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The present study attempted to improve the discharge capacity of oblique weirs by rounding their crests. Twenty-four oblique weir models have been tested in which oblique angle (α), weir height (P) and crest diameter (D) were changed. Analysis of the results shows that the discharge (QOC) increases with the increase of effective head above crest (He). Values of discharge coefficient (CD) are found decreasing slightly with the increase of (He/P) and (He/D) values and weirs of small oblique angles give lower values of CD. An empirical expression is presented to determine CD in terms of He/P, He/D and α (in radian) with a correlation coefficient of 0.90 and a standard error of 0.01. The highest discharge capacity is obtained from a weir having α = 20°, P = 20 cm, D = 4 cm and D/P ratio = 0.2 in which the percentage increase in discharge is ranging between 147% and 175% compared to sharp crested normal weir. Comparison of the present study results with those of other investigations shows that circular crested oblique weirs offer higher discharge capacity compared with some other weir shapes. A simple design method is recommended through which the lasting dimensions and the head-discharge relationship of the weir can be predicted.

The possibility of titanium surface functionalization by an oblique angle deposition of nanostructured bioactive calcium phosphate coatings is shown in the present work. The coatings were obtained by an RF magnetron sputtering of hydroxyapatite and antibacterial zinc-substituted hydroxyapatite-based targets. The morphology and growth features of coatings were studied in relation to the process parameters, such as the angle of substrates inclination relative to the particle flux, an RF power supplied to the target, and the distance from the target surface to the surface of the substrates. With an increase in the angle of inclination, the surface morphology of the coating’s changes significantly. It resulted inappearance of nanoscale structural elements tilted towards the source of the material flux. The arrangement of surface features is ordered in accordance with the initial surface of the substrate before sputtering. The internal structure of the coatings is represented by columnar elements inclined relative to the plane of the substrate.

In this study, the deformation behavior of three steels was studied at Arctic temperatures by controlled single and multiple oblique angle impacts. The results were compared with the mechanical properties of the steels determined at the corresponding temperatures. At subzero temperatures, the hardness and strength of the studied steels increased and their ability to deform plastically steadily decreased. In the martensitic steels, adiabatic shear bands were observed to form during the impacts at subzero temperatures, indicating that the deformation ability of the steels was critically impaired. At −60 °C, the adiabatic shear bands commonly acted as initiation sites for subsurface cracks. Moreover, the surface characterization of the test samples revealed formation of cracks and wear particles, which was connected to the opening of grain boundaries and martensite laths at low temperatures. Finite Element Modeling was also used to obtain more information about the impact event. publishedVersion

Mobile mapping systems MMS equipped with cameras and laser scanners are widely used nowadays for different geospatial applications with centimetric accuracy either in project wise or national wise scales. The achieved positioning accuracy is very much related to the navigation unit, namely the GNSS and IMU onboard. Accordingly, in GNSS denied and degraded environments, the absolute positioning accuracy is worsened to few meters in some cases. Frequently, ground control points GCPs of a high positioning accuracy are used to align the MMS trajectories and to improve the accuracy when needed. The best way to integrate the MMS trajectories to the GCPs is by measuring them on the MMS images where the positioning accuracy is dropped. MMS images are mostly spherical panoramic (equirectangular) images and sometimes perspective and, in both types, it is required to precisely determine the images orientation in what is called as space resection or camera pose determination. For perspective images, the pose is conventionally determined by collinearity equations or by using projection and fundamental matrices. Whereas for equirectangular panoramic images it is based on resecting vertical and horizontal angles. However, there is still a challenge in the state–of–the–art of image pose determination because of the model nonlinearity and the sensitivity to proper initialization and spatial distribution of the points. In this research, a generic method is presented to solve the pose resection problem for the perspective and equirectangular images using oblique angles. The oblique angles are derived from the measured image coordinates and based on spherical trigonometry rules and vector geometry. The developed algorithm has proven to be highly stable and steadily converge to the global minimum. This is related to the robust geometric constraint offered by the oblique angles that are enclosed between the object points and the camera. As a result, the MMS trajectories are realigned accurately to the GCPs and the absolute accuracy is highly refined. Four experimental tests are presented where the results show the efficiency of the proposed angular based model in different cases of simulated and real data with different image types

Mobile mapping systems MMS equipped with cameras and laser scanners are widely used nowadays for different geospatial applications with centimetric accuracy either in project wise or national wise scales. The achieved positioning accuracy is very much related to the navigation unit, namely the GNSS and IMU onboard. Accordingly, in GNSS denied and degraded environments, the absolute positioning accuracy is worsened to few meters in some cases. Frequently, ground control points GCPs of a high positioning accuracy are used to align the MMS trajectories and to improve the accuracy when needed. The best way to integrate the MMS trajectories to the GCPs is by measuring them on the MMS images where the positioning accuracy is dropped. MMS images are mostly spherical panoramic (equirectangular) images and sometimes perspective and, in both types, it is required to precisely determine the images orientation in what is called as space resection or camera pose determination. For perspective images, the pose is conventionally determined by collinearity equations or by using projection and fundamental matrices. Whereas for equirectangular panoramic images it is based on resecting vertical and horizontal angles. However, there is still a challenge in the state–of–the–art of image pose determination because of the model nonlinearity and the sensitivity to proper initialization and spatial distribution of the points. In this research, a generic method is presented to solve the pose resection problem for the perspective and equirectangular images using oblique angles. The oblique angles are derived from the measured image coordinates and based on spherical trigonometry rules and vector geometry. The developed algorithm has proven to be highly stable and steadily converge to the global minimum. This is related to the robust geometric constraint offered by the oblique angles that are enclosed between the object points and the camera. As a result, the MMS trajectories are realigned accurately to the GCPs and the absolute accuracy is highly refined. Four experimental tests are presented where the results show the efficiency of the proposed angular based model in different cases of simulated and real data with different image types

Growing highly crystalline nanowires over large substrate areas remains an ambiguous task nowadays. Herein, a time-efficient and easy-to-handle bottom-up approach is demonstrated that enables the self-assembled growth of biaxially textured Ti thin films composed of single-crystalline nanowires in a single-deposition step. Ti thin films are deposited under highly oblique incidence angles by electron beam evaporation on amorphous substrates. Substrate temperature, angle of the incoming particle flux, and working pressure are varied to optimize the crystallinity in those films. Height-resolved structure information of individual nanowires is provided by a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) nanobeam, high-resolution TEM, and electron diffraction. Ti nanowires are polycrystalline at 77 K, whereas for ���300 K, single-crystalline nanowires are tendentially found. The Ti crystals grow along the thermodynamically favored c-direction, but the nanowires��� tilt angle is determined by shadowing. Biaxially textured Ti thin films require a certain temperature range combined with highly oblique deposition angles, which is proved by X-ray in-plane pole figures. A general correlation between average activation energy for surface self-diffusion and melting point of metals is given to estimate the significant influence of surface self-diffusion on the evolution of obliquely deposited metal thin films.

An Australian network of oblique angle-of-arrival (AoA) ionosondes was installed as part of the ELOISE experimental campaign in September 2015, aimed at an improved understanding of the spatial and temporal structure of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) at mid-latitudes. In this paper, the array design and signal processing for the AoA sounder is described, along with a sample of results showing typical disturbance signatures. Realistic parameterized models of electron density perturbations, along with geometric ray tracing, were used to synthesize the effects of medium to large scale TIDs on the sounder observables and aid in classifying the measurements.

In underwater laser cutting of steel plates thicker than 40 mm, the initial cutting speed was previously limited to 5–10 mm/min, because the generated melt could not be smoothly blown near the start point. Oblique cutting was considered a way to overcome this problem and speed up the initial cut. For this reason, underwater laser cutting tests were conducted to verify the improvement in initial cutting performance of thick steel plates through oblique cutting. First, constant speed cutting tests at oblique angle of 5° were performed on stainless steel plates. Compared to straight cutting, this method allowed initial cutting speed to be significantly increased. The maximum initial cutting speeds were 50, 25, and 15 mm/min for thicknesses of 48, 57, and 67 mm, respectively. When the oblique angle further increased to 15°, the initial cutting speed reached the maximum cutting speed achievable for each thickness. Therefore, there was no longer a need for 2-step cutting with low initial cutting speed. The maximum cutting speeds at the oblique angle of 15° were 100, 50, and 15 mm/min for thicknesses of 48, 57, and 68 mm, respectively. Additional cutting tests were performed for carbon steel plates. Due to the material properties of carbon steel, its cutting speed must be lower than that of stainless steel; however, all specimens were successfully cut at the oblique angle of 15°. The maximum cutting speeds of carbon steel plates were 40, 15, and 7 mm/min for thicknesses of 48, 59, and 69 mm, respectively.

This study was carried out at a private farm in Owlad Sakr District, El-Sharkia governorate Egypt during 2016 summer season. Wheat Misr 1 variety was harvested using a modified self-propelled reaper-binder. The modification was assembling a conveyor mat to facilitate the harvested material failling down upon the soil surface. The experiment was established and designed statistically as a factorial experiment with three replications. the tested treatments were mat linear speed (0.09, 0.10, 0.11 and 0.12 m/s) and mat oblique angle (10, 20, 30 and 40° with the horizontal).. The results indicated that 0.09 m/s mat linear speed accompanied with 10° mat oblique angle accomplished higher machinery productivity of 3.55 Mg grains/h and 3.61 Mg straw/h,lower specific energy requirements of 26.43 MJ/Mg, lower conveying losses of 5% grains and 4.8% straw and lower operational costs of 891 LE/mg. So, it is recommended to apply the modified reaper-binder to harvest and bind for wheat and other grain crops.

We introduce a vision-based technique to recognize static hand poses and dynamic finger tapping gestures. Our approach employs a camera on the wrist, with a view of the opisthenar (back of the hand) area. We envisage such cameras being included in a wrist-worn device such as a smartwatch, fitness tracker or wristband. Indeed, selected off-the-shelf smartwatches now incorporate a built-in camera on the side for photography purposes. However, in this configuration, the fingers are occluded from the view of the camera. The oblique angle and placement of the camera make typical vision-based techniques difficult to adopt. Our alternative approach observes small movements and changes in the shape, tendons, skin and bones on the opisthenar area. We train deep neural networks to recognize both hand poses and dynamic finger tapping gestures. While this is a challenging configuration for sensing, we tested the recognition with a real-time user test and achieved a high recognition rate of 89.4% (static poses) and 67.5% (dynamic gestures). Our results further demonstrate that our approach can generalize across sessions and to new users. Namely, users can remove and replace the wrist-worn device while new users can employ a previously trained system, to a certain degree. We conclude by demonstrating three applications and suggest future avenues of work based on sensing the back of the hand. Postprint

Deep drawing is one of the special methods for the sheet metal forming in the pressure processing field. This method is applied to manufacture the mechanical products with the deep and complex shapes. The influences of oblique angle of die surface to the product quality of the metallic forming are diccussed. This study uses the Abaqus software to simulate for four cases of the oblique angle of the die surface in the sheet metal forming processes. With each the simulation cases, the result shows that the wall thickness, material distribution and forming pressure are different for each various products. Moreover, the simulation results support a useful data table for the research and manufacturing in the deep drawing field. Nguyen Van Quang | Pham Van Lieu "Study About Effects of Oblique Angle of Die Surface to the Product Quality in the Deep Drawing" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23860.pdf

In this work, a versatile method is proposed to increase the sensitivity of optical sensors based on the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) phenomenon. It combines a physical deposition method with the oblique angle deposition technique, allowing the preparation of plasmonic thin films with tailored porosity. Thin films of Au-TiO2 were deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering in a 3D nanostructure (zigzag growth), at different incidence angles (0° ≤ α ≤ 80°), followed by in-air thermal annealing at 400 °C to induce the growth of the Au nanoparticles. The roughness and surface porosity suffered a gradual increment by increasing the incidence angle. The resulting porous zigzag nanostructures that were obtained also decreased the principal refractive indexes (RIs) of the matrix and favoured the diffusion of Au through grain boundaries, originating broader nanoparticle size distributions. The transmittance minimum of the LSPR band appeared at around 600 nm, leading to a red-shift to about 626 nm for the highest incidence angle α = 80°, due to the presence of larger (scattering) nanoparticles. It is demonstrated that zigzag nanostructures can enhance adsorption sites for LSPR sensing by tailoring the porosity of the thin films. Atmosphere controlled transmittance-LSPR measurements showed that the RI sensitivity of the films is improved for higher incidence angles., This research was sponsored by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) in the framework of Strategic Funding UID/FIS/04650/2013; project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016902, with FCT reference PTDC/FIS-NAN/1154/2014; and project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032299, with FCT reference PTDC/FIS-MAC/32299/2017. This work was also developed within the scope of the project CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, FCT Ref. UID/CTM/50011/2019, financed by national funds through the FCT/MCTES. Manuela Proença acknowledges her PhD grant from FCT, with reference SFRH/BD/137076/2018. Joel Borges acknowledges FCT for his Post-Doc grant SFRH/BPD/117010/2016. Marco S Rodrigues acknowledges FCT for his PhD grant with reference SFRH/BD/118684/2016. Konstantin Romanyuk wish to thank the Portuguese FCT for the financial support (grant SFRH/BPD/88362/2012)., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Chemical removal of materials from the surface is a fundamental step in micro- and nano-fabrication processes. In conventional plasma etching, etchant molecules are non-directional and perform a uniform etching over the surface. However, using a highly directional obliquely incident beam of etching agent, it can be possible to engineer surfaces in the micro- or nano- scales. Surfaces can be patterned with periodic morphologies like ripples and mounds by controlling parameters including the incidence angle with the surface and sticking coefficient of etching particles. In this study, the dynamic evolution of a rippled morphology has been investigated during oblique angle etching (OAE) using Monte Carlo simulations. Fourier space and roughness analysis were performed on the resulting simulated surfaces. The ripple formation was observed to originate from re-emission and shadowing effects during OAE. Our results show that the ripple wavelength and root-mean-square roughness evolved at a more stable rate with accompanying quasi-periodic ripple formation at higher etching angles (&theta, &gt, 60&deg, ) and at sticking coefficient values (Sc) 0.5 &le, Sc &le, 1. On the other hand, smaller etching angle (&theta, &lt, ) and lower sticking coefficient values lead to a rapid formation of wider and deeper ripples. This result of this study can be helpful to develop new surface patterning techniques by etching.

A simple procedure is demonstrated for fabrication of waveplates which can be released from substrate by laser cutting. Oblique angle deposition, chemical etching and laser inscription steps were used for the final lift-off and release of micro-waveplates in HCl solution., 3 pages

The effects of moisture content, internode region, and oblique angle on several mechanical properties of sainfoin stem were determined. The selected mechanical properties used were the shearing stress, specific shearing energy, bending stress, and modulus of elasticity when bending. The experiments were carried out with wet basis (WB) moisture contents of 71.76%, 45.57%, and 25.57%, at the third and second internode regions from the bottom up to the top, and 2 oblique angles (0° and 28°). The research results showed that the shearing stress of sainfoin stem increased as the moisture content increased, but decreased towards the upper internode of the stem. With the same moisture content, the shearing stress values obtained at an oblique angle of 28° were lower than those at an oblique angle of 0°. The maximum shearing stress and specific shearing energy were 5.76 MPa and 16.65 mJ mm-2 with a WB moisture content of 71.76% and an oblique angle of 0° at the first internode, respectively. The bending stress increased with decreasing moisture content. The maximum bending stress was 36.45 MPa for the lower region with a WB moisture content of 25.57% and the modulus of elasticity when bending decreased with an increase in the moisture content, and it was towards the upper region. The average modulus of elasticity values varied between 1.60 and 0.64 GPa.

Characterization of delamination fields in 3D for impact-damaged composites is necessary to achieve the USAF objective of damage tolerance for polymer matrix composites. Oblique angle pulse echo ultrasound inspection has been hypothesized as a potential technique to address this nondestructive characterization need, and modeling results presented last year support this hypothesis. Experimental results are presented showing that the received signals are much lower than predicted by the idealized model, and lower than could reasonably be detected without a priori knowledge of the delamination field. Reasons for this are presented and discussed.

This paper is proposed to extract the morphological factors of upper limb shapes related to the personalized sleeve design. The 36 items of lateral upper limb morphology were measured for 50 young female aged 19 to 22 years old by the photo measurement method. Based on the correlation relationships of morphological variables of upper limb, there are 4 morphological factors of upper limb shapes with eigenvalues above 1 were extracted by the principal component analysis, and the cumulative variance reached 83.504%. Among them, the factors of girth and height of upper limb were relevance to the girths of torso and stature respectively, and the factor of upper limb oblique angle is influenced by the upper body axis inclination, and the arm root height is interpreted as an independent factor describing the arm root shape. These morphological factors provided the references in key feature indicator sifting for upper limb shape subdivisions and the critical parameters in personalized sleeve structure designing.

The ground-breaking properties of biaxially textured thin films have attracted increasing attention to the characterization and growth theory of their crystal morphologies. In particular, multi-faceted columnar structures developed during oblique angle deposition (OAD) show abnormal tilt angles that have not been previously captured by existing models. Current theories for the formation of biaxially aligned columnar structures overlook the fact that the surface diffusion on individual facets can be finite. In this work, a continuum model incorporating finite adatom mobility, flux-dependent sticking coefficient, and material-specific surface energies is employed to study the growth of a well-known MgO-OAD system. Experimentally observed morphologies are reproduced by simulating the shadowing growth of an array of preferentially oriented single crystals. We show that the abnormal tilting is elusive considering only the effects of faceting and shadowing. A proposed sticking coefficient in our model, determined by the component of adatom momentum parallel to the surface, is responsible for the development of abnormal tilting. The role of faceting is demonstrated by its effect on the resulting columnar morphologies. Using the proposed model, the characteristic morphology and tilting behavior of a CaF 2-OAD system are also obtained, which agree with experiments.

At the beginning of mitosis, the cell forms a spindle made of microtubules and associated proteins to segregate chromosomes. An important part of spindle architecture is a set of antiparallel microtubule bundles connecting the two spindle poles. A key question is how microtubules extending at arbitrary angles form an antiparallel interpolar bundle. Here we show that microtubules meet at an oblique angle and subsequently rotate into antiparallel alignment. By combining experiments with theory, we show that microtubules from each pole search for those from the opposite pole by performing random angular movement. Upon contact of two microtubules, they slide sideways along each other towards the minus end, which we interpret as the action of minus end directed Cut7/kinesin-5 motors. In conclusion, random rotational motion helps microtubules from the opposite poles to find each other and subsequent accumulation of motors allows them to generate forces that drive interpolar bundle formation.

Structural frequency response testing is accurate in identifying the dynamic characteristic of a machinery structure. In practical perspective, conventional structural frequency response testing such as experimental modal analysis with impulse technique (also known as "impulse testing") has limitation especially on its long acquisition time. The high acquisition time is mainly due to the redundancy procedure where the engineer has to repeatedly perform the test in 3 directions, namely the axial-, horizontal- and vertical-axis, in order to comprehensively define the dynamic behavior of a 3D structure. This is unfavorable to numerous industries where the downtime cost is high. This study proposes to reduce the testing time by using oblique impact. Theoretically, a single oblique impact can induce significant vibration responses and vibration modes in all the 3 directions. Hence, the acquisition time with the implementation of the oblique impulse technique can be reduced by a factor of three (i.e. for a 3D dynamic system). This study initiates an experimental investigation of impulse testing with oblique excitation. A motor-driven test rig has been used for the testing purpose. Its dynamic characteristic has been identified using the impulse testing with the conventional normal impact and the proposed oblique impact respectively. The results show that the proposed oblique impulse testing is able to obtain all the desired natural frequencies in all 3 directions and thus providing a feasible solution for a fast and time effective way of conducting the impulse testing., {"references":["W.G. Halvorsen & D.L. Brown, \"Impulse technique for structural frequency response testing,\" Sound and Vibration, vol. 11(11), pp. 8­21, 1977.","A.G.A. Rahman, O.Z. Chao, & Z. Ismail, \"Effectiveness of impact-synchronous time averaging in determination of dynamic characteristics of a rotor dynamic system,\" Measurement, vol. 44(1), pp. 34-45, 2011.","S.R. Dana, & D.E. Adams, \"Dynamics-Based Health Monitoring of Wind Turbine Rotor Blades Using Integrated Inertial Sensors.\" in ASME International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, Chicago, IL, 2012, pp.253-263.","S.M. Leonard, \"Increasing the reliability of reciprocating compressors on hydrogen services,\" in National Petroleum Refiners Association Maintenance Conference, New Orleans, LA, 1997.","M. Richardson, & B. Schwarz, \"Modal parameter estimation from operating data,\" Sound and Vibration, vol. 37(1), pp. 28-39, 2003."]}

Advanced materials interfaces 5(18), 1800530 (2018). doi:10.1002/admi.201800530, This work reports a thorough characterization analysis of various porous thin film multilayers by means of grazing‐incidence small‐angle X‐ray scattering (GISAXS). Alternated TiO2/SiO2 nanocolumnar layers deposited at oblique angles are fabricated in slanted, chiral, and zig‐zag configurations by rotating azimuthally the substrate from one layer to the next. Multilayer systems formed by the stacking of 3 and 15 alternant thin films of these two oxides are morphologically characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and structurally by GISAXS. This technique has provided a means to determine various vertical and lateral correlation lengths and to assess the anisotropic electron density distribution along the structural elements existing in the multilayers. This information can be systematically used to account for the actual arrangement of nanostructural elements in multilayer systems., Published by Wiley-VCH, Weinheim

13 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables, Large sediment waves have been observed over the Gulf of Roses (GoR) continental slope (NW Mediterranean), developed between ~200 and ~400 m water depth. Geometric parameters computed from the acquired swath bathymetry revealed mean wave lengths of ~2000 m, and maximum wave heights of ~60 m. Single-channel reflection seismic profiles provided information on the sediment wave internal structure and the Quaternary stratigraphic architecture of the GoR outer shelf and slope. Seven main seismic units could be identified, with continuous development of sediment waves over the outer continental shelf and upper slope, showing differences in wave height and length. The seismic units are differentiated by erosional surfaces that can be followed from the outer shelf down the slope, and which have been correlated with Pleistocene eustatic oscillations. Sediment cores were collected over the sediment wave crests and troughs, and grain size distribution and sediment accumulation rates were analysed. Results show a dominant fraction of fine sediments, allowing classifying the observed bedforms as mud waves. Calculated sediment accumulation rates ranged between 0.08 and 0.18 cm/y, with no clear sedimentation pattern (e.g. differential sediment deposition rates) observed between wave crests and troughs. Nevertheless, the presence of thick surface mixed layers and the increase of the sand fraction in the upper sections of the cores indicate that the surface sediments are affected by bottom trawling activities, since the area is highly impacted by this human activity. The sediment waves observed over the GoR slope are most likely to be formed by bottom currents generated by overflows of dense water originated in the Gulf of Lions shelf, which cascade downslope in an oblique angle with respect the main bathymetric contours. This study offers new insights on the role of dense shelf water cascading processes and associated off-shelf sediment transport reshaping the morphology of the open-slope regions, This work was funded by the Spanish grants FORMED (CGL2012-33989) and ABIDES (CTM2015-65142-R) and by the Generalitat de Catalunya supporting grants 2014 SGR-1642 and 2014 SGR-1356

Linear dunes are the most common dune form found on planetary surfaces, yet questions remain about their formation. Temporal observations of a linear dune located in the Simpson Desert of central Australia were made to monitor dune movement and to test competing hypotheses regarding linear dune formation. Our observations were collected on three separate occasions from 2006 to 2014. Rebar stakes were placed in a gridded pattern so that multiple measurements of sand thickness, GPS surveys, and photographs could be taken at the same locations over time. We observed widespread reworking of sand on and around the dune crest, with sand accumulation locally exceeding a meter between surveys. Overall, the height of the dune crest increased by several centimeters. We also observed fluctuations in the sand cover in the adjacent swales that often exceeded 2–3 cm between surveys, yet we did not observe any appreciable changes in the position of the dune's downwind terminus. Weather data indicate that the effective sand-transporting winds in the Simpson are widely unimodal. Net sediment flux (resultant drift direction) is toward the north-northwest, locally at an oblique angle to dune orientation. Collectively, our results suggest that the linear dune is actively maintained by vertical accretion. The implications from our observations are that linear dunes on other planetary surfaces could form in wind regimes that are widely unimodal, even where the resultant drift direction is locally oblique to dune orientation. In particular, such findings may provide support for global circulation models of Titan.

Background: This study sought to determine safe ranges of oblique angle, skin entry point and needle length by reviewing computed tomography (CT) scans and to evaluate the usefulness of a bent tip needle during celiac plexus block (CPB). Methods: CT scans of 60 CPB patients were reviewed. Image of the uppermost margin of L2 vertebral body was used to measure the minimal and maximal oblique angles and the distances from the midline to skin puncture point. The imaginary needle trajectory distance was calculated by three-dimensional measurement. When the procedure was performed by using a 10o bent tip needle under a 20o oblique X-ray fluoroscopic view, the distance (GF/G’F) from the midline to the actual puncture site was measured. Results: The imaginary safe oblique angle range was 26.4.34.2o and 27.7.36.0o on the right and left, respectively. The distance from the midline to skin puncture point was 6.1.7.6 cm on the right and 6.3.7.6 cm on the left. The needle trajectory distance at minimal angle was 9.6.11.6 cm on the right and 9.5.11.5 cm on the left. The distance of GF/G’F was 5.1.6.5 cm and 5.0.6.4 cm on the right and left, respectively. All imaginary parameters were correlated with BMI except for GF/G’F. All complications were mild and transient. Conclusions: We identified safe values of angles and distances using a straight needle. Furthermore, using a bent tip needle under a 20o oblique fluoroscopic view, we could safely perform CPB with smaller parameter values. (Korean J Pain 2015; 28: 109-115)

When investigating nickel (Ni) thin films deposited by using an oblique angle deposition (OAD) technique, we find a strong correlation between the structural, electrical, and optical properties. The microstructure of the Ni thin-films is largely influenced by the deposition angle of the OAD technique. By increasing the deposition angle, we find that the sheet resistance of the Ni thin-films increases superlinearly and that the optical reflectance of the films increases. These results are explained by the degree of formation of a columnar nanostructure during OAD deposition.

In this work we analyze a phenomenon that takes place when growing magnetron sputtered porous/compact multilayer systems by alternating the oblique angle and the classical configuration geometries. We show that the compact layers develop numerous fissures rooted in the porous structures of the film below, in a phenomenon that amplifies when increasing the number of stacked layers. We demonstrate that these fissures emerge during growth due to the high roughness of the porous layers and the coarsening of a discontinuous interfacial region. To minimize this phenomenon, we have grown thin interlayers between porous and compact films under the impingement of energetic plasma ions, responsible for smoothing out the interfaces and inhibiting the formation of structural fissures. This method has been tested in practical situations for compact TiO/porous SiO multilayer systems, although it can be extrapolated to other materials and conditions., Authors acknowledge the University of Seville (VPPI-US), the Junta de Andalucía (TEP8067, TEP5283 and P12–2265MO) and the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain (MAT2013-42900-P, MAT2013-40852-R, MAT2016-79866-R, MAT2015-69035-REDC) for financial support.

The prepsoas retroperitoneal approach is a minimally invasive technique used for anterior lumbar interbody fusion. The approach may have a more favorable risk profile than the transpsoas approach, decreasing the risks that come with dissecting through the psoas muscle. However, the oblique angle of the spine in the prepsoas approach can be disorienting and challenging. This technical report provides an overview of the use of navigation in prepsoas oblique lateral lumbar interbody fusion in a series of 49 patients.

Single-molecule approaches to solving biophysical problems are powerful tools that allow static and dynamic real-time observations of specific molecular interactions of interest in the absence of ensemble-averaging effects. Here, we provide detailed protocols for building an experimental system that employs atomic force microscopy and a single-molecule DNA tightrope assay based on oblique angle illumination fluorescence microscopy. Together with approaches for engineering site-specific lesions into DNA substrates, these complementary biophysical techniques are well suited for investigating protein–DNA interactions that involve target-specific DNA-binding proteins, such as those engaged in a variety of DNA repair pathways. In this chapter, we demonstrate the utility of the platform by applying these techniques in the studies of proteins participating in nucleotide excision repair.

AIM: This study aimed to compare the stresses generated by using two or four root form dental implants supporting mandibular overdentures that were retained with ball and locator attachments.METHODS: Under ANSYS environment, four 3D finite element models were prepared. These models simulated complete overdentures supported by two or four implants with either ball or locator attachments as a connection mechanism. The models’ components were created by CAD/CAM package then were imported to ANSYS. Load of 100 N was applied at the right premolar/molar region vertically and at an oblique angle of 110° from lingual direction.RESULTS: Within the conditions of this research, in all cases, it was found that cortical and cancellous bone regions were the least to be stressed. Also, the ball attachment produced higher stresses.CONCLUSION: Caps deformation and stresses are negligible in cases of using locator attachment in comparison to ball attachments. This may indicate longer lifetime and less repair/maintenance operations in implant overdentures retained by locator attachments. Although the study revealed that bone was insensitive to a number of implants or attachment type, it may be recommended to use two implants in the canine region than using four, where the locator attachments were found to be better.

Ti@MoOx core–shell nanorod arrays with diameters within 100 nm were fabricated by electrodepositing MoOx on a Ti nanorod array prepared by oblique angle deposition. A high areal capacitance of 27 mF cm−2 and satisfactory cycling stability were obtained. After post-annealing, MoO2 grains were introduced to enhance the rate capability, suggesting a potential pseudocapacitive micro-electrode. Keywords: Ti nanorod array, Molybdenum oxide, Oblique angle deposition, Electrodeposition, Micro-supercapacitor

CuIn 0.8 Ga 0.2 Se 2 (CIGS) is a chalcogenide semiconducting material used as absorbing layer in photovoltaic cell. In the present study, CIGS thin films were deposited on bare soda lime glass substrate by RF magnetron sputtering at various oblique angles. The structural, surface morphological, film surface roughness, optical, and electrical properties of CIGS thin films were studied at various oblique angles. Films were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer and four probe method. XRD revealed that all the deposited thin films were polycrystalline with preferred peak intensity along (112) plane. The film deposited at 0° (target- substrate parallel) exhibited larger crystallite size (28 nm) with low dislocation density (1.2×10 15 lines m -2 ). The film surface at this angle was more compact and uniform in comparison to the films deposited at other deposition angles. The optical data revealed that the film exhibits more transparency (23%) at higher oblique angle (60°). The optical band gap of developed film was found to be 1.33 eV at 60° while 1.14 eV at 0°. Slanting morphology was observed at higher oblique angle. The electrical resistivity was following an increasing trend with rise in oblique angle.

In this study deal with numerical analysis of the impact dynamic effects of crush performance of the tapered cross-section tubes, containing straight, single taper, double taper, taper triple and fourth tapered lightweight polyurethane foam filled alloy steel thin-walled tube. Foam-filled thin-walled tubes have been examined numerically. Off-axis angle load dynamic effects in front of crash were examined at an angle of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 degrees. Numerical analysis has been verified by experimental studies in place to validate the data. The results show that the energy absorption capacity has been significantly affected tube with various oblique angle, impact velocity and wall thickness. It was found that the foam filling in a thin-walled tubes increase the amount of energy absorbed compared with empty tubes.

The parallel reservoir perforating technology enables each shot hole in the gun to be fired in a direction parallel to the reservoir at a set angle, realizing a new technique in which the perforating projectile and the reservoir are parallel. The technology can be combined with the azimuth perforating technology. For the oblique angle of the reservoir and the wellbore, the oil pipe conveying type azimuth perforating technology, the inclined well self-orientation perforating technology and the modular cable perforating technology can be used for construction. The technology can effectively reduce the fracture pressure of reservoir construction, improve the productivity of medium and low permeability reservoir oil wells, and meet the needs of low permeability, thin poor layer and special well development and transformation.