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Reinfection cases of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) have been reported worldwide. Given that, we investigated reinfection cases in a set of more than 30,000 samples, and selected samples from four patients with at least two positive diagnoses with an interval ≥ 45 days between tests. We sequenced and analyzed the SARS-CoV-2 genomes. Comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses confirmed three reinfection cases and suggested the fourth one caused by the same lineage. Viral sequencing is crucial to understand the natural course of reinfections, and to plan public health strategies for management of COVID-19.

The interaction between cancer cells and the surrounding microenvironment is determinant for metastasis success. In this study, the ultrastructural relevance of cells in the malignant pleural effusion (MPE) of women with breast cancer history was investigated. In MPE, it is possible to observe single cells and clusters. Women whose MPE presents carcinomas in aggregates have a better prognosis when compared to cases in which metastatic single cells are found. Samples were collected via fine-needle aspiration puncture (US-FNA). Subsequent to the material preparation and ultrathin cuts, they were observed using light and transmission electron microscopy (LM/TEM). LM and TEM images served as a basis for the creation of a digital sculpture using ZBrush® software. Clusters exhibited structural stability, en route vesicles allowing exocytosis of electron-dense fibrous elements, and cytoplasmic protrusions contributing to migratory and invasive skills. Single cells presented different necrotic phenotypes and many displayed leukocyte-like characteristics. Cluster cooperative relationships seem to be related to a long-term permanence in MPE. The absence of a collaborative network presumably triggers a more aggressive behavior of single cells. Its putative fusion with leukocytes can maximize the efficiency for transendothelial migration, increasing chances of metastatic success and, unfortunately, reducing survival of women with recidivism.

Tamoxifen (TMX) is used as adjuvant therapy for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer cases due to its affinity and inhibitory effects. However, about 30% of cases show drug resistance, resulting in recurrence and metastasis, the leading causes of death. A literature review can help to elucidate the main cellular processes involved in TMX resistance. A scoping review was performed to find clinical studies investigating the association of expression of molecular markers profiles with long-term outcomes in ER+ patients treated with TMX. In silico analysis was performed to assess the interrelationship among the selected markers, evaluating the joint involvement with the biological processes. Forty-five studies were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After clustering and gene ontology analysis, 23 molecular markers were significantly associated, forming three clusters of strong correlation with cell cycle regulation, signal transduction of proliferative stimuli, and hormone response involved in morphogenesis and differentiation of mammary gland. Also, it was found that overexpression of markers in selected clusters is a significant indicator of poor overall survival. The proposed review offered a better understanding of independent data from the literature, revealing an integrative network of markers involved in cellular processes that could modulate the response of TMX. Analysis of these mechanisms and their molecular components could improve the effectiveness of TMX. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12672-021-00432-7.

Section Title Abnormalities in the cervix, when identified early by Pap smear, can be treated in the early stages or in the precursor stages of the neoplasia, which may increase the chances of regression of the lesion. The aim to verify the rate of cervical abnormalities and to evaluate the risk of progression or regression associated with age and cytological diagnosis. Methods: The study was conducted in a referral hospital in Southern Brazil, based on the results of pathology and cytopathology laboratory tests of uterine cervix. The historical cohort included patients with an abnormal cytology diagnosis in the period from January 2010 to December 2014, followed until July 2016. Results: A total of 42,389 cervical smears were analyzed, 4,427 of which were eligible for analysis of the evolution of cervical abnormalities. In progression and regression events analysis, we observed that patients with a cytological diagnosis of atypical glandular cells presented a higher risk of cervical abnormality progression (Hazard Ratio: 2.0 and 95% confidence intervals 1.36–3.48). We also observed that patients younger than 25 years old were more likely to regress the cervical lesions (Hazard Ratio:1.4 and 95% confidence intervals 1.20–1.74). Conclusions: The associations found between the events (progression and regression), age and cytological diagnosis, highlights the importance of cytological screening in populations at risk of precursor of cervical cancer lesions, especially in women older than 25 years.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a adesão à coleta citopatológica e descrever o perfil dos exames de rastreamento do câncer do colo uterino realizados em mulheres indígenas Mbyá-Guarani do litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul, no período de 2014 a 2018, para qualificar e direcionar a implementação de estratégias em saúde nas políticas públicas voltadas à mulher indígena. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com abordagem quantitativa, com inclusão de dados dos registros dos exames de rastreamento de câncer do colo uterino disponíveis no Sistema de Informação do Câncer (SISCAN). Foram incluídas 113 mulheres Mbyá-Guarani, com idades entre 10 a 69 anos. A adesão à realização do exame citopatológico foi de 47% no período de 5 anos, com média etária de 29 anos. Em relação ao perfil citopatológico, 7% apresentaram alterações citopatológicas distribuídas em células atípicas de significado indeterminado (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance [ASCUS]), possivelmente não neoplásicas, e lesão intraepitelial escamosa de baixo grau (low‐grade intraepithelial lesions [LSIL]) e 28% de desvio de flora, sugestivo de vaginose bacteriana, mais comumente associada à Gardnerella vaginalis. Os resultados demonstram que a adesão ficou abaixo da meta de 85% esperada pelo Ministério da Saúde (MS), evidenciando a necessidade de políticas públicas diferenciadas voltadas às populações de maior vulnerabilidade em saúde.

We came through this erratum and declare that we are aware that the author Ligia Maria Barbosa Coutinho, Professor at the Graduate Program in Pathology of Universidade Federal de Ciencias da Saude de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil, was a part of the implementation of this paper, and, by our mistake, was absent from the list of authors. We would like to add Ligia Maria Barbosa Coutinho as a coauthor.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os fatores clínicos e anatomopatológicos que possam influenciar o prognóstico de pacientes com câncer de mama e sintomas clínicos de derrame pleural neoplásico. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo clínico de coorte, no qual foram analisados os prontuários médicos de pacientes que receberam diagnóstico de derrame pleural neoplásico entre 2006 e 2010. Por meio da análise dos prontuários, identificamos as pacientes com história de câncer de mama. Para essas pacientes, coletamos dados anatomopatológicos relacionados ao tumor primário e dados citopatológicos relacionados à metástase pleural. RESULTADOS: Das 145 pacientes avaliadas, 87 (60%) apresentaram, no exame citológico, resultado positivo para células neoplásicas no líquido pleural; além disso, 119 (82%) apresentaram tipo histológico ductal. O fenótipo triplo-negativo foi observado em 25 pacientes (17%), as quais apresentaram o pior prognóstico, com queda acentuada na curva de sobrevida. Das 25 pacientes, 20 (80%) evoluíram a óbito durante o período de seguimento (até junho de 2011). A sobrevida média após a identificação de derrame pleural neoplásico foi de 6 meses. CONCLUSÕES: Em pacientes com câncer de mama triplo-negativo e exame citológico com resultado positivo para células neoplásicas no líquido pleural, o prognóstico é ruim e a sobrevida é menor. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify the clinical and pathological factors that can influence the prognosis of breast cancer patients with clinical symptoms of malignant pleural effusion. METHODS: This was a clinical cohort study, in which we analyzed the medical charts of patients diagnosed with malignant pleural effusion between 2006 and 2010. By examining the charts, we identified the female patients with a history of breast cancer. For those patients, we collected pathology data related to the primary tumor and cytopathology data related to the pleural metastasis. RESULTS: We evaluated 145 patients, 87 (60%) of whom had tested positive for malignant cells in the pleural fluid. Ductal histology was observed in 119 (82%). The triple-negative breast cancer phenotype was seen in 25 cases (17%). Those patients had the worst prognosis (with a sharp decline in the survival curve), and 20 of the 25 (80%) died during the follow-up period (through June of 2011). The mean survival after the identification of malignant pleural effusion was 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with triple-negative breast cancer who test positive for malignant cells in the pleural fluid, the prognosis is poor and survival is reduced.

C-kit is a proto-oncogene located on the long arm of chromosome 4. Its product, CD117, is a specific immunohistochemical (IHQ) marker that is associated with response to a potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy with STI-571 (Gleevec®) in chronic myelogenous leukemia and GISTs. In our study, we aimed to evaluate the expression of CD117 in glial tumors as this finding may guide therapeutic approaches for these brain tumors. Ependymomas and oligodendrogliomas, in formalin fixed and paraffin embedded blocks were assayed for CD117 immunoreactivity using anti-c-kit (CD117, DAKO). GISTs were used as positive control. We observed immunoreactivity of CD117 protein in 25.5% of tumors in both histological types. In oligodendrogliomas, there was an association between older age at diagnosis and positivity for CD117 (P = 0.039). In addition, we observed an association between higher tumor grade (grade III) and positivity for CD117 (P = 0.007). No clinical association was observed in ependymomas (P > 0.05). This study encourages further investigations, considering that CD117 may be a possible oncogenic factor in some glial tumors. In this case, tumors that express this marker may eventually benefit from a therapy with selective inhibitors of receptor kinases.

The objective of this study was to identify the clinical and pathological factors that can influence the prognosis of breast cancer patients with clinical symptoms of malignant pleural effusion.This was a clinical cohort study, in which we analyzed the medical charts of patients diagnosed with malignant pleural effusion between 2006 and 2010. By examining the charts, we identified the female patients with a history of breast cancer. For those patients, we collected pathology data related to the primary tumor and cytopathology data related to the pleural metastasis.We evaluated 145 patients, 87 (60%) of whom had tested positive for malignant cells in the pleural fluid. Ductal histology was observed in 119 (82%). The triple-negative breast cancer phenotype was seen in 25 cases (17%). Those patients had the worst prognosis (with a sharp decline in the survival curve), and 20 of the 25 (80%) died during the follow-up period (through June of 2011). The mean survival after the identification of malignant pleural effusion was 6 months.In patients with triple-negative breast cancer who test positive for malignant cells in the pleural fluid, the prognosis is poor and survival is reduced.