Search

After years of discussions, the European Union’s (EU’s) new development finance architecture finally came into being under the umbrella of the ‘Status Quo Plus’. This article aims to, firstly, bring much-needed clarification in the nebulous landscape of EU development finance; and secondly, gain a more profound understanding of recent changes by examining to what extent they witness change or continuity. Based on a large variety of empirical data and secondary literature, we find that EU development finance has witnessed significant institutional changes while ideological trends are continued. Institutionally, we elaborate on the simplification of instruments, a shift in their accessibility – in favour of national development agencies and private actors whereby the European Investment Bank (EIB) loses its monopoly on commercial guarantees – and a reshuffling of power play in favour of the European Commission and (larger) EU Member States. In terms of policy content and underlying ideology, however, we observe a deepening of the trend towards financialization within EU (development finance) institutions which ties in with the geopoliticization of aid. We conclude that the ‘Plus’ represents institutional change that nevertheless primarily served (intentionally or not) to support a continuing ideological commitment to selling development finance to the market. The conclusions summarize the main findings and formulate suggestions for further research. European Union (EU), development, financialization, geopoliticization, private finance, European Investment Bank (EIB), blending, public development banks

Exercise may trigger bronchoconstriction, especially in a group of athletes in whom bronchospasm during exercise is reported to occur more frequently than in nonathletes. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and environmental risk factors contributing to exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in adolescent athletes. A prospective study was conducted among a group of 101 adolescent athletes who underwent spirometry, exercise challenge, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) measurements, and allergy assessment. The study group was divided into three subgroups of athletes based on the most common sports environments: swimmers, “indoor” athletes, and “outdoor” athletes. The clinical evaluation demonstrated a high frequency of EIB in the study group. Moreover, a large proportion of the athletes in whom EIB was observed reported no pre-existing symptoms suggestive of bronchospasm or asthma. Among patients without a previous diagnosis of asthma, clinical evaluation confirmed 22% with positive exercise challenges, compared with 77% of adolescents with negative test results. Moreover, among the athletes with a history of asthma, 39% had positive exercise challenges. Both EIB and asthma are common conditions that affect adolescent athletes. Physicians should pay particular attention to this group, as the symptoms can lead to under- and overdiagnosis.

We perform a cross-country firm-level analysis of all development banks headquartered in Europe. The goal is to investigate their financial profile and efficiency characteristics and to shed light on some crucial issues, which may underline their capacity to raise external sources of finance in addition to capital contributions from shareholder governments (e. g. their capital generation and cost efficiency, the quality of their loan portfolio, the composition of their sources of finance). A financial statement analysis of their accounting features is cogent in the light of the relevance attributed by European policy makers to the economic and financial sustainability of development banks, given the key role they have been called to play in the European economy since the 2008 crises. Indeed, although development banks have goals that go beyond profitability, they need to combine their socio-economic goals with conditions of efficiency and profitability, in order to "stand on their own feet" and secure a reasonable level of financial strength and stability. We first map all development banks headquartered in Europe. We then collect financial information within the reference period 2008–2018 for the whole population of development banks. We also split the sample according to size, in order to assess their dimensional heterogeneity. This study provides policymakers with quantitative information on the economic and financial profile of contemporary promotional financial institutions, which may be valuable in the current debate on their role and relevance in Europe. Diese Studie liefert auf Unternehmensebene eine länderübergreifende Analyse aller Entwicklungsbanken mit Hauptsitz in Europa. Ziel ist es, das finanzielle Profil und die Effizienzmerkmale der Entwicklungsbanken herauszuarbeiten und ihre Fähigkeit zur Beschaffung externer Finanzierung zu beleuchten. Eine solche Bilanzanalyse ist zwingend, angesichts der Relevanz, die der wirtschaftlichen und finanziellen Nachhaltigkeit von Entwicklungsbanken beigemessen wird, und angesichts der Schlüsselrolle, die Entwicklungsbanken seit der Krise von 2008 in der europäischen Wirtschaft spielen. Obwohl Entwicklungsbanken Ziele verfolgen, die über die Rentabilität hinausgehen, müssen sie ihre sozioökonomischen Ziele mit Effizienz und Rentabilität kombinieren, um "auf eigenen Beinen stehen" und ein angemessenes Maß an Finanzkraft und Stabilität sicherstellen zu können. Politischen Entscheidungsträgern werden damit quantitative Informationen zum wirtschaftlichen und finanziellen Profil an die Hand gegeben, die für die aktuelle Debatte über die Rolle von Entwicklungsbanken wichtig sind.

Purpose: Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) and exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction (EILO) are the two disorders commonly considered when athletes complain of exertional dyspnea. They are highly different but often confused. We aimed to address this diagnostic challenge and its consequences in elite athletes. Methods: We included all athletes competing at national or international level, referred to our institution for workup for EILO during 2013–2016. We diagnosed EILO from video-recorded laryngoscopy performed during maximal cardiopulmonary treadmill exercise (CLE test). Symptoms and previous diagnostic evaluations were obtained from referral letters and chart reviews. Results: Exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction was diagnosed in 73/101 referred athletes, of whom 70/73 had moderate/severe supraglottic obstruction and 3/73 had primarily glottic obstruction with only minor supraglottic involvement. Of the 73 athletes with EILO, we were able to identify objective tests for asthma in 55 participants, of whom 22 had findings supporting asthma. However, 58/73 had used asthma therapy at some time previously, with current use in 28. Only three reported that asthma medication had improved their exercise-related breathing problems, two of whom with tests confirming asthma. Treatment for EILO improved breathing problems in all but four. Conclusions: Objective testing verified EILO in most of the referred athletes. EILO coexisting with asthma was common, and large proportions had used asthma medication; however, few reported effect on exercise-related breathing problems. Unexplained persistent exertional dyspnea must not lead to indiscriminate escalation of asthma treatment, but instead incite investigation for EILO, either as a co-morbidity or as a differential diagnosis. publishedVersion

[EU]Gradu amaierako lan honen bitartez, 2015. urtean 1/2015 LOaren bidez gure ordenamenduan lehenengoz sartu zen Espetxealdi Iraunkor Berrikusgarriaren gaia kolokan jarri dugu. Horretarako, EIBaren aplikazioaren eragin positibo zein negatiboak kontutan hartuz, zigor berri honen eraginkortasuna eta beharrizana ikertu dira. [ES]A través de este trabajo de İn de grado, ponemos en duda la pena de Prisión Permanente Revisable, que entró en vigor en nuestro ordenamiento judicial por primera vez en el 2015, regulada en la LO 1/2015. Para ello, teniendo en cuenta los efectos positivos y negativos que conlleva su aplicación, hemos investigado sobre su necesidad y efectividad. [EN]Through this end-of-degree work, we want to question the penalty of Revisable Life Imprisonment, which came into force the Organic Law 1/2015, for the first time in 2015. Taking into account the positive and negative effects that its application entails, we have investigated its necessity and effectiveness.

Introduction: Exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction (EILO) is a differential diagnosis for asthma and prevalent in athletes referred for exercise-induced dyspnea. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of EILO in elite cross-country skiers, known for a high prevalence of asthma. Method: Elite cross-country skiers were invited for screening of EILO. Screening consisted of clinical assessment, questionnaires, skin prick test, spirometry, eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation test, and continuous laryngoscopy during exercise test. Current asthma was defined as physician-diagnosed asthma and use of asthma medication during the last 12 months. EILO was defined as >= 2 points at the supraglottic or glottic level during exercise at maximal effort, using a visual grade score system. Result: A total of 89 (51% female) cross-country skiers completed the study. EILO was identified in 27% of the skiers, 83% of whom were female. All skiers with EILO had supraglottic EILO, and there was no glottic EILO. Current asthma was present in 34 (38%) of the skiers, 10 (29%) of whom had concomitant EILO. In the skiers with EILO, a higher proportion reported wheeze or shortness of breath after exercise, compared with skiers without EILO. In skiers with EILO and current asthma, compared with skiers with asthma only, a higher proportion reported wheeze or shortness of breath after exercise. Asthma medication usage did not differ between these groups. Conclusion: EILO is common in elite cross-country skiers, especially females. Asthma and EILO may coexist, and the prevalence of respiratory symptoms is higher in skiers with both. Testing for EILO should be considered in cross-country skiers with respiratory symptoms.

At present, it is unclear which exercise-induced factors, such as myokines, could diminish the negative impact of the reduction in pulmonary function imposed by the exercise in question. In this study, we aim to evaluate the prevalence of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) and also to investigate the effect of myokines in the performance of marathon runners presenting EIB or not. Thirty-eight male recreational marathon runners (age 38.8 [33&ndash, 44], height 175.7 [172.0&ndash, 180.3], weight 74.7 [69.3&ndash, 81.6]) participated in this study, and through spirometry tests, a prevalence of 23.6% of EIB was found, which is in agreement with the literature. The volunteers who tested positive to EIB (EIB+) presented lower maximum aerobic capacity compared to those who tested negative (EIB&minus, ) (EIB+ 44.02 [39.56&ndash, 47.02] and EIB&minus, 47.62 [44.11&ndash, 51.18] p = 0.03). The comparison of plasma levels of IL-1&beta, (EIB+ p = 0.296, EIB&minus, p = 0.176, EIB+ vs. EIB&minus, baseline p = 0.190 immediately after p = 0.106), IL-4 (undetectable), IL-6 (EIB+ p = 0.003, EIB&minus, p &le, 0.001, EIB+ vs. EIB&minus, baseline p = 0.301 immediately after p = 0.614), IL-8 (EIB+ p = 0.003, EIB&minus, baseline p = 0.110 immediately after p = 0.453), IL-10 (EIB+ p = 0.003, EIB&minus, baseline p = 0.424 immediately after p = 0.876) and TNF-&alpha, (EIB+ p = 0.003, EIB&minus, baseline p = 0.141 immediately after p = 0.898) were similar in both groups 24 h before and immediately after the marathon. However, negative correlations were found between the marathon finishing time and the levels of IL-8 (r = &minus, 0.81, p = 0.022), and IL-10 (r = &minus, 0.97, p &le, 0.001) immediately after completing the marathon. In conclusion, for the first time, it is shown that the myokines IL-8 and IL-10 are related to improvement of the performance of marathon runners presenting EIB.

Development banks are there for good times as well as bad times. They promote structural changes in economies, addressing longer-term challenges. They complement financial systems, helping to improve the functioning of banking and financial markets and bolstering economic resilience. They mitigate market failure, but can also help to identify it, contributing to the design of effective policy. Moreover, development banks can help to create and shape markets, such as the green bonds market. In doing so, they catalyse structural economic transformation and spur investment-led growth. For the post-Covid-19 world, Europe needs structural trans- formation to address the challenges of rapid technological change and stiffer global competition, growing threats to social cohesion and, not least, climate change. In this article, with a focus on the role of the EIB, we discuss three main questions: What is the rationale for development banks? What is the EIB’s unique position within the European development banking landscape? And how is the EIB helping to address the key challenges that Europe is currently facing, boosting recovery from the historic Covid-19 shock to create a more competitive, inclusive and greener economy in Europe? Forderbanken sind in guten und in schlechten Zeiten nutzlich. Sie bringen strukturelle Veranderungen in Volkswirtschaften voran und helfen dabei, langfristige Herausforderungen anzugehen. Sie erganzen Finanzsysteme, unterstutzen die Funktionsfahigkeit von Banken- und Finanzmarkten und starken die Resilienz von Volkswirtschaften. Sie lindern nicht nur Marktversagen, sondern konnen aber auch einen Beitrag dazu leisten, diese zu identifizieren und so durch Politikmasnahmen effektiv zu adressieren. Daruber hinaus konnen Forderbanken helfen, Markte zu schaffen und zu formen, wie etwa fur grune Anleihen. Auf diese Weise wirken sie als Katalysator fur wirtschaftliche Transformationsprozesse und kurbeln Wachstum getrieben durch Investitionen an. Fur die Welt, die der Covid-19 Pandemie folgt, braucht Europa strukturelle Veranderungen, um die Herausforderungen durch schnellen technologischen Wandel, verscharften globalen Wettbewerb, wachsende soziale Ungleichheit und nicht zuletzt den Klimawandel erfolgreich anzugehen. In diesem Beitrag, der auf die Rolle der EIB eingeht, diskutieren wir drei Kernfragen: Warum gibt es Forderbanken? Welche besondere Position nimmt die EIB im System der europaischen Forderbanken ein? Wie tragt die EIB dazu bei, die gegenwartig wesentliche Herausforderung einer schnellen wirtschaftlichen Erholung Europas nach dem historischen Covid-19 Schock zu unterstutzen und dabei gleichzeitig eine wettbewerbsfahigere, sozial gerechtere und grunere Wirtschaft zu schaffen?

The international banking system serves as the institutional basis for the functioning of the global financial markets. Being in the process of continuous development is its characteristic feature. Each international banking institution has its own specificity and structure. The purposes of their creation and the main functions are defined by their statutes, rules, and founding acts. Despite the diversity of the subject maps of the international banking system, they share a common goal – developing cooperation and ensuring the integrity and stabilization of the world economy, regulation of international economic relations, and ensuring the transnational movement of funds. Legal analysis of statutory activities of international regional development banks, and forms of their interaction. The first among the international regional development banks is the European Investment Bank (EIB), which was founded in 1958 by EU Member States. According to the Bank’s Statute, the objectives of the Bank are to develop the common market by investing funds in the development of Member States’ economies. A legal analysis of the EIB’s purpose, function and structure demonstrates that a regional financial institution was established in the European Region, which by its very nature is an international development bank which serves as a development bank not only in relation to EU Member States but also to other European countries. Changes in the geopolitical and economic situation in Europe in the late 1980s – early 1990s were one of the reasons for the creation of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, a fundamentally new interstate financial structure that had no analogues concerning either its founders or their goals and methods before. The aim was to create a single lending center for both the public and private sectors of the economy: cooperation between different departments of one international organization should be less complicated than cooperation between two international organizations. Having included the word "bank" in the Preamble to the Agreement, the Contracting Parties stated that they were establishing a multilateral financial institution that would help to achieve these goals, and create a new and unique structure for cooperation in Europe. With a European Development Bank in the European Region, the EIB, Member States have combined the capabilities and finances of an existing development bank with a new financial institution, which by its legal nature is a development bank – EBRD. Membership of two international organizations in an international regional development bank simultaneously is a new thing in the international banking law. In fact, the European Union is a member of the EBRD three times: EU Member States are members of the European Investment Bank and also members of the EBRD.The creation and operation of European development banks is a sample of interaction forms between international regional development banks, and integration processes observed in the international financial system, within which the international law performers solve current problems, in particular in the political and financial spheres.The article is devoted to the legal analysis of the activities of international regional development banks, forms of their interaction. The purpose, goals, functions, structure of regional development banks are investigated. Forms of their interaction are considered, Статья посвящена правовому анализу деятельности международных региональных банков развития, форм их взаимодействия. Исследованы цели, функции, структура региональных банков развития. Рассмотрены формы их взаимдействия, Стаття присвячена правовому аналізу діяльності міжнародних регіональних банків розвитку, форм їх взаємодії. Досліджено мету, цілі, функції, структуру регіональних банків розвитку, розглянуто форми їх взаємодії

El presente trabajo propone analizar los datos empíricos relevados durante un trabajo de campo en la comunidad Chané de Tuyunti (Aguaray/Provincia de Salta), el cual tenía como objetivos investigar las características culturales de la comunidad, su conocimiento ecológico local y su relación con el entorno natural con el fin de entender los sistemas ecológicos locales y su importancia para el desarrollo de futuras generaciones. Desde un enfoque etnoecológico y holístico consideramos importante el estudio de los conocimientos, prácticas y creencias que los diferentes grupos humanos tienen sobre su medio ambiente, proponiendo la interacción entre el conocimiento científico y el conocimiento local. Porque no solamente contribuye a entender mejor los pueblos originarios, sino también, puede beneficiar toda la sociedad. Partimos de una visión en la cual es imprescindible considerar el rol de la mujer desde la perspectiva del ecofeminismo, ya que en muchos casos son las mujeres las que conservan el saber sobre la biodiversidad y su sabiduría procede de su experiencia cotidiana. Demostraremos que hasta inclusive en la educación las mujeres ocupan un papel destacado, tanto en el ámbito doméstico como en los programas de las escuelas públicas a través de la Educación Intercultural Bilingüe (EIB) donde se desempeñan como maestras auxiliares en la Comunidad de Tuyunti. Fil: Koeltzsch, Grit Kirstin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Unidad Ejecutora en Ciencias Sociales Regionales y Humanidades. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Unidad Ejecutora en Ciencias Sociales Regionales y Humanidades; Argentina

La formación de docentes para la educación intercultural bilingüe (EIB) es un campo de investigación emergente en Argentina. En el presente artículo, se explora, desde el análisis de diversas fuentes y desde un foco sociolingüístico, algunos de los sentidos que atraviesan la formación de docentes indígenas en la provincia de Chaco, como parte de sus políticas educativas y de inclusión. Funciones docentes para la EIB y sentidos locales de los procesos formativos docentes en el CIFMA son puestos aquí en diálogo para presentar una aproximación cualitativa a algunos de los modos en que se entiende esta modalidad del sistema educativo argentino. Nuestro argumento es que la identificación de los docentes como agentes de recuperación/ revitalización lingüístico-cultural-identitaria dota de un sentido particular a los procesos formativos que se producen en el CIFMA, y pone en evidencia la necesidad de revisar los diversos sentidos de la EIB y abriéndolos al debate. The training of teachers for bilingual intercultural education (EIB) is an emerging field of research in Argentina. In the present work, we explore, from the analysis of varied sources and from a sociolinguistic focus, some of the meanings that cross the formation of indigenous teachers at the province of Chaco, as part of its educational and inclusion policies. Teaching functions for the EIB and local senses of the educational training processes in the CIFMA are put here in dialogue to present a qualitative approach to some of the ways in which this modality of the Argentine educational system is understood. Our argument is that the identification of teachers as linguistic-cultural-identity recovery / revitalization agents gives a particular meaning to the training processes that take place in the CIFMA, and highlights the need to review the different senses of the EIB and open them to the debate. Fil: Unamuno, Virginia. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Escuela de Humanidades. Centro de Estudios del Lenguaje En Sociedad; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

La presente investigación, de enfoque cualitativo se realiza con el objetivo de describir la enseñanza de la expresión oral del castellano como segunda lengua en una escuela EIB en la región de Cusco. Para ello, se realizó observaciones participante y no participante, entrevistas a estudiantes, padres/madres de familia y docente de aula. En los resultados de la investigación se muestra la intervención de medios y agentes en la enseñanza de la expresión del castellano como segunda lengua. Y se encontró que los padres de familia que tienen mayor dominio del castellano ayudaban o conversaban en esta lengua en la casa. También, se encontró que los hermanos/las hermanas mayores cumplían un rol importante en la ayuda de tareas en CL2. Además, se observó que la radio y Tv estaba en contacto con los/las estudiantes y se concluyó que los estudiantes que tienen mayor acceso a la televisión, el nivel de dominio de castellano era mayor al resto de sus compañeras/compañeros de aula. Igualmente, la docente usaba diversos enfoques como: intercultural y comunicativo en clases de castellano y clases en castellano. Asimismo, la profesora usa diversas estrategias y materiales para la enseñanza de la expresión oral del castellano como segunda lengua, por ejemplo: la respiración, juego de memoria, papelotes, fabulas.

International audience; The European Commission’s Investment Plan for Europe and the enduring economic crisis has brought state-owned development banks again to the fore of public and scholarly debate in Europe. This article proposes to place these banks’ activities and recent institutional co-operation in the context of European integration and assumes a historical perspective on European economic governance and development banking. Most importantly, it argues that the European Investment Bank has become a centre of gravity in long-standing political attempts to increase the investment firepower of the European Union. Based on detailed process-tracing analysis through publicly available data and interview material, the article delineates a gradual process of institutional innovation and network formation that advanced since the late 1980s and culminated in recent post-crisis policy processes. The contemporary visibility of development banking in Europe, we conclude, follows from these and is representative of a nucleus for a – somewhat hidden – European investment state, whose reach and stability, however, is yet to be determined.

Español: Este documento contiene una propuesta para la realización de autoconsumo de energía eléctrica en la Escuela de Ingeniería de Bilbao (EIB) utilizando una instalación solar-fotovoltaica. En concreto, se estudia la posibilidad de realizar dicho autoconsumo prescindiendo de baterías o cualquier otro tipo de almacenamiento. La instalación fotovoltaica considerada pertenece en la actualidad al Ente Vasco de la Energía (EVE), está situada en el tejado de la EIB y en el futuro será propiedad de la universidad tal como fue acordado entre estas dos entidades. Consecuentemente, esta propuesta es de gran interés ya que analiza algunas de las distintas posibilidades que tendrá la universidad al adquirir dicha instalación fotovoltaica. Euskera: Dokumentu honek Bilboko Ingeniaritza Eskolan (BIE) energia autokontsumoa egiteko instalazio solar-fotovoltaiko baten erabilpena proposatzen du. Kasu honetan, bateriak erabiltzen ez dituen autokontsumo mota ikertuko da. Proposamen honetan kontsideratuko den instalazioa BIE-ren teilatuan dago eta gaur egun EVE-re propietatea da, baina etorkizunean BIE izango da bere jabea adostu zuten bezala. Beraz, proposamen hau oso interesgarria da EIB-ek instalazioaren jabea denean izango dituen aukeren batzuk analizatzen dituelako. English: This document contains a proposal about the usage of a solar-photovoltaic installation to carry out energy self-consumption in the Engineering School of Bilbao (ESB). In particular, the possibility of avoiding the use of batteries while doing the self-consumption will be analysed. The installation that has been chosen for this study does now belong to the EVE and it is located in the roof of the ESB, but in the future the ESB will be its owner as it was arranged. Consequently, this project is really interesting as it studies some of the possibilities the ESB will have when they acquire the mentioned solar installation.

The international banking system serves as the institutional basis for the functioning of the global financial markets. Being in the process of continuous development is its characteristic feature. Each international banking institution has its own specificity and structure. The purposes of their creation and the main functions are defined by their statutes, rules, and founding acts. Despite the diversity of the subject maps of the international banking system, they share a common goal – developing cooperation and ensuring the integrity and stabilization of the world economy, regulation of international economic relations, and ensuring the transnational movement of funds. Legal analysis of statutory activities of international regional development banks, and forms of their interaction. The first among the international regional development banks is the European Investment Bank (EIB), which was founded in 1958 by EU Member States. According to the Bank’s Statute, the objectives of the Bank are to develop the common market by investing funds in the development of Member States’ economies. A legal analysis of the EIB’s purpose, function and structure demonstrates that a regional financial institution was established in the European Region, which by its very nature is an international development bank which serves as a development bank not only in relation to EU Member States but also to other European countries. Changes in the geopolitical and economic situation in Europe in the late 1980s – early 1990s were one of the reasons for the creation of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, a fundamentally new interstate financial structure that had no analogues concerning either its founders or their goals and methods before. The aim was to create a single lending center for both the public and private sectors of the economy: cooperation between different departments of one international organization should be less complicated than cooperation between two international organizations. Having included the word "bank" in the Preamble to the Agreement, the Contracting Parties stated that they were establishing a multilateral financial institution that would help to achieve these goals, and create a new and unique structure for cooperation in Europe. With a European Development Bank in the European Region, the EIB, Member States have combined the capabilities and finances of an existing development bank with a new financial institution, which by its legal nature is a development bank – EBRD. Membership of two international organizations in an international regional development bank simultaneously is a new thing in the international banking law. In fact, the European Union is a member of the EBRD three times: EU Member States are members of the European Investment Bank and also members of the EBRD. The creation and operation of European development banks is a sample of interaction forms between international regional development banks, and integration processes observed in the international financial system, within which the international law performers solve current problems, in particular in the political and financial spheres. The article is devoted to the legal analysis of the activities of international regional development banks, forms of their interaction. The purpose, goals, functions, structure of regional development banks are investigated. Forms of their interaction are considered

Resumen Este texto tiene como propósito identificar qué tan actual y relacionada, con la educación bibliotecológica en América Latina y las tendencias mundiales, está siendo la formación en tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) que se está impartiendo en la Escuela Interamericana de Bibliotecología (EIB) de la Universidad de Antioquia en los últimos años. Para lograr esa identificación, se hace una recopilación a partir de los programas de estudio de las unidades académicas que imparten formación de pregrado o segundo ciclo, en bibliotecología (ciencia de la información) en América Latina. A su vez, se comparan esos temas de formación actual con las tendencias que distintos estudios de diferentes países revelan sobre hacia dónde debe dirigirse la formación en TIC para los nuevos y futuros bibliotecólogos. Como resultado se encuentra que los temas sobre TIC en los programas de bibliotecología en América Latina guardan muchas similitudes no solo entre sí, sino también en relación con los de la EIB. Sin embargo, las tendencias internacionales sobre TIC que impactarán las ciencias de la información difieren significativamente de los contenidos ofrecidos en América Latina y en la EIB, lo que implica la necesidad de revisar esas tendencias y reflexionar sobre su incorporación dentro de los planes de estudio. Abstract The purpose of this study is to identify how current and related the education in information and communication technologies - ICT for the program of Library and Information Science of the University of Antioquia is according with library education in Latin America and the ICT global trends. A compilation of the different undergraduate programs of library and information science was conducted for Latin American countries. The results are compared with the trends that several studies from different countries reveal about where ICT education should lead for new and future librarians. Findings reveal many commonalities for the topics on ICT in library science programs in Latin America, not only among them, but also in relation to those taught in the Interamerican School of Library and Information Science - ISLIS. However, the international trends on ICT that will impact the information sciences differ significantly from the contents offered in Latin America and ISLIS of the University of Antioquia. Hence, this study suggests the need to review these international trends and reflect on their incorporation into the library and information science curricula.

Background: Asthma is characterized by hyperresponsiveness of the airways, and exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) is a symptom that limits a large proportion of asthmatic patients, especially children. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) leads to a reduction in the reactivity of the airways. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of outpatient treatment with CPAP and bilevel pressure combined with respiratory physical therapy for children and adolescents with asthma following bronchial hyperresponsiveness caused by an exercise bronchoprovocation test. Methods: A randomized, controlled, blind, clinical trial was conducted involving 68 asthmatic children and adolescents aged 4 to 16 years divided into three groups: G1, treated with bilevel pressure (inspiratory positive airway pressure: 12 cm H2O; expiratory positive airway pressure: 8 cm H2O), G2, treated with CPAP (8 cm H2O) and G3, treated with respiratory muscle training (RMT), considered as the control group. All groups were treated at an outpatient clinic and submitted to 10 1-hour sessions, each of which also included respiratory exercises. Evaluations were performed before and after treatment and involved spirometry, an exercise bronchoprovocation test, respiratory pressures, fraction of nitric oxide (FeNO), the Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ6) and anthropometric variables. This study received approval from the local ethics committee (certificate number: 1487225/2016) and is registered with ClinicalTrials [ ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02939625]. Results: A total of 64 patients concluded the protocol; the mean age of the patients was 10 years. All were in the ideal weight range and had adequate height ( z score: −2 to +2). The three groups demonstrated improved asthma control after the treatments, going from partial to complete control. A significant increase in maximal inspiratory pressure occurred in the three groups, with the greatest increase in the RMT group. A reduction in FeNO in the order of 17.4 parts per billion (effect size: 2.43) and a reduction in bronchial responsiveness on the exercise bronchoprovocation test occurred in the bilevel group. An improvement in FeNO on the order of 15.7 parts per billion (effect size: 2.46) and a reduction in bronchial responsiveness occurred in the CPAP group. No changes in lung function or responsiveness occurred in the RMT group. Conclusion: Positive pressure and respiratory exercises were effective in reducing pulmonary inflammation, exercise-innduced bronchoespasm (EIB), and increased the clinical control of asthma, as well as RMT, which also resulted in improved clinical control.

La transformación emprendida por el régimen de la Revolución Ciudadana ha implicado una profunda reestructuración y debilitamiento de la Educación Intercultural Bilingüe que fuera conducida por maestros e intelectuales indígenas. La modernización educativa implantada en el medio rural ha afectado profundamente a las prácticas e instituciones educativas vinculadas al movimiento indígena, que propone un retorno a la educación comunitaria para resistir el dominio de una forma modernizante de entender la educación.

Policy makers and regulators have devoted much effort to reforms aimed at improving financial stability in response to lessons from the 2007-09 crisis. At the same time, much effort has also been directed to promoting greater financial inclusion as an enabler of equal opportunity. To some extent, these endeavors have been exerted in silos, neglecting the possibility that financial inclusion and financial stability could be significantly intertwined, positively or negatively. If there are synergies or trade-offs between inclusion and stability, policy decisions must be informed, and the policy setting, design, and implementation adjusted accordingly. This paper (i) discusses the relationship between financial inclusion and stability, (ii) illustrates empirically interactions between the two financial sector outcomes, and (iii) outlines policy challenges stemming from these interactions.

This Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for Tunisia, prepared jointly by International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), International Finance Corporation (IFC) and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) covers the period Fiscal Year (FY) 2016 through FY 2020. The CPF is anchored in the Government of Tunisia’s September 2015 Note d’Orientation Stratégique and the WBG’s October 2015 Strategy for the Middle East and North Africa Region. It builds on extensive discussions with a wide range of stakeholders, and is underpinned by WBG analytics, including the June 2015 Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD). The Government’s “Note d’Orientation Stratégique” outlines Tunisia’s development vision for the next five years. Its main premise is that Tunisia will maintain its strong partnerships with the international community; rely on the private sector to lead economic growth and job creation; and promote a vibrant civil society. Technical ministries and regions are in the process of preparing their five-year sectorial plans based on this vision, for which financing will be sought during an international donor conference in late 2016.

The present study explores the use of English in multinational corporations, with the aim of investigating employees’ attitudes and experiences of having English as their corporate language, as well as to see if the use of English has any effect on communication and work. It was carried out at two large Swedish multinational companies, with approximately 400 participants in total, and the data was collected with the use of a questionnaire and interviews. The results show that the majority of the participants did not find the use of English problematic, and that there was an overall positive attitude towards having English as a corporate language. The problems that could be identified were mostly related to efficiency and difficulties discussing details and were experienced by a sizeable minority of the respondents.