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The interest for goat milk production and goat milk products is constantly growing during last 20 years. The chemical composition of goat milk, which affects great its nutritive value, together with therapeutic value, makes goat milk and goat milk products more acceptable to consumers. The aim of this study was to compare chemical composition and fatty acid profile of Alpine and Saanen goat milk. Results have shown that there are differences in certain chemical components between Alpine and Saanen goat milk. The protein, fat and ash content in Alpine goat milk was 4.53 g/100 g, 4.65 g/100 g and 0.94 g/100 g, respectively, while their content was lower than in Saanen goat milk (3.64 g/100 g, 3.20 g/100 g and 0.88 g/100 g, respectively). Also, differences in fatty acid profile were observed. The goats were kept under different breeding regime but no statistically significant difference in total saturated fatty acid (SFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content was observed between these two breeds. Although there was no difference in total SFA content, the palmitic acid (C16:0), predominant fatty acid in goat milk, was lower in Alpine goat milk (26.94 g/100 g of fat) than in Saanen goat milk (28.60 g/100 g of fat). Unlike SFA and PUFA content, difference in total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was observed, with determined values of 22.8 g/100 g of fat in Alpine goat milk and 24.0 g/100 g of fat in Saanen goat milk.. Based on these findings it can be concluded that breeding regimes that are implemented in different geographical areas with different pasture, together with genetic factors of different goat breeds, affect great on goat milk chemical composition and fatty acid profile.

Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti postojanje razlika u mineralnom sastavu dvije vrste meda iz Bosne i Hercegovine (BH) i Republike Hrvatske (HR) obzirom na botaničke razlike i zemljopisni položaj. Ispitane su dvije vrste meda: bagrem (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) i cvjetni med, s područja BH i HR. Koncentracije makrolemenata (Ca, Mg, Na), mikroelemenata (Ag, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn) i toksičnih metala (Al, As, Ba, Cd i Pb) određene su primjenom induktivno spregnute plazme s masenom detekcijom (ICP-MS). Koncentracije elemenata su određene u rasponu (mg kg-1, BH/HR): Al 0,18-6,25/0,31-7,28; Ca 19,9-61,2/5,97-137; Na 4,82-50,3/2,16-47,0; Mg 9,75-55,9/2,09-68,5; Fe 0,38-1,89/0,22-3,04; Mn 0,21-3,54/0,06-7,16; Cu 0,05-0,47/0,05-1,01; Zn 0,32-1,72/0,15-11,7; (μg kg-1): Ba 20,7-167/8,6-251; Cd 11,2; Pb 10,3/10,3- 72,1; Co 9,71-49,7 /13,7-94,8; Mo 11,9-33,3. Krom je određen u samo tri uzorka cvjetnog meda porijeklom iz HR u rasponu koncentracija 15,0-143 μg kg-1. Od ispitivanih toksičnih metala (As, Cd i Pb) najviša koncentracija Pb zabilježena je u uzorku cvjetnog meda (72,1 μg kg-1). Najviše koncentracije određene su za makrolement Ca, a od mikroelemenata za Mn. Obzirom na geografsko podrijetlo iz BH i HR u bagremovom medu utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike u koncentracijama elemenata Al, Na, Mg i Mn, odnosno za bagremov i cvjetni med za Ba i Ca. Nisu ustvrđene značajne razlike u koncentracijama elemenata As, Pb, Cd, Fe, Cu i Zn obzirom na geografski položaj, odnosno podrijetlo iz BH ili HR., The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in the mineral composition of two honey types from Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) and the Republic of Croatia (HR) with respect to botanical differences and geographic position. Two types of honey, acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and flower honey were observed from BH and HR areas. Macroelement, (Ca, Mg, Na), microelements (Ag, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn) and toxic metals (Al, As, Ba, Cd and Pb) concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma with mass detection (ICP-MS). The concentrations of the elements are determined in the ranges (mg kg-1, BH/HR): Al 0.18- 6.25/0.31-7.28; Ca 19.9-61.2/5.97-137; Na 4.82-50.3/2.16-47.0; Mg 9.75-55.9/2.09-68.5; Fe 0.38-1.89/0.22-3.04; Mn 0.21-3.54/0.06-7.16; Cu 0.05-0.47/0.05-1.01; Zn 0.32-1.72/0.15- 11.7; (μg kg-1): Ba 20.7-167/8.6-251; Cd 11.2; Pb 10.3/10.3-72.1; Co 9.71-49.7 /13.7-94.8; Mo 11.9-33.3. Chromium was determined in only three samples of honey from HR in the range of 15.0-143 μg kg-1. the highest concentration of the toxic metals (As, Cd and Pb) tested was measured for Pb in a floral honey sample (72.1 μg kg-1). The highest concentrations were determined for macrolement Ca, and of microelements for Mn. Considering the geographic origin of BH and HR in acacia honey, statistically significant differences were found in the concentrations of Al, Na, Mg and Mn, respectively, for acacia and flower honey for Ba and Ca. No significant differences were found in the concentrations of the elements As, Pb, Cd, Fe, Cu and Zn in terms of geographic position or origin of BH or HR.

Kozje mlijeko se ubraja u najzdravije namirnice na svijetu. Obzirom na svoj sastav ima bolji puferski kapacitet, nizak nivo alergena, brzo se probavlja i potuno apsorbira te ima bolja terapeutska svojstva u liječenju različitih bolesti u odnosu na kravlje mlijeko. Cilj ovog rada je istražiti razlike u koncentracijama makro i mikroelemenata u mlijeku koza sa područja Bosne i Hercegovine. Alpina koze (n=15) držane su u ekstenzivnom uzgoju odnosno na slobodnoj ispaši tokom 6-8 mjeseci u godini. Sanske koze (n=15) držane su u intenzivnom uzgoju odnosno u štalama tijekom cijele godine. Koncentracije makroelemenata kalcija (Ca), kalija (K), natrija (Na) i magnezija (Mg) te mikroelemenata bakra (Cu), željeza (Fe) i cinka (Zn) u uzorcima mlijeka analizirane su primjenom induktivno spergnute plazme s masenom spektrometrijom (ICP-MS). Određene su srednje vrijednosti koncentracija elemenata u mlijeku alpina i sanskih koza (mg/kg): Ca 1770 i 1195 ; K 1818 i 1875 ; Mg 233, 3 i 161, 1 ; Na 482, 4 i 337, 1 ; Fe 0, 46 i 0, 34 ; Cu 0, 079 i 0, 068 ; Zn 4, 98 i 3, 81. Statistički značajno veće koncentracije Ca, Na (p  0, 001, oba), Mg (p  0, 01) i Zn (p  0, 05) utvrđene su u mlijeku alpina koza iz ekstenzivnog uzgoja u odnosu na mlijeko sanskih koza iz intenzivnog uzgoja. Nisu utvrđene značajne razlike između koncentracija Cu, Fe i K u mlijeku dvije vrste koza odnosno dva načina držanja koza. Utvrđeni rezultati ukazuju da je mlijeko iz ekstenzivnog uzgoja bolje po sastavu Ca, Na, Mg i Zn.

U ovome istraživanju je u pet vrsta meda, monocvjetnim bagrem (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), kesten (Castanea sativa Mill.) i kadulja (Salvia officinalis) te multicvjetnim šumskom i cvjetnom medu s područja Bosne i Hercegovine su određivani toksični metali te makro i mikro-elementi (As, Cd, Pb, Ba, Na, Mg, K, Ca, V, Mn, Cr, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo, Ni, Ag te Al) primjenom tehnike induktivno spregnute plazme s masenom detekcijom (ICP-MS). Nađene koncentracije u pet vrsta meda su se kretale u rasponu srednjih koncentracija (μg/kg): As 0,83-1,23; Cd 0,39 4,52; Pb 10,02-17,6; Ba 51,1-649,0; V 0,46-7,53; Cr 0,44-5,14; Fe 366,0-1.247,1; Co 0,48-12,71; Cu 182,9-493,7; Se 0,79-1,42; Mo 1,36-3,80; Ni 26,3-213,8; Ag 0,015-0,24; (mg/ kg): Al 0,26-2,88; Na 3,21-7,68; Mg 17,8-96,1; K 425,3-1.501; Ca 2.536,96-258.112,80; Mn 0,545-12,4 i Zn 0,35-6,94. Botanički sastav meda znatno utječe na mineralni sastav te je utvrđeno da med bagrema sadrži najveće koncentracije sljedećih elemenata (mg/kg): K 1501, Ca 100,2, Na 7,68, Mn 9,43; (μg/kg): Ni 213,8, Mo 3,80, Cr 5,14 i Pb 17,6 te najniže Al 0,26 mg/kg i Cu 182,9 μg/kg. Najveći broj elemenata s najnižim koncentracijama sadrži cvjetni med (μg/kg): Cd 0,39; Cr 0,44; V 0,46; Co 0,48; Se 0,79; Mo 1,36, Ni 26,3 i Mg 17,8 mg/ kg. Med kadulje sadrži najveće koncentracije sljedećih elemenata (μg/kg): Ag 0,24; V 7,53; Cu 493,7; Fe 1247,1 i Mg mg/kg, i najniže Ca 52,5 mg/kg. U medu kestena su nađene najviše koncentracije Cd, Co i Se (μg/kg: 4,52; 12,71 i 1,42), a najmanje su za Ba 51,1 i Pb 10,2 (μg/ kg), odnosno (mg/kg): K 425,3; Mn 0,545 i Na 3,21. Šumski med sadrži najviše koncentracije Al 2,88 mg/kg i Ba 649,0 μg/kg, a najniže As, Fe i Zn (najviše koncentracije Al 2,88 mg/ kg i Ba 649,0 μg/kg te najniže As, Fe i Zn (μg/kg: 0,83; 366,0 i 0,35). Pored botaničkog sastava, usporedbom s drugim istraživanjima, pokazalo se da znatan utjecaj na mineralni sastav meda imaju i geografsko podrijetlo i činitelji okoliša., In this study, five types of honey, monoflower: locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) and sage (Salvia officinalis), and multiflower: forest and floral honey from the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina were tested with inductively coupled plasma with mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine the toxic metal, macro and micro-element content (As, Cd, Pb, Ba, Na, Mg, K, Ca, V, Mn, Cr, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo, Ni, Ag and Al). Mean concentrations found in five types of honey were in the ranges (μg/kg): As 0.83–1.23, Cd 0.39–4.52, Pb 10.02–17.6, Ba 51.1–649.0, V 0.46–7.53, Cr 0.44–5.14, Fe 366.0–1247.1, Co 0.48–12.71, Cu 182.9–493.7, Se 0.79–1.42, Mo 1.36–3.80, Ni 26.3–213.8, Ag 0.015–0.24, (mg/kg): Al 0.26–2.88, Na 3.21–7.68, Mg 17.8–96.1, K 425.3–1501, Ca 2,536.96–258,112.80, Mn 0.545–12.4 and Zn 0.35–6.94. The botanical composition of honey significantly affected the mineral composition and is was found that black locust honey contained the highest concentration of the following elements (mg/kg): K 1501, Ca 100.2, Na 7.68, Mn 9.43; (μg/ kg): Ni 213.8, Mo 3.80, Cr 5.14 and Pb 17.6 and the lowest content of Al 0.26 mg/kg and Cu 182.9 μg/kg. Floral honeys contained the largest number of elements with the lowest concentrations (μg/kg): Cd 0.39, Cr 0.44, V 0.46, Co 0.48, Se 0.79, Mo 1.36, Ni 26.3 and Mg 17.8 mg/kg. Sage honey contained the highest concentrations of the following elements (μg/ kg): Ag 0.24; V 7.53; Cu 493.7; Fe 1247.1 and Mg mg/kg; and the lowest Ca 52.5 mg/kg. The highest levels of Cd, Co and Se (μg/kg: 4.52, 12.71 and 1.42), and the lowest levels of Ba and Pb (μg/kg: 51.1 and 10.2) and for K, Mn and Na (mg/kg: 425.3, 0.545 and 3.21) were measured in chestnut honey. Forest honey contained the highest concentration of Al (2.88 mg/kg) and Ba (649.0 μg/kg) and the lowest As, Fe and Zn (μg/kg: 0.83, 366.0 and 0.35). In comparison with other studies, in addition to botanical composition, it can be concluded that geographical origin and environmental factors also have a substantial impact on the mineral composition of honeys.