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1. 100 ancient genomes show repeated population turnovers in Neolithic Denmark

Author

Allentoft, Morten E, Sikora, Martin, Fischer, Anders, Sjögren, Karl-Göran, Ingason, Andrés, Macleod, Ruairidh, Rosengren, Anders, Schulz Paulsson, Bettina, Jørkov, Marie Louise Schjellerup, Novosolov, Maria, Stenderup, Jesper, Price, T Douglas, Fischer Mortensen, Morten, Nielsen, Anne Birgitte, Ulfeldt Hede, Mikkel, Sørensen, Lasse, Nielsen, Poul Otto, Rasmussen, Peter, Jensen, Theis Zetner Trolle, Refoyo-Martínez, Alba, Irving-Pease, Evan K, Barrie, William, Pearson, Alice, Sousa da Mota, Bárbara, Demeter, Fabrice, Henriksen, Rasmus A, Vimala, Tharsika, McColl, Hugh, Vaughn, Andrew, Vinner, Lasse, Renaud, Gabriel, Stern, Aaron, Johannsen, Niels Nørkjær, Ramsøe, Abigail Daisy, Schork, Andrew Joseph, Ruter, Anthony, Gotfredsen, Anne Birgitte, Henning Nielsen, Bjarne, Brinch Petersen, Erik, Kannegaard, Esben, Hansen, Jesper, Buck Pedersen, Kristoffer, Pedersen, Lisbeth, Klassen, Lutz, Meldgaard, Morten, Johansen, Morten, Uldum, Otto Christian, Lotz, Per, Lysdahl, Per, Bangsgaard, Pernille, Petersen, Peter Vang, Maring, Rikke, Iversen, Rune, Wåhlin, Sidsel, Anker Sørensen, Søren, Andersen, Søren H, Jørgensen, Thomas, Lynnerup, Niels, Lawson, Daniel J, Rasmussen, Simon, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Kjær, Kurt H, Durbin, Richard, Nielsen, Rasmus, Delaneau, Olivier, Werge, Thomas, Kristiansen, Kristian, and Willerslev, Eske

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Genetics, History, Heritage and Archaeology, Human Society, Archaeology, Historical Studies, Anthropology, Humans, Genomics, Genotype, Denmark, Emigrants and Immigrants, Scandinavians and Nordic People, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Major migration events in Holocene Eurasia have been characterized genetically at broad regional scales1-4. However, insights into the population dynamics in the contact zones are hampered by a lack of ancient genomic data sampled at high spatiotemporal resolution5-7. Here, to address this, we analysed shotgun-sequenced genomes from 100 skeletons spanning 7,300 years of the Mesolithic period, Neolithic period and Early Bronze Age in Denmark and integrated these with proxies for diet (13C and 15N content), mobility (87Sr/86Sr ratio) and vegetation cover (pollen). We observe that Danish Mesolithic individuals of the Maglemose, Kongemose and Ertebølle cultures form a distinct genetic cluster related to other Western European hunter-gatherers. Despite shifts in material culture they displayed genetic homogeneity from around 10,500 to 5,900 calibrated years before present, when Neolithic farmers with Anatolian-derived ancestry arrived. Although the Neolithic transition was delayed by more than a millennium relative to Central Europe, it was very abrupt and resulted in a population turnover with limited genetic contribution from local hunter-gatherers. The succeeding Neolithic population, associated with the Funnel Beaker culture, persisted for only about 1,000 years before immigrants with eastern Steppe-derived ancestry arrived. This second and equally rapid population replacement gave rise to the Single Grave culture with an ancestry profile more similar to present-day Danes. In our multiproxy dataset, these major demographic events are manifested as parallel shifts in genotype, phenotype, diet and land use.

Published
2024

2. Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia

Author

Allentoft, Morten E., Sikora, Martin, Refoyo-Martínez, Alba, Irving-Pease, Evan K., Fischer, Anders, Barrie, William, Ingason, Andrés, Stenderup, Jesper, Sjögren, Karl-Göran, Pearson, Alice, Sousa da Mota, Bárbara, Schulz Paulsson, Bettina, Halgren, Alma, Macleod, Ruairidh, Jørkov, Marie Louise Schjellerup, Demeter, Fabrice, Sørensen, Lasse, Nielsen, Poul Otto, Henriksen, Rasmus A., Vimala, Tharsika, McColl, Hugh, Margaryan, Ashot, Ilardo, Melissa, Vaughn, Andrew, Fischer Mortensen, Morten, Nielsen, Anne Birgitte, Ulfeldt Hede, Mikkel, Johannsen, Niels Nørkjær, Rasmussen, Peter, Vinner, Lasse, Renaud, Gabriel, Stern, Aaron, Jensen, Theis Zetner Trolle, Scorrano, Gabriele, Schroeder, Hannes, Lysdahl, Per, Ramsøe, Abigail Daisy, Skorobogatov, Andrei, Schork, Andrew Joseph, Rosengren, Anders, Ruter, Anthony, Outram, Alan, Timoshenko, Aleksey A., Buzhilova, Alexandra, Coppa, Alfredo, Zubova, Alisa, Silva, Ana Maria, Hansen, Anders J., Gromov, Andrey, Logvin, Andrey, Gotfredsen, Anne Birgitte, Henning Nielsen, Bjarne, González-Rabanal, Borja, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, McKenzie, Catriona J., Gaunitz, Charleen, Blasco, Concepción, Liesau, Corina, Martinez-Labarga, Cristina, Pozdnyakov, Dmitri V., Cuenca-Solana, David, Lordkipanidze, David O., En’shin, Dmitri, Salazar-García, Domingo C., Price, T. Douglas, Borić, Dušan, Kostyleva, Elena, Veselovskaya, Elizaveta V., Usmanova, Emma R., Cappellini, Enrico, Brinch Petersen, Erik, Kannegaard, Esben, Radina, Francesca, Eylem Yediay, Fulya, Duday, Henri, Gutiérrez-Zugasti, Igor, Merts, Ilya, Potekhina, Inna, Shevnina, Irina, Altinkaya, Isin, Guilaine, Jean, Hansen, Jesper, Aura Tortosa, Joan Emili, Zilhão, João, Vega, Jorge, Buck Pedersen, Kristoffer, Tunia, Krzysztof, Zhao, Lei, Mylnikova, Liudmila N., Larsson, Lars, Metz, Laure, Yepiskoposyan, Levon, Pedersen, Lisbeth, Sarti, Lucia, Orlando, Ludovic, Slimak, Ludovic, Klassen, Lutz, Blank, Malou, González-Morales, Manuel, Silvestrini, Mara, Vretemark, Maria, Nesterova, Marina S., Rykun, Marina, Rolfo, Mario Federico, Szmyt, Marzena, Przybyła, Marcin, Calattini, Mauro, Sablin, Mikhail, Dobisíková, Miluše, Meldgaard, Morten, Johansen, Morten, Berezina, Natalia, Card, Nick, Saveliev, Nikolai A., Poshekhonova, Olga, Rickards, Olga, Lozovskaya, Olga V., Gábor, Olivér, Uldum, Otto Christian, Aurino, Paola, Kosintsev, Pavel, Courtaud, Patrice, Ríos, Patricia, Mortensen, Peder, Lotz, Per, Persson, Per, Bangsgaard, Pernille, de Barros Damgaard, Peter, Vang Petersen, Peter, Martinez, Pilar Prieto, Włodarczak, Piotr, Smolyaninov, Roman V., Maring, Rikke, Menduiña, Roberto, Badalyan, Ruben, Iversen, Rune, Turin, Ruslan, Vasilyev, Sergey, Wåhlin, Sidsel, Borutskaya, Svetlana, Skochina, Svetlana, Sørensen, Søren Anker, Andersen, Søren H., Jørgensen, Thomas, Serikov, Yuri B., Molodin, Vyacheslav I., Smrcka, Vaclav, Merts, Victor, Appadurai, Vivek, Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, Magnusson, Yvonne, Kjær, Kurt H., Lynnerup, Niels, Lawson, Daniel J., Sudmant, Peter H., Rasmussen, Simon, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Durbin, Richard, Nielsen, Rasmus, Delaneau, Olivier, Werge, Thomas, Racimo, Fernando, Kristiansen, Kristian, and Willerslev, Eske

Published
2024
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3. Publisher Correction: Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia

Author

Allentoft, Morten E., Sikora, Martin, Refoyo-Martínez, Alba, Irving-Pease, Evan K., Fischer, Anders, Barrie, William, Ingason, Andrés, Stenderup, Jesper, Sjögren, Karl-Göran, Pearson, Alice, Sousa da Mota, Bárbara, Schulz Paulsson, Bettina, Halgren, Alma, Macleod, Ruairidh, Jørkov, Marie Louise Schjellerup, Demeter, Fabrice, Sørensen, Lasse, Nielsen, Poul Otto, Henriksen, Rasmus A., Vimala, Tharsika, McColl, Hugh, Margaryan, Ashot, Ilardo, Melissa, Vaughn, Andrew, Fischer Mortensen, Morten, Nielsen, Anne Birgitte, Ulfeldt Hede, Mikkel, Johannsen, Niels Nørkjær, Rasmussen, Peter, Vinner, Lasse, Renaud, Gabriel, Stern, Aaron, Jensen, Theis Zetner Trolle, Scorrano, Gabriele, Schroeder, Hannes, Lysdahl, Per, Ramsøe, Abigail Daisy, Skorobogatov, Andrei, Schork, Andrew Joseph, Rosengren, Anders, Ruter, Anthony, Outram, Alan, Timoshenko, Aleksey A., Buzhilova, Alexandra, Coppa, Alfredo, Zubova, Alisa, Silva, Ana Maria, Hansen, Anders J., Gromov, Andrey, Logvin, Andrey, Gotfredsen, Anne Birgitte, Henning Nielsen, Bjarne, González-Rabanal, Borja, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, McKenzie, Catriona J., Gaunitz, Charleen, Blasco, Concepción, Liesau, Corina, Martinez-Labarga, Cristina, Pozdnyakov, Dmitri V., Cuenca-Solana, David, Lordkipanidze, David O., En’shin, Dmitri, Salazar-García, Domingo C., Price, T. Douglas, Borić, Dušan, Kostyleva, Elena, Veselovskaya, Elizaveta V., Usmanova, Emma R., Cappellini, Enrico, Brinch Petersen, Erik, Kannegaard, Esben, Radina, Francesca, Eylem Yediay, Fulya, Duday, Henri, Gutiérrez-Zugasti, Igor, Merts, Ilya, Potekhina, Inna, Shevnina, Irina, Altinkaya, Isin, Guilaine, Jean, Hansen, Jesper, Aura Tortosa, Joan Emili, Zilhão, João, Vega, Jorge, Buck Pedersen, Kristoffer, Tunia, Krzysztof, Zhao, Lei, Mylnikova, Liudmila N., Larsson, Lars, Metz, Laure, Yepiskoposyan, Levon, Pedersen, Lisbeth, Sarti, Lucia, Orlando, Ludovic, Slimak, Ludovic, Klassen, Lutz, Blank, Malou, González-Morales, Manuel, Silvestrini, Mara, Vretemark, Maria, Nesterova, Marina S., Rykun, Marina, Rolfo, Mario Federico, Szmyt, Marzena, Przybyła, Marcin, Calattini, Mauro, Sablin, Mikhail, Dobisíková, Miluše, Meldgaard, Morten, Johansen, Morten, Berezina, Natalia, Card, Nick, Saveliev, Nikolai A., Poshekhonova, Olga, Rickards, Olga, Lozovskaya, Olga V., Gábor, Olivér, Uldum, Otto Christian, Aurino, Paola, Kosintsev, Pavel, Courtaud, Patrice, Ríos, Patricia, Mortensen, Peder, Lotz, Per, Persson, Per, Bangsgaard, Pernille, de Barros Damgaard, Peter, Vang Petersen, Peter, Martinez, Pilar Prieto, Włodarczak, Piotr, Smolyaninov, Roman V., Maring, Rikke, Menduiña, Roberto, Badalyan, Ruben, Iversen, Rune, Turin, Ruslan, Vasilyev, Sergey, Wåhlin, Sidsel, Borutskaya, Svetlana, Skochina, Svetlana, Sørensen, Søren Anker, Andersen, Søren H., Jørgensen, Thomas, Serikov, Yuri B., Molodin, Vyacheslav I., Smrcka, Vaclav, Merts, Victor, Appadurai, Vivek, Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, Magnusson, Yvonne, Kjær, Kurt H., Lynnerup, Niels, Lawson, Daniel J., Sudmant, Peter H., Rasmussen, Simon, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Durbin, Richard, Nielsen, Rasmus, Delaneau, Olivier, Werge, Thomas, Racimo, Fernando, Kristiansen, Kristian, and Willerslev, Eske

Published
2024
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4. Population genomics of the Viking world

Author

Margaryan, Ashot, Lawson, Daniel J, Sikora, Martin, Racimo, Fernando, Rasmussen, Simon, Moltke, Ida, Cassidy, Lara M, Jørsboe, Emil, Ingason, Andrés, Pedersen, Mikkel W, Korneliussen, Thorfinn, Wilhelmson, Helene, Buś, Magdalena M, de Barros Damgaard, Peter, Martiniano, Rui, Renaud, Gabriel, Bhérer, Claude, Moreno-Mayar, J Víctor, Fotakis, Anna K, Allen, Marie, Allmäe, Raili, Molak, Martyna, Cappellini, Enrico, Scorrano, Gabriele, McColl, Hugh, Buzhilova, Alexandra, Fox, Allison, Albrechtsen, Anders, Schütz, Berit, Skar, Birgitte, Arcini, Caroline, Falys, Ceri, Jonson, Charlotte Hedenstierna, Błaszczyk, Dariusz, Pezhemsky, Denis, Turner-Walker, Gordon, Gestsdóttir, Hildur, Lundstrøm, Inge, Gustin, Ingrid, Mainland, Ingrid, Potekhina, Inna, Muntoni, Italo M, Cheng, Jade, Stenderup, Jesper, Ma, Jilong, Gibson, Julie, Peets, Jüri, Gustafsson, Jörgen, Iversen, Katrine H, Simpson, Linzi, Strand, Lisa, Loe, Louise, Sikora, Maeve, Florek, Marek, Vretemark, Maria, Redknap, Mark, Bajka, Monika, Pushkina, Tamara, Søvsø, Morten, Grigoreva, Natalia, Christensen, Tom, Kastholm, Ole, Uldum, Otto, Favia, Pasquale, Holck, Per, Sten, Sabine, Arge, Símun V, Ellingvåg, Sturla, Moiseyev, Vayacheslav, Bogdanowicz, Wiesław, Magnusson, Yvonne, Orlando, Ludovic, Pentz, Peter, Jessen, Mads Dengsø, Pedersen, Anne, Collard, Mark, Bradley, Daniel G, Jørkov, Marie Louise, Arneborg, Jette, Lynnerup, Niels, Price, Neil, Gilbert, M Thomas P, Allentoft, Morten E, Bill, Jan, Sindbæk, Søren M, Hedeager, Lotte, Kristiansen, Kristian, Nielsen, Rasmus, Werge, Thomas, and Willerslev, Eske

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Genetics, History, Heritage and Archaeology, Archaeology, Historical Studies, Human Genome, Underpinning research, 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, Alleles, Datasets as Topic, England, Evolution, Molecular, Gene Flow, Genetics, Population, Genome, Human, Genomics, Greenland, History, Medieval, Human Migration, Humans, Immunity, Ireland, Lactase, Male, Scandinavian and Nordic Countries, Selection, Genetic, Spatio-Temporal Analysis, Young Adult, General Science & Technology
Abstract

The maritime expansion of Scandinavian populations during the Viking Age (about AD 750-1050) was a far-flung transformation in world history1,2. Here we sequenced the genomes of 442 humans from archaeological sites across Europe and Greenland (to a median depth of about 1×) to understand the global influence of this expansion. We find the Viking period involved gene flow into Scandinavia from the south and east. We observe genetic structure within Scandinavia, with diversity hotspots in the south and restricted gene flow within Scandinavia. We find evidence for a major influx of Danish ancestry into England; a Swedish influx into the Baltic; and Norwegian influx into Ireland, Iceland and Greenland. Additionally, we see substantial ancestry from elsewhere in Europe entering Scandinavia during the Viking Age. Our ancient DNA analysis also revealed that a Viking expedition included close family members. By comparing with modern populations, we find that pigmentation-associated loci have undergone strong population differentiation during the past millennium, and trace positively selected loci-including the lactase-persistence allele of LCT and alleles of ANKA that are associated with the immune response-in detail. We conclude that the Viking diaspora was characterized by substantial transregional engagement: distinct populations influenced the genomic makeup of different regions of Europe, and Scandinavia experienced increased contact with the rest of the continent.

Published
2020

5. Early human dispersals within the Americas

Author

Moreno-Mayar, J Víctor, Vinner, Lasse, de Barros Damgaard, Peter, de la Fuente, Constanza, Chan, Jeffrey, Spence, Jeffrey P, Allentoft, Morten E, Vimala, Tharsika, Racimo, Fernando, Pinotti, Thomaz, Rasmussen, Simon, Margaryan, Ashot, Iraeta Orbegozo, Miren, Mylopotamitaki, Dorothea, Wooller, Matthew, Bataille, Clement, Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena, Chivall, David, Comeskey, Daniel, Devièse, Thibaut, Grayson, Donald K, George, Len, Harry, Harold, Alexandersen, Verner, Primeau, Charlotte, Erlandson, Jon, Rodrigues-Carvalho, Claudia, Reis, Silvia, Bastos, Murilo QR, Cybulski, Jerome, Vullo, Carlos, Morello, Flavia, Vilar, Miguel, Wells, Spencer, Gregersen, Kristian, Hansen, Kasper Lykke, Lynnerup, Niels, Mirazón Lahr, Marta, Kjær, Kurt, Strauss, André, Alfonso-Durruty, Marta, Salas, Antonio, Schroeder, Hannes, Higham, Thomas, Malhi, Ripan S, Rasic, Jeffrey T, Souza, Luiz, Santos, Fabricio R, Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo, Sikora, Martin, Nielsen, Rasmus, Song, Yun S, Meltzer, David J, and Willerslev, Eske

Subjects
Clinical Research, Datasets as Topic, Asia, Eastern, Genome, Human, Genomics, Human Migration, Humans, Indians, North American, North America, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Population Dynamics, Siberia, South America, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Studies of the peopling of the Americas have focused on the timing and number of initial migrations. Less attention has been paid to the subsequent spread of people within the Americas. We sequenced 15 ancient human genomes spanning from Alaska to Patagonia; six are ≥10,000 years old (up to ~18× coverage). All are most closely related to Native Americans, including those from an Ancient Beringian individual and two morphologically distinct "Paleoamericans." We found evidence of rapid dispersal and early diversification that included previously unknown groups as people moved south. This resulted in multiple independent, geographically uneven migrations, including one that provides clues of a Late Pleistocene Australasian genetic signal, as well as a later Mesoamerican-related expansion. These led to complex and dynamic population histories from North to South America.

Published
2018

8. 100 ancient genomes show repeated population turnovers in Neolithic Denmark

Author

Allentoft, Morten E., Sikora, Martin, Fischer, Anders, Sjögren, Karl Göran, Ingason, Andrés, Macleod, Ruairidh, Rosengren, Anders, Schulz Paulsson, Bettina, Jørkov, Marie Louise Schjellerup, Novosolov, Maria, Stenderup, Jesper, Price, T. Douglas, Fischer Mortensen, Morten, Nielsen, Anne Birgitte, Ulfeldt Hede, Mikkel, Sørensen, Lasse, Nielsen, Poul Otto, Rasmussen, Peter, Jensen, Theis Zetner Trolle, Refoyo-Martínez, Alba, Irving-Pease, Evan K., Barrie, William, Pearson, Alice, Sousa da Mota, Bárbara, Demeter, Fabrice, Henriksen, Rasmus A., Vimala, Tharsika, McColl, Hugh, Vaughn, Andrew, Vinner, Lasse, Renaud, Gabriel, Stern, Aaron, Johannsen, Niels Nørkjær, Ramsøe, Abigail Daisy, Schork, Andrew Joseph, Ruter, Anthony, Gotfredsen, Anne Birgitte, Henning Nielsen, Bjarne, Brinch Petersen, Erik, Kannegaard, Esben, Hansen, Jesper, Buck Pedersen, Kristoffer, Pedersen, Lisbeth, Klassen, Lutz, Meldgaard, Morten, Johansen, Morten, Uldum, Otto Christian, Lotz, Per, Lysdahl, Per, Bangsgaard, Pernille, Petersen, Peter Vang, Maring, Rikke, Iversen, Rune, Wåhlin, Sidsel, Anker Sørensen, Søren, Andersen, Søren H., Jørgensen, Thomas, Lynnerup, Niels, Lawson, Daniel J., Rasmussen, Simon, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Kjær, Kurt H., Durbin, Richard, Nielsen, Rasmus, Delaneau, Olivier, Werge, Thomas, Kristiansen, Kristian, Willerslev, Eske, Allentoft, Morten E., Sikora, Martin, Fischer, Anders, Sjögren, Karl Göran, Ingason, Andrés, Macleod, Ruairidh, Rosengren, Anders, Schulz Paulsson, Bettina, Jørkov, Marie Louise Schjellerup, Novosolov, Maria, Stenderup, Jesper, Price, T. Douglas, Fischer Mortensen, Morten, Nielsen, Anne Birgitte, Ulfeldt Hede, Mikkel, Sørensen, Lasse, Nielsen, Poul Otto, Rasmussen, Peter, Jensen, Theis Zetner Trolle, Refoyo-Martínez, Alba, Irving-Pease, Evan K., Barrie, William, Pearson, Alice, Sousa da Mota, Bárbara, Demeter, Fabrice, Henriksen, Rasmus A., Vimala, Tharsika, McColl, Hugh, Vaughn, Andrew, Vinner, Lasse, Renaud, Gabriel, Stern, Aaron, Johannsen, Niels Nørkjær, Ramsøe, Abigail Daisy, Schork, Andrew Joseph, Ruter, Anthony, Gotfredsen, Anne Birgitte, Henning Nielsen, Bjarne, Brinch Petersen, Erik, Kannegaard, Esben, Hansen, Jesper, Buck Pedersen, Kristoffer, Pedersen, Lisbeth, Klassen, Lutz, Meldgaard, Morten, Johansen, Morten, Uldum, Otto Christian, Lotz, Per, Lysdahl, Per, Bangsgaard, Pernille, Petersen, Peter Vang, Maring, Rikke, Iversen, Rune, Wåhlin, Sidsel, Anker Sørensen, Søren, Andersen, Søren H., Jørgensen, Thomas, Lynnerup, Niels, Lawson, Daniel J., Rasmussen, Simon, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Kjær, Kurt H., Durbin, Richard, Nielsen, Rasmus, Delaneau, Olivier, Werge, Thomas, Kristiansen, Kristian, and Willerslev, Eske

Abstract

Major migration events in Holocene Eurasia have been characterized genetically at broad regional scales1–4. However, insights into the population dynamics in the contact zones are hampered by a lack of ancient genomic data sampled at high spatiotemporal resolution5–7. Here, to address this, we analysed shotgun-sequenced genomes from 100 skeletons spanning 7,300 years of the Mesolithic period, Neolithic period and Early Bronze Age in Denmark and integrated these with proxies for diet (13C and 15N content), mobility (87Sr/86Sr ratio) and vegetation cover (pollen). We observe that Danish Mesolithic individuals of the Maglemose, Kongemose and Ertebølle cultures form a distinct genetic cluster related to other Western European hunter-gatherers. Despite shifts in material culture they displayed genetic homogeneity from around 10,500 to 5,900 calibrated years before present, when Neolithic farmers with Anatolian-derived ancestry arrived. Although the Neolithic transition was delayed by more than a millennium relative to Central Europe, it was very abrupt and resulted in a population turnover with limited genetic contribution from local hunter-gatherers. The succeeding Neolithic population, associated with the Funnel Beaker culture, persisted for only about 1,000 years before immigrants with eastern Steppe-derived ancestry arrived. This second and equally rapid population replacement gave rise to the Single Grave culture with an ancestry profile more similar to present-day Danes. In our multiproxy dataset, these major demographic events are manifested as parallel shifts in genotype, phenotype, diet and land use.

Published
2024

9. Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia

Author

Lundbeck Foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Carlsberg Foundation, Danish National Research Foundation, University of Copenhagen, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Swedish Foundation for Humanities and Social Sciences, Villum Fonden, Independent Research Fund Denmark, Hanne and Torkel Weis-Fogh Fund, Wellcome, Swiss National Science Foundation, European Research Council, Aarhus University Research Foundation, Ministry of Education and Science (Kazakhstan), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Generalitat Valenciana, Nomis Foundation, European Commission, Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sports of the Republic of Armenia, National Institute of General Medical Sciences (US), Sikora, Martin [0000-0003-2818-8319], Lalueza-Fox, Carles [0000-0002-1730-5914], Allentoft, Morten, Sikora, Martin, Refoyo-Martínez, Alba, Irving-Pease, Evan K., Fischer, Anders, Barrie, William, Ingason, Andrés, Stenderup, Jesper, Sjögren, Karl-Göran, Pearson, Alice, Mota, Bárbara Sousa da, Schulz Paulsson, Bettina, Halgren, Alma, Macleod, Ruairidh, Jørkov, Marie Louise S., Demeter, Fabrice, Sørensen, Lasse, Nielsen, Poul Otto, Henriksen, Rasmus A., Vimala, Tharsika, McColl, Hugh, Margaryan, Ashot, Ilardo, Melissa, Vaughn, Andrew, Fischer Mortensen, Morten, Nielsen, Anne Birgitte, Ulfeldt Hede, Mikkel, Johannsen, Niels Nørkjær, Rasmussen, Peter, Vinner, Lasse, Renaud, Gabriel, Stern, Aaron, Trolle Jensen, Theis Zetner, Scorrano, Gabriele, Schroeder, Hannes, Lysdahl, Per, Ramsøe, Abigail Daisy, Skorobogatov, Andrei, Schork, Andrew Joseph, Rosengren, Anders, Ruter, Anthony, Outram, Alan, Timoshenko, Aleksey A., Buzhilova, Alexandra, Coppa, Alfredo, Zubova, Alisa, Silva, Ana María, Hansen, Anders J., Gromov, Andrey, Logvin, Andrey, Gotfredsen, Anne Birgitte, Nielsen, Bjarne Henning, González-Rabanal, Borja, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, McKenzie, Catriona J., Gaunitz, Charleen, Blasco, Concepción, Liesau, Corina, Martínez-Labarga, Cristina, Pozdnyakov, Dmitri V., Cuenca-Solana, David, Lordkipanidze, David O., En’shin, Dmitri, Salazar García, Domingo Carlos, Price, T. Douglas, Borić, Dušan, Kostyleva, Elena, Veselovskaya, Elizaveta V., Usmanova, Emma R., Cappellini, Enrico, Petersen, Erik Brinch, Kannegaard, Esben, Radina, Francesca, Yediay, Fulya Eylem, Duday, Henri, Gutiérrez-Zugasti, Igor, Merts, Ilya, Potekhina, Inna, Shevnina, Irina, Altinkaya, Isin, Guilaine, Jean, Hansen, Jesper, Aura Tortosa, Joan Emili, Zilhão, João, Vega, Jorge, Pedersen, Kristoffer Buck, Tunia, Krzysztof, Zhao, Lei, Mylnikova, Liudmila N., Larsson, Lars, Metz, Laure, Yepiskoposyan, Levon, Pedersen, Lisbeth, Sarti, Lucia, Orlando, Ludovic, Slimak, Ludovic, Klassen, Lutz, Blank, Malou, González-Morales, Manuel, Silvestrini, Mara, Vretemark, Maria, Nesterova, Marina S., Rykun, Marina, Rolfo, Mario Federico, Szmyt, Marzena, Przybyła, Marcin, Calattini, Mauro, Sablin, Mikhail, Dobisíková, Miluše, Meldgaard, Morten, Johansen, Morten, Berezina, Natalia, Card, Nick, Saveliev, Nikolai A., Poshekhonova, Olga, Rickards, Olga, Lozovskaya, Olga V., Gábor, Olivér, Uldum, Otto Christian, Aurino, Paola, Kosintsev, Pavel, Courtaud, Patrice, Ríos, Patricia, Mortensen, Peder, Lotz, Per, Persson, Per, Bangsgaard, Pernille, Barros Damgaard, Peter de, Petersen, Peter Vang, Prieto Martínez, Pilar, Włodarczak, Piotr, Smolyaninov, Roman V., Maring, Rikke, Menduiña, Roberto, Badalyan, Ruben, Iversen, Rune, Turin, Ruslan, Vasilyev, Sergey, Wåhlin, Sidsel, Borutskaya, Svetlana, Skochina, Svetlana, Sørensen, Søren Anker, Andersen, Søren H., Jørgensen, Thomas, Serikov, Yuri B., Molodin, Vyacheslav I., Smrcka, Vaclav, Merts, Victor, Appadurai, Vivek, Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, Magnusson, Yvonne, Kjær, Kurt H., Lynnerup, Niels, Lawson, Daniel J., Sudmant, Peter H., Rasmussen, Simon, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Durbin, Richard, Nielsen, Rasmus, Delaneau, Olivier, Werge, Thomas, Racimo, Fernando, Kristiansen, Kristian, Willerslev, Eske, Lundbeck Foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Carlsberg Foundation, Danish National Research Foundation, University of Copenhagen, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Swedish Foundation for Humanities and Social Sciences, Villum Fonden, Independent Research Fund Denmark, Hanne and Torkel Weis-Fogh Fund, Wellcome, Swiss National Science Foundation, European Research Council, Aarhus University Research Foundation, Ministry of Education and Science (Kazakhstan), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Generalitat Valenciana, Nomis Foundation, European Commission, Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sports of the Republic of Armenia, National Institute of General Medical Sciences (US), Sikora, Martin [0000-0003-2818-8319], Lalueza-Fox, Carles [0000-0002-1730-5914], Allentoft, Morten, Sikora, Martin, Refoyo-Martínez, Alba, Irving-Pease, Evan K., Fischer, Anders, Barrie, William, Ingason, Andrés, Stenderup, Jesper, Sjögren, Karl-Göran, Pearson, Alice, Mota, Bárbara Sousa da, Schulz Paulsson, Bettina, Halgren, Alma, Macleod, Ruairidh, Jørkov, Marie Louise S., Demeter, Fabrice, Sørensen, Lasse, Nielsen, Poul Otto, Henriksen, Rasmus A., Vimala, Tharsika, McColl, Hugh, Margaryan, Ashot, Ilardo, Melissa, Vaughn, Andrew, Fischer Mortensen, Morten, Nielsen, Anne Birgitte, Ulfeldt Hede, Mikkel, Johannsen, Niels Nørkjær, Rasmussen, Peter, Vinner, Lasse, Renaud, Gabriel, Stern, Aaron, Trolle Jensen, Theis Zetner, Scorrano, Gabriele, Schroeder, Hannes, Lysdahl, Per, Ramsøe, Abigail Daisy, Skorobogatov, Andrei, Schork, Andrew Joseph, Rosengren, Anders, Ruter, Anthony, Outram, Alan, Timoshenko, Aleksey A., Buzhilova, Alexandra, Coppa, Alfredo, Zubova, Alisa, Silva, Ana María, Hansen, Anders J., Gromov, Andrey, Logvin, Andrey, Gotfredsen, Anne Birgitte, Nielsen, Bjarne Henning, González-Rabanal, Borja, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, McKenzie, Catriona J., Gaunitz, Charleen, Blasco, Concepción, Liesau, Corina, Martínez-Labarga, Cristina, Pozdnyakov, Dmitri V., Cuenca-Solana, David, Lordkipanidze, David O., En’shin, Dmitri, Salazar García, Domingo Carlos, Price, T. Douglas, Borić, Dušan, Kostyleva, Elena, Veselovskaya, Elizaveta V., Usmanova, Emma R., Cappellini, Enrico, Petersen, Erik Brinch, Kannegaard, Esben, Radina, Francesca, Yediay, Fulya Eylem, Duday, Henri, Gutiérrez-Zugasti, Igor, Merts, Ilya, Potekhina, Inna, Shevnina, Irina, Altinkaya, Isin, Guilaine, Jean, Hansen, Jesper, Aura Tortosa, Joan Emili, Zilhão, João, Vega, Jorge, Pedersen, Kristoffer Buck, Tunia, Krzysztof, Zhao, Lei, Mylnikova, Liudmila N., Larsson, Lars, Metz, Laure, Yepiskoposyan, Levon, Pedersen, Lisbeth, Sarti, Lucia, Orlando, Ludovic, Slimak, Ludovic, Klassen, Lutz, Blank, Malou, González-Morales, Manuel, Silvestrini, Mara, Vretemark, Maria, Nesterova, Marina S., Rykun, Marina, Rolfo, Mario Federico, Szmyt, Marzena, Przybyła, Marcin, Calattini, Mauro, Sablin, Mikhail, Dobisíková, Miluše, Meldgaard, Morten, Johansen, Morten, Berezina, Natalia, Card, Nick, Saveliev, Nikolai A., Poshekhonova, Olga, Rickards, Olga, Lozovskaya, Olga V., Gábor, Olivér, Uldum, Otto Christian, Aurino, Paola, Kosintsev, Pavel, Courtaud, Patrice, Ríos, Patricia, Mortensen, Peder, Lotz, Per, Persson, Per, Bangsgaard, Pernille, Barros Damgaard, Peter de, Petersen, Peter Vang, Prieto Martínez, Pilar, Włodarczak, Piotr, Smolyaninov, Roman V., Maring, Rikke, Menduiña, Roberto, Badalyan, Ruben, Iversen, Rune, Turin, Ruslan, Vasilyev, Sergey, Wåhlin, Sidsel, Borutskaya, Svetlana, Skochina, Svetlana, Sørensen, Søren Anker, Andersen, Søren H., Jørgensen, Thomas, Serikov, Yuri B., Molodin, Vyacheslav I., Smrcka, Vaclav, Merts, Victor, Appadurai, Vivek, Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, Magnusson, Yvonne, Kjær, Kurt H., Lynnerup, Niels, Lawson, Daniel J., Sudmant, Peter H., Rasmussen, Simon, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Durbin, Richard, Nielsen, Rasmus, Delaneau, Olivier, Werge, Thomas, Racimo, Fernando, Kristiansen, Kristian, and Willerslev, Eske

Abstract

Western Eurasia witnessed several large-scale human migrations during the Holocene1,2,3,4,5. Here, to investigate the cross-continental effects of these migrations, we shotgun-sequenced 317 genomes—mainly from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods—from across northern and western Eurasia. These were imputed alongside published data to obtain diploid genotypes from more than 1,600 ancient humans. Our analyses revealed a ‘great divide’ genomic boundary extending from the Black Sea to the Baltic. Mesolithic hunter-gatherers were highly genetically differentiated east and west of this zone, and the effect of the neolithization was equally disparate. Large-scale ancestry shifts occurred in the west as farming was introduced, including near-total replacement of hunter-gatherers in many areas, whereas no substantial ancestry shifts happened east of the zone during the same period. Similarly, relatedness decreased in the west from the Neolithic transition onwards, whereas, east of the Urals, relatedness remained high until around 4,000 BP, consistent with the persistence of localized groups of hunter-gatherers. The boundary dissolved when Yamnaya-related ancestry spread across western Eurasia around 5,000 BP, resulting in a second major turnover that reached most parts of Europe within a 1,000-year span. The genetic origin and fate of the Yamnaya have remained elusive, but we show that hunter-gatherers from the Middle Don region contributed ancestry to them. Yamnaya groups later admixed with individuals associated with the Globular Amphora culture before expanding into Europe. Similar turnovers occurred in western Siberia, where we report new genomic data from a ‘Neolithic steppe’ cline spanning the Siberian forest steppe to Lake Baikal. These prehistoric migrations had profound and lasting effects on the genetic diversity of Eurasian populations.

Published
2024

10. Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia

Author

Allentoft, Morten, Sikora, Martin, Refoyo-Martínez, Alba, Irving-Pease, Evan, Fischer, Anders, Barrie, William, Ingason, Andrés, Stenderup, Jesper, Sjögren, Karl-Göran, Pearson, Alice, Sousa da Mota, Bárbara, Schulz Paulsson, Bettina, Halgren, Alma, Macleod, Ruairidh, Schjellerup Jørkov, Marie Louise, Demeter, Fabrice, Sørensen, Lasse, Nielsen, Poul Otto, Henriksen, Rasmus, Vimala, Tharsika, McColl, Hugh, Margaryan, Ashot, Ilardo, Melissa, Vaughn, Andrew, Mortensen, Morten Fischer, Nielsen, Anne Birgitte, Ulfeldt Hede, Mikkel, Johannsen, Niels Nørkjær, Rasmussen, Peter, Vinner, Lasse, Renaud, Gabriel, Stern, Aaron, Jensen, Theis, Scorrano, Gabriele, Schroeder, Hannes, Lysdahl, Per, Ramsøe, Abigail Daisy, Skorobogatov, Andrei, Schork, Andrew Joseph, Rosengren, Anders, Ruter, Anthony, Outram, Alan, Timoshenko, Aleksey, Buzhilova, Alexandra, Coppa, Alfredo, Zubova, Alisa, Silva, Ana Maria, Hansen, Anders, Gromov, Andrey, Logvin, Andrey, Gotfredsen, Anne Birgitte, Nielsen, Bjarne Henning, González-Rabanal, Borja, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, McKenzie, Catriona, Gaunitz, Charleen, Blasco, Concepción, Liesau, Corina, Martinez-Labarga, Cristina, Pozdnyakov, Dmitri, Cuenca-Solana, David, Lordkipanidze, David, En’shin, Dmitri, Salazar-García, Domingo, Price, Douglas, Borić, Dušan, Kostyleva, Elena, Veselovskaya, Elizaveta, Usmanova, Emma, Cappellini, Enrico, Petersen, Erik Brinch, Kannegaard, Esben, Radina, Francesca, Yediay, Fulya Eylem, Duday, Henri, Gutiérrez-Zugasti, Igor, Merts, Ilya, Potekhina, Inna, Shevnina, Irina, Altinkaya, Isin, Guilaine, Jean, Hansen, Jesper, Aura Tortosa, Joan Emili, Zilhão, João, Vega, Jorge, Buck Pedersen, Kristoffer, Tunia, Krzysztof, Zhao, Lei, Mylnikova, Liudmila, Larsson, Lars, Metz, Laure, Yepiskoposyan, Levon, Pedersen, Lisbeth, Sarti, Lucia, Orlando, Ludovic, Slimak, Ludovic, Klassen, Lutz, Blank, Malou, González-Morales, Manuel, Silvestrini, Mara, Vretemark, Maria, Nesterova, Marina, Rykun, Marina, Rolfo, Mario Federico, Szmyt, Marzena, Przybyła, Marcin, Calattini, Mauro, Sablin, Mikhail, Dobisíková, Miluše, Meldgaard, Morten, Johansen, Morten, Berezina, Natalia, Card, Nick, Saveliev, Nikolai, Poshekhonova, Olga, Rickards, Olga, Lozovskaya, Olga, Gábor, Olivér, Uldum, Otto Christian, Aurino, Paola, Kosintsev, Pavel, Courtaud, Patrice, Ríos, Patricia, Mortensen, Peder, Lotz, Per, Persson, Per, Bangsgaard, Pernille, Damgaard, Peter de Barros, Petersen, Peter Vang, Prieto Martínez, Pilar, Włodarczak, Piotr, Smolyaninov, Roman, Maring, Rikke, Menduiña, Roberto, Badalyan, Ruben, Iversen, Rune, Turin, Ruslan, Vasilyev, Sergey, Wåhlin, Sidsel, Borutskaya, Svetlana, Skochina, Svetlana, Sørensen, Søren Anker, Andersen, Søren, Jørgensen, Thomas, Serikov, Yuri, Molodin, Vyacheslav, Smrcka, Vaclav, Merts, Victor, Appadurai, Vivek, Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, Magnusson,Yvonne, Kjær, Kurt, Lynnerup, Niels, Lawson, Daniel, Sudmant, Peter, Rasmussen, Simon, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Durbin, Richard, Nielsen, Rasmus, Delanea, Olivier, Werge, Thomas, Racimo, Fernando, Kristiansen, Kristian, Willerslev, Eske, Allentoft, Morten, Sikora, Martin, Refoyo-Martínez, Alba, Irving-Pease, Evan, Fischer, Anders, Barrie, William, Ingason, Andrés, Stenderup, Jesper, Sjögren, Karl-Göran, Pearson, Alice, Sousa da Mota, Bárbara, Schulz Paulsson, Bettina, Halgren, Alma, Macleod, Ruairidh, Schjellerup Jørkov, Marie Louise, Demeter, Fabrice, Sørensen, Lasse, Nielsen, Poul Otto, Henriksen, Rasmus, Vimala, Tharsika, McColl, Hugh, Margaryan, Ashot, Ilardo, Melissa, Vaughn, Andrew, Mortensen, Morten Fischer, Nielsen, Anne Birgitte, Ulfeldt Hede, Mikkel, Johannsen, Niels Nørkjær, Rasmussen, Peter, Vinner, Lasse, Renaud, Gabriel, Stern, Aaron, Jensen, Theis, Scorrano, Gabriele, Schroeder, Hannes, Lysdahl, Per, Ramsøe, Abigail Daisy, Skorobogatov, Andrei, Schork, Andrew Joseph, Rosengren, Anders, Ruter, Anthony, Outram, Alan, Timoshenko, Aleksey, Buzhilova, Alexandra, Coppa, Alfredo, Zubova, Alisa, Silva, Ana Maria, Hansen, Anders, Gromov, Andrey, Logvin, Andrey, Gotfredsen, Anne Birgitte, Nielsen, Bjarne Henning, González-Rabanal, Borja, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, McKenzie, Catriona, Gaunitz, Charleen, Blasco, Concepción, Liesau, Corina, Martinez-Labarga, Cristina, Pozdnyakov, Dmitri, Cuenca-Solana, David, Lordkipanidze, David, En’shin, Dmitri, Salazar-García, Domingo, Price, Douglas, Borić, Dušan, Kostyleva, Elena, Veselovskaya, Elizaveta, Usmanova, Emma, Cappellini, Enrico, Petersen, Erik Brinch, Kannegaard, Esben, Radina, Francesca, Yediay, Fulya Eylem, Duday, Henri, Gutiérrez-Zugasti, Igor, Merts, Ilya, Potekhina, Inna, Shevnina, Irina, Altinkaya, Isin, Guilaine, Jean, Hansen, Jesper, Aura Tortosa, Joan Emili, Zilhão, João, Vega, Jorge, Buck Pedersen, Kristoffer, Tunia, Krzysztof, Zhao, Lei, Mylnikova, Liudmila, Larsson, Lars, Metz, Laure, Yepiskoposyan, Levon, Pedersen, Lisbeth, Sarti, Lucia, Orlando, Ludovic, Slimak, Ludovic, Klassen, Lutz, Blank, Malou, González-Morales, Manuel, Silvestrini, Mara, Vretemark, Maria, Nesterova, Marina, Rykun, Marina, Rolfo, Mario Federico, Szmyt, Marzena, Przybyła, Marcin, Calattini, Mauro, Sablin, Mikhail, Dobisíková, Miluše, Meldgaard, Morten, Johansen, Morten, Berezina, Natalia, Card, Nick, Saveliev, Nikolai, Poshekhonova, Olga, Rickards, Olga, Lozovskaya, Olga, Gábor, Olivér, Uldum, Otto Christian, Aurino, Paola, Kosintsev, Pavel, Courtaud, Patrice, Ríos, Patricia, Mortensen, Peder, Lotz, Per, Persson, Per, Bangsgaard, Pernille, Damgaard, Peter de Barros, Petersen, Peter Vang, Prieto Martínez, Pilar, Włodarczak, Piotr, Smolyaninov, Roman, Maring, Rikke, Menduiña, Roberto, Badalyan, Ruben, Iversen, Rune, Turin, Ruslan, Vasilyev, Sergey, Wåhlin, Sidsel, Borutskaya, Svetlana, Skochina, Svetlana, Sørensen, Søren Anker, Andersen, Søren, Jørgensen, Thomas, Serikov, Yuri, Molodin, Vyacheslav, Smrcka, Vaclav, Merts, Victor, Appadurai, Vivek, Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, Magnusson,Yvonne, Kjær, Kurt, Lynnerup, Niels, Lawson, Daniel, Sudmant, Peter, Rasmussen, Simon, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Durbin, Richard, Nielsen, Rasmus, Delanea, Olivier, Werge, Thomas, Racimo, Fernando, Kristiansen, Kristian, and Willerslev, Eske

Abstract

Western Eurasia witnessed several large-scale human migrations during the Holocene1–5. Here, to investigate the cross-continental effects of these migrations, we shotgun-sequenced 317 genomes—mainly from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods— from across northern and western Eurasia. These were imputed alongside published data to obtain diploid genotypes from more than 1,600 ancient humans. Our analyses revealed a ‘great divide’ genomic boundary extending from the Black Sea to the Baltic. Mesolithic hunter-gatherers were highly genetically differentiated east and west of this zone, and the effect of the neolithization was equally disparate. Large-scale ancestry shifts occurred in the west as farming was introduced, including near-total replacement of hunter-gatherers in many areas, whereas no substantial ancestry shifts happened east of the zone during the same period. Similarly, relatedness decreased in the west from the Neolithic transition onwards, whereas, east of the Urals, relatedness remained high until around 4,000 bp, consistent with the persistence of localized groups of hunter-gatherers. The boundary dissolved when Yamnaya-related ancestry spread across western Eurasia around 5,000 bp, resulting in a second major turnover that reached most parts of Europe within a 1,000-year span. The genetic origin and fate of the Yamnaya have remained elusive, but we show that hunter-gatherers from the Middle Don region contributed ancestry to them. Yamnaya groups later admixed with individuals associated with the Globular Amphora culture before expanding into Europe. Similar turnovers occurred in western Siberia, where we report new genomic data from a ‘Neolithic steppe’ cline spanning the Siberian forest steppe to Lake Baikal. These prehistoric migrations had profound and lasting effects on the genetic diversity of Eurasian populations.

Published
2024

11. Age Estimation in the Deceased

Author

Larsen, Sara Tangmose, Villa, Chiara, Jørkov, Marie Louise, Lynnerup, Niels, Larsen, Sara Tangmose, Villa, Chiara, Jørkov, Marie Louise, and Lynnerup, Niels

Abstract

This Chapter discusses methods for assessing age in deceased individuals in different stages of preservation. In a medicolegal setting, the remains of a deceased individual may range from a small amount of material, e.g. a single tooth, to a well-preserved unidentified body. Hence, several methods covering this spectrum exist. Even though an age assessment is somewhat more reliable in sub-adults than adults, an assessment of age cannot be obtained with high accuracy and should be given as a range. In this chapter, a large range of methods for age estimation in the deceased will be described including observational and destructive procedures as well as imaging modalities. Moreover, newer methods such as DNA methylation will be mentioned.

Published
2024

13. Age assessment in unaccompanied minors:assessing uniformity of protocols across Europe

Author

Cummaudo, Marco, Obertova, Zuzana, Lynnerup, Niels, Petaros, Anja, de Boer, Hans, Baccino, Eric, Steyn, Maryna, Cunha, Eugenia, Ross, Ann, Adalian, Pascal, Kranioti, Elena, Fracasso, Tony, Ferreira, Maria Teresa, Lefèvre, Philippe, Tambuzzi, Stefano, Peckitt, Robin, Campobasso, Carlo Pietro, Ekizoglu, Oguzhan, De Angelis, Danilo, Cattaneo, Cristina, Cummaudo, Marco, Obertova, Zuzana, Lynnerup, Niels, Petaros, Anja, de Boer, Hans, Baccino, Eric, Steyn, Maryna, Cunha, Eugenia, Ross, Ann, Adalian, Pascal, Kranioti, Elena, Fracasso, Tony, Ferreira, Maria Teresa, Lefèvre, Philippe, Tambuzzi, Stefano, Peckitt, Robin, Campobasso, Carlo Pietro, Ekizoglu, Oguzhan, De Angelis, Danilo, and Cattaneo, Cristina

Abstract

Age assessment of migrants is crucial, particularly for unaccompanied foreign minors, a population facing legal, social, and humanitarian challenges. Despite existing guidelines, there is no unified protocol in Europe for age assessment. The Forensic Anthropology Society of Europe (FASE) conducted a comprehensive questionnaire to understand age estimation practices in Europe. The questionnaire had sections focusing on the professional background of respondents, annual assessment numbers, requesting parties and reasons, types of examinations conducted (e.g., physical, radiological), followed protocols, age estimation methods, and questions on how age estimates are reported. The questionnaire's findings reveal extensive engagement of the forensic community in age assessment in the living, emphasizing multidisciplinary approaches. However, there seems to be an incomplete appreciation of AGFAD guidelines. Commonalities exist in examination methodologies and imaging tests. However, discrepancies emerged among respondents regarding sexual maturity assessment and reporting assessment results. Given the increasing importance of age assessment, especially for migrant child protection, the study stresses the need for a unified protocol across European countries. This can only be achieved if EU Member States wholeheartedly embrace the fundamental principles outlined in EU Directives and conduct medical age assessments aligned with recognized standards such as the AGFAD guidelines.

Published
2024

14. Forensic age estimation of the knee by post-mortem DR, CT, and MR imaging:a comparative study

Author

Khatam-Lashgari, Apameh, Harving, Mette Lønstrup, Villa, Chiara, Lynnerup, Niels, Larsen, Sara Tangmose, Khatam-Lashgari, Apameh, Harving, Mette Lønstrup, Villa, Chiara, Lynnerup, Niels, and Larsen, Sara Tangmose

Abstract

It is believed by many that reference data for age estimation purposes must be imaging-modality specific. A study from our department has however proven otherwise. We therefore found it interesting to investigate this further by looking at the level of agreement between different imaging modalities. The aim of this study was to investigate the level of agreement between the three radiological modalities, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and digital radiography (DR), in assessing the ossification of the epiphyses of the knee. A total of 34 deceased individuals of 10–25 years of age, brought in for a medicolegal autopsy at our department, were scanned by CT, MRI, and DR. The ossification stages of the three bones of the right knee, distal femoral, proximal tibial, and proximal fibular epiphysis were assessed using the established combined staging method by Schmeling et al. and Kellinghaus et al. Analysis of the results by Cohen’s weighted kappa showed a good agreement between CT and DR (K = 0.61–0.70), and MRI and DR (K = 0.68–0.79) but only moderate agreement between CT and MRI (K = 0.55–0.57). This leads us to conclude that different radiological images cannot be used interchangeably for age estimation purposes, so reference material needs to be imaging-modality specific. However, to make a more general conclusion research on a larger population is needed.

Published
2024

17. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia

Author

Allentoft, Morten E, Sikora, Martin, Sjögren, Karl-Göran, Rasmussen, Simon, Rasmussen, Morten, Stenderup, Jesper, Damgaard, Peter B, Schroeder, Hannes, Ahlström, Torbjörn, Vinner, Lasse, Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo, Margaryan, Ashot, Higham, Tom, Chivall, David, Lynnerup, Niels, Harvig, Lise, Baron, Justyna, Casa, Philippe Della, Dąbrowski, Paweł, Duffy, Paul R, Ebel, Alexander V, Epimakhov, Andrey, Frei, Karin, Furmanek, Mirosław, Gralak, Tomasz, Gromov, Andrey, Gronkiewicz, Stanisław, Grupe, Gisela, Hajdu, Tamás, Jarysz, Radosław, Khartanovich, Valeri, Khokhlov, Alexandr, Kiss, Viktória, Kolář, Jan, Kriiska, Aivar, Lasak, Irena, Longhi, Cristina, McGlynn, George, Merkevicius, Algimantas, Merkyte, Inga, Metspalu, Mait, Mkrtchyan, Ruzan, Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, Paja, László, Pálfi, György, Pokutta, Dalia, Pospieszny, Łukasz, Price, T Douglas, Saag, Lehti, Sablin, Mikhail, Shishlina, Natalia, Smrčka, Václav, Soenov, Vasilii I, Szeverényi, Vajk, Tóth, Gusztáv, Trifanova, Synaru V, Varul, Liivi, Vicze, Magdolna, Yepiskoposyan, Levon, Zhitenev, Vladislav, Orlando, Ludovic, Sicheritz-Pontén, Thomas, Brunak, Søren, Nielsen, Rasmus, Kristiansen, Kristian, and Willerslev, Eske

Subjects
History, Heritage and Archaeology, Human Society, Archaeology, Historical Studies, Anthropology, Asia, Asian People, Cultural Evolution, DNA, Europe, Fossils, Gene Frequency, Genetics, Population, Genome, Human, Genomics, History, Ancient, Human Migration, Humans, Lactose Intolerance, Language, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Skin Pigmentation, White People, General Science & Technology
Abstract

The Bronze Age of Eurasia (around 3000-1000 BC) was a period of major cultural changes. However, there is debate about whether these changes resulted from the circulation of ideas or from human migrations, potentially also facilitating the spread of languages and certain phenotypic traits. We investigated this by using new, improved methods to sequence low-coverage genomes from 101 ancient humans from across Eurasia. We show that the Bronze Age was a highly dynamic period involving large-scale population migrations and replacements, responsible for shaping major parts of present-day demographic structure in both Europe and Asia. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesized spread of Indo-European languages during the Early Bronze Age. We also demonstrate that light skin pigmentation in Europeans was already present at high frequency in the Bronze Age, but not lactose tolerance, indicating a more recent onset of positive selection on lactose tolerance than previously thought.

Published
2015

18. The genetic prehistory of the New World Arctic

Author

Raghavan, Maanasa, DeGiorgio, Michael, Albrechtsen, Anders, Moltke, Ida, Skoglund, Pontus, Korneliussen, Thorfinn S, Grønnow, Bjarne, Appelt, Martin, Gulløv, Hans Christian, Friesen, T Max, Fitzhugh, William, Malmström, Helena, Rasmussen, Simon, Olsen, Jesper, Melchior, Linea, Fuller, Benjamin T, Fahrni, Simon M, Stafford, Thomas, Grimes, Vaughan, Renouf, MA Priscilla, Cybulski, Jerome, Lynnerup, Niels, Lahr, Marta Mirazon, Britton, Kate, Knecht, Rick, Arneborg, Jette, Metspalu, Mait, Cornejo, Omar E, Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo, Wang, Yong, Rasmussen, Morten, Raghavan, Vibha, Hansen, Thomas VO, Khusnutdinova, Elza, Pierre, Tracey, Dneprovsky, Kirill, Andreasen, Claus, Lange, Hans, Hayes, M Geoffrey, Coltrain, Joan, Spitsyn, Victor A, Götherström, Anders, Orlando, Ludovic, Kivisild, Toomas, Villems, Richard, Crawford, Michael H, Nielsen, Finn C, Dissing, Jørgen, Heinemeier, Jan, Meldgaard, Morten, Bustamante, Carlos, O'Rourke, Dennis H, Jakobsson, Mattias, Gilbert, M Thomas P, Nielsen, Rasmus, and Willerslev, Eske

Subjects
Genetics, Alaska, Arctic Regions, Base Sequence, Bone and Bones, Canada, DNA, Mitochondrial, Genome, Human, Greenland, Hair, History, Ancient, Human Migration, Humans, Inuit, Molecular Sequence Data, Siberia, Survivors, Tooth, General Science & Technology
Abstract

The New World Arctic, the last region of the Americas to be populated by humans, has a relatively well-researched archaeology, but an understanding of its genetic history is lacking. We present genome-wide sequence data from ancient and present-day humans from Greenland, Arctic Canada, Alaska, Aleutian Islands, and Siberia. We show that Paleo-Eskimos (~3000 BCE to 1300 CE) represent a migration pulse into the Americas independent of both Native American and Inuit expansions. Furthermore, the genetic continuity characterizing the Paleo-Eskimo period was interrupted by the arrival of a new population, representing the ancestors of present-day Inuit, with evidence of past gene flow between these lineages. Despite periodic abandonment of major Arctic regions, a single Paleo-Eskimo metapopulation likely survived in near-isolation for more than 4000 years, only to vanish around 700 years ago.

Published
2014

21. Ancient human parvovirus B19 in Eurasia reveals its long-term association with humans

Author

Mühlemann, Barbara, Margaryan, Ashot, de Barros Damgaard, Peter, Allentoft, Morten E., Vinner, Lasse, Hansen, Anders J., Weber, Andrzej, Bazaliiskii, Vladimir I., Molak, Martyna, Arneborg, Jette, Bogdanowicz, Wieslaw, Falys, Ceri, Sablin, Mikhail, Smrčka, Václav, Sten, Sabine, Tashbaeva, Kadicha, Lynnerup, Niels, Sikora, Martin, Smith, Derek J., Fouchier, Ron A. M., Drosten, Christian, Sjögren, Karl-Göran, Kristiansen, Kristian, Willerslev, Eske, and Jones, Terry C.

Published
2018

24. Cranial fluctuating asymmetry in Danish populations from the Neolithic to the Early Modern Age

Author

Olsen, Trine Bottos, García-Martínez, Daniel, Lynnerup, Niels, Jørkov, Marie Louise Schjellerup, Villa, Chiara, Olsen, Trine Bottos, García-Martínez, Daniel, Lynnerup, Niels, Jørkov, Marie Louise Schjellerup, and Villa, Chiara

Abstract

Fluctuating asymmetry are random deviations of an otherwise symmetrical body plan and arises from instability in development. Earlier studies suggest that levels of cranial fluctuating asymmetry may be influenced by lifestyle and quality of life in a population. It may, therefore, be useful as a stress indicator. We investigated whether cranial fluctuating asymmetry has changed in archaeological Danish populations over time, and between grave sites from the same time period. Our sample consisted of 219 adult individuals from the Neolithic Age (approx. 3000BC) to the Early Modern Age (approx. 1850). We collected 27 3-dimensional landmarks from the face, calvarium, and base of the cranium. Levels of shape variation were analyzed using Procrustes analysis of variance and principal component analysis. Cemeteries, time periods, and sex were compared using linear mixed models, one-way analysis of variance, and Kruskal-Wallis test. We found no statistically significant differences in cranial FA between grave sites from the same time period, nor did we find any statistically significant difference between time periods. We found that sex did not have an influence on levels of cranial FA. We found no measurable difference in levels of cranial FA between Danish populations over time. Further knowledge on genetics and other stress indicators in our sample may give more insight into the relationship between cranial fluctuating asymmetry and developmental instability.

Published
2023

25. A Virtual, 3D Multimodal Approach to Victim and Crime Scene Reconstruction

Author

Villa, Chiara, Lynnerup, Niels, Jacobsen, Christina, Villa, Chiara, Lynnerup, Niels, and Jacobsen, Christina

Abstract

In the last two decades, forensic pathology and crime scene investigations have seen a rapid increase in examination tools due to the implementation of several imaging techniques, e.g., CT and MR scanning, surface scanning and photogrammetry. These tools encompass relatively simple visualization tools to powerful instruments for performing virtual 3D crime scene reconstructions. A multi-modality and multiscale approach to a crime scene, where 3D models of victims and the crime scene are combined, offers several advantages. A permanent documentation of all evidence in a single 3D environment can be used during the investigation phases (e.g., for testing hypotheses) or during the court procedures (e.g., to visualize the scene and the victim in a more intuitive manner). Advanced computational approaches to understand what might have happened during a crime can also be applied by, e.g., performing a virtual animation of the victim in the actual context, which can provide important information about possible dynamics during the event. Here, we present an overview of the different techniques and modalities used in forensic pathology in conjunction with crime scene investigations. Based on our experiences, the advantages and challenges of an image-based multi-modality approach will be discussed, including how their use may introduce new visualization modalities in court, e.g., virtual reality (VR) and 3D printing. Finally, considerations about future directions in research will be mentioned.

Published
2023

26. Using SXRF and LA-ICP-TOFMS to Explore Evidence of Treatment and Physiological Responses to Leprosy in Medieval Denmark

Author

Brozou, Anastasia, Mannino, Marcello A., Van Malderen, Stijn J.M., Garrevoet, Jan, Pubert, Eric, Fuller, Benjamin T., Dean, M. Christopher, Colard, Thomas, Santos, Frédéric, Lynnerup, Niels, Boldsen, Jesper L., Jørkov, Marie Louise, Soficaru, Andrei Dorian, Vincze, Laszlo, Le Cabec, Adeline, Brozou, Anastasia, Mannino, Marcello A., Van Malderen, Stijn J.M., Garrevoet, Jan, Pubert, Eric, Fuller, Benjamin T., Dean, M. Christopher, Colard, Thomas, Santos, Frédéric, Lynnerup, Niels, Boldsen, Jesper L., Jørkov, Marie Louise, Soficaru, Andrei Dorian, Vincze, Laszlo, and Le Cabec, Adeline

Abstract

Leprosy can lead to blood depletion in Zn, Ca, Mg, and Fe and blood enrichment in Cu. In late medieval Europe, minerals were used to treat leprosy. Here, physiological responses to leprosy and possible evidence of treatment are investigated in enamel, dentine, and cementum of leprosy sufferers from medieval Denmark (n = 12) and early 20th century Romania (n = 2). Using SXRF and LA-ICP-TOFMS, 12 elements were mapped in 15 tooth thin sections, and the statistical covariation of paired elements was computed to assess their biological relevance. The results show marked covariations in the Zn, Ca, and Mg distributions, which are compatible with clinical studies but cannot be directly attributed to leprosy. Minerals used historically as a treatment for leprosy show no detectable intake (As, Hg) or a diffuse distribution (Pb) related to daily ingestion. Intense Pb enrichments indicate acute incorporations of Pb, potentially through the administration of Pb-enriched medication or the mobilization of Pb from bone stores to the bloodstream during intense physiological stress related to leprosy. However, comparisons with a healthy control group are needed to ascertain these interpretations. The positive correlations and the patterns observed between Pb and essential elements may indicate underlying pathophysiological conditions, demonstrating the potential of SXRF and LA-ICP-TOFMS for paleopathological investigations.

Published
2023

27. Author Correction: Population genomics of the Viking world

Author

Margaryan, Ashot, Lawson, Daniel J., Sikora, Martin, Racimo, Fernando, Rasmussen, Simon, Moltke, Ida, Cassidy, Lara M., Jørsboe, Emil, Ingason, Andrés, Pedersen, Mikkel W., Korneliussen, Thorfinn, Wilhelmson, Helene, Buś, Magdalena M., de Barros Damgaard, Peter, Martiniano, Rui, Renaud, Gabriel, Bhérer, Claude, Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor, Fotakis, Anna K., Allen, Marie, Allmäe, Raili, Molak, Martyna, Cappellini, Enrico, Scorrano, Gabriele, McColl, Hugh, Buzhilova, Alexandra, Fox, Allison, Albrechtsen, Anders, Schütz, Berit, Skar, Birgitte, Arcini, Caroline, Falys, Ceri, Jonson, Charlotte Hedenstierna, Błaszczyk, Dariusz, Pezhemsky, Denis, Turner-Walker, Gordon, Gestsdóttir, Hildur, Lundstrøm, Inge, Gustin, Ingrid, Mainland, Ingrid, Potekhina, Inna, Muntoni, Italo M., Cheng, Jade, Stenderup, Jesper, Ma, Jilong, Gibson, Julie, Peets, Jüri, Gustafsson, Jörgen, Iversen, Katrine H., Simpson, Linzi, Strand, Lisa, Loe, Louise, Sikora, Maeve, Florek, Marek, Vretemark, Maria, Redknap, Mark, Bajka, Monika, Pushkina, Tamara, Søvsø, Morten, Grigoreva, Natalia, Christensen, Tom, Kastholm, Ole, Uldum, Otto, Favia, Pasquale, Holck, Per, Sten, Sabine, Arge, Símun V., Ellingvåg, Sturla, Moiseyev, Vayacheslav, Bogdanowicz, Wiesław, Magnusson, Yvonne, Orlando, Ludovic, Pentz, Peter, Jessen, Mads Dengsø, Pedersen, Anne, Collard, Mark, Bradley, Daniel G., Jørkov, Marie Louise, Arneborg, Jette, Lynnerup, Niels, Price, Neil, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Allentoft, Morten E., Bill, Jan, Sindbæk, Søren M., Hedeager, Lotte, Kristiansen, Kristian, Nielsen, Rasmus, Werge, Thomas, and Willerslev, Eske

Published
2021
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30. Using SXRF and LA-ICP-TOFMS to Explore Evidence of Treatment and Physiological Responses to Leprosy in Medieval Denmark

Author

Brozou, Anastasia, primary, Mannino, Marcello A., additional, Van Malderen, Stijn J. M., additional, Garrevoet, Jan, additional, Pubert, Eric, additional, Fuller, Benjamin T., additional, Dean, M. Christopher, additional, Colard, Thomas, additional, Santos, Frédéric, additional, Lynnerup, Niels, additional, Boldsen, Jesper L., additional, Jørkov, Marie Louise, additional, Soficaru, Andrei Dorian, additional, Vincze, Laszlo, additional, and Le Cabec, Adeline, additional

Published
2023
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36. Forensic Anthropology and Archaeology in Denmark

Author

Villa, Chiara, Lynnerup, Niels, Boel, Lene Warner Thorup, Boldsen, Jesper L. L., Weise, Svenja, Bjarno, Camilla, Larsen, Lars Krants, Jorkov, Marie Louise, Villa, Chiara, Lynnerup, Niels, Boel, Lene Warner Thorup, Boldsen, Jesper L. L., Weise, Svenja, Bjarno, Camilla, Larsen, Lars Krants, and Jorkov, Marie Louise

Abstract

In this paper, we provide a brief overview of the status of forensic anthropology and forensic archeology in Denmark, as well as related information about education, research, and skeletal collections. Forensic anthropologists mainly deal with the examination of unidentified skeletal remains. Some special tasks include cranial trauma analysis of the recently deceased, advanced 3D visualization from CT scanning of homicide cases, and stature estimation of perpetrators using surveillance videos. Forensic anthropologists are employed at one of Denmark's three departments of forensic medicine (in Copenhagen, Odense, and Aarhus) and have access to advanced imaging equipment (e.g., CT and MR scanning, surface scanners, and 3D printers) for use in both their requisitioned work and their research. Extensive research is conducted on different topics, such as the health and diseases of past populations, age estimation, and human morphology. Research is based on skeletal material from the archeological collections housed in Copenhagen and Odense or on CT data from the recently deceased. There is no full degree in forensic anthropology in Denmark, but elective courses and lectures are offered to students at different levels and to people from different professional backgrounds. Forensic archaeology is a relatively new field of expertise in Denmark, and relevant cases are rare, with only one or two cases per year. No forensic archeologists are officially employed in any of the departments of forensic medicine. Until recently, the Special Crime Unit of the police handled crime scene investigations involving excavations, but with the option of enlisting the help of outside specialists, such as archaeologists, anthropologists, and pathologists. An official excavation work group was established in 2015 under the lead of the Special Crime Unit of the police with the aim of refining the methods and procedures used in relevant criminal investigations. The group is represented by fiv

Published
2022

37. Population Genomics of Stone Age Eurasia

Author

Allentoft, Morten, Sikora, Martin, Alba, Refoyo-Martínez, Evan K. Irving-Pease, Fischer, Anders, Barrie, William, Ingason, Andrés, Stenderup, Jesper, Sjögren, Karl-Göran, Pearson, Alice, Sousa da Mota, Bárbara, Schulz Paulsson, Bettina, Halgren, Alma, Macleod, Ruairidh, Schjellerup Jørkov, Marie Louise, Demeter, Fabrice, Novosolov, Maria, Sørensen, Lasse, Nielsen, Poul Otto, Henriksen, Rasmus H.A., Vimala, Tharsika, McColl, Hugh, Margaryan, Ashot, Ilardo, Melissa, Vaughn, Andrew, Mortensen, Morten Fischer, Nielsen, Anne Birgitte, Hede, Mikkel Ulfeldt, Rasmussen, Peter, Vinner, Lasse, Renaud, Gabriel, Stern, Aaron, Theis Zetner Trolle Jensen, Johannsen, Niels Nørkjær, Scorrano, Gabriele, Schroeder, Hannes, Lysdahl, Per, Daisy Ramsøe, Abigail, Skorobogatov, Andrei, Schork, Andrew Joseph, Rosengren, Anders, Ruter, Anthony, Outram, Alan, Timoshenko, Aleksey, Buzhilova, Alexandra, Coppa, Alfredo, Zubova, Alisa, Silva, Ana Maria, Hansen, Anders, Gromov, Andrey, Logvin, Andrey, Gotfredsen, Anne Birgitte, Nielsen, Bjarne Henning, González-Rabanal, Borja, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, McKenzie, Catriona, Gaunitz, Charleen, Blasco, Concepción, Liesau, Corina, Martinez-Labarga, Cristina, Pozdnyakov, Dmitri, Cuenca-Solana, David, Lordkipanidze, David, En’shin, Dmitri, Salazar-García, Domingo, Price, T. Douglas, Borić, Dušan, Kostyleva, Elena, Veselovskaya, Elizaveta, Usmanova, Emma, Cappellini, Enrico, Petersen, Erik Brinch, Kannegaard, Esben, Radina, Francesca, Yediay, Fulya Eylem, Duday, Henri, Gutiérrez-Zugasti, Igor, Potekhina, Inna, Shevnina, Irina, Altinkaya, Isin, Guilaine, Jean, Hansen, Jesper, Tortosa, Joan Emili Aura, Zilhão, João, Vega, Jorge, Pedersen, Kristoffer Buck, Tunia, Krzysztof, Zhao, Lei, Mylnikova, Liudmila, Larsson, Lars, Metz, Laure, Yepiskoposyan, Levon, Pedersen, Lisbeth, Sarti, Lucia, Orlando, Ludovic, Slimak, Ludovic, Klassen, Lutz, Blank, Malou, González-Morales, Manuel, Silvestrini, Mara, Vretemark, Maria, Nesterova, Marina, Rykun, Marina, Rolfo, Mario Federico, Szmyt, Marzena, Przybyła, Marcin, Calattini, Mauro, Sablin, Mikhail, Dobisíková, Miluše, Meldgaard, Morten, Johansen, Morten, Berezina, Natalia, Card, Nick, Saveliev, Nikolai, Poshekhonova, Olga, Rickards, Olga, Lozovskaya, Olga, Gábor, Olivér, Uldum, Otto Christian, Aurino, Paola, Kosintsev, Pavel, Courtaud, Patrice, Ríos, Patricia, Mortensen, Peder, Lotz, Per, Persson, Per, Bangsgaard, Pernille, Damgaard, Peter de Barros, Petersen, Peter Vang, Martinez, Pilar Prieto, Włodarczak, Piotr, Smolyaninov, Roman, Maring, Rikke, Menduiña, Roberto, Badalyan, Ruben, Turin, Ruslan, Vasilyiev, Sergey, Wåhlin, Sidsel, Borutskaya, Svetlana, Skochina, Svetlana, Sørensen, Søren Anker, Andersen, Søren, Jørgensen, Thomas, Serikov, Yuri, Molodin, Vyacheslav, Smrcka, Vaclav, Merz, Victor, Appadurai, Vivek, Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, Magnusson, Yvonne, Kjær, Kurt, Lynnerup, Niels, Lawson, Daniel, Sudmant, Peter, Rasmussen, Simon, Korneliussen, Thorfinn, Durbin, Richard, Nielsen, Rasmus, Delaneau, Olivier, Werge, Thomas, Racimo, Fernando, Kristiansen, Kristian, Willerslev, Eske, Allentoft, Morten, Sikora, Martin, Alba, Refoyo-Martínez, Evan K. Irving-Pease, Fischer, Anders, Barrie, William, Ingason, Andrés, Stenderup, Jesper, Sjögren, Karl-Göran, Pearson, Alice, Sousa da Mota, Bárbara, Schulz Paulsson, Bettina, Halgren, Alma, Macleod, Ruairidh, Schjellerup Jørkov, Marie Louise, Demeter, Fabrice, Novosolov, Maria, Sørensen, Lasse, Nielsen, Poul Otto, Henriksen, Rasmus H.A., Vimala, Tharsika, McColl, Hugh, Margaryan, Ashot, Ilardo, Melissa, Vaughn, Andrew, Mortensen, Morten Fischer, Nielsen, Anne Birgitte, Hede, Mikkel Ulfeldt, Rasmussen, Peter, Vinner, Lasse, Renaud, Gabriel, Stern, Aaron, Theis Zetner Trolle Jensen, Johannsen, Niels Nørkjær, Scorrano, Gabriele, Schroeder, Hannes, Lysdahl, Per, Daisy Ramsøe, Abigail, Skorobogatov, Andrei, Schork, Andrew Joseph, Rosengren, Anders, Ruter, Anthony, Outram, Alan, Timoshenko, Aleksey, Buzhilova, Alexandra, Coppa, Alfredo, Zubova, Alisa, Silva, Ana Maria, Hansen, Anders, Gromov, Andrey, Logvin, Andrey, Gotfredsen, Anne Birgitte, Nielsen, Bjarne Henning, González-Rabanal, Borja, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, McKenzie, Catriona, Gaunitz, Charleen, Blasco, Concepción, Liesau, Corina, Martinez-Labarga, Cristina, Pozdnyakov, Dmitri, Cuenca-Solana, David, Lordkipanidze, David, En’shin, Dmitri, Salazar-García, Domingo, Price, T. Douglas, Borić, Dušan, Kostyleva, Elena, Veselovskaya, Elizaveta, Usmanova, Emma, Cappellini, Enrico, Petersen, Erik Brinch, Kannegaard, Esben, Radina, Francesca, Yediay, Fulya Eylem, Duday, Henri, Gutiérrez-Zugasti, Igor, Potekhina, Inna, Shevnina, Irina, Altinkaya, Isin, Guilaine, Jean, Hansen, Jesper, Tortosa, Joan Emili Aura, Zilhão, João, Vega, Jorge, Pedersen, Kristoffer Buck, Tunia, Krzysztof, Zhao, Lei, Mylnikova, Liudmila, Larsson, Lars, Metz, Laure, Yepiskoposyan, Levon, Pedersen, Lisbeth, Sarti, Lucia, Orlando, Ludovic, Slimak, Ludovic, Klassen, Lutz, Blank, Malou, González-Morales, Manuel, Silvestrini, Mara, Vretemark, Maria, Nesterova, Marina, Rykun, Marina, Rolfo, Mario Federico, Szmyt, Marzena, Przybyła, Marcin, Calattini, Mauro, Sablin, Mikhail, Dobisíková, Miluše, Meldgaard, Morten, Johansen, Morten, Berezina, Natalia, Card, Nick, Saveliev, Nikolai, Poshekhonova, Olga, Rickards, Olga, Lozovskaya, Olga, Gábor, Olivér, Uldum, Otto Christian, Aurino, Paola, Kosintsev, Pavel, Courtaud, Patrice, Ríos, Patricia, Mortensen, Peder, Lotz, Per, Persson, Per, Bangsgaard, Pernille, Damgaard, Peter de Barros, Petersen, Peter Vang, Martinez, Pilar Prieto, Włodarczak, Piotr, Smolyaninov, Roman, Maring, Rikke, Menduiña, Roberto, Badalyan, Ruben, Turin, Ruslan, Vasilyiev, Sergey, Wåhlin, Sidsel, Borutskaya, Svetlana, Skochina, Svetlana, Sørensen, Søren Anker, Andersen, Søren, Jørgensen, Thomas, Serikov, Yuri, Molodin, Vyacheslav, Smrcka, Vaclav, Merz, Victor, Appadurai, Vivek, Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, Magnusson, Yvonne, Kjær, Kurt, Lynnerup, Niels, Lawson, Daniel, Sudmant, Peter, Rasmussen, Simon, Korneliussen, Thorfinn, Durbin, Richard, Nielsen, Rasmus, Delaneau, Olivier, Werge, Thomas, Racimo, Fernando, Kristiansen, Kristian, and Willerslev, Eske

Abstract

Several major migrations and population turnover events during the later Stone Age (after c. 11,000 cal. BP) are believed to have shaped the contemporary population genetic diversity in Eurasia. While the genetic impacts of these migrations have been investigated on regional scales, a detailed understanding of their spatiotemporal dynamics both within and between major geographic regions across Northern Eurasia remains largely elusive. Here, we present the largest shotgun-sequenced genomic dataset from the Stone Age to date, representing 317 primarily Mesolithic and Neolithic individuals from across Eurasia, with associated radiocarbon dates, stable isotope data, and pollen records. Using recent advances, we imputed >1,600 ancient genomes to obtain accurate diploid genotypes, enabling previously unachievable fine-grained population structure inferences. We show that 1) Eurasian Mesolitic hunter-gatherers were more genetically diverse than previously known, and deeply divergent between the west and the east; 2) Hitherto genetically undescribed huntergatherers from the Middle Don region contributed significant ancestry to the later Yamnaya steppe pastoralists; 3) The genetic impact of the transition from Mesolithic hunter-gatherers to Neolithic farmers was highly distinct, east and west of a “Great Divide” boundary zone extending from the Black Sea to the Baltic, with large-scale shifts in genetic ancestry to the west. This include an almost complete replacement of hunter-gatherers in Denmark, but no substantial shifts during the same period further to the east; 4) Within-group relatedness changes substantially during the Neolithic transition in the west, where clusters of Neolithic farmer-associated individuals show overall reduced relatedness, while genetic relatedness remains high until ~4,000 BP in the east, consistent with a much longer persistence of smaller localised hunter-gatherer groups; 5) A fastpaced second major genetic transformation beginning around 5,0

Published
2022

38. Population Genomics of Stone Age Eurasia

Author

Allentoft, Morten E., Sikora, Martin, Refoyo-Martínez, Alba, Irving-Pease, Evan K., Fischer, Anders, Barrie, William, Ingason, Andrés, Stenderup, Jesper, Sjögren, Karl-Göran, Pearson, Alice, Mota, Barbara, Paulsson, Bettina Schulz, Halgren, Alma, Macleod, Ruairidh, Schjellerup Jørkov, Marie Louise, Demeter, Fabrice, Novosolov, Maria, Sørensen, Lasse, Nielsen, Poul-Otto, Henriksen, Rasmus H. A., Vimala, Tharsika, McColl, Hugh, Margaryan, Ashot, Ilardo, Melissa, Vaughn, Andrew, Mortensen, Morten Fischer, Nielsen, Anne Birgitte, Hede, Mikkel Ulfeldt, Rasmussen, Peter, Vinner, Lasse, Renaud, Gabriel, Stern, Aaron, Trolle Jensen, Theis Zetner, Johannsen, Niels Nørkjær, Scorrano, Gabriele, Schroeder, Hannes, Lysdahl, Per, Ramsøe, Abigail Daisy, Skorobogatov, Andrei, Schork, Andrew Joseph, Rosengren, Anders, Ruter, Anthony, Outram, Alan, Timoshenko, Aleksey A., Buzhilova, Alexandra, Coppa, Alfredo, Zubova, Alisa, Silva, Ana Maria, Hansen, Anders J., Gromov, Andrey, Logvin, Andrey, Gotfredsen, Anne Birgitte, Nielsen, Bjarne Henning, González-Rabanal, Borja, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, McKenzie, Catriona J., Gaunitz, Charleen, Blasco, Concepción, Liesau, Corina, Martinez-Labarga, Cristina, Pozdnyakov, Dmitri V., Cuenca-Solana, David, Lordkipanidze, David O., En’shin, Dmitri, Salazar-García, Domingo C, Price, T. Douglas, Borić, Dušan, Kostyleva, Elena, Veselovskaya, Elizaveta V., Usmanova, Emma R., Cappellini, Enrico, Petersen, Erik Brinch, Kannegaard, Esben, Radina, Francesca, Yediay, Fulya Eylem, Duday, Henri, Gutiérrez-Zugasti, Igor, Potekhina, Inna, Shevnina, Irina, Altinkaya, Isin, Guilaine, Jean, Hansen, Jesper, Tortosa, Joan Emili Aura, Zilhão, João, Vega, Jorge, Pedersen, Kristoffer Buck, Tunia, Krzysztof, Zhao, Lei, Mylnikova, Liudmila N., Larsson, Lars, Metz, Laure, Yeppiskoposyan, Levon, Pedersen, Lisbeth, Sarti, Lucia, Orlando, Ludovic, Slimak, Ludovic, Klassen, Lutz, Blank, Malou, González-Morales, Manuel, Silvestrini, Mara, Vretemark, Maria, Nesterova, Marina S., Rykun, Marina, Rolfo, Mario Federico, Szmyt, Marzena, Przybyła, Marcin, Calattini, Mauro, Sablin, Mikhail, Dobisíková, Miluše, Meldgaard, Morten, Johansen, Morten, Berezina, Natalia, Card, Nick, Saveliev, Nikolai A., Poshekhonova, Olga, Rickards, Olga, Lozovskaya, Olga V., Uldum, Otto Christian, Aurino, Paola, Kosintsev, Pavel, Courtaud, Patrice, Ríos, Patricia, Mortensen, Peder, Lotz, Per, Persson, Per Åke, Bangsgaard, Pernille, Damgaard, Peter de Barros, Petersen, Peter Vang, Martinez, Pilar Prieto, Włodarczak, Piotr, Smolyaninov, Roman V., Maring, Rikke, Menduiña, Roberto, Badalyan, Ruben, Iversen, Rune, Turin, Ruslan, Vasilyiev, Sergey, Wåhlin, Sidsel, Borutskaya, Svetlana, Skochina, Svetlana, Sørensen, Søren Anker, Andersen, Søren H., Jørgensen, Thomas, Serikov, Yuri B., Molodin, Vyacheslav I., Smrcka, Vaclav, Merz, Victor, Appadurai, Vivek, Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, Magnusson, Yvonne, Kjær, Kurt H., Lynnerup, Niels, Lawson, Daniel J., Sudmant, Peter H., Rasmussen, Simon, Korneliussen, Thorfinn, Durbin, Richard, Nielsen, Rasmus, Delaneau, Olivier, Werge, Thomas, Racimo, Fernando, Kristiansen, Kristian, Willerslev, Eske, Allentoft, Morten E., Sikora, Martin, Refoyo-Martínez, Alba, Irving-Pease, Evan K., Fischer, Anders, Barrie, William, Ingason, Andrés, Stenderup, Jesper, Sjögren, Karl-Göran, Pearson, Alice, Mota, Barbara, Paulsson, Bettina Schulz, Halgren, Alma, Macleod, Ruairidh, Schjellerup Jørkov, Marie Louise, Demeter, Fabrice, Novosolov, Maria, Sørensen, Lasse, Nielsen, Poul-Otto, Henriksen, Rasmus H. A., Vimala, Tharsika, McColl, Hugh, Margaryan, Ashot, Ilardo, Melissa, Vaughn, Andrew, Mortensen, Morten Fischer, Nielsen, Anne Birgitte, Hede, Mikkel Ulfeldt, Rasmussen, Peter, Vinner, Lasse, Renaud, Gabriel, Stern, Aaron, Trolle Jensen, Theis Zetner, Johannsen, Niels Nørkjær, Scorrano, Gabriele, Schroeder, Hannes, Lysdahl, Per, Ramsøe, Abigail Daisy, Skorobogatov, Andrei, Schork, Andrew Joseph, Rosengren, Anders, Ruter, Anthony, Outram, Alan, Timoshenko, Aleksey A., Buzhilova, Alexandra, Coppa, Alfredo, Zubova, Alisa, Silva, Ana Maria, Hansen, Anders J., Gromov, Andrey, Logvin, Andrey, Gotfredsen, Anne Birgitte, Nielsen, Bjarne Henning, González-Rabanal, Borja, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, McKenzie, Catriona J., Gaunitz, Charleen, Blasco, Concepción, Liesau, Corina, Martinez-Labarga, Cristina, Pozdnyakov, Dmitri V., Cuenca-Solana, David, Lordkipanidze, David O., En’shin, Dmitri, Salazar-García, Domingo C, Price, T. Douglas, Borić, Dušan, Kostyleva, Elena, Veselovskaya, Elizaveta V., Usmanova, Emma R., Cappellini, Enrico, Petersen, Erik Brinch, Kannegaard, Esben, Radina, Francesca, Yediay, Fulya Eylem, Duday, Henri, Gutiérrez-Zugasti, Igor, Potekhina, Inna, Shevnina, Irina, Altinkaya, Isin, Guilaine, Jean, Hansen, Jesper, Tortosa, Joan Emili Aura, Zilhão, João, Vega, Jorge, Pedersen, Kristoffer Buck, Tunia, Krzysztof, Zhao, Lei, Mylnikova, Liudmila N., Larsson, Lars, Metz, Laure, Yeppiskoposyan, Levon, Pedersen, Lisbeth, Sarti, Lucia, Orlando, Ludovic, Slimak, Ludovic, Klassen, Lutz, Blank, Malou, González-Morales, Manuel, Silvestrini, Mara, Vretemark, Maria, Nesterova, Marina S., Rykun, Marina, Rolfo, Mario Federico, Szmyt, Marzena, Przybyła, Marcin, Calattini, Mauro, Sablin, Mikhail, Dobisíková, Miluše, Meldgaard, Morten, Johansen, Morten, Berezina, Natalia, Card, Nick, Saveliev, Nikolai A., Poshekhonova, Olga, Rickards, Olga, Lozovskaya, Olga V., Uldum, Otto Christian, Aurino, Paola, Kosintsev, Pavel, Courtaud, Patrice, Ríos, Patricia, Mortensen, Peder, Lotz, Per, Persson, Per Åke, Bangsgaard, Pernille, Damgaard, Peter de Barros, Petersen, Peter Vang, Martinez, Pilar Prieto, Włodarczak, Piotr, Smolyaninov, Roman V., Maring, Rikke, Menduiña, Roberto, Badalyan, Ruben, Iversen, Rune, Turin, Ruslan, Vasilyiev, Sergey, Wåhlin, Sidsel, Borutskaya, Svetlana, Skochina, Svetlana, Sørensen, Søren Anker, Andersen, Søren H., Jørgensen, Thomas, Serikov, Yuri B., Molodin, Vyacheslav I., Smrcka, Vaclav, Merz, Victor, Appadurai, Vivek, Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, Magnusson, Yvonne, Kjær, Kurt H., Lynnerup, Niels, Lawson, Daniel J., Sudmant, Peter H., Rasmussen, Simon, Korneliussen, Thorfinn, Durbin, Richard, Nielsen, Rasmus, Delaneau, Olivier, Werge, Thomas, Racimo, Fernando, Kristiansen, Kristian, and Willerslev, Eske

Abstract

The transitions from foraging to farming and later to pastoralism in Stone Age Eurasia (c. 11-3 thousand years before present, BP) represent some of the most dramatic lifestyle changes in human evolution. We sequenced 317 genomes of primarily Mesolithic and Neolithic individuals from across Eurasia combined with radiocarbon dates, stable isotope data, and pollen records. Genome imputation and co-analysis with previously published shotgun sequencing data resulted in >1600 complete ancient genome sequences offering fine-grained resolution into the Stone Age populations. We observe that: 1) Hunter-gatherer groups were more genetically diverse than previously known, and deeply divergent between western and eastern Eurasia. 2) We identify hitherto genetically undescribed hunter-gatherers from the Middle Don region that contributed ancestry to the later Yamnaya steppe pastoralists; 3) The genetic impact of the Neolithic transition was highly distinct, east and west of a boundary zone extending from the Black Sea to the Baltic. Large-scale shifts in genetic ancestry occurred to the west of this “Great Divide”, including an almost complete replacement of hunter-gatherers in Denmark, while no substantial ancestry shifts took place during the same period to the east. This difference is also reflected in genetic relatedness within the populations, decreasing substantially in the west but not in the east where it remained high until c. 4,000 BP; 4) The second major genetic transformation around 5,000 BP happened at a much faster pace with Steppe-related ancestry reaching most parts of Europe within 1,000-years. Local Neolithic farmers admixed with incoming pastoralists in eastern, western, and southern Europe whereas Scandinavia experienced another near-complete population replacement. Similar dramatic turnover-patterns are evident in western Siberia; 5) Extensive regional differences in the ancestry components involved in these early events remain visible to this day, e

Published
2022

39. How 3D printing and physical reconstruction of a skull helped in a complex pathological case

Author

Lundquist, Alberte Aspaas, Jensen, Niels Dyrgaard, Jørkov, Marie Louise, Lynnerup, Niels, Villa, Chiara, Lundquist, Alberte Aspaas, Jensen, Niels Dyrgaard, Jørkov, Marie Louise, Lynnerup, Niels, and Villa, Chiara

Abstract

Taphonomic changes can mimic pathological bone lesions and make it difficult to distinguish between ante- and postmortem abnormalities and to perform differential diagnostics. 3D methods, such as CT scanning and 3D printing, can be used as complementary tools to overcome the taphonomic changes. Here, we reconstructed a skull of an interesting archeological case showing severe pathological changes using 3D printing and physical reconstruction. The skeleton belonged to an approximately 18-year-old female. The bones of the entire skeleton exhibited several pathological changes. Both cranium and mandible were asymmetric, with a malformed foramen magnum and left zygomatic process, agenesis of the left external acoustic meatus, cribra orbitalia, and a bilateral absence of mental foramen. The overall diagnostic interpretation was hampered by the extensive taphonomic damage that affected the left side of the skull. In particular, the frontal bone showed taphonomic breakage and plastic deformations were present on the left side of the cranium. The skull was CT-scanned and 3D models of all the single bones were 3D printed and manually re-assembled. The intact reconstructed skull was used to estimate the endocranial volume (ECV). We showed how 3D printing and physical reconstruction of the skull helped overcome the extensive taphonomic alterations; the reconstructed skull provides important diagnostic information such as ECV and a better picture of the original ante-mortem pathological state of the skull.

Published
2022

47. Life-threatening danger assessments of penetrating injuries in Eastern Danish clinical forensic medicine

Author

Jakobsen, Lykke Schrøder, Christensen, Marie Toftdahl, Lundemose, Sissel Banner, Munkholm, Julie, Bugge, Anne Birgitte Dyhre, Lynnerup, Niels, Banner, Jytte, Jakobsen, Lykke Schrøder, Christensen, Marie Toftdahl, Lundemose, Sissel Banner, Munkholm, Julie, Bugge, Anne Birgitte Dyhre, Lynnerup, Niels, and Banner, Jytte

Abstract

Clinical forensic assessments of injuries’ life-threatening danger may have an impact on the legal aftermath following a violent assault. The pursuit of evidence-based guidelines should ensure a user-independent and reproducible forensic practice. However, does it? The aim of this study was to evaluate the forensic life-threatening danger assessments after a protocol implementation in 2016. The evaluation concerned usability and reproducibility of the protocol, and its influence on assessment severity. We analyzed the level of inter- and intra-rater agreement using 169 blinded, prior-protocol cases that were reassessed by two forensic specialists. We compared assessment made the year before and after protocol implementation (n = 262), and the forensic specialists’ reassessments with the prior-protocol cases’ original assessments (n = 169). Whether to make an assessment, the levels of agreement varied between weak agreement (inter-rater, Κ = 0.43; assessor 1, Κ = 0.57) and strong agreement (assessor 2, Κ = 0.90). Regarding severity, the levels of agreement varied between strong agreement (inter-rater, Κ = 0.87; assessor 1: Κ = 0.90) and almost perfect agreement (assessor 2: Κ = 0.94). The assessments were statistically significant redistributed after the implementation (chi-square test: p < 0.0001). The proportion of cases assessed as having not been in life-threatening danger increased from 9 to 43%, and moderate severity assessments decreased from 55 to 23%. Of the moderate severity assessments, 55% were reassessed as having not been in life-threatening danger. The protocol ensured independent and reproducible assessments when the forensic specialists agreed on making one. The protocol resulted in less severe assessments. Future studies should examine the reliability of the protocol and its consequences for legal aftermaths.

Published
2021

49. Technical Note:The Forensic Anthropology Society of Europe (FASE) Map of Identified Osteological Collections

Author

Petaros, Anja, Caplova, Zuzana, Verna, Emeline, Adalian, Pascal, Baccino, Eric, de Boer, Hans H., Cunha, Eugenia, Ekizoglu, Oguzhan, Ferreira, Maria Teresa, Fracasso, Tony, Kranioti, Elena F., Lefevre, Philippe, Lynnerup, Niels, Ross, Ann, Steyn, Maryna, Obertova, Zuzana, Cattaneo, Cristina, Petaros, Anja, Caplova, Zuzana, Verna, Emeline, Adalian, Pascal, Baccino, Eric, de Boer, Hans H., Cunha, Eugenia, Ekizoglu, Oguzhan, Ferreira, Maria Teresa, Fracasso, Tony, Kranioti, Elena F., Lefevre, Philippe, Lynnerup, Niels, Ross, Ann, Steyn, Maryna, Obertova, Zuzana, and Cattaneo, Cristina

Abstract

Identified (documented) osteological collections represent an important resource in the development of forensic anthropology standards and methods as well as a precious tool for learning and training of practitioners. Even though the number of papers presenting identified collections worldwide increases, many of the collections have still not been divulged to the scientific community in sufficient detail to ascertain their exact number. The Forensic Anthropology Society of Europe (FASE) therefore developed a tool that goes beyond sporadic publications: the FASE Map of Identified Osteological Collections, which is freely accessible and continuously updated and revised. The online map is available at http://forensicanthropology.eu/osteological-collections/. The map of skeletal collections was created in 2017 and currently displays information on 153 identified osteological collections (43 of them categorized as contemporary) located in 41 different countries. This article offers a short analysis of the type, geographical location and content of the collections included in the map. The aim of this article and the map as such is to provide a useful resource to facilitate research planning and teaching in forensic anthropology and related disciplines.

Published
2021

50. The usefulness of a trauma probability of survival model for forensic life-threatening danger assessments

Author

Jakobsen, Lykke Schrøder, Lynnerup, Niels, Steinmetz, Jacob, Banner, Jytte, Jakobsen, Lykke Schrøder, Lynnerup, Niels, Steinmetz, Jacob, and Banner, Jytte

Abstract

Clinical forensic medical examinations constitute an increasing proportion of our institution’s tasks, and, concomitantly, the authorities are now requesting forensic life-threatening danger assessments based on our examinations. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess if a probability of survival (PS) trauma score could be useful for these forensic life-threatening danger assessments and to identify a cut-off PS score as a supporting tool for the forensic practice of assessing life-threatening danger. We compared a forensic database and a trauma database and identified 161 individuals (aged 15 years or older) who had both a forensic life-threatening danger assessment and a PS score. The life-threatening danger assessments comprised the following statements: was not in life-threatening danger (NLD); could have been in life-threatening danger (CLD); or was in life-threatening danger (LD). The inclusion period was 2012–2016. A statistically significant difference was found in the PS scores between NLD, CLD and LD (chi-square test: p < 0.0001). The usefulness of the PS score for categorizing life-threatening danger assessments was determined by a receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve. The area under the curve was 0.76 (95% CI, 0.69 to 0.84) and the ROC curve revealed that a cut-off PS score of 95.8 would appropriately identify LD. Therefore, a PS score below 95.8 would indicate life-threatening danger. We propose a further exploration of how the evidence-based PS score, including a cut-off value, might be implemented in clinical forensic medical statements to add to the scientific strength of these statements.

Published
2021

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