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This thesis is dedicated to the understanding of the metrology of quantum systems by using the tools of quantum parameter estimation, in particular the quantum Fisher information (QFI). Our first project deals with a specific protocol of quantum enhanced measurement known as coherent averaging [Braun and Martin, 2011]. This protocol is based on a star topology, with one central object, the so-called quantum bus, connected to N extra subsystems, called probes. For the estimation of a parameter characteristic of the interaction between the quantum bus and the probes, coherent averaging leads to a Heisenberg limited (HL) scaling for the QFI (QFI proportional to N 2 ). Importantly this HL scaling can be obtained while starting with a separable state. This provides an advantage as generally one needs to use entangled states to achieve this scaling. Another important aspect in coherent averaging is the possibility to obtain the HL scaling by performing a measurement on the quantum bus only. These results were obtained using perturbation theory in the regime of weak interactions. In this thesis we go one step further in the study of the coherent averaging protocol. We extend the formalism of perturbation theory to encompass the possibility of estimating any parameter, in the regimes of strong and weak interactions. To illustrate the validity of our results, we introduce two models as examples for a coherent averaging scheme. In these models both the quantum bus and all the probes are qubits. In the ZZXX model, the free Hamiltonians do not commute with the interaction Hamiltonians and we have to rely on numerics to find non-perturbative solutions .In the ZZZZ model the free evolution Hamiltonians commute with the interaction Hamiltonians and we can find the exact solution analytically. Perturbation theory shows that in the strong interaction regime and starting with a separable state, we can estimate the parameter of the free evolution of the probes with a HL scaling if the free Hamiltonians do not commute with the interaction Hamiltonians. This is confirmed by the non-perturbative numerical results for the ZZXX model. In the weak interaction regime we only obtain a standard quantum limit (SQL) scaling for the parameter of the free evolution of the probes (QFI proportional to N ). When one has only access to the quantum bus, we show that the HL scaling found using the perturbation theory does not necessarily survive outside the regime of validity of the perturbation. This is especially the case as N becomes large. It is shown by comparing the exact analytical result to the perturbative result with the ZZZZ model. The same behaviour is observed with the ZZXX model using the non-perturbative numerical results. In our second project we investigate the estimation of the depolarizing channel and the phase-flip channel under non-ideal conditions. It is known that using an ancilla can lead to an improvement of the channel QFI (QFI maximized over input states feeding the channel) even if we act with the identity on the ancilla. This method is known as channel extension. In all generality the maximal channel QFI can be obtained using an ancilla whose Hilbert space has the same dimension as the dimension of the Hilbert space of the original system. In this ideal scenario using multiple ancillas — or one ancilla with a larger Hilbert space dimension — is useless. To go beyond this ideal result we take into account the possibility of loosing either the probe or a finite number of ancillas. The input states considered are GHZ and W states with n + 1 qubits (the probe plus n ancillas). We show that for any channel, when the probe is lost then all the information is lost, and the use of ancillas cannot help. For the phase-flip channel the introduction of ancillas never improves the channel QFI and ancillas are useless. For the depolarizing channel the maximal channel QFI can be reached using one ancilla and feeding the extended channel with a Bell state, but if the ancilla is lost then all the advantage is lost. We show that the GHZ states do not help to fight the loss of ancillas: If one ancilla or more are lost all the advantage provided by the use of ancillas is lost. More interestingly, we show that the W states with more than one ancilla are robust against loss. For a given number of lost ancillas, there always exists an initial number of ancillas for which a W state provides a higher QFI than the one obtained without ancillas. Our last project is about Hamiltonian parameter estimation for arbitrary Hamiltonians. It is known that channel extension does not help for unitary channels. Instead we apply the idea of extension to the Hamiltonian itself and not to the channel. This is done by adding to the Hamiltonian an extra term, which is independent of the parameter and which possibly encompasses interactions with an ancilla. We call this technique Hamiltonian extension. We show that for arbitrary Hamiltonians there exists an upper bound to the channel QFI that is in general not saturated. This result is known in the context of non-linear metrology. Here we show explicitly the conditions to saturate the bound. We provide two methods for Hamiltonian extensions, called signal flooding and Hamiltonian subtraction, that allow one to saturate the upper bound for any Hamiltonian. We also introduce a third method which does not saturate the upper bound but provides the possibility to restore the quadratic time scaling in the channel QFI when the original Hamiltonian leads only to a periodic time scaling of the channel QFI. We finally show how these methods work using two different examples. We study the estimation of the strength of a magnetic field using a NV center, and show how using signal flooding we saturate the channel QFI. We also consider the estimation of a direction of a magnetic field using a spin-1. We show how using signal flooding or Hamiltonian subtraction we saturate the channel QFI. We also show how by adding an arbitrary magnetic field we restore the quadratic time scaling in the channel QFI. Eventually we explain how coherent averaging can be scrutinized in the formalism of Hamiltonian extensions.

We study very generally towhat extent the uncertainty with which a phase shift can be estimated in quantum metrology can be reduced by extending the Hamiltonian that generates the phase shift to an ancilla system with a Hilbert space of arbitrary dimension, and allowing arbitrary interactions between the original system and the ancilla. Such Hamiltonian extensions provide a general framework for open quantum systems, as well as for “non-linear metrology schemes” that have been investigated over the last few years. We prove that such Hamiltonian extensions cannot improve the sensitivity of the phase shift measurement when considering the quantum Fisher information optimized over input states.

A well-studied scenario in quantum parameter estimation theory arises when the parameter to be estimated is imprinted on the initial state by a Hamiltonian of the form $\theta G$. For such "phase shift Hamiltonians" it has been shown that one cannot improve the channel quantum Fisher information by adding ancillas and letting the system interact with them. Here we investigate the general case, where the Hamiltonian is not necessarily a phase shift, and show that in this case in general it \emph{is} possible to increase the quantum channel information and to reach an upper bound. This can be done by adding a term proportional to the derivative of the Hamiltonian, or by subtracting a term to the original Hamiltonian. Both methods do not make use of any ancillas and show therefore that for quantum channel estimation with arbitrary parameter-dependent Hamiltonian, entanglement with an ancillary system is not necessary to reach the best possible sensitivity. By adding an operator to the Hamiltonian we can also modify the time scaling of the channel quantum Fisher information. We illustrate our techniques with NV-center magnetometry and the estimation of the direction of a magnetic field in a given plane using a single spin-1 as probe., Comment: New references included

We consider quantum channel-estimation for depolarizing channels and phase-flip channels extended by ancilla qubits and fed with a GHZ orWstate. After application of the channel one or several qubits can be lost, and we calculate the impact of the loss on the quantum Fisher information that determines the smallest uncertainty with which the parameters of these channels can be estimated.

Les noms de Pierre Schaeffer ou Pierre Boulez evoquent la vie musicale de l'apres 1945 en France. Mais la facon dont s'affirme cette « avant-garde atonale » dans les annees 1950 constitue l'un des aspects les plus obscurs de la vie culturelle de la Quatrieme Republique. Ce coin du voile est leve ici. Depassant une lecture exclusivement musicologique, l'analyse croise les domaines politique et musical pour interroger les strategies d'affirmation et de rupture de ces jeunes musiciens dans leur champ de competences.

At the southern side of the Anti- Atlas mountains, the lower section of the Assaka wadi valley joins the Atlantic ocean by crossing an Appalachian basin and range area Holocene deposits of the lower section of the Assaka wadi show two main sedimentary formations the upper sheet-fans and the lower terraces. The upper sheet-fans are probably from the lower Rharbian (Holocene) age, they are located above the Soltanian (Wurmian) formations at the outlets of tributaries. They consist of accumulations with silts, aeolian quartz and high palygorskite contents. After this penod, a trench cut through the older formations took place between 8 000 years BP and 4 200 years BP. The lower over terraces, 5 to 11 metres thick, are inset in the trench cut through the Soltanian formations and show four superimposed and fining upwards (from pebble to silt) cross-bedded units. This study shows many geodynamic and palaeoclimatic conditions Lower Rharbian fans indicate that the climate was sufficiently and to denude the slopes, where, during big storms, gullies and run-off supplied the Assaka wadi with silts and sands. Torrential floods cut the Soltanian formations and then created the Middle Rharbian low terrace Finally, the Historic terrace, superimposed onto the Middle Rharbian one, shows that important flood events took place during the XVII0 and XVIII° centuries, but nevertheless with low frequency However, this sequence indicates wetter conditions during an and episode. The 14C age is contemporary with the "cold winters" in Western Europe ; this fact proves that the synoptic conditions in South Morocco were the same at 280±30 years B.P. as at present., L'oued Assaka, exutoire d'un vaste bassin versant (7 000 km2) rejoint l'océan Atlantique sur le versant sud de l' Anti-Atlas en recoupant une zone de relief appalachien. Des cônes attnbuables au Pléistocène supérieur ou au Rharbien ancien (Holocène ancien) surmontent les formations alluviales et colluviales soltaniennes (Wurm), avant que celles-ci soient entaillées sur 20 à 25 mètres , ils sont circonscrits aux débouches des foums que déterminent les affluents de l'oued Assaka. Ils sont constitués de limons sableux riches en grains de quartz éohsés et par des teneurs en palygorskite qui s'accentuent de la base vers le sommet. Aux environs de 8 000 BP, une phase d'incision linéaire importante entailla les dépôts plus anciens sur une épaisseur de 20 mètres. De basses terrasses sont emboîtées dans les dépôts soltaniens. D'une épaisseur vanant de 5 à 1 1 mètres, elles sont constituées de séquences granoclassées qui mettent en évidence des géodynamiques et des ambiances climatiques contrastées. Le Rharbien ancien reflète une sécheresse suffisante pour dénuder en partie les versants, qui lors d'orages probablement assez localisés, alimentent les affluents de l'oued principal en limons sableux. Les crues torrentielles (chaînant des blocs surdimensionnés) ont incisé les formations soltaniennes -essentiellement limoneuses- et ont mis en place les basses terrasses du Rharbien moyen. Enfin, la terrasse historique étagée sur celle du Rharbien moyen montre la permanence de crues importantes durant les XVIIème et XVIIIème siècles avec une fréquence cependant moins élevée. En outre, cette séquence indique l'existence de conditions humides durant un épisode aride sous cette latitude contemporaines des "hivers froids" de l'Europe de l'Ouest ; ce qui prouve que les situations synoptiques dans le Sud du Maroc étaient les mêmes à 280±30 ans BP qu'aujourd'hui., Mathieu Julien, Weisrock André, Wengler Luc, Brochier Jacques-Élie, Even Georges, Fontugne Michel, Mercier Norbert, Ouammou Abderrahman, Sénégas Franck, Valladas Hélène, Vernet Jean Louis, Wahl Laurent. The pleistocene alluvial formations of the Loir river in the Vendôme region (Loir-et-Cher, France) morphosedimentary context and ESR chronology [Les dépôts holocènes de la basse vallée de l'Oued Assaka, Sud-Maroc : résultats préliminaires.]. In: Quaternaire, vol. 15, n°1-2, 2004. Fluvial Archives Group. Clermond-Ferrant 2002. pp. 207-218.

Subterranean aquatic fauna of France : data base and biogeography. Many data exist on the aquatic subterranean fauna of France but they are scattered. Thus, large scale patterns of ground water biodiversity are still poorly documented due mainly to the lack of synthesis. Since 2002, we are currently gathering existing information on the distribution of sty gobite species in France. A first inventory is presented in this paper. The present data base contains 381 species and subspecies corresponding to more than 5700 records. This diversity indicates that the sty gobite fauna of France is among one of the richest ground water fauna in Europe. Our current knowledge of groundwater biodiversity varies markedly among zoological groups and regions. We are currently implementing the present data set in order to provide a distribution pattern as complete as possible of stygobite richness in France. The data base will be used for delineating hot-spots of biodiversity (specific richness, endemism), for identifying priority areas for conservation and for formulating and testing hypotheses on the origin and drivers of groundwater biodiversity., De nombreuses données existent sur la faune aquatique souterraine de France mais elles sont encore dispersées. Depuis 2002, un effort a été entrepris pour rassembler sous la forme d'une base de données, les informations disponibles concernant la distribution de cette faune aquatique souterraine de France. Un premier bilan en est présenté dans cet article. La base comprend actuellement 381 espèces et sous-espèces correspondant à plus de 5700 enregistrements. Cette diversité place la faune française parmi l'une des plus riches faunes aquatiques souterraines d'Europe. Le bilan réalisé montre que l'état actuel des connaissances est très hétérogène en fonction du groupe zoologique considéré et de la région étudiée. La base de données sera utilisée pour identifier les régions à forte de biodiversité (richesse spécifique, endémisme) et les aires françaises de conservation prioritaires. Elle permettra également de formuler et de tester différentes hypothèses sur l'origine et les facteurs responsables de la biodiversité aquatique souterraine., Ferreira David, Dole Olivier Marie-José, Malard Florian, Deharveng Louis, Gibert Janine, Bou Claude, Brancelj A., Coineau Nicole, Falkner M., Falkner Gerhard, Galassi D., Giani Narcisse, Ginet René, Henry J.-P., Jouin-Toulmond C., Juget Jacques, Lescher-Moutoué Françoise, Magniez G., Marmonier Pierre, Mathieu Julien, Richoux Philippe, Turquin Marie-José. Faune aquatique souterraine de France : base de données et éléments de biogéographie. In: Karstologia : revue de karstologie et de spéléologie physique, n°42, 2e semestre 2003. Les cavités glaciaires sous le regard des spéléologues. pp. 15-22.

The determination of the initial deprotonation site of 2-chloro- and 2-methoxypyridine during reaction with BuLi-LiDMAE has been investigated. A series of experiments on deuterated regioisomers revealed a direct lithiation at C-6 excluding a potential first classical ortholithiation and lithium equilibration in the reaction medium. These results suggested that the formation of lithium aggregates at the neighboring of the pyridinic nitrogen atom favored BuLi delivery at C-6 as well as 6-lithio intermediate stabilization.

The Wadi Assaka drains a large watershed on the southwest border of Anti-Atlas and its Saharan edges in the Guelmim area. It crosses the last folded chains of the Anti- Atlas before flowing into the Atlantic Ocean. In this part of its course, it aggraded a large system of alluvial terraces. The oldest of them are stepped terraces, the last ones are inset terraces. One of them is particularly interesting by its thickness, its various deposits as well as their content. The whole formation is now deeply cut, so the different sedimentary faciès can be observed and it is possible to reconstruct the palaeoenvironments, the ancient dynamics of the river and to connect the deposits with the regional and general climatic evolution. This stratigraphy has seemingly recorded rapid climatic events with a high resolution during the isotopic stages 5 to 2 It gives reference points about the way the African continent responded to global climatic changes between the Mediterranean and Saharan areas., L'oued Assaka draîne un important bassin versant sur la bordure sud de l'Anti-Atlas occidental et ses marges sahariennes dans la région de Guelmim. Il traverse les derniers chaînons anti-atlasiques plissés avant de déboucher dans l'océan Atlantique. Dans cette partie de son cours, il a édifié un système de terrasses alluviales étagées pour les plus anciennes et emboîtées pour les dernières. L'une d'entre elles est particulièrement remarquable à la fois par sa puissance, la variété de ses dépôts, ainsi que par leur contenu. Les divers faciès sédimentaires visibles grâce à une forte incision linéaire actuelle qui recoupe l'ensemble de la formation permettent de reconstituer les paléoenvironnements, la dynamique passée de l'oued et de proposer une interprétation des dépôts en relation avec l'évolution climatique régionale et globale. Cette séquence sédimentaire paraît avoir enregistré en haute résolution des événements climatiques rapides durant les stades isotopiques 5 à 2. Elle fournit des repères concernant la réponse du continent africain face aux changements climatiques globaux à la frontière des domaines méditerranéen et saharien., Wengler Luc, Weisrock André, Brochier-do not use Jacques-Élie, Brugal Jean Philippe, Fontugne Michel, Magnin Frédéric, Mathieu Julien, Mercier Norbert, Ouammou Abderrahman, Reyss Jean-Louis, Sénégas Franck, Valladas Hélène, Wahl Laurent. Enregistrement fluviatile et paléoenvironnements au Pléistocène supérieur sur la bordure méridionale atlantique de l'Anti-Atlas (Oued Assaka, S-O marocain). In: Quaternaire, vol. 13, n°3-4, 2002. Événements rapides, instabilités, changements culturels au Quaternaire. pp. 179-192.

Julien MATHIEU Un mythe fondateur de la musique contemporaine: le «scandale» provoque par la creation de Desertsd’Edgar Varese, le 2 decembre 1954 Le deux decembre 1954 a Paris, au Theâtre des Champs-Elysees, etait creee, dans le cadre de la programmation musicale de la R.T.F., une œuvre d’un compositeur alors tres peu connu en France,Deserts d’Edgar Varese.Le compositeur y developpait une esthetique marquee par la volonte d’inte~grer a la musique occidentale des sons jus~qu’alors refoules (percussions,bruits d’usines, etc...). Or, la presence de tels sons dans un cadre tres institutionnalise et codifie, provo~qua des reactions violentes de la part du public present. A partir de sources variees, issues notamment des fonds de la R.T.F. (archives ecrites,fonds sonores et televisuels), on cherchera a mieux saisir ce scandale, en privilegiant une approche micro-historique nous permettant d’analyser les raisons qui pousserent certains a faire comprendre au compositeur que sa musique, par son carac~tere d’etrangete, n’etait pas «a sa place». Ceci nous permettra d’eclairer la posterite du scan~dale qui, si elle fut peu importante dans l’opi~nion, fut plus determinante pour les compositeurs contemporains, qui firent de l’evenement une sorte de «bataille heroique» de la creation artistique moderne, instrumen~talisant ainsi la transgression, erigee en norme.

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