenone was determined by degradation. When mevalonic acid-2-14C lactone was incorporated into rotenone, the radioactivity was found equally in the carbons at both C-7' and C-8', indicating that these carbons are derived from the carbon-2 of mevalonic lactone. In the case of methionine-methyl-14C about 80% of the total radioactivity was found to enter two methoxyl groups. This result demonstrates that methionine is an efficient precursor of the methoxyl group. Furthermore, it is also suggested that methionine may be a precursor of the carbon at C-6.

Background: Derris elliptica extracts have a high larvicidal potential against the laboratory strain of Aedes aegypti larvae, but the effect on offspring larvae of pyrethroid-resistant strains of the species is lack understood. This study aimed to determine the larvicidal activity of the ethyl acetate extract of tuba root against the third-instar larvae of the Cypermethrin-resistant Ae. aegypti offspring. Methods: The experimental study occupied four levels of ethyl acetate extract of D. elliptica namely 10, 25, 50, and 100 ppm, and each level was four times replicated. As many as twenty of healthy third-instar larvae, offspring of Cypermethrin-resistant Ae. aegypti were subjected to each experiment group. Larval mortality rate and lethal concentration 50% subject (LC50) were calculated after 24 and 48 hours of exposure time. Results: Mortality of larvae increased directly proportional to the increase of extract concentration. Larval mortality rates after 24 and 48 hours of exposure were 40–67.5% and 62.5–97.5%, and LC50 were 34.945 and 6.461ppm, respectively. Conclusion: The ethyl acetate extract of D. elliptica has the high effectiveness larvicidal potential against the thirdinstar larvae, offspring of the Cypermethrin-resistant Ae. aegypti. Isolation of the specific compound is necessarily done to obtain the active ingredient for larvicide formulation.

WE have recently investigated the histology of Derris elliptica roots, with respect to their contents of rotenone and related toxic substances. Cells which apparently contain resins are distinguishable in unstained sections. We have applied Durham's test to sections, and have shown that the resin cells, and these only, respond to the test.