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The interest of the AEC industry in building energy modelling is not new. BEM is a powerful tool to assess and control the building’s energy performance. It assists both AEC professionals and building owners in reaching their sustainability goals and limits energy consumption and the project's cost. BEM can be integrated at different design stages, from the concept design to construction and management. This work is interested in the BIM-BEM integration at the early design stage. The main focus of the proposed thesis is to investigate the state-of-the-art in the field of BIM and BEM integration. In particular, to highlight opportunities and limitations of integrating the energy performance evaluation of buildings with BIM models from the point of view of the building designer. Of particular interest is the identification of (i) benefits vs drawbacks, (ii) impacts on the workflow, and (iii) potential for increasing the final design's performance. The literature review revealed the lack of research about process maps favouring technical aspects and the need to improve BEM-related standards. The results of the practical case demonstrated that a software-specific process map is needed to ensure a seamless BIM-BEM integration workflow. The respect of a clear and comprehensive process map adapted to an early design stage increases the efficiency of the workflow, coordination, and productivity. It also assists the designer with exploring more design options in a relatively short time, improving the design in respect of sustainability goals.

Svetlobo, predvsem dnevno svetlobo smo z napredki v znanosti preteklih desetletij prepoznali kot usklajevalec vsakodnevnega biološkega ritma – cirkadianega ritma ljudi s 24-urnim solarnim ritmom. Vrsta fotoreceptorja, zadolžena za nevizualno zaznavo, je bolj občutljiva za modri del svetlobe kakor sistem vidne zaznave in zato za oceno učinkov svetlobe na nevizualni sistem zahteva sposobnost vrednotenja okolja tudi z vidika spektralne sestave svetlobe. Namen te študije je bil na podlagi opravljenega eksperimenta ocene notranjega okolja pomanjšane pisarne, postavljene na strehi Fakultete za gradbeništvo in geodezijo Univerze v Ljubljani, preveriti, ali so obstoječa orodja večspektralnega vrednotenja notranjega okolja dovolj točna za vrednotenje nevizualnega svetlobnega okolja. Simulacije ovrednotimo z vidika točnosti in hitrosti pri jasnem nebu in severni orientaciji analiziranega prostora. Točnost simulacij ovrednotimo na podlagi korena povprečnega kvadrata napake (RMSE) relativne spektralne porazdelitve svetlobe (RSPD) in relativne napake v relativni melanopski učinkovitosti (RMU). Analiza pokaže nizke RMSE orodij ALFA in Lark, ko obravnavamo RSPD dnevne svetlobe, merjene na horizontalni ravnini zunaj. Kadar točnost vrednotimo z vidika navideznega uporabnika prostora, ALFA vestno simulira svetlobno okolje z največjo RMSE = 0,08 in največjo napako v RMU = 2,8 %. Lark se izkaže za manj natančnega z največjo RMSE = 0,18 in največjo napako v RMU = 16,2 %. Dodatno se izkaže, da je orodje ALFA časovno mnogo učinkovitejše z več kot 20-krat krajšimi simulacijskimi časi v primerjavi z Larkom. Light, especially daylight, has been recognized by advances in science over the past decades as the main coordinator of the daily biological rhythm of people with a 24-hour solar rhythm. The photoreceptor responsible for the non-visual perception is more sensitive to the blue component of light than the visual perception system. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the indoor environment in terms of the spectral composition of light to assess the effects of light on the non-visual system. The purpose of this study was to verify whether the existing tools for multispectral evaluation of the indoor environment are accurate enough to evaluate the non-visual luminous environment. The reliability of the studied tools was tested under clear sky conditions on a north oriented scale model of an office the luminous environment of which was determined experimentally. Experimental results were compared to the simulations evaluated in terms of accuracy and speed. The accuracy of the simulations was evaluated based on the root mean square error (RMSE) of the relative spectral distribution of light (RSPD) and the relative error of the relative melanopic efficiency (RME). The analysis shows that low RMSE of ALFA and Lark tools were achieved when considering RSPD measured outside on the horizontal plane. When evaluating accuracy from the perspective of a hypothetical office user, ALFA adequately simulated the lighting environment with a maximum RMSE = 0.08 and a maximum error in RME = 2.8 %. Lark proves to be less accurate with a maximum RMSE = 0.18 and a maximum error in RME = 16.2 %. Additionally, the ALFA tool proves to be much more time-efficient with more than 20 times shorter simulation runs compared to Lark.

Visual comfort can affect building occupants’ behaviour, productivity and health. It is highly dependent on the occupant and how they perform a task indoors. In that regard, an occupant centred approach is more suitable for evaluating the lighting perception of the indoor environment. Nevertheless, the process of rating and estimating the visual comfort makes a limited distinction between physiological differences (e.g., ageing eye, light sensitivity), field of view, and personal preferences, which have been proven to influence the occupants’ lighting needs to complete their tasks. Such features were not considered while establishing the visually comfortable conditions perhaps due to the challenge of coupling the assumptions made during building design to the performance indicators monitored during building operation. This work focuses on reviewing literature findings on how the common design approach deviates from real building performance, particularly failing to prevent visual disturbances that can trigger the inefficient operation of building systems. Additionally, it is highlighted that redesigned visual comfort assessment methods and metrics are required to bridge the gap between the lighting environment ratings computed and surveyed. One possibility is to consider such physiological features that induce lighting experiences. Finally, it was deducted that it is important to target the occupants’ eye response to calibrate limit thresholds, propose occupant profiling, and that it is convenient to continuously monitor the occupants’ perception of indoor lighting conditions.

Construction 4.0 requires new approaches and methods to achieve primary goalsset for the industry, such as sustainable cities and communities, responsible consumption and production, climate actions, innovations. Although the performance-based design (PBD) approach is not new, it is innovative in how it faces these goals compared to the traditional approach. The study discusses the concept of performance-based design in general. It reviews the methods and tools that can support the PBD application in the early design stage, such as Integrated Design Process, Building Information Modelling and others. This master thesis aims to clarify major differences between the conventional and the PBD approach when applied in the initial design stage. It identifies the benefits of the new approach and the limitations and difficulties when applied in practice. It identified issues of using PBD in practice throughout a survey of 43 respondents from 21 countries. Finally, it examines the ability and readiness of the PBD method to substitute the traditional design approach. It compares the two approaches with a practical hypothetical project of an office building in Mengeš, Slovenia. The case study results are the workflow and a strategy proposed to apply the PBD approach in the early design stage. The strategy can be used regardless of the modelling and analysis tools and for the residential, commercial and public projects. It helps to explore vast design space relatively quickly to understand design trends and options with the greatest impact on future building performance.

An average working individual in today's society spends a considerableamount of a typical day in an office environment. This, in turn,can negatively influenceher or his circadian systemif the indoor builtenvironment is not designed to provide adequate luminous conditions. Therefore, the presented paper's main objectivewas to address the extent to whichindoor built environmentparametersinfluence the characteristics of the indoornon-visual and visualluminousenvironment.To answer the stated question,a statistical analysis of parametric simulationsusing multispectral software ALFAwas carried outfora sample cellular office in Ljubljana, Slovenia.The influence ofroom, geometrical(depth, width,andwindow to wall ratio),and optical (reflectance of walls, ceiling, and floor and glazing transmissivity) parameterswasstudied for four cardinaloccupantviewdirections. The results show thatthe windowis the most influential building element as the windowto wall ratio and glazing transmissivityare the most influential geometricaland optical parameters. However, it was exposedthatthisis not entirely true for occupant positionsdeeper in space and facing away from the window, as the influence of all studied building parameters changes according to theview orientation and positionin relation to the window.

The determination of solar irradiation is crucial when planning the installation of solar systems. There are different GIS models for determining solar irradiation, which differ from each other in terms of input data, hardware requirements, performance, reliability and suitability, depending on the specificity of the study area and the nature of the study. Because of their diversity, urban areas pose a greater challenge for the estimation of the potential of the received solar energy. In the article we present a methodology for determining the irradiation of roofs in urban areas using the GRASS GIS model r.sun, which executes the computation with high resolution spatial, atmospheric and meteorological data. The used input data is freely available for the entire territory of Slovenia. The proposed methodological approach was tested on the area of the town quarter Rožna dolina in Ljubljana city with the northern part of Vič. The area is very diverse according to the typology of the built objects, the land cover and altitude. differences. Določanje sončnega obsevanja je ključno za načrtovanje solarnih sistemov. Obstajajo različni GIS modeli za določitev sončnega obsevanja, ki se medsebojno razlikujejo po vhodnih podatkih, strojnih zahtevah, zanesljivosti in primernosti glede na posebnosti obravnavanega območja in narave študije. Urbana območja zaradi razgibanosti in raznolikosti predstavljajo večji izziv pri množičnem vrednotenju potenciala prejete sončne energije. V članku je predstavljena metodologija za določitev obsevanja streh urbanih območij s pomočjo GRASS GIS modela r.sun, ki ponuja izračun na podlagi visoko ločljivih prostorskih, atmosferičnih in meteoroloških podatkov. Uporabljeni vhodni podatki so prosto dostopni za celotno območje Slovenije. Predlagan metodološki pristop smo preizkusili na območju mestne četrti Rožna dolina s severnim delom Viča v Ljubljani. Območje je namreč zelo pestro po tipologiji zgrajenih objektov, pokrovnosti tal in višinskih razlikah.

Termin trajnostni razvoj je znan že od leta 1987 in pomeni uravnoteženje štirih vidikov razvoja: ekonomskega, okoljskega, socialnega in zdravstvenega. Ti vidiki morajo biti enakovredno zastopani tudi v trajnostnem gradbeništvu. Namen članka je na konkretnem primeru enodružinske hiše slovenskega proizvajalca montažnih hiš preveriti, ali so enakovredno obravnavani vsi štirje vidiki trajnosti. Za ocenjevanje trajnostnih vidikov gradnje smo uporabili že leta 2013 razvito metodo avtorjev Mateje Dovjak in Aleša Krainerja, ki sledi osnovni morfologiji inženirskega načrtovanja. Ocenjevanje trajnostnih vidikov je potekalo po korakih: korak 1 - analiza dejanskega stanja, korak 2 - definiranje trajnostnih kazalnikov, korak 3 - definiranje trajnostnih ciljev, korak 4 - analiza in končna ocena. Na osnovi opravljene analize dejanskega stanja smo izbrali konkretno hišo. Pri pregledu obstoječih virov in literature smo ugotovili, da je zdravstveni vidik pri ocenjevanju trajnosti večinoma izključen. Rezultati koraka 2 so definirani kazalniki pri energetski učinkovitosti objekta, vplivu gradbenih proizvodov na okolje, stroških za ogrevanje in razsvetljavo, dnevnem osvetljevanju prostorov in možnem vplivu gradbenih proizvodov na zdravje. Za vsak kriterij smo določili mejne vrednosti in merljive cilje (korak 3). Rezultati koraka 4, analiza in končna ocena trajnosti, so pokazali, da analizirani primer enodružinske hiše hkrati ne upošteva vseh štirih vidikov trajnostnega razvoja, saj močna vidika okolja in ekonomije zasenčita zdravstvenega. Z namenom celovitega ocenjevanja trajnostnih vidikov gradnje pričujoča raziskava vpeljuje zdravstveni vidik, njegove kazalnike in cilje. Predstavljeno oceno je mogoče uporabiti za načrtovanje gradbenih proizvodov kot tudi stavb v celoti, od faze načrtovanja do odpadka oziroma njegove ponovne uporabe. Pri trajnostni gradnji je v vseh fazah ključno multidisciplinarno sodelovanje.

Področje obravnave dnevne svetlobe v kontekstu oblikovanja in načrtovanja stavb je izjemno zapostavljeno. Takšno stanje je še dodatno zaostreno zaradi preveč ozkega obravnavanja energetske učinkovitosti stavb. V večini primerov je edini cilj le čim manjša poraba energije ne glede na vpliv na notranje okolje. Tako je pri načrtovanju, nakupu in zamenjavi zastekljenih površin ovoja stavbe v Sloveniji zelo redko upoštevan vpliv optičnih lastnosti zasteklitve na vizualne pogoje in porabo energije v prostoru. V predstavljeni študiji je analiziran vpliv površine in prepustnosti zasteklitve za vidni del svetlobe na vizualne pogoje v prostoru in porabo električne energije za osvetlitev. Za izračune in oceno je bila uporabljena sodobna dinamična metrika za oceno osvetljenosti prostorov, ki omogoča upoštevanje realnih klimatskih razmer, namembnost in način uporabe prostora. Ker gre za relativno novo področje, so bile najbolj razširjene dinamične metrike za oceno osvetljenosti prostorov tudi opisane in predstavljene. Analiza je bila opravljena za tipično osnovnošolsko učilnico v Ljubljani, nato pa smo rezultate primerjali z rezultati dveh realnih učilnic z nekoliko drugačno zasnovo. Rezultati so pokazali zelo velik vpliv izbora zasteklitve na notranje vizualno okolje kot tudi na porabo električne energije za umetno razsvetljavo.

The problem of energy consumption of buildings is complex and multidimensional, as it is a cross section of building envelope performance, indoor environmental conditions and user demands and preferences. In order to fulfil the EU goal stated in the 2020 climate and energy package and beyond, the implementation of high-performance buildings is crucial. Part of the solution is properly designed, flexible and adequately controlled building envelope that can contribute to reduced energy consumption and to increased occupancy comfort. In the presented chapter first, a structured treatment of the indoor environment formation is proposed that can be used in order to define appropriate fields of interventions when designing building automation systems. Furthermore, interaction between adaptive building envelope elements, indoor and exterior environment is discussed and elaborated. Second, the conventional and artificial intelligence control approaches used in building automation are discussed and commented, whereas advantages and disadvantages of each group are discussed. At the end, an example of building automation system designed on the principles of a holistic treatment of indoor environment in buildings is presented. The discussed system was designed at the Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering using a combination of conventional and artificial intelligence control methods.

In the following study we compared the results of four computer tools for calculation of energy use in buildings, taking into account the applicable Slovenian legislation and accompanying standards. The compared tools are TOST,URSA 4, Energy 2010 and ArchiMAID. We primarily intended to carry out verification of the new developed tool TOST. The chosen example was a family house. However, already at an early stage we discovered that the calculated values between programs differ significantly, in some cases for more than 50 %. The causes for such differences could not be identified on this relatively complex case, so we decided to carry out the factor and parametric analysis ofthe simplified model. We carried out an analysis of the four basic configurations with five additional elements, totally twenty variants, which were calculated with all the selected programs. The deviations between the programs are large and well above the expected range. The results of some of the programs that are currently accessible to users are not reliable enough. It cannot be confirmed that in all, or at least in some cases the calculated energy consumptiom in bridges in accordance to the applicable legislation is carried out correctly. We believe that it was the legislature's mistake, leaving the preparation of programs completely to the market, because the complexity of calculation makes it extremely difficult to verify the accuracy of the results. It is of interest of all that this situation improves as soon as possible. V študiji smo primerjali rezultate štirih programov za izračun porabe energijev stavbah, ki upoštevajo veljavno slovensko zakonodajo in spremljajočestan-darde. Primerjani programi so TOST, URSA 4, Energija 2010 in ArchiMAID. Primerjavo smo prvenstveno želeli opraviti zaradi verifikacije novega programa TOST, ki ga razvijamo. Izbrana osnova je bila enodružinska hiša. Vendar se je že v začetni fazi izkazalo, da se izračunane vrednosti med programi znatno razlikujejo, v nekaterih primerih za več kot 50 %. Vzrokov za odstopanja na relativno kompleksnem primeru izbrane enodružinske hiše v okvirumožnosti, ki smo jih imeli, ni bilo mogoče identificirati. Zato smo se odločili opraviti faktorsko in parametrično analizo na poenostavljenem modelu.Opravili smo analizo štirih osnovnih konfiguracij s petimi dodatnimi elementi, skupno dvajset variant, ki smo jih izračunali z vsemi izbranimi programi. Ugotovili smo, da so odstopanja med programi velika in močno presegajo pričakovane vrednosti. Rezultati nekaterih programov, ki so trenutnodostopni uporabnikom, niso dovolj zanesljivi, da bi lahko trdili, da vvseh ali vsaj nekaterih primerih pravilno opravijo izračun porabe energije v stavbah v skladu z veljavno zakonodajo. Menimo, da je zakonodajalec naredil napako, da je pripravo programov popolnoma prepustil trgu, saj je zaradi kompleksnosti izračuna izredno težko preveriti pravilnost rezultatov. Takšno stanje je v interesu vseh treba čim prej odpraviti.

V nalogi je opisana ekonomska upravičenost vlaganja v soproizvodnjo na lesno biomaso. Predstavljen je opis toplotnih potreb hotelskega kompleksa iz katerega smo izračunali toplotne in električne potrebe. Na podlagi urejenega urnega diagrama smo določili potrebno velikost soproizvodne enote in velikosti kotlov za dogrevanje na lesno biomaso in kurilno olje. Ugotovili smo, da je vlaganje v soproizvodno enoto zaradi velikih stroškov investicije zaenkrat še nerentabilno saj je po metodi sedanje vrednosti razlika komaj 221.587,40 EUR. Najboljša rešitev od vseh štirih variant, katere so predstavljene v diplomskem delu je postavitev nove kotlovnice z uporabo kotlov na lesno biomaso s katero bi bistveno zmanjšali tudi onesnaževanje okolja. Economic viability of the investment in cogeneration with wood biomass is described in this diploma work. Description of the termal needs of the hotel complex from which thermal and electric needs were calculated is presented. On the basis of an orderly hour chart, determination of the size of cogeneration unit and boilers heating system with wood biomass and fuel oil were determined. We have found that so far investing in cogeneration unit becouse of high costs of investment is loss-making since according to the method mean difference is of only 221.587,40 EUR. The best solution of all four variants, which are presented in the diploma work is to establish a new boiler using biomass boilers which would significantly reduce the environmental pollution.

svoji diplomski nalogi obravnavam uspešnost energijske sanacije različnih večstanovanjskih stavb. Gre za tri večstanovanjske stavbe, ki so po svoji namembnosti, velikosti in letu izgradnje med seboj primerljive in se nahajajo v istem naselju v mestu Kočevje. Dve od teh stavb sta bili energijsko sanirani, pri tretji pa je stavbni ovoj še vedno enak prvotnem. Pri vseh objektih je bila narejena analiza na podlagi posnetkov prisotnih toplotnih mostov, ki so bili narejeni z infrardečo kamero. Energijsko sanirane in nesanirane stavbe so bile med seboj primerjane v analizi na podlagi koeficienta specifičnih transmisijskih toplotnih izgub H'T in letne potrebne toplote za ogrevanje QNH. Analiza rabe energije je bila izvedena s programskim orodjem KI Energija. Rezultati analize saniranih objektov so bili primerjani tudi s hipotetičnim idealnim stanjem objektov v katerem bi bili v celoti odpravljeni toplotni mostovi. Na podlagi rezultatov sem ugotovila, da je bila energijska sanacija uspešna, saj so se toplotne izgube in letna potrebna energija za ogrevanje močno zmanjšale in zdaj ustrezajo zahtevam PURES-a. Še vedno pa so prisotni toplotni mostovi, ki so močno zmanjšani. V primerjavi s hipotetičnim idealnim stanjem so transmisijske izgube in letna potrebna toplota za ogrevanje stavb še vedno precej velike. To pomeni, da bi bilo pri sanaciji treba izvesti dodatne ukrepe. The subject of the thesis is the analysis of energy renovation in multi-apartment buildings. Three different multi-apartment buildings were selected due to the similarity between their purpose, size and year of construction. Furthermore, they are all located on the same street in Kočevje. In recent years, energy renovation was done for two buildings, while the third is still in its original building envelope. An analysis of thermal bridges present for all three buildings was conducted based on images captured with an infrared camera. The energy renovated and non-renovated parts of the buildings were compared on the basis of the specific transmission heat loss coefficient H'T and the annual heat demand QNH. These values were essential in determining the actual difference between the three buildings. An analysis of energy use of the three multi-apartment buildings was conducted with the help of the KI Energija software. The success of the energy renovation was based on these results. The results of the analysis of the renovated buildings were compared with a hypothetical ideal state with all thermal bridges removed. The results indicate that the energy renovation was successful as heat loss and the annual heat demand drastically decreased and they now comply with the requirements by PURES. However, the thermal bridges were reduced, but not completely removed. Transmission heat losses and annual heat requirements remained considerably high compared to the hypothetical ideal state, indicating the need for further renovation.

V diplomski nalogi smo s pomočjo programskega orodja BcChart v2.3 analizirali bioklimatske danosti izbranih lokacij v Sloveniji. Pri tem smo uporabili podnebne podatke iz obdobja 1961–2020. Prikazali smo vpliv meteoroloških parametrov na bioklimatski potencial lokacij s stališča človekove cone toplotnega udobja ter opisali teoretično ozadje programskega orodja BcChart, osnove podnebja in bioklimatike ter spremembe pasivnih načrtovalskih ukrepov v Sloveniji. V rezultatih je za posamezna desetletja prikazana sprememba cone toplotnega udobja, sprememba potrebe po senčenju in sprememba potrebe po osončenosti 11 lokacij na letni ravni glede na izhodiščno obdobje (1961–1970). Podrobneje je prikazana tudi sprememba cone toplotnega udobja in potrebe po senčenju na mesečni ravni pri tistih lokacijah, kjer je bila sprememba največja, najmanjša ali karakteristična. Tako so spremembe vidne tudi po mesecih, npr. v Bilju, kjer je bila sprememba največja pri coni toplotnega udobja ali v Novem mestu, kjer je bila sprememba največja v potrebi po senčenju. Vsi rezultati so prikazani kot sprememba dni v letu ali mesecu v odvisnosti od obdobja. The thesis analyses bioclimatic conditions of selected locations in Slovenia by means of the BcChart v2.3 software. The studied climate data were from the period between 1961 and 2020. The thesis shows the influence of meteorological parameters on bioclimatic potential of locations from the point of view of the human thermal comfort zone, as well as describes the theoretical background of the BcChart software, the basics of climate and bioclimatics and the changes in passive planning measures in Slovenia. Results include, for individual decades, the change in the thermal comfort zone, the change in the shading needed and the change in the sun needed for 11 locations on an annual basis in relation to the baseline period (1961–1970). The change in the thermal comfort zone and the need for shading on a monthly basis is shown in greater detail for locations where the change was the largest, smallest or standard. Thus, changes are visible even in months, e.g. in Bilje, where the greatest change was seen in the thermal comfort zone, or in Novo mesto, where the change in the shading needed was the largest. All results are shown as a change in days of the year or month in relation to the period.

V diplomski nalogi sem zasnoval interaktivni pripomoček in analiziral vpliv spreminjajočih se parametrov na odziv sistemov za zagotavljanje pasivnega solarnega ogrevanja. Glavni namen naloge je bralcu približati koncepte bioklimatskega načrtovanju in mu, kot uporabniku pripomočka – modela, izdelanega v interaktivnem multifizikalnem programu Energy2D, nazorno predstaviti delovanje izbranih bioklimatskih ukrepov. V prvem delu naloge je teoretični opis pasivne solarne arhitekture, bioklimatskega načrtovanja in posameznih bioklimatskih ukrepov strategije dovajanja toplote, ki sem jih v drugem delu analiziral s pomočjo 2D termodinamičnega modela. V nadaljevanju so predstavljene metode in rezultati moje analize. Na osnovi enakih geometrij stavb sem s pomočjo programskega orodja Energy 2D obravnaval sistem direktnega zajema s porazdeljeno maso, sistem Trombe-Michelove stene in steklenjaka. Na vsakem od modelov sem s spreminjanjem različnih parametrov ponazoril vpliv le-teh na delovanje in učinkovitost posameznega bioklimatskega ukrepa. Rezultate sem na koncu predstavil s pomočjo poteka temperature v odvisnosti od časa, komentiral in primerjal med seboj. In my graduation thesis, I elaborated an interactive tool and analysed the impact of varying parameters on the response of systems that ensure passive solar heating. The main purpose of the paper is to acquaint the reader with concepts of bioclimatic design and thoroughly show the reader the operation of selected bioclimatic design measures, using thermodynamic models created in the Energy2D, an interactive multiphysics simulation program. The first part of the thesis is a theoretical description of passive solar architecture, bioclimatic design, and bioclimatic design measures of the heat admission strategy that I analysed in the second part using a 2D thermodynamic model. The methods and results of the analysis are presented in the continuation of the thesis. Based on the same building geometries, I used the Energy 2D program to deal with the system of direct gain with distributed thermal mass, the Trombe-Michel wall system, and the sunspace system. I illustrated the impact of changing the parameters on the operation and efficiency of each bioclimatic measure on each of the models. In the end, I presented the results with the help of graphs of temperature versus time, commented on them and compared them.

V tej študiji sem predstavil dopolnjen postopek umerjanja toplotnega odziva naravno prezračevane enodružinske stavbe, s pomočjo programskega orodja DesignBuilder (EnergyPlus). Meritve temperature suhega zraka in površinske temperature zunanjih sten, na podlagi katerih sem umeril računski model stavbe, sem izvajal od sredine aprila do sredine julija 2020. Dejanski toplotni odziv stavbe v tem obdobju sem predvidel z natančnostjo ± 1 °C v 71.6 % oz. ± 2 °C v 98.4 % časa. Na osnovi zgodovinskih meteoroloških podatkov iz obdobja 1982–1999, sem nato izdelal projekcije podnebja v okolici Ljubljane za bodoča obdobja: 2011–2040, 2041–2070 in 2071–2100. Pri napovedih sem upošteval scenarij podnebnih sprememb SRES, A2. V nadaljevanju sem nato analiziral vpliv spremenjenega podnebja na toplotni odziv umerjenega modela stavbe, hkrati pa sem analiziral različne prilagoditve na nivoju stavbe in organizacijske ukrepe kot pasivne metode hlajenja stavbe. Prišel sem do zaključka, da predstavljajo organizacijski ukrepi zelo učinkovito rešitev za hlajenje stavbe, medtem ko so rezultati prilagoditev na nivoju stavbe občutno skromnejši. Ukrep senčenja predstavlja primerno rešitev samo v prvem prihodnjem obdobju, medtem ko je ukrep nočnega zračenja (s senčenjem) priporočljiv v vseh treh obdobjih. Pri izvajanju slednjega sicer obstaja nevarnost pojava podhlajevanja stavbe, ki je prisotna predvsem v prvem prihodnjem obdobju. Od obravnavanih stavbnih adaptacij so za omiljevanje pojava pregrevanja najbolj primerne adaptacija z vgrajenimi dodatnimi senčili, adaptacija z nižjo solarno absorptivnostjo strešnikov, ter adaptacija z dodatno toplotno maso (2. stopnja). Za omiljevanje pojava podhlajevanja stavbe med izvajanjem nočnega zračenja pa je najbolj primerna adaptacija z dodatno toplotno izoliranimi zunanjimi stenami. In this study, a novel procedure for calibrating the thermal response of a naturally ventilated single-family building with DesignBuilder (EnergyPlus) software is presented. From mid-April to mid-July 2020, I performed measurements of dry-bulb temperatures and wall surface temperatures, based on which I performed the calibration. With the calibrated model I managed to predict the actual building thermal response, with an accuracy of ± 1 °C in 71.6 % and ± 2 °C in 98.4 % of the time. Based on historical meteorological data from 1982 to 1999, I then produced future climate projections for the city of Ljubljana for the periods: 2011–2040, 2041–2070, and 2071–2100. Next, I analyzed the impact that the changing climate will have on the building model thermal response, while also analyzing various building adaptations and organizational efforts as passive cooling methods. I found that organizational efforts function very well as passive cooling solutions, while building adaptations are not quite as effective in this regard. Shading is only effective in the first future period, while night ventilation is recomended in all three periods. The latter can however lead to overcooling of the building, especialy in the first future period. Of the considered building adaptations, the most suitable for mitigating the overheating phenomenon are: adaptation with additional external blinds, adaptation with lower solar absorbtivity of roof tiles, and adaptation with increased thermal mass in the building envelope. To mitigate the building overcooling problem during night ventilation, it is recommended to increase the thermal resitance of the building envelope.

V diplomski nalogi sem s pomočjo programa Rhinoceros in programskega vtičnika ClimateStudio analizirala osvetljenost odprtega pisarniškega prostora. Analizirala sem vpliv velikosti in oblike okenskih odprtin na osvetljenost prostora. V nalogi so obravnavane štiri velikosti okenskih odprtin s tremi različnimi tipi zasteklitev, in sicer z dvoslojno, troslojno in solarno zaščitno zasteklitvijo. Pridobljene rezultate sem primerjala z vrednostmi iz pravilnikov in standardov in preverila, ali je v prostoru dosežena ciljna vrednost faktorja dnevne svetlobe, ki je potrebna za opravljanje določenih delovnih nalog. Poleg osvetljenosti prostora pa sem analizirala tudi možnost pojava bleščanja. Ugotovila sem, da se s povečanjem velikosti okenskih odprtin izboljša osvetljenost prostora z dnevno svetlobo, hkrati pa se poveča tudi možnost pojava motečega bleščanja. Bleščanje je najbolj moteče v spomladanskih in jesenskih mesecih okoli 12. ure, ko je sonce najvišje na nebu. Najbolj kritična so mesta v bližini okenske odprtine s pogledom proti oknu. V določeni meri lahko moteče bleščanje zmanjšamo z uporabo ustreznega tipa zasteklitve, in sicer tistega z manjšo prepustnostjo svetlobe. Delež ur nevzdržnega bleščanja se je namreč v primeru večje odprtine s solarno zaščitnim tipom zasteklitve zmanjšal za 50 % glede na delež ur pri dvoslojnem tipu zasteklitve in enaki površini zasteklitve. In my thesis I analysed the illuminance of an open office space using software Rhinoceros and the ClimateStudio plug-in. I analysed the effect of the size and shape of window openings on the illuminance of a room. The thesis deals with four sizes of window openings with three different types of glazing, double pane glazing, triple pane glazing and solar control glazing. I compared the results with the values in the regulations and standards to check whether the target daylight factor required for the specific work tasks was achieved in the room. In addition, I also analysed glare probability. I have found that increasing the size of window openings improves the daylighting of a room, but also increases the chance of disturbing glare. Glare is the most disturbing in the spring and autumn months around noon, when the sun is highest in the sky. The most critical positions are near window openings with views facing to the window. To a certain extent, the occurance of disturbing glare can be reduced by using the right type of glazing with lower light transmission. In fact, the percent share of hours of intolerable glare was reduced by 50 %, when I used larger opening with solar control glazing compared to when I used double glazing with the same area of glazing.

V luči podnebnih sprememb, s katerimi se soočamo, so prizadevanja za poznavanje in obvladovanje njihovega vpliva na energijsko učinkovitost stavb vedno večja, medtem ko se moramo o vplivu globalnega segrevanja na grajeno okolje še veliko naučiti. Navkljub vse večjemu številu raziskav še vedno ni povsem jasno, kakšen je in bo vpliv globalnega segrevanja na bioklimatski potencial ter učinkovitost pasivnih načrtovalskih ukrepov pri enostanovanjskih stavbah. S pomočjo obširnega pregleda literature in simulacijskih študij smo v doktorski disertaciji odgovorili na nekaj neznank, ki se ob tem pojavljajo. Posebno pomemben del raziskave se nanaša na predstavljeno metodo izračuna bioklimatskega potenciala lokacije, pri čemer je bila veljavna metodologija nadgrajena z upoštevanjem podatka o sončnem sevanju. Izsledki raziskav so pomemben prispevek k znanosti, saj so pokazali na potrebo po idejnem preskoku v trenutni praksi bioklimatskega načrtovanja enostanovanjskih stavb. Podatki, pridobljeni s 15.897.600 parametričnimi simulacijami, ki so dostopni v doktorski disertaciji, pomenijo bistvene informacije za pravočasno prilagajanje podnebnim spremembam. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da je glede na skupno rabo energije za ogrevanje in hlajenje energijska učinkovitost enostanovanjskih stavb v prihodnosti odvisna od lokacije, in sicer je v splošnem pričakovati, da bo na toplih lokacijah nižja, na hladnih višja, na zmerno toplih pa bo najprej višja, nato nižja. Na podlagi podatkov je bil predlagan nov pristop k bioklimatskemu načrtovanju stavb, pri čemer s pasivnimi ukrepi zagotovimo energijsko učinkovitost v trenutnem in prihodnjem podnebnem stanju, hkrati pa obravnavamo ranljivost stavbe za pregrevanje v prihodnosti. In light of the current climate change, efforts to recognise and mitigate its impact on the energy performance of buildings are increasing. However, there is still a lot to learn about the impact of global warming on the built environment. Despite numerous research studies, the impacts of global warming on the bioclimatic potential and the applicability of passive design measures in the case of single-family buildings are not completely clear. The exposed knowledge gaps were filled in the doctoral dissertation by performing an extensive literature review and numerous simulations. An essential part of the research refers to the presented method of calculating the location’s bioclimatic potential, where the existing methodology was upgraded by considering the data on solar radiation. Moreover, the research results represent an essential contribution, as they showed the need for a conceptual leap in the current bioclimatic design practice of single-family buildings. The data obtained by 15,897,600 parametric simulations represent essential information for timely adaptation to climate change. It was found that, given the combined energy need for heating and cooling, the energy efficiency of single-family buildings in the future depends on the location. It can be generally expected that energy efficiency will be lower in warm climates, higher in cold and firstly higher and then lower in temperate climates. Based on the data, a new approach to bioclimatic building design was proposed, where passive design measures are applied to ensure energy efficiency in the current and future climate while the future overheating vulnerability is addressed.

Namen diplomskega dela je ugotoviti, kateri konstrukcijski sklop strehe je stroškovno najbolj upravičen, glede na življenjsko dobo, uporabljene materiale in energijsko učinkovitost njihove zasnove. Analiza dela temelji na sedmih scenarijih, razvrščenih v tri skupine po podobnosti, ki vključujejo prenovo strehe reprezentativne Slovenske stanovanjske hiše. Analizirani konstrukcijski sklopi izpolnjujejo vse zahteve po Pravilniku o učinkoviti rabi energije v stavbah. Scenariji vključujejo tako minimalne prenove kot tudi scenarije z bolj celovito prenovo in zamenjavo celotne nosilne konstrukcije strehe. Z uporabo t. i. standardnih in nadstandardnih materialov ter raznoliko kvaliteto vgrajenih elementov, so scenariji približek raznolikosti, ki se pojavlja v praksi. Vsak posamezni scenarij je obravnavan preko energijskega modela hiše, izdelanim v programu KI energija, ki so mu dodani podatki o materialih - gradnikih posameznega dela stavbe. V programu OneClickLCA pa so bili na podlagi izračuna energijske učinkovitosti ter ocenjenih investicijskih stroškov analizirani vseživljenjski stroški stavbe za obdobje 40 let. Medsebojna primerjava scenarijev, skozi njihovo življenjsko dobo, je razvidna s časovno odvisne analize stroškov. Ugotovljeno je, da se na dolgi rok izplača uporaba t. i. nadstandardnih materialov in kvalitetnih elementov, ter da visoki vhodni stroški, še ne pomenijo višjih stroškov, ob koncu življenjske dobe stavbe. Pridobljeni rezultati raziskave, zaradi upoštevanja faze zamenjave dotrajanih materialov, realistično prikažejo visoka medsebojna razlikovanja in odstopanja. Kljub pridobljenim rezultatom pa je zaključeno, da je najoptimalnejši scenarij odvisen od namembnosti nepremičnine in finančnih zmožnosti njenega investitorja. The purpose of this thesis is to determine which structural assembly of the roof is the most cost-effective, given the service life, materials used and energy efficiency of their design. The analysis is based on seven scenarios, divided into three groups according to similarity, which include the renovation of the roof of a representative Slovenian residential house. The analyzed construction assemblies meet all the requirements of the Regulations on the efficient use of energy in buildings. Scenarios include both minimal renovations as well as scenarios with a more comprehensive renovation and replacement of the entire load-bearing structure of the roof. Using so-called standard and above-standard materials and the diverse quality of the built-in elements, the scenarios are an approximation of the diversity that occurs in practice. Each individual scenario is considered through the energy model of the house, made in the KI energy program, to which data on the materials - building blocks of each part of the building were added. In the OneClickLCA program, the life costs of the building for a period of 40 years were analyzed on the basis of the calculation of energy efficiency and estimated investment costs. The mutual comparison of scenarios, through their lifetime, is evident from the time-dependent cost analysis. It has been established that the use of so-called above-standard materials and quality elements pays off in the long run, and that high entrance costs do not mean higher costs at the end of the building's lifespan. The obtained research results, due to the consideration of the phase of replacement of worn-out materials, realistically show high mutual differences and deviations. Despite the obtained results, it is concluded that the best-case scenario depends on the purpose of the property and the financial capabilities of its investor.