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Today’s concept of time is based on Einstein’s theories of special (SR) and general relativity (GR). Many physicists anticipate that GR has an issue since it is not compatible with quantum mechanics. Here we show: SR and GR work well for each observer describing his unique reality, but “Einstein time” (Einstein’s concept of time) has an issue. It arranges all events in the universe in a 1D line on my watch, yet neither cosmology nor quantum mechanics care about my watch. Einstein time hides the big picture! In Euclidean relativity (ER), we replace egocentric Einstein time (proper time of one observer) with universal Euclidean time (proper time of all objects/observers). It originates from an absolute point O (Big Bang). In Euclidean spacetime (ES), all energy is moving radially away from O at the speed c. For each object, time flows in a unique 4D direction related to its position. Einstein time makes us believe that time would flow in one direction for all objects in the universe. Unlike other ER models, we claim that an observer’s reality is only created by projecting ES orthogonally to his proper 3D space and to his proper flow of time. ER gives us the same Lorentz factor as in SR and the same gravitational time dilation as in GR, but now we learn that they stem from a projection. ER outperforms SR in explaining time’s arrow and mc2. ER outperforms a GR-based cosmology in solving competing Hubble constants and declaring cosmic inflation, expansion of space, and dark energy redundant. Most important, ER is compatible with quantum mechanics: It solves the wave–particle duality and quantum entanglement while declaring non-locality redundant.

Today's concept of time traces back to Albert Einstein's theories of special (SR) and general relativity (GR). In SR, uniformly moving clocks are slow with respect to my clocks. In GR, clocks in a more curved spacetime are slow with respect to my clocks. Many physicists anticipate that GR has an issue as it is not compatible with quantum mechanics. Here we show: Einstein's concept of time has an issue because the proper time of some observer is taken as the fourth coordinate of all objects in the universe. We choose "Euclidean time" (proper time of an object), which is the absolute value of a 4D vector "flow of time" divided by the speed of light. This vector is pointing from the Big Bang in Euclidean spacetime (ES) to the object. In Euclidean relativity (ER), each clock has a unique flow of time related to its position in ES and is thus slow with respect to an observer's clock. It is not slow in its, but in his proper flow of time. Unlike other ER models, we claim that an observer's reality is formed by projecting ES to his proper 3D space and to his proper flow of time. GR misinterprets this projection as a curved spacetime. We derive the same Lorentz factor as in SR and the same gravitational time dilation as in GR. Predictions made by SR are correct because the Lorentz transformation is equivalent to one 4D rotation of an object's flow of time. A cosmology that is based on GR needs additional concepts, such as dark energy, to compensate for the ignored 4D vectors "flow of time". ER is superior to SR and GR as it solves 13 fundamental mysteries, such as time, time's arrow, mc2, two competing Hubble constants, the wave–particle duality, and quantum entanglement.

Today’s concept of time traces back to Einstein’s theory of special relativity (SR). In SR, he shows how inertial systems relate to each other. In general relativity (GR), he considers gravitation a property of curved spacetime. Here we prove: Einstein makes two mistakes in his concept of time. (1) He claims that clocks in a system K’ could synchronize at any instant with clocks in K, where K’ moves relative to K. If they did, they would have no clockwork. (2) He assigns variables of time to K’ (or else K) instead of assigning them to the measuring observer. Mislead by SR, Einstein makes a third mistake: In GR, he selects again an indefinite metric. Our “Euclidean relativity” (ER) is based on a Euclidean metric. We postulate: (1) In Euclidean spacetime (ES), all energy is moving radially away from an origin at the speed of light. (2) The laws of physics have the same form in each reality (projection of ES to an observer’s 3D space). (3) All energy is “wavematter” (electromagnetic wave packet and matter in one). Previous ER models run into paradoxes as they conceive of ES as reality. We show: The Lorentz transformation in SR is recovered in ER; gravitation relates to a rotation; ER is compatible with quantum mechanics. Einstein’s mistakes in SR have no measurable consequence, but GR is only an approximation for individual observers. We solve 12 fundamental mysteries, like today’s Hubble constant, dark energy, wave–particle duality, and quantum entanglement.

Today’s concepts of space and time trace back to Albert Einstein’s theories of relativity. In special relativity, he derives relations of how a “moving observer” experiences space and time with respect to an “observer at rest”. In general relativity, he derives relations of how mass and energy are affecting space and time. Both theories have been very successful, but fail to solve fundamental mysteries such as competing values of the Hubble constant, dark energy, the wave–particle duality, and quantum entanglement. Here we show that this failure is due to prioritizing a primary observer: Einstein’s relations are valid only for a “system at rest” or a momentarily comoving reference frame. There is no superordinate reference frame in which all observers (“at rest” and moving) are treated alike. In what we call “Euclidean relativity”, we replace Minkowski spacetime (MS) with Euclidean spacetime (ES). We claim that an observer’s reality is formed by projecting ES to 3D space. The major benefit is: ES is a superordinate frame which is not limited to individual observers. It even gives us a Theory of Everything. Matching the symmetry simplifies physics! Alternative models of Euclidean relativity run into paradoxes as they claim reality to be in ES. Our theory profits from two concepts: “distance” (space and time in one) and “wavematter” (electromagnetic wave packet and matter in one). Time is a subordinate quantity: covered distance divided by the speed of light. Wavematter is a generalized concept of energy: Waves and particles are the same thing (energy), but seen from two perspectives. Length contraction, time dilation, acceleration, and gravitation are geometric effects.

Today’s concepts of space and time trace back to Albert Einstein’s theories of relativity. In special relativity, he derives relations of how a “moving observer” experiences space and time with respect to an “observer at rest”. In general relativity, he derives relations of how mass and energy are affecting space and time. Both theories have been very successful, but fail to solve fundamental mysteries such as competing values of the Hubble constant, dark energy, the wave–particle duality, and quantum entanglement. Here we show that this failure is due to prioritizing a “system at rest”: In Einstein’s relativity, there is no superordinate reference frame that would treat objects at rest and moving objects alike. We replace Minkowski spacetime with Euclidean spacetime (ES) and claim that reality is formed by projecting ES to 3D space. Alternative models of Euclidean relativity run into geometric paradoxes as they claim reality to be in ES. Our theory profits from two new concepts: “distance” (space and time in one) and “wavematter” (electromagnetic wave packet and matter in one). In Cartesian ES coordinates, it is not predefined for all objects alike which axial distance relates to time. Time is a subordinate quantity: covered distance divided by the speed of light. Wavematter is a generalized concept of energy: Each object is wave from an external view, but matter from its internal view. Length contraction, time dilation, acceleration, and gravitation are geometric effects. We even derive a Theory of Everything in ES. Matching the symmetry simplifies physics.

We introduce two symmetric concepts to physics: “distance” (space and time in one) and “wavematter” (electromagnetic wave packet and matter in one). We claim that physics has chosen the wrong concept of time: It is not aware that the time of a moving object flows in a direction other than my time. We provide 15 proofs for our claim by solving 15 mysteries of physics graphically! For example, we prove that length contraction and time dilation are actually geometrical effects in a 4D manifold that we call “Euclidean spacetime” (ES). We prove that the discrepancy in calculating the Hubble constant stems from a systematic error in the redshift measurement. We prove that what I deem wave, deems itself matter, which solves wave–particle duality. We even untangle quantum entanglement without the issue of non-locality. We finally understand why alternative theories of Euclidean relativity have failed: They are all based on four dimensions of space rather than distance. A huge amount of energy was injected into ES at a point that we take as origin. Ever since has this energy been moving radially away at the speed of light. We live in the 3D hypersurface of an expanding 4D hypersphere. Hyperspherical coordinates have the great advantage that they reduce all that is ever happening to just one formula. So, it is the Theory of Everything in these coordinates: “Energy is covering radial distance which, divided by Euclidean time, is equal to the speed of light.” Acceleration and force like gravitation emerge from a rotation of objects in ES and a subsequent projection to 3D space. Matching the symmetry simplifies physics.

We present a theory of relativity based on four dimensions of space. In terms of impact, 4D space compares to 4D spacetime as the heliocentric compares to the geocentric model! We claim that 4D space is neither expanding nor curved by energy or mass. We also claim that time, although a useful concept in everyday life, is not a dimension of the universe. Time is just a misinterpretation of a suppressed dimension of space. The suppression is due to length contraction when moving at the speed of light. We derive this effect from 4D space geometry and prove that time dilation is equivalent to length contraction in one dimension of 4D space. We claim that the universe is a 3D projection of an expanding 4D hypersurface. Our situation is similar to that of an ant: Since it doesn't observe a third dimension, it can't understand 3D effects. Since we don't observe a fourth dimension, we can't understand 4D effects unless we discuss them in 4D space! We solve ten mysteries at one single blow: (1) the mystery of time, (2) of time's arrow, (3) of E_0=mc^2, (4) of why the background radiation is isotropic, (5) of Hubble's law, (6) of why the universe is flat, (7) of discrepancies in the Hubble constant, (8) of expanding space, (9) of dark energy, and (10) of spontaneity in particle physics. The secret to 4D space is its full symmetry in all dimensions. It thus shines with simplicity and beauty.

Threshold values of laser-induced optical breakdown (LIOB) on the surface of human corneal tissues, human enamel, and bovine brain tissues are presented. The data are obtained by using a regeneratively amplified Nd:YLF laser and a multistage dye laser system, respectively. The measured decrease in threshold fluence at shorter pulse durations is in good agreement with the authors' theoretical model.

Degeneration of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells severely impairs the visual function of retina photoreceptors. However, little is known about the events that trigger the death of RPE cells at the subcellular level. Two-photon excited autofluorescence (TPEF) imaging of RPE cells proves to be well suited to investigate both the morphological and the spectral characteristics of the human RPE cells. The dominant fluorophores of autofluorescence derive from lipofuscin (LF) granules that accumulate in the cytoplasm of the RPE cells with increasing age. Spectral TPEF imaging reveals the existence of abnormal LF granules with blue shifted autofluorescence in RPE cells of aging patients and brings new insights into the complicated composition of the LF granules. Based on a proposed two-photon laser scanning ophthalmoscope, TPEF imaging of the living retina may be valuable for diagnostic and pathological studies of age related eye diseases.