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Over the years a diverse assemblage of proboscidean remains has been recovered from the Lower to Upper Siwalik Subgroups of Pakistan and India. This article reports newly discovered dental material of tri- and tetralophodont proboscideans that includes cf. Paratetralophodon hasnotensis and Choerolophodon sp., and a Gomphothere gen. et sp. indet., recently collected from late middle to late Miocene localities of the Pakistani Siwalik Group, with a brief history of these species. The partial premolar of cf. Pa. hasnotensis is described for the first time from the Siwalik Group, recovered from the Dhok Pathan Formation, and the specimens reported herein are the latest to be described after a 38-year gap from previously described material for this species. A preliminary survey of the literature and previously described material of Siwalik species suggests a revision of Siwalik Group proboscideans is much needed.

The family Nimravidae is poorly known from the Siwalik Group that comprises freshwater deposits having an age that spans 18.0-0.6 Ma. The new material recovered from the Dhok Ban Ameer Khatoon (Chinji Formation) and Sethi Nagri (type locality of the Nagri Formation) is assigned to Sansanosmilus rhomboidalis based on the morphology of canine. The recovered material is unique and rare in the Siwaliks of northern Pakistan. It also increases the stratigraphic range of this barbourofelines species from the Chinji Formation to the Nagri Formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fossil remains of Gazella sp., Dorcatherium majus and Gaindatherium browni are recovered from the middle Miocene (14.2-11.2 Ma) of Bhilomar, Chakwal, Punjab, Pakistan. The sample comprises upper and lower dentitions. Presence of above fossil families in the Chinji formation depicts more faunal elements in this zone and their abundance. The Siwalik group has yielded an abundant vertebrate fauna which consists of almost all type of mammalian groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent expedition in the Potwar Plateau of Pakistan has yielded dental material of three rhinocerotid species Chilotherium intermedium, Alicornops complanatum, and Brachypotherium perimense. The material came from the Nagri and Dhok Pathan formations of the Middle Siwalik Subgroup in Punjab, Pakistan. These specimens are good addition to provide additional morphological characters that show information about the variations in dental characters of theese already recorded species and contribute to recent work on Rhinocerotidae from the Middle Siwalik Subgroup of Pakistan. The studied remains of these three rhinocerotids species whose remains are relatively low in the Middle Siwaliks are good paleontological contribution with some more detailed work suggested here to understand about these genera. Presence of these Siwalik rhinocerotids indicates diverse habitats from forest to savanna environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pleistocene mammalian remains of the Siwalik Group in Pakistan are less described than that of the Siwalik Miocene age. The recent expedition in the Pabbi Hills of Kharian has produced large mammalian remains, predominantly bovids forms. Proamphibos kashmiricus, Kobus sp., Hemibos triquetricornis, and Boselaphus namadicus have been described in this article, based on the new collection. The fourth upper deciduous premolar of B. namadicus is reported for the first time from the Pleistocene of the Siwalik Group. These taxa are large sized and found in the Pleistocene deposits of Pakistan. A Pleistocene savannah‐like landscape is suggested for these two localities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Upper Siwalik (Pleistocene) outcrops known as Pabbi Hills are well-exposed in the vicinity of Sardhok village, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. The locality yielded the typical Pleistocene fauna of the Siwalik Group in Pakistan. The fossils of Bubalus platyceros described in this article were excavated from the Pleistocene of Sardhok. The collected specimens represent some of the rarest anatomical elements of the species, found in Pakistan for the first time, and add substantial knowledge on the anatomical features of Bu. platyceros. Bubalus jarikasensis erected by Akhtar in 2002 is reviewed in this paper and synonymized to Bu. platyceros. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research thesis reflects the entire efforts of a researcher at one glance. The postulant researchers of M. Phil. encounter insurmountable arduousness for writing a compact, concise and complete abstract. The present work is of high significance for the future researchers of M. Phil in social sciences as this work bridges the gap of the area from the past to the present. This research article aims at bringing out the salient features of certain rhetorical move structural analysis of the abstract section of the theses of M. Phil. in social sciences. The purpose of this research is to bring to light the use of different moves in the writing of the abstracts of the theses. The researchers selected 78 abstracts from 10 different disciplines of 06 different universities of Pakistan. The abstracts of the theses range from 1997 to 2018. The researchers based this qualitative study on Hyland's (2000) five-move model. The findings of the research show the significance of five Moves in an abstract of a thesis i.e., introduction, purpose, methodology, product and conclusion. By working on these areas abstracts of the theses can be written in appropriate way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giraffokeryx punjabiensis and Giraffa priscilla have been discovered from the outcrops of district Chakwal, Punjab, Pakistan. The present description is about newly recovered specimens of small sized giraffids from Dhok Bun Amir Khatoon and Kund. These Middle Miocene localities are found within the Chinji Formation of the Lower Siwalik Subgroup in northern Pakistan. Our reports include isolated teeth, maxilla and mandible fragments of Giraffokeryx punjabiensis and Giraffa priscilla, which exhibit some primitive features for the Lower Siwalik giraffids. This paper also documents the first middle Miocene giraffid from the Kund locality of the Siwaliks. The lower sized giraffids preferred to inhabit the forested areas of the Siwalik. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term "Product liability' is used to identify the body of law that seeks to hold manufacturers and sellers financially responsible for their products not meeting safety standards. It is the area of juridical studies in which producers, distributors, suppliers, retailers, and others who make products available to the public are held responsible for the injuries those products cause and make compensation to the victims of such defective products. This research paper expounds the emerging legal concept of product liability from the perspective of Islamic law. The paper traces the roots ot the notion of product liability in classical Islamic legal tradition. It has attempted to explore the theoretical foundations of the product liability in Islamic jurisprudence. It also embarks on defining the important notions such as producer, product, liability etc. from an Islamic legal perspective to provide the basis for an Islamic concept of product liability. The examples for holding the sellers liable for defective products have been quoted and analysed from the traditional sources of ftqh. Moreover, the paper has highlighted the need for substantive law development in the area of product liability in the Islamic law to meet challenges in the modern era of science and technology. The paper has been concluded with the findings that the Islamic law has provided concrete theoretical as well as practical solutions (or the issues of liability arising out of defective products. The research is basically a legal doctrinal research which is essentially a method of qualitative research and library-based study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new Bovini remains, referred to the genus Bos, are recovered from the Sardhok Pleistocene of Northern Pakistan. Bos appears for the first time in the Plio-Pleistocene of the Siwaliks. The best record of Bos acutifrons is found in the Siwaliks of Pakistan and India. Recently excavated Bos material in the Middle Pleistocene locality of Sardhok (Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan) includes a complete horn-core that provides a better knowledge of the taxon's morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New dental remains discovered from three different localities of the Upper Siwaliks of northern Pakistan are described in this paper. The fossil localities for the present collection include the fluvial sediments exposed near the Tatrot village (district Jhelum), Pabbi Hills near the Sardhok village (district Gujrat), and Jari Kas (district Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan). Stratigraphically the fossil locality in the vicinity of Tatrot village belongs to the Tatrot Stage (~3.5-~2.58 Ma) of the Soan Formation, whereas the Sardhok and the Jari Kas belong to the Pinjor Stage (~2.58-~0.9 Ma) of the same Formation. The studied specimens are determinated as Rhinoceros sp. and Rhinoceros aff. R. sondaicus. The fossils of Rhinocero sp. are previously known from the Upper Siwaliks of Pakistan and India. However there is no previous record of Rhinoceros aff. R. sondaicus in the Upper Siwaliks of Pakistan. The fossil remains of Rhinoceros aff. R. sondaicus are reported for the first time from the Pinjor stage of the Soan Formation in Pakistan, hence increasing the geographic range of this taxon into Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New hipparionine remains from the type locality of the Dhok Pathan Formation are described here. The studied material consists of isolated dental elements originated from Siwalik type locality, known for the presence of Late Miocene mammalian remains. The described fossils show the morphological features of the Siwalik hipparionine and according to the results of the present work this material was assigned to two species Cremohipparion antelopinum and Sivalhippus perimensis. The Late Miocene Siwalik hipparionines are common nevertheless these new findings seem to be significant contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes new fossils of Giraffokeryx originating from the Chinji Formation of northern Pakistan. The fossils, representing worth describing hemimandibles, are collected from the Middle Miocene outcrops of the Chakwal district, Punjab, Pakistan. A detailed description of the newly discovered fossils is being provided. The Chinji sample adds new information on the anatomical morphology of Giraffokeryx and conforms to an early distribution of the genus in the Middle Miocene of the Siwaliks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tragulids, especially Dorcatherium, are the best represented ruminants in the Middle Siwaliks of Hasnot, northern Pakistan. New remains described here predominantly consist of isolated teeth, maxilla and mandible fragments. The material is assigned to two tragulid species Dorcatherium minus and D. majus. The extinction of the tragulid species at the end of Early Pliocene indicates the climatic conditions and landscapes experienced drastic change towards dryer and more open environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tragoportax is one of the best represented bovids in the Dhok Pathan type locality, northern Pakistan. The new tragoportacin remains comprise predominantly isolated teeth, maxilla and mandible fragments. There are eight specimens that can be referred to three tragoportacin taxa, namely Tragoportax cf. punjabicus, Tragoportax cf. browni and Tragoportax sp. The new material provides taxonomy updating of the Dhok Pathan type locality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New hipparionine remains from the Dhok Pathan type locality of the Chakwal district, Punjab, Pakistan, are described and discussed. The discovered material is attributed to two species Sivalhippus cf. theobaldi and Cremohipparion cf. antelopinum; each is represented by seven specimens. The recovered fossils contribute additional knowledge on the dental features of the Dhok Pathan's hipparionine horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giraffa fossils constitute rare findings in the Dhok Pathan Formation of the Middle Siwaliks. The described remains comprise two maxillar fragments of Giraffa punjabiensis. This paper deals with the study of the upper dentition of G. punjabiensis, recovered from the Padhri outcrops of the Pakistani Middle Siwaliks (Late Miocene). The giraffid suggests a woodland habitat with swamps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giraffokeryx is represented in the middle Miocene vertebrate assemblage from the Chni|i Formation by 13 remains. The material comprises predominantly isolated teeth, and a few fragments of maxilla and mandible. The well preserved upper and lower dentition allows recognizing the presence of Giraffokeryx cf. punjabiensis in the Chinji Formation of the Lower Siwaliks. A detailed description of the fossils and their taxonomic classification is being provided. The validity of the new species Giraffokeryx chmjiensis Sarwar. 1990 is discussed and the synonymy with Giraffa priscilla is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the dental remains ascribed to Elachistoceras from the Chinji type locality of the Chinji Formation of Pakistan. The Chinji type locality has reportedly been dated upper middle Miocene. Thus, it is earlier than the Nagri. Elachistoceras is a small bovid recorded from the Chinji and Nagri formations of the Middle Siwaliks. Remains of Elachistoceras are usually scarce and they constitute a very rate faunal element in the Siwaliks of Pakistan. The fauna of the Chinji indicates wet lands with dense forested pockets, where the animals could hide in vegetation from predators.

The article describes a new collection of Hydaspitherium giraffid specimens from Dhok Pathan and Hasnot in Pakistan. The dental remains of the specimens include an upper premolar, upper molars, part of a maxilla and part of a mandible. Findings revealed that the premolar is greater in length and the tooth is characterized by a strong parastyle and an internal posterior swelling. Thick and rugose enamel was observed in the three rooted premolar. The lower dentition consists of a deciduous molar and a mandibular fragment with two premolars and complete series of molars.

The article discusses a research study on the first discovery of Dorcatherium cf. nagrii of the Chinji Formation from the Chinji type locality in Chakwal, Northern Pakistan. Recovered from the outcrops of Chinji village comprising of brown orange and bright red siltstones were mandible fragment that were described as to morphological and metrical characters and discussed were their systematic determination. Descriptions on the tooth indicated sub-hypsodont with typical rounded shape and narrow crown while lingual conids are pointed and conids are well-preserved. Conclusions indicated that humid habitats have had the presence of Daorcatherium during the early late Miocene period of the Chinji Formation.

The article discusses a study which examined the excavated dental material of the late Miocene hyaenids, Percrocuta carnifex and Adcrocuta eximia latro, from the Siwaliks of Pakistan. It cites the well exposed left mandibular ramus with p3-m1 of Percrocuta carnifex that was discovered at the Nagri Formation near village Nagri Sethi in Pakistan. The abbreviations used in the study are also cited, including P1 for first upper premolar, AMNH for American Museum of Natural History, and p2 for second lower premoral.

The article presents a study on the systematic implications of the Chilotherium intermedium from the Siwaliks of Pakistan. The researchers observed available material of Chilotherium from the Nagri and the Chinji formations, which comprise a part of the left and right mandibular ramii with p2-m3 and the right maxilla with P3-M3. They likened Subchilotherium with Chilotherium and considered Chilotherium as a valid taxon for the Siwalik chilotheres. They found that the record of C. intermedium in Pakistan lasted from the Middle Miocene until the Late Miocene, which agreed with the past concepts.

The article discusses a study of some new vertebrate fossil material from the discovered locality of the village Lava in Rawalpindi, Northern Pakistan collected in 2007-2009. It also described the mammalian assemblage originating from this locality. The faunal association that were discovered in the fossil locality consists of rhinocerotids Gaindatherium browni and Brachypotherium fatehjangense, suid Listriodon pentapotamiae, a caprine Kubanotragus sp., a bovid Helicoportax cf. tragelaphoides, a tragulid Dorcatherium, a giraffid Giraffokeryx punjabiensis and a proboscidean Deinotherium cf. pentapotamiae. The asemblage indicates that the fossil locality is middle Miocene in age.

The article discusses a study on a rare chalicothere fauna in areas near the Chinji and Nagri type localities of the Siwaliks of Pakistan which suggests the presence of more widespread tax in the vicinity of the Siwalik localities. The areas where the remains were excavated represent a typical sequence of fluvial sedimentation and were made up of bluish grey, massive and coarse sandstone with purple and orange clay and thick brown sandstone. The remains indicate the existence of two separate species of Chiacotheriinae in Siwalik deposits of the Chinji and Nagri formations namely the Chalicotherium and cafe. Anidosodon that were contemporary to the Middle Miocene of Sansan, France.

Dorcatherium majus is one of the 4 Asian species of Dorcatherium found in the Siwaliks of Pakistan. Many fossiliferous sites in the Lower and Middle Siwaliks of Pakistan (Middle and Late Miocene) were visited in the last 14 years and many specimens of D. majus were found. Some specimens are well preserved and some are in a poor state of preservation. Among the collected specimens, 8 were included in this study due to their good preservation. All the selected specimens belong to the lower dentition of D. majus and document intraspecific size variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]