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Polyherbal chewable tablets of Phyllanthus emblica and Glycyrrhiza glabra were developed with the objective to formulate an effective, safe and convenient dosage form for acid-related disorders. A standard calibration curve was constructed for Polyherbal extracts through UV-Spectrophotometry, achieving an absorbance maximum at 275 nm. Compatibility between the drug and excipients was examined through FTIR studies. Various pre-compression parameters, like bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, Hausner's ratio and angle of repose, were assessed for the powder blend. The tablets were evaluated for post-compression parameters, such as thickness, hardness, friability, and weight variation and disintegration time. The drug release study was conducted in vitro. The acid-neutralizing capacity of the formulated batches was compared with marketed formulations. The calibration curve showed a high correlation coefficient (r2=0.9972), suggesting accuracy and reliability. FTIR analysis confirmed the compatibility between the drug and excipients. Pre-compression studies revealed an acceptable range for all parameters, indicating good flow properties. For instance, Carr's Index for all batches varied from 14.31% to 24.41%, and the angle of repose ranged from 33.7 to 35.21 degrees. Post-compression parameters were within the standard limits with hardness between 4.9 to 6.1 kg/cm2 and friability less than 1% for all batches. In vitro drug release showed a gradual increase over time with PF9 achieving 98.63% release at 60 min. The acid-neutralization capacity was highest for the combined extract at 27.83±0.34 mEq/g and PF9 batch at 28.12±0.43 mEq/g, demonstrating their effectiveness in neutralizing acid. The study successfully formulated a Polyherbal chewable tablet with optimized pre and post-compression parameters. The tablet exhibited promising in vitro drug release and an efficient acid-neutralizing capacity. It holds potential as an effective treatment option for acid-related disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies report on the role of Phyllanthus niruri as an anti-inflammatory and there are variations in the results in every research, so a meta-analysis study is needed to obtain accurate results. This study aims to conduct a meta-analysis of the effect of Phyllanthus niruri as an anti-inflammatory. This study uses a meta-analysis research design with data collection from 12 databases. The screening process was carried out according to PRISMA, then analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 3 (CMA3). Funnel plot and Egger's test were used as methods to measure publication bias. The articles used were 438 articles from various research journals. After going through screening, as many as 5 articles were eligible to be incorporated in the meta-analysis. Data were analyzed using a random effect model to calculate standardized means difference (SMD). The cytokines analyzed were TNF-a and IL-6 because both were discussed in at least 3 studies. Phyllanthus niruri affected the reduction of inflammatory cytokines with an effect size of SMD on TNF-a is -17,611 (95% CI -29,347, -5,875; p=0.003) and IL-6 is -3,263 (95% CI -5,403, -1,222; p = 0.003). The results of this meta-analysis strengthen the concept/theory that Phyllanthus niruri has the potential as an anti-inflammatory by reducing the inflammatory cytokines TNF-a and IL-6. These results strengthen the scientific basis for the use of Phyllanthus niruri as a supplement for the community to prevent inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bryophyllum pinnatum and Phyllanthus amarus are plants that have been established to contain bioactive substances for various therapeutic advantages, most importantly their leaves. Information on the other parts of the plant, such as stem and root, is scanty in literature; hence, there is a need to compare the various parts of the plants in terms of proximate composition, phytochemicals, and mineral elements. The results showed that the two plants had the highest amount of carbohydrate (62.09 - 63.98%) and followed in decreasing order of magnitude by protein (16.04 - 17.50%), moisture (10.05 - 10.35%), fibre (3.9 - 4.36%) and ash (3.80 - 4.03%). The fat contents in both plants ranged from 1.09% to 2.03% in Phyllanthus amarus and Bryophyylum pinnate leaves, respectively. Alkaloids (106.97 - 108.46 mg/100g) were highest in all the plants, while steroids (0.11 - 0.17 mg/100g) were lowest. Generally, in both plant parts, the leaf and stem had a higher amount of the foregoing proximate and phytochemicals when compared to the root. Considering the macronutrients, all the plant parts contained the highest amount of potassium (29.04 - 30.03 mg/100g) and the lowest amount of nitrogen (0.25 - 0.27%). Iron (26.3 - 27.7 mg/100g) was the highest among the micronutrients, while copper was the lowest (0.70 - 0.73 mg/100g). The study concluded that both plants showed proximate phytochemicals and mineral nutrients that were unevenly distributed in the various parts of the plant, with the leaf and stem exhibiting higher concentrations compared to the root. Therefore, adequate knowledge of the distribution of these chemical constituents will provide a baseline for the selection of parts to be used for health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to increase the kinds of jelly and improve the added value of Phyllanthus emblica L. and passion fruit, using P. emblica L. and passion fruit as main raw materials, sensory score, color and texture properties as indicators, the effects of the added amount of passion fruit juice, compound gum and erythritol on the quality of the compound jelly of P. emblica L. and passion fruit were explored by single factor experiments. On this basis, taking sensory score as the response value, the formulation of the compound jelly of P. emblica L. and passion fruit was optimized by response surface methodology. The results showed that the best formulation of the compound jelly of P. emblica L. and passion fruit was as follows: The added amount of passion fruit juice was 19%, the added amount of compound gum was 2.0% (the mass ratio of curdlan gum, konjac gum and xanthan gum was 30:3:7), and the added amount of erythritol was 26.8%. The compound jelly prepared under these conditions was orange in color, lustrous, delicate in taste, with the characteristic flavors of P. emblica L. and passion fruit being outstanding and harmonious. It tasted sweet and sour, with long sweet aftertaste, and the hardness, elasticity and chewiness were moderate. Its overall acceptability was very good, and its sensory score was 8.65 points. This study could provide a reference for the development of low-sugar compound jelly of P. emblica L. and passion fruit without adding flavor, pigment and sucrose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) is categorized as vulnerable in the IUCN Red list and is also an industrially important tree species valued for its heartwood and aromatic oil. Sandalwood is a semi-root parasite tree that relies on its host plants for its water and nutrient requirements. Therefore, there is need to understand the growth and physiological interactions between sandalwood and its hosts. Methods: Sandalwood were planted with ten different host species viz., Syzygium cumini, Punica granatum, Phyllanthus emblica, Melia dubia, Leucaena leucocephala, Dalbergia sissoo, Casuarina equisetifolia, Citrus aurantium, Azadirachta indica and Acacia ampliceps to assess the interactive effect on the change in growth and physiology of both sandalwood and host tree species. Results: The findings revealed that sandalwood grown with hosts D. sissoo and C. equisetifolia showed higher growth performance, while among hosts, S. cumini, followed by C. aurantium and L. leucocephala, showed better growth and physiobiochemical traits. The stepwise regression analysis and trait modeling indicated that the six traits, namely, plant height, photosynthetic rate, relative water content, water potential, intercellular CO2 concentration, and total soluble protein, contributed greater growth in the sandalwood, while four traits, namely, water potential, osmotic potential, leaf area, and total soluble protein, contributed greater growth in the host species. The traits modeling study predicted greater growth of sandalwood with the hosts D. sissoo and C. equisetifolia, whereas among host species, prediction revealed greater growth of S. cumini and C. aurantium. Discussion: The study concluded that host--parasite interaction modulated the growth and physiological processes in both sandalwood and hosts and sandalwood plantations can be successfully developed with the hosts D. sissoo and C. equisetifolia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Medicinal plants, rich in phytochemicals like phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins, offer potential benefits in enhancing productivity, quality, and animal health. Amla fruit (Phyllanthus emblica) is one such plant with promising attributes. This study aimed to investigate the impact of fresh Amla fruit (FAF) supplementation on ruminal microbial composition and its correlation with rumen fermentation in lactating dairy cows. Methods: The study employed a repeated crossover design involving eight ruminally cannulated mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows. Animals received varying levels of fresh Amla fruit supplementation (0, 200, 400, and 600 g/d). Results: When 400 g/d of FAF was added to the diet, there was a significant increase in the relative abundance of Firmicutes (p = 0.02). However, at 200 g/d, the relative abundance of ruminal Bacteroidota was higher than the 0 and 400 g/d FAF supplementation (p < 0.01). LEfSe analysis identified distinct taxa, such as Clostridia vadinBB60 in the 200 g/d group, Oscillospiraceae in the 400 g/d group, and Elusimicrobium in the 600 g/d group. Notably, the random forest species abundance statistics identified Oscillospiraceae V9D2013 as a biomarker related to milk yield. Oscillospiraceae, Bacilli RF39, norank_f Prevotellaceae, and Bifidobacterium were positively correlated with ruminal total VFA and molar proportion of propionate, while Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group and Clostridia vadinBB60 were negatively correlated. Discussion: FAF supplementation affects the abundance of beneficial microbes in a dose-dependent manner, which can improve milk yield, efficiency, rumen health, desirable fatty acids, and animal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Medicinal plants, rich in phytochemicals like phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins, offer potential benefits in enhancing productivity, quality, and animal health. Amla fruit (Phyllanthus emblica) is one such plant with promising attributes. This study aimed to investigate the impact of fresh Amla fruit (FAF) supplementation on ruminal microbial composition and its correlation with rumen fermentation in lactating dairy cows. Methods: The study employed a repeated crossover design involving eight ruminally cannulated mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows. Animals received varying levels of fresh Amla fruit supplementation (0, 200, 400, and 600 g/d). Results: When 400 g/d of FAF was added to the diet, there was a significant increase in the relative abundance of Firmicutes (p = 0.02). However, at 200 g/d, the relative abundance of ruminal Bacteroidota was higher than the 0 and 400 g/d FAF supplementation (p < 0.01). LEfSe analysis identified distinct taxa, such as Clostridia vadinBB60 in the 200 g/d group, Oscillospiraceae in the 400 g/d group, and Elusimicrobium in the 600 g/d group. Notably, the random forest species abundance statistics identified Oscillospiraceae V9D2013 as a biomarker related to milk yield. Oscillospiraceae, Bacilli RF39, norank_f Prevotellaceae, and Bifidobacterium were positively correlated with ruminal total VFA and molar proportion of propionate, while Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group and Clostridia vadinBB60 were negatively correlated. Discussion: FAF supplementation affects the abundance of beneficial microbes in a dose-dependent manner, which can improve milk yield, efficiency, rumen health, desirable fatty acids, and animal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer cells generally exhibit 'iron addiction' phenotypes, which contribute to their vulnerability to ferroptosis inducers. Ferroptosis is a newly discovered form of programmed cell death caused by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. In the present study, pacidusin B, a dichapetalin-type triterpenoid from Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels (Euphorbiaceae), induces ferroptosis in the HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cell line. Cells treated with pacidusin B exhibited the morphological characteristic 'ballooning' phenotype of ferroptosis. The biochemical hallmarks of ferroptosis were also observed in pacidusin B-treated cells. Both oxidative stress and ER stress play significant roles in pacidusin B-induced ferroptosis. The activation of the PERK-Nrf2-HO-1 signaling pathway led to iron overload, while inhibition of GPX4 further sensitized cancer cells to ferroptosis. Furthermore, the molecular docking study showed that pacidusin B docked in the same pocket in xCT as the ferroptosis inducer erastin. These results revealed that pacidusin B exerts anticancer effects via inducing ER-mediated ferroptotic cell death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents investigation on ethnobotany, phytochemicals constituents and antioxidant potential of six selected wild edible fruits (WEFs) of Manipur. Ethnomedicinal data collected through a semi-structured questionnaire shows that there are different therapeutic possibilities of WEFs, practised by the local people. Phytochemical estimation observed Rhus semialata was the most acidic fruit (4.67 pH) with 0.73% of titratable acidity and lowest solubility (20%). A strong negative and significant association was observed between pH and titratable acidity, r = -0.900, p<0.010, while a moderate positive relationship between titratable acidity and solubility, r = 0.590, p<0.010 and no significant relationship was observed between pH and solubility. The calorific value was found within the range of 198-459 kcal/100 g. The phytochemical content was foremost in Phyllanthus emblica, including the antioxidant potential and vitamin C, exceptfortannin. Meanwhile, tannin was found highest in Spondias pinnata (67.63±0.97mg/g). Least total phenolic and tannin content was recorded in Vangueria spinosa. P. emblica shows the highest reducing capacity in both the analysis, i.e., total in vitro antioxidant activity (159.06±4.10 AAE mg/g) and FRAP assay (42.57±0.05 AAE mg/g). In in vitro antioxidant activity, S. pinnata (11.82±1.54 AAE mg/g) shows the lowest antioxidant activity. The inhibition percentage of the DPPH assay was in order of Phyllanthus emblica>Spondias pinnata>Rhus semialata>Elaeocarpus floribundus>Microcos paniculata>Vangueria spinosa. The fruit samples exhibit diverse antioxidant activity indicating an active response to the radical. The finding specifies the overall primary and secondary metabolites, and antioxidant properties of these underutilized wild edible fruits and validates their therapeutic values and prospects. Value-added food products of the WEFs plant species may be promoted within and outside the state while assuring nutrient content and availability of products. Moreover, it will help improve the economic conditions of local people, aiding financial condition by selling fruits and value-added products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fruit of Phyllanthus emblica L. (FEPE) has a long history of use in Asian folk medicine. The main bioactive compounds in FEPE are polyphenols, known for their potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipidemic activities. The present study aimed to investigate the intervention effect of FEPE (100 and 200 mg/kg) on hyperlipidemia for 8 weeks and preliminarily explored the potential mechanism by microbiome-metabolome analysis. The results showed that a high-dose FEPE (200 mg/kg) effectively alleviated dyslipidaemic symptoms and body weight gain in hyperlipidemic mice induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). Microbiome analysis showed that FEPE altered the structure of the intestinal microbiota, which included an increase in specific probiotics (such as Akkermansia, Anaerovorax, and Bacteroides) and a decrease in harmful bacteria (including A2, Acetitomaculum, Candidatus_Arthromitus, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Lachnospiraceae_NK4B4_group, Rikenella, and Streptococcus), as well as a reduction in the level of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). In addition, significant changes in the hepatic metabolome were observed, and eight key metabolites associated with betaine metabolism, lysine degradation, methionine metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism pathways were primarily filtered. The correlated analysis identified several key "microbiota-metabolite" axes in the treatment of hyperlipidemia by FEPE extract. In conclusion, the present study is expected to provide a basis for treating hyperlipidemia with FEPE from the perspective of the microbiome-liver metabolome axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phyllanthus emblica is a natural medicinal herb with diverse bioactivities. Certain extracts from this herb have been confirmed to possess anti-glycolipid metabolic disorder activity. To further develop its utility value and explore its potential in combating glycolipid metabolic disorders, we designed a series of experiments to investigate the structure, antioxidant activity, and anti-glycolipid metabolic disorder activity of Phyllanthus emblica polysaccharides. In this study, we extracted and purified polysaccharides from Phyllanthus emblica and thoroughly analyzed their structure using various techniques, including NMR, methylation analysis, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. We investigated the hypolipidemic and anti-glycolipid metabolism disorder activity of Phyllanthus emblica polysaccharides for the first time utilizing oleic acid (OA) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) as inducers. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of Phyllanthus emblica polysaccharides was assessed in vitro. These findings lay the groundwork for future investigations into the potential application of Phyllanthus emblica polysaccharides as an intervention for preventing and treating diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is attributable towards diverse applications in various fields, recently. In this research, we report simple and eco-friendly synthesis of chromium oxide (Cr2O3) nanoparticles using the fruit extract of Phyllanthus emblica as a reducing and capping agent. The absorbance peaks at 350 nm and 450 nm validated the nanoparticle formation in UV–visible spectrum. FTIR spectrum revealed the nature of functional groups. The crystalline properties of nanoparticles were ascertained by XRD analysis. EDX spectrum corroborated the elemental composition of nanoparticles in which chromium and oxygen constituted 68% of total weight. SEM images demonstrated agglomeration of nanoparticles resulting in the formation of large irregularly shaped flakes. Cr2O3 nanoparticles demonstrated excellent antimicrobial properties against 11 bacterial isolates and 1 fungal isolate. The largest inhibition zone (53 mm) was measured against A. baumannii while the smallest inhibition zone (26 mm) was recorded against S. aureus. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were < 1 µg/ml for all microbes. However, the synthesized nanoparticles did not reveal synergism with any of the selected antibiotics (FICI values > 1). Nanoparticles possessed potent anti-biofilm powers with maximum (77%) inhibition of E. coli biofilms and minimum (45%) inhibition of S. enterica biofilms. Photocatalytic activity of Cr2O3 nanoparticles was evaluated to determine their efficacy in environmental bioremediation. Outcomes demonstrated degradation of methyl red (84%) but not of methylene blue dye. Furthermore, the Cr2O3 nanoparticles displayed considerable antioxidant (43%) as well as anti-inflammatory (44%) potentials. Hence, the present study accounts for the versatile applications of P. emblica-mediated Cr2O3 nanoparticles which could be pursued for future biomedical and environmental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pregnant women must be wary of using traditional medicines due to the possibility of their having oxytoxic effects. Indonesia is rich in plants containing antioxidants. One of these plants is Phyllanthus emblica L. This study aims to determine the phytochemical constituents of Phyllanthus emblica L. fruit nanoherbals by LC-HRMS analysis and their antimutagenic activity and teratogenic effects. The study commenced by producing nanoherbal extracts from P. emblica fruit. The phytochemical composition of these extracts was then analyzed using LC-HRMS. The nanoherbal extracts were also tested for their ability to prevent mutations, as indicated by a reduction in micronuclei observed in mouse femur bone marrow smear preparations. The teratogenicity test involved administering the P. emblica fruit nanoherbal at 100, 500, and 1000 mg/kg BW doses. The data were analyzed using SPSS. The phytochemical constituents of the P. emblica fruit nanoherbal include flavonoids, phenols, vitamins, and alkaloids. The P. emblica fruit nanoherbal exhibits antimutagenic activity, as evidenced by a statistical analysis that indicated a significant decrease in the quantity of micronuclei per 200 PCE compared to the negative control (p < 0.05). The administration of the P. emblica fruit nanoherbal at a dosage of 1000 mg/kg BW resulted in a teratogenic impact during the organogenesis stage, as shown by hemorrhage and anomalies in the sternum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound dressings developed by combining plant extracts with polymers have made a great progress in wound care treatment. One plant with remarkable healing properties is Phyllanthus emblica Linn (P. emblica), which is described as having potent antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti‐inflammatory properties. The aim of this study is to evaluate the biocompatibility of P. emblica‐loaded polyvinyl alcohol/gelatin‐based cryogels (PVA/Gel/P.emblica) through cytotoxicity and proliferation tests in HaCaT cells and examine their potential in wound dressing applications. Accordingly, PVA/Gel/P.emblica cryogels are successfully synthesized and characterization studies and in vitro cell culture studies are performed. The swelling tests and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis results show that swelling and surface area properties of cryogels increase with increasing P. emblica amounts. Morphological results display that the cryogels have a dense, interconnected pore morphology and a macroporous structure. 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide, trypan blue exclusion, and live–dead assay results reveal that P. emblica enhances cell proliferation, increases cell number, and improves cell viability. Based on the scanning electron microscope, immunofluorescence, and Giemsa staining images, it is observed that P. emblica promotes cell attachment, proliferation, and penetration. These findings confirm that PVA/Gel/P.emblica cryogels are suitable for use as wound dressing materials and can be developed with further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is an analytical tool extensively used for the scientific analysis of components in a mixture. Several reports attribute its high analytical potential to bioactive components from different medicinal plants. Hepatic disorders, which have been a major threat to public health for decades, affect cells, tissues, structure, or liver function. The damage caused by this can be triggered by biological causes, autoimmune diseases, excessive alcohol consumption, or the action of different compounds, for instance, few medicines. Phyllanthus emblica Linn. is a therapeutic plant that has been used to treat liver disorders in Asia for many decades now. It is mentioned in the Ayurvedic scriptures for its medicinal value. This review focuses on the intricacies of HPLC-based extraction and analysis of medicinally important phytochemicals, notably for hepatic disorders from the P. emblica plant. This will be useful for future phytochemical analysts working with medicinal plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb, Phyllanthus niruri L., and Morinda citrifolia L. are Indonesian medicinal herbs used empirically as traditional therapeutics for maintaining health. The cocktail extract of these three plants (CECPM) had been developed and demonstrated immunostimulant activity in rats. This study aimed to evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicity of CECPM in vivo. The acute toxicity assay was conducted by orally administering a range dose of CECPM (313, 625, 1250, 2500, or 5000 mg/kg body weight (bw) on female mice once and then evaluating the toxic symptom every day for 14 days later. The chronic toxicity test was carried out by giving various doses of CECPM (600, 800, and 1000 mg/kg·bw) to female and male rats orally continuously for 90 consecutive days. The signs of toxicities were evaluated at the 90- and 28 days postadministration. The acute oral toxicity assays showed that there was no toxic syndrome and mortality found during the period of the experiment. The lethal dose level (LD50) of CECPM was more than 5000 g/kg, which was categorized as practically non-toxic. Meanwhile, in the sub-chronic toxicity study, some parameters tested at 90 days postadministration and after 28 days of withdrawal, such as the body weight, relative organ weight, food intake, hematological and biochemical blood parameters, and also histopathological examination of five primary tissues (heart, liver, kidney, spleen, and lung) revealed no abnormalities. There was no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for the present study of CECPM 1000 mg/kg·bw of the rat. Therefore, it is concluded that the orally administered CECPM was relatively nontoxic during acute and subchronic toxicology studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aonla, commonly known as Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica), is a plant native to India with various therapeutic and dietary benefits. This review covers the taxonomical, morphological, and species-level classifications of aonla fruit, including its flower biology, maturation, harvesting, and yield metrics. It also discusses the nutritional, physico-chemical, and phytochemical characteristics and the total antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and mineral compositions of several aonla fruit cultivars. Additionally, the health benefits of aonla are reviewed, including its analgesic, antipyretic, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, ulcerogenic, chemo-protective, neuroprotective, free radical scavenging, hypoglycaemic, and immunogenic properties, which make it beneficial in the treatment and prevention of various illnesses. Further various forms of fruit extract are also considered to be beneficial for the improvement of plant and animal health. Overall, aonla is a valuable fruit with significant potential for use in improving human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity has been an important health concern for over a decade, causing serious health issues worldwide. Treatments available for obesity include FDA-approved drugs such as Lorcaserin, Orlistat, Bupropion, combinations of Phentermine and Topiramate, and Sibutramine; however, these have adverse effects on health. To address the said issue, the current study was conducted to evaluate the anti-obesity potential of Phyllanthus fraternus leaves. These leaves are a rich source of different phytochemicals (e.g., alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, tannins), and the plant has been shown to exhibit medicinal properties; therefore, it can be used for treating obesity disorders. The crude extract of plants was prepared in three different solvents (e.g., methanol, hydro alcohol, and isopropyl alcohol). Lipid inhibition was determined using lipase inhibition assay, and amylase assay was carried out to determine if the plant extract had anti-diabetic properties. An oil red staining was carried out to determine lipid accumulation in which the cells were incubated with plant extract for 48 h. To determine if the plant extract was toxic to 3T3 cells, an MTT assay was carried out to assess cell viability. Through lipase inhibition assay, we depicted potent anti-obesity properties, isopropyl alcohol extract exhibited 67.45% inhibition at the concentration of 500µg/ml. Methanol extract showed the highest percent of a amylase inhibition i.e., 90.03% at a concentration of 1,000 µg/ml. The MTT assay concluded that the plant extracts were not cytotoxic to the cells at a concentration range between 20µg/ml to 100µg/ml, and the percentage of viable cells was 98-63%. The results obtained from the current study revealed that the plant exhibits potent anti-obesity properties. Thus, this plant extract is a potential source as an alternative treatment to treat obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are very few drugs available for healing wounds in the aged population, which is more prone to chronic cutaneous wounds that are particularly hard to heal and require a long healing process. This study which deals with age-related wound healing, investigates the healing effect of Nishamalaki, a classic antidiabetic Ayurvedic formulation comprising turmeric (Curcuma longa) and Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica), on cutaneous wounds in aging rats. Methods: Rats with excision wounds of 7 mm created on their dorsal side received Nishamalaki (500 mg/kg p.o) daily, or a combination of Nishamalaki (500 mg/kg p.o) with 1% Nishamalaki gel applied on the wound or the reference standard metformin (2 μmol) applied on the wound daily till the scabs fell off. Results: All treatments enhanced the rate of formation of granulation tissue and wound contraction. All treated rats showed lower blood glucose levels compared with their 1st-day values and significantly lower blood glucose levels when compared with the Aged Control rats. A significant restoration of the aging-depleted L-hydroxyproline, hexosamine, ascorbic acid, PDGF, AMPK, and mTOR levels, and attenuation of the aging-elevated IL-6 and TNF-α levels was elicited by all treatments. The treatments significantly restored the aging-depleted endogenous antioxidants. The Nishamalaki combination treatment of the oral extract and topical gel displayed a better wound-healing effect than the oral treatment alone. The histopathological studies on skin ulceration, hair follicles, granulation tissue, and collagen fiber formation of the wound tissues corroborated the biochemical findings. Conclusion: Curcumin and other antioxidant polyphenolic components of Nishamalaki may be responsible for its wound-healing effect. For the first time, the present study has investigated the action of PDGF, AMPK, and mTOR on cutaneous wounds. They seem to be acting together to promote wound healing and repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Phyllanthus genus exhibits a broad distribution spanning across the majority of tropical and subtropical regions. Due to their ability to synthesize medicinal bioactive compounds such as lignans, they have been utilized historically in traditional medicine to treat a wide range of ailments. This review discusses the current knowledge on the potency of lignans for medicinal purposes, the benefit of lignans for plants, various lignans produced by Phyllanthus, and how lignan synthesis could be increased through biotic and abiotic elicitation. Finally, we present a set of connected hypotheses to explain how signaling crosstalk between endophytic microbes and drought stress responses regulates lignan production. Although the mechanisms of lignan synthesis in Phyllanthus are not fully explored, this review strongly supports the view that endophytic fungi and drought stress can increase lignan production in plants belonging to the genus Phyllanthus. The medicinal plant–endophyte–drought stress relationship helps to improve the lignan yield of Phyllanthus, which is crucial for human health and can be optimized under in vitro and in vivo conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using clarifying agents is essential in the production of fruit juice. This study utilized gelatin and bentonite as clarifying agents to improve the quality and shelf-life of Indian gooseberry juice (IGBJ). Different treatments were prepared using varying levels of gelatin and bentonite alone or in combination (1.5–2 mg/mL and 1–2 mg/mL, respectively). The untreated IGBJ was used as a control. The results showed the combined treatment of 1.5 mg/mL gelatin and 1 mg/mL bentonite significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved the transmittance, △E value, total acidity, vitamin C, and antioxidant activity of the IGBJ sample. During storage for 49 days at 4 °C, the quality changes in the IGBJ were minimal with the use of 1.5 mg/mL gelatin and 1 mg/mL bentonite compared to the control (p > 0.05). The treated samples showed no signs of spoilage bacteria, yeast, or mold during cold storage. The combined use of gelatin and bentonite (1.5 mg/mL gelatin and 1 mg/mL bentonite) was found to effectively preserve the sensory quality, bioactivity, and color properties of IGBJ, thereby extending its shelf-life. Thus, gelatin and bentonite can be used as preferred filtering aids for quality and shelf-life extension in the food industry, as they have synergistic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phyllanthus is a large genus of the Euphorbiaceae family, which has been widely used in traditional medicine. The current study reports the isolation of an unusual C-glycosyl flavonoid, named tenelloside, from Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb., a non-endemic plant present in Canary Islands. The chemical structure of this secondary metabolite was established employing combined spectrometric and spectroscopic techniques, including 1D and 2D NMR experiments and mass spectrometry. The absolute stereochemical configuration was determined via the comparison of experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism spectra. In our previous work, another C-glycosylated bioactive product was isolated from another Phyllanthus species, suggesting that this class of compounds can be produced in a genus-specific manner in different geographic regions. This work represents another important report for direct future studies on the biological and chemotaxonomic potential of C-glycosylated products of the Phyllanthus genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): The objective of the study was to examine the antioxidant potential, anti-inflammatory, and anti-leishmanial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from the extract of Phyllanthus emblica leaves. Methods: UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, FESEM, and Zeta potential were used to examine the green synthesized nanoparticles. A DPPH free radical scavenging assay was used to study the antioxidant activity. Anti-inflammatory activity was conducted to observe the inhibition of protein denaturation. The MTT assay was used to evaluate the anti-leishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani. Results: The UV-Vis spectroscopy study at the band of 440 nm confirmed the fabrication of nanoparticles. FTIR confirmed the ingredients in P. emblica leaf extract which is responsible for capping and reducing the AgNPs. FESEM reported the AgNPs synthesized in the size range of 40-50 nm. The results showed a simple and feasible approach for obtaining aqueous monodispersive AgNPs. Furthermore, the biological potential of the biosynthesized AgNPs was examined. Concerning this, the dose-dependent antioxidant potential of AgNPs was identified to be comparable to standard ascorbic acid. This also applies to the anti-inflammatory properties. The study findings indicate that all concentrations of AgNPs exhibit anti-leishmanial action. After being exposed for 72 hours, the concentration of 100 µg/mL of AgNPs exhibited the most potent anti-leishmanial activity, achieving 100% effectiveness. Further, the IC50 content of AgNPs on L. donovani after 24, 48, and 72 hours was calculated to be 45.88, 36.86, and 24.81 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The results stated that the synthesized AgNPs using P. emblica leaves have the most potent in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-leishmanial activity. Further investigation into its potential biomedical applications is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis C is a liver inflammatory disease caused by the Hepatitis C virus. Phyllanthus fraternus G.L. Webster, commonly called Gulf leaf-flower, is an important medicinal plant and possesses hepatoprotective activity against hepatitis. Here, we have determined and characterized the active ingredients from the leaf extract of P. fraternus by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. It resulted in the identification of fifteen compounds, which are the first to be reported from P. fraternus. For finding the compounds responsible for HCV, identified compounds were docked against important enzymes of HCV virus metabolism viz; HCVNS3 enzyme, HCVNS5, and hepatic damage indicator enzymes AST and ALT. To ensure drug-likeness, the pharmacokinetic, physiochemical, and toxicity properties of the compounds were also evaluated. The study has demonostrated the presence of seven hepatoprotective compounds alphacadinol, elemol, 1,6-germacradien-5-ol, phytol, carissanol dimethyl ether, phyltetralin and 3-furanmethanol, alpha-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) tetrahydro-3-hydroxy-4-veratryl-in the leaves extract of P. fraternus against the hepatitis C virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advent of modern technology, advancements in processing and storage techniques, and increasing medical knowledge, people are becoming aware of deterioration in the quality of medicinal products due to storage methods and time. In most cases, herbal products are not consumed immediately after production; as such, improper storage can result in physical, chemical, and microbiological changes. The study evaluated the effect of storage methods and time on the quality of oil extracted from Phyllanthus amarus Schumach and Annona muricata Linn and assessed their antidiabetic and antioxidative effects. Plants were air-dried, pulverized, and then subjected to Soxhlet extraction in petroleum ether. The oil was evaluated for phytochemical constituents and the effects of time and storage methods on its physicochemical properties. Characterization of the oil was done by spectroscopic techniques. Oils from both plants contained tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, terpenoids, phlobotannins, resins, reducing sugar, phenols, and saponins in different proportions. The oil from A. muricata had higher phenolic (3.11 ± 0.31 mg GAE/g), flavonoid (11.82 ± 0.08 mg QUE/g), alkaloid (16.37 ± ± 0.56 mg APE/g), and tannin (7.13 ± 0.47 mg CE/g) contents than the oil from P. amarus, which had 0.54 ± ± 0.08 mg GAE/g, 7.83 ± 0.13 mg QUE/g, 9.87 ± 0.15 mg APE, and 3.16 ± 0.12 mg CE/g for total phenolic, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins, respectively. Initial acid, iodine, peroxide, and saponification values recorded for P. amarus were 5.63 ± 0.82 mg KOH/g, 97.17 ±0.53 Wijis, 9.31 ± 0.15 mEq/kg, and 116.11 ± 0.74 mg KOH/g, respectively, significantly different from those of A. muricata, which had values of 1.17 ± 0.08 mg KOH, 76.23 ± ± 0.03 Wijis, 6.75 ± 0.47 mEq/kg, and 193.31 ± 0.52 mg KOH/g, respectively. FT-IR characterization of the oils revealed the presence of carboxylic acid, alkyl, alkene, alkane, haloalkane, aldehyde, aromatic amine, α-unsaturated and β-unsaturated esters, and phenol functional groups. P. amarus oil inhibited α-amylase (IC50 0.17 ± ± 0.03 mg/ml), α-glucosidase (IC50 0.64 ± 0.03 mg/ml), and xanthine oxidase (0.70 ± 0.01 mg/ml) to a greater extent than A. muricata oil, with IC50 values of 0.43 ± 0.05 mg/ml (α-amylase), 2.25 ± 0.31 mg/ml (α-glucosidase), and 0.78 ± 0.07 mg/ml (xanthine oxidase). This study showed that oils from the tested plants have low rancidity with a moderate shelf life. The extracts contained essential phytoconstituents that significantly inhibited α-glucosidase and xanthine oxidase. These effects of the oil indicate their potential to prevent diabetes, gout, and oxidative stress. Consequently, the supply of P. amarus and A. muricata in homemade diets is strongly encouraged for healthy living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper introduces a complete in vitro investigation of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of Phyllanthus niruri extract loaded chitosan nanoparticles (PNNP) on mouse Sertoli cell line (TM4), as well as their impact on spermatogenesis. Methods: Chitosan nanoparticles (ChNP) and PNNP were prepared using an ionic gelation process, while their cytotoxicity on TM4 cells was assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Comet and fast halo assays were used to quantify single-strand DNA breaks in TM4 cells. To detect changes in cell morphology during apoptosis, nuclear staining with Hoechst 33342 was performed. An immunofluorescence assay was employed to examine the expression level of proteins connexin 43 and Claudin 11 in TM4 cells after exposure to PNNP concentration of 125 µg/mL. Results: The synthesized PNNP had a size of 170.6 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.269, a zeta potential of +37.8 mV, and a good entrapment efficiency of 71.0%. Encapsulation of Phyllanthus niruri into ChNP induced DNA damage in TM4 cells as determined by alkaline comet and fast halo assay (FHA). Additionally, it stimulated apoptosis, as determined by changes in cell morphology by Hoechst 33342 staining. There was significant down regulation of blood-testis barrier (BTB) proteins in TM4 cells after exposure to PNNP which could compromise the integrity of BTB and subsequently disrupt spermatogenesis process in male. Conclusion: Our investigation confirms the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of PNNP in TM4 cells, which could lead to spermatogenesis disruption and male infertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An undescribed pyrrole acid, 1-(4′-methoxy-4′-oxobutyl)-1 H-pyrrole-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (1) and one known pyrrole acid (2) were isolated from the fruits of Phyllanthus emblica. The structures of these compounds were elucidated via the comprehensive analyses of IR, HRESIMS, 1D and 2D spectroscopic data. A series of biological assays revealed that compounds 1 and 2 could inhibit LPS-induced over-production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by reducing the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) in RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, compounds 1 and 2 were found to reduce lipid deposition and increase the mRNA expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 in oxidized low-density lipoprotein-treated RAW264.7 macrophages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of Phyllanthus emblica leaves and branches mixture (PE) on growth performance, oxidative status and intestinal characteristics in broilers, as well as the in vitro antioxidant potential of PE extract (PEE). As the result of in vitro evaluation, the PEE had a total phenolic compound content of 95.5 ± 2.75 mg of Gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight (DW), and a total flavonoid content of 3.04 ± 0.06 mg of quercetin equivalent/g DW. The PEE exhibited significant antioxidant activity through various mechanisms, including chelation of ferrous iron, reducing power, scavenging 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, inhibition of liposome peroxidation and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). A total of 320 Ross 308 broilers were randomly allocated into four groups: control, basal diet supplemented with 0.5%, 1%, 2% PE. Each group was fed for 35 d. The results showed that the group fed with 0.5% PE had significantly better weight gain, and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the control group. Moreover, each PE group significantly reduced coliform and Clostridium perfringens in the ileum and caecum. Additionally, PE group with 0.5% concentration had significantly higher villus height in the jejunum compared to the other group. Furthermore, compared to the control group, each PE group had significantly lower levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and higher levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in the serum. In the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of chickens, each PE group showed significantly higher mRNA levels of antioxidant-regulated genes, including Nrf2, GST, GCLC, SOD1 and HO-1. In contrast, the expression levels of NOX1 and ROMO1 genes were significantly lower. In conclusion, the inclusion of 0.5% PE in the basal diet could have a positive impact on the growth performance of broilers by modulating intestinal characteristics and oxidative status. Phyllanthus emblica affects the growth performance, oxidative status and intestinal characteristics in broilers. The 0.5% PE group had significantly better weight gain and improved FCR. The 0.5% PE in the basal diet could potentially enhance growth performance by modulating intestinal characteristics and oxidative status in broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Providing sufficient and high-quality eggs plays an essential role in accommodating food safety and food security for consumers. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Phyllanthus niruri and Andrographis paniculata extracts on egg yolk index and haugh units (HU) value in laying hens with Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli. This type of study was experimental using a complete randomized design with 100 experimental units of five treatments (P-) placebo, (P+) infected with Avian Pathogenic E. coli without P. niruri and A. paniculata extract, then groups of chickens infected with Avian Pathogenic E. coli and administration of (P1) 10% of P. niruri and 30% of A. paniculata, (P2) 20% of P. niruri and 20% of A. paniculata, (P3) 30% of P. niruri and 10% of A. paniculata then egg yolk index and HU value were evaluated. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Duncan’s test. The results showed a significant difference between the treatment groups based on the egg yolk index and the HU value. It can be concluded that P2 can be recommended for laying hens with avian pathogenic E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phyllanthus emblica Linn, a prominent member of the euphorbiaceae family, exhibits extensive distribution across a multitude of tropical and subtropical nations. Referred to as "Balakka" in Indonesia, this plant assumes various names across regions, such as "kimalaka," "balakka," "metengo," "malaka," and "kemloko" in North Sumatra, Ternate, Sundanese, and Java respectively. Phyllanthus emblica thrives in tropical locales like Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, while also making its presence felt in subtropical regions like India, China, Uzbekistan, and Sri Lanka. The fruits of Balakka are enriched with bioactive constituents recognized for their wide-ranging benefits, including antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-cholesterol, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, chemoprotective, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antimutagenic, and antimicrobial properties. Comprising a spectrum of phenolic compounds (such as tannins, phenolic acids, and flavonoids), alkaloids, phytosterols, terpenoids, organic acids, amino acids, and vitamins, the bioactive components of Malacca fruit offer a diverse array of health-promoting attributes. In light of these insights, this review aims to comprehensively examine the pharmacological activities associated with P. emblica and delve into the intricate composition of its phytochemical constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giant Indian Gooseberry (GIG) or Phyllanthus indofischeri Bennet are commercially cultivated and commonly used herbs in Traditional medicine, especially in Thailand. The aim of this study was to assess the potential of the GIG extracts in anti-aging activities to be a dermatological application. The juice, meat residues, and seeds of GIG collected from Sra Kaeo Province, Thailand, were extracted by the Boiling method (B) and the Maceration process (M) by using 95% ethanol as a solvent. The GIG extracts gave the total phenolic, total flavonoid contents and quercetin contents, as well as exhibited anti-oxidative activities. The GIG-R-B extract inhibited tyrosinase activity and had the highest anti-melanogenesis activity on B16F10 cells at 31.63 ± 0.70%. The GIG-S-B, GIG-S-M, and GIG-R-M extracts demonstrated the highest collagen biosynthesis, which was comparable to vitamin C (p < 0.05), whereas the GIG-R-B extracts gave the highest stimulation of anti-aging genes (SIRT1 and FOXO1). All extracts at the concentration of 0.1 mg/mL showed no cytotoxicity on human skin fibroblasts. Therefore, the GIG-S-B extract was discovered to be a promising natural anti-aging agent for dermatological health and aesthetic applications that can be further developed in cosmetic, functional food and food supplement industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phyllanthus emblica (Aonla, Indian Gooseberry) is known to have various medicinal properties, but studies to understand its genetic structure are limited. Among the various secondary metabolites, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols and tannins possess great potential for its pharmacological applications. Keeping this consideration, we assembled the transcriptome using the Illumina RNASeq500 platform, generating 39,933,248 high-quality paired-end reads assembled into 1,26,606 transcripts. A total of 87,771 unigenes were recovered after isoforms and unambiguous sequences deletion. Functional annotation of 43,377 coding sequences against the NCBI non-redundant (Nr) database search using BlastX yielded 38,692 sequences containing blast hits and found 4685 coding sequences to be unique. The transcript showed maximum similarity to Hevea brasilensis (16%), followed by to Jatropha curcas (12%). Considering key genes involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids and various classes of terpenoid compounds, thirty EST-SSR primer sequences were designed based on transcriptomic data. Of which, 12 were found to be highly polymorphic with an average of 86.38%. The average value for marker index (MI), effective multiplicity ratio (EMR), resolution power (Rp) and polymorphic information content (PIC) was 7.20, 8.34, 8.64 and 0.80, respectively. Thus, from this study, we developed newly EST-SSRs linked to important genes involved in the secondary metabolites biosynthesis that will be serving as an invaluable genetic resource for crop improvement including the selection of elite genotypes in P. emblica and its closely related Phyllanthaceae species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel polyherbal formulation was developed from crude drugs of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall., Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook.f. & Thomson, Curcuma longa L., Curcuma comosa Roxb., and Phyllanthus niruri L. The powdered crude drugs were combined in a ratio of 5-5-3-3-3. The determination of total phenolic content (TPC), the 2,2-diphenyl,1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of the polyherbal formulation and the individual constituents were conducted as per standard methods. The interaction effect of the constituents in the polyherbal formulation toward antioxidant activities was predicted by comparison and difference methods. C. longa and P. niruri contained the highest TPC. They showed the strongest antioxidant activities, while those of the polyherbal formulation were in the median range of the constituent's respective value. The combination of crude drugs generated interaction effects of additive and antagonist towards DPPH scavenging activity and FRAP, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles and nanotechnology developments continue to advance the livelihood of humankind. However, health challenges due to microorganisms and cancerous cells continue to threaten many people's lives globally. Therefore, new technological interventions are of great importance. The phytochemicals present in medicinal plants are suggested as biocompatible, cost-effective, and regenerative sources that can be utilized for the green synthesis of nanoparticles. Different plant extracts with various phytochemical constituents can form nanoparticles with specific shapes, sizes, and optical properties. This review focuses on advances in green nanotechnology and provides details on reliable synthetic routes toward medically and biocompatible relevant metallic nanoparticles. We cover a wide range of applications that use phytonanoparticles with an in-depth look at what makes these materials interesting. The study also provides details of the literature on the interventions made in phytonanotechnology for the production of plant-mediated synthesis and capped metallic nanoparticles and their applications in various industries. It was observed that a variety of plants have been well studied, and detailed findings have been reported; however, the study of Phyllanthus is still in its early stages, and more needs to be uncovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In forest fringe villages, folk medicines play a pivotal role in human health care management. The aim of present study was to document the plants employed in the folk medicines by ethnic groups inhabiting forest fringe villages of Nagaland. Field survey was conducted for over two years in 32 forest fringe villages of Nagaland. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and quantitatively analyzed by statistical tools i.e., Use-value, Relative frequency of citation and Informant consensus factor to identify promising plants for future studies. This research documented 96 medicinal plants employed in the treatment of 59 ailments of human being. The quantitative analysis of the data indicates that some species have relatively high "use value (UV)" and "relative frequency of citation (Rfc)", these are: Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Phyllanthus emblica L. with 0.67 as UV and 3.6 as Rfc. Maximum consensus among informants was observed for the treatment of tooth and gum ailment and under this category Solanum aculeatissimum Moench was frequently cited by informants. Those plants which receive high relative frequency of citation values may serve as potential source for pharmacological studies, especially Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (used as insect repellent), Phyllanthus emblica L. (used in abdominal pain and indigestion), Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. (in flatulence), Aloe vera Mill. (in constipation), Canna indica L. (in genital infection), Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm. (prevent miscarriage), Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr. (in bleeding piles), Carica papaya (DC.) Merr. (cure ringworm), Solanum aculeatissimum Moench (in foot and toe infection), Thalictrum foliolosum DC. (for vomiting and indigestion), Mentha spicata L. (in stomach ache), Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton (incough and cold), Zingiber officinale Roscoe (in cough and cold) and Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre (in skin infection). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phyllanthus emblica or Indian gooseberry, commonly known as amla, is an important medicinal horticultural plant used in traditional and modern medicines. It bears stone fruits with immense antioxidant properties due to being one of the richest natural sources of vitamin C and numerous flavonoids. This study presents the first genome sequencing of this species performed using 10x Genomics and Oxford Nanopore Technology. The draft genome assembly was 519 Mbp in size and consisted of 4,384 contigs, N50 of 597 Kbp, 98.4% BUSCO score, and 37,858 coding sequences. This study also reports the genome-wide phylogeny of this species with 26 other plant species that resolved the phylogenetic position of P. emblica. The presence of three ascorbate biosynthesis pathways including L-galactose, galacturonate, and myo-inositol pathways was confirmed in this genome. A comprehensive comparative evolutionary genomic analysis including gene family expansion/contraction and identification of multiple signatures of adaptive evolution provided evolutionary insights into ascorbate and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways and stone fruit formation through lignin biosynthesis. The availability of this genome will be beneficial for its horticultural, medicinal, dietary, and cosmetic applications and will also help in comparative genomics analysis studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables in the daily diet may alleviate the risk of developing chronic diseases. Daucus carota L. (carrot), Beta vulgaris L. (beetroot) Phyllanthus emblica L. (amla), and Lycopersicon esculentum M (tomatoes) are traditionally consumed functional foods that contain a high concentration of antioxidants, ascorbic acid, polyphenols, and numerous phytochemicals. This study assessed how three distinct preparation methods affect the phenolic, flavonoid, carotenoid, and ascorbic acid contents, antioxidant level, and cytotoxicity of the combined fruit extract. The fruit samples were taken in the ratio of carrot (6): beetroot (2): tomato (1.5): amla (0.5) and processed into a lyophilized slurry (LS) extract, lyophilized juice (LJ) extract, and hot-air oven-dried (HAO) extract samples. The sample extracts were assessed for their phytoconstituent concentrations and antioxidant and cytotoxic potential. The total phenolic content in LS, LJ, and HAO extracts was 171.20 ± 0.02, 120.73 ± 0.02, and 72.05 ± 0.01 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g, respectively and the total flavonoid content was 23.635 ± 0.003, 20.754 ± 0.005, and 18.635 ± 0.005 mg quercetin equivalent/100 g, respectively. Similarly, total ascorbic acid content, carotenoids, and antioxidant potential were higher in the LS and LJ extracts than in HAO. Overall, the LS extract had a substantially higher concentration of phytochemicals and antioxidants, as well as higher cytotoxic potential, compared to the LJ and HAO extracts. The LS extract was tested in the MKN-45 human gastric cancer cell line to demonstrate its effective antioxidant potential and cytotoxicity. Hence, lyophilization (freezing) based techniques are more effective than heat-based techniques in preserving the phytoconstituents and their antioxidant and cytotoxic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti-diabetic activity of Phyllanthus Reticulatus fruit extract was carried out against streptozotocin induced diabetic model in wistar rats. Soxhlet extraction using methanol was carried out on Phyllanthus Reticulatus fruit to obtain the extract. Acute Oral Toxicity- Acute Toxic Class Method 423 was performed to obtain the low and high doses respectively at 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg. Experiment using streptozotocin as diabetic model was actioned. The parameters which were evaluated were body weight, blood glucose, SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), GSH (glutathione), MDA (malondial-dehyde), Triglyceride (TG), Total cholesterol (TC), HDL (high-density lipoprotein) and LDL (low-density lipoprotein). Streptozotocin brought derangements in the above estimated parameters which were ameliorated by administration of Phyllanthus Reticulatus fruit extract. The findings of the present study support anti-diabetic activity of Phyllanthus Reticulatus fruit extract in the animal model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary fruits and vegetables play a vital role as food and drugs and are the main sources of antioxidant defences against degenerative diseases, such as brain dysfunctions, cardiovascular diseases, immune system deteriorations, and cancers, brought on by oxidative damage. Phyllanthus emblica is a significant herbal remedy used in conventional medicine to recover lost strength and power. In this research, the potential value of Phyllanthus emblica as a food and drug is researched. The total phenolic, total flavonoid, and total tannin contents as well as the nutritional value, vitamin C, vitamin E, and mineral contents of different organs of P. emblica were evaluated. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extracts and fractions of different organs of P. emblica were determined. A total of eleven flavonoids, simple phenolic, tannin-related phenolic, and tannin molecules were isolated from a hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves and fruits. The structures were identified by spectroscopic data and comparison with the literature values as gallic acid (1), naringenin 7-O-(6″-O-galloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), 3,3′-di-O-methyl ellagic acid-4′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (3), 1-O-galloyl glycerol (4), 1,6-di-O-galloyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (5), flavogallonic acid bislactone (6), corilagin (7), ethyl gallate (8), urolithin M5 (9), (E)-p-coumaroyl-1-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (10), and 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (11). Among them, compounds 3 and 10 are first isolated from the plant. Molecular docking was performed to investigate the comparative interactions between positive controls (galantamine and donepezil) and selected compounds utilizing acetylcholinesterase (4EY7) as a target receptor. Results exhibited the potency of these compounds against the target receptor. In summary, P. emblica has a wealth of minerals, vitamins C and E, and polyphenolic phytochemicals that may work together to treat infectious disease, prevent and/or treat oxidative-damage-related illnesses including Alzheimer's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phyllanthus urinaria is an annual perennial herbal species found in tropical Asia, America, China, and the Indian Ocean islands. Phyllanthus urinaria is used in folk medicine as a cure to treat jaundice, diabetes, malaria, and liver diseases. Sterilizing the substrate is a crucial step in the fermentation process. This process ensures that the inoculated microorganism is entirely single. Autoclave sterilization is widely favored within the scientific community. In autoclaving, pressurized steam is employed to deliver heat, effectively reducing the bioactive compounds present in the substrate. Comparative studies on various sterilization methods have been reported. This study aims to investigate the effects of substrate containers in sterilization methods of the herbal plant on phenol and flavonoid compounds by LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) analysis. Three sterilization methods (pasteurization, steam, and autoclave sterilization) were each applied to the meniran herbal plant (Phyllanthus urinaria) for 15 minutes. Using the aluminum chloride colorimetric assay, the sterilization results were measured for total phenol content, the Folin-Ciocalteu test, and total flavonoid content. The LC-MS analysis showed that the methanol extract of Phyllanthus urinaria (APU) sterilized by autoclaving resulted in the most significant reduction in active phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Pasteurization, steaming, and autoclaving in a big container resulted in total flavonoid content of 1.80±0.034, 1.70±0.021, and 1.71±0.029 mg QE/g extract. The total phenolic content was 26.49±0.591, 22.77±0.230, and 22.097±0.155 mg GAE extract/g, respectively. Meanwhile, using a small container, each method produced a total flavonoid content of 1.73±0.024, 1.71±0.051, and 1.62±0.015 mg QE/g extract, respectively. The total phenolic content was 20.56±0.093, 19.79±0.295, and 20.09±0.124 mg GAE/g extract. Furthermore, the LC-MS profile revealed that APU experienced a reduction in p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and naringenin compounds, leading to a decrease in rutin, methyl brevifolincarboxylate, and ethyl gallate compounds. From the results of LC-MS analysis, this research determined that pasteurization using a big container is the most effective sterilization method for preserving the highest levels of total flavonoid and phenolic content in Phyllanthus urinaria while minimizing adverse effects on phytochemical compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition, antioxidative properties and inhibitory effects of the aqueous extract of Phyllanthus discoideus root on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) using standard methods. Materials and Methods: The extract was subjected to phytochemical screening and GC-FID analysis to identify and quantify potent phytochemicals. The DPPH radical inhibition, superoxide anion scavenging activity, and nitric oxide scavenging were assessed at various concentrations. The inhibitory effect on LDH was determined, and kinetic parameters were calculated. Results: GC-FID analysis revealed the presence of several secondary metabolites, with Catechin having the highest concentration (77.92 µg/ml) and Epicatechin the lowest (0.11 µg/ml). The extract exhibited significant DPPH radical inhibition, concentration-dependent superoxide anion scavenging, and nitric oxide scavenging activity comparable to ascorbic acid. The LDH inhibition followed a non-competitive pattern, with a Ki value of 13.0 µg/ml, indicating high affinity for the LDH enzyme. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of P. discoideus roots demonstrated potent antioxidative characteristics and inhibited LDH activity. This suggests its potential as a therapeutic agent for malaria and cancer treatment, potentially by interfering with glucose metabolism and energy production pathways in Plasmodium parasites and tumor cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from either the deficiency in insulin secretion or the action of insulin Diabetes can affect numerous different organ systems in the body and, over time, can lead to serious complications. Complications are microvascular or macrovascular. To evaluate the anti-diabetic effect of Phyllanthus niruri silver nano-particles. Streptozotocin (STZ) of 50mg/kg is used to induce diabetes in wistar rats. The wistar rats were distributed to six different groups. Group-I represented as Control; Group-II represented as diabetic control (STZ ); Group-III represented as 5 mg/kg body weight of glibenclamide + diabetes; Group-IV represented as phyllanthus niruri extract + diabetes; Group-V represented as 100 µg Phyllanthus niruri silver nanoparticles + diabetes; group-6- Phyllanthus niruri silver nanoparticles150µg + diabetes. The silver nanoparticles were inspected for the morphological and optical properties investigated using UV spectrophotometer, SEM and FT-IR techniques. The AgNPs has shown characteristic peak at 428nm.The study revealed that the AgNPs treatment reduced serum blood glucose concentrations remarkable improvement in the body weight, Abnormal high serum levels in diabetes treatment with AgNp's they reached to normal in STZ-challenged diabetic rats. The histopathological alterations were also studied in all the experimental animals. The pathology results revealed that the AgNPs treatment induces the regeneration of islets cells of pancreas in the experimental rats. The research study proved that the Phyllanthus niruri AgNPs exerts anti-diabetic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nanostructures synthesized using the green chemistry method have recently attracted the attention of scientists due to their significance in many scientific domains. This work provides an overview of the biosynthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanosheets (NSs) using Phyllanthus emblica plant (PEP) extract. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) were used to analyze the synthesized ZnO-NSs. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of biosynthesized ZnO-NSs was performed. ZnO-NSs exhibit effective antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (S. pyogenes and S. aureus) and Gram-negative (S. typhi and E. coli) bacterial strains. S. typhi is the most sensitive microbe towards ZnO-NSs and formed a 21 mm zone of inhibition (ZOI). ZnO-NSs are also tested as a photocatalyst in the degradation of methyl orange (MO) and rhodamine B (RB). The degradation rate of MO was 90%, and RB was 96% after being exposed to UV light for 120 min. The as-synthesized ZnO-NSs exhibited selective dye degradation and showed relatively better photocatalytic activity for positively charged (cationic) dyes. This work could lead to the fabrication of high-yield photocatalysts, which have the potential to degrade textile dyes from aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several groups within tribe Phyllantheae (Phyllanthaceae) formed, independently, an (obligate) pollination mutualism with Epicephala moths, which originally had been parasitic. In this pollination system, female moths actively collect pollen from staminate flowers and deposit it on the stigma of pistillate flowers, after which they place at least one egg in or against the ovary. The high pollination rate makes the system beneficial for the plants, whereas the larvae are provided with food (part of the developing seeds) and some protection against predation. Qualitative comparisons are made between non-moth-pollinated lineages, used as outgroups and various, independently moth-pollinated Phyllantheae clades, used as ingroups, thereby looking for parallel developments. The flowers of both sexes of various groups display similar, convergent morphological adaptations to the pollination system, likely to secure the obligate relationship and to improve efficiency. Sepals in both sexes, free or partly to highly connate, are commonly upright and form a narrow tube. The staminate flowers often have united, vertical stamens with the anthers along the androphore or on top of the androphore. Pistillate flowers generally reduce the stigmatic surface, either by making the stigmas shorter or by uniting them into a cone with a small opening at the top for pollen deposition. Less obvious is the reduction of the stigmatic papillae; these are often present in nonmoth-pollinated taxa, but absent in the moth-pollinated species. The most diverging, parallel adaptations to moth pollination are currently found in the Palaeotropics, whereas in the Neotropics, some groups continue to also be pollinated by other insect groups and are morphologically less changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The emergence of resistant pathogenic microorganisms against conventional antimicrobials has become a global concern. To combat new and re-emerging infectious illnesses, new antimicrobial agents with different chemical structures and novel modes of action are required. Therefore, this study evaluated ethanolic extracts of Phyllanthus niruri for their antimicrobial activities against Candida species isolated from different clinical samples. Materials and Methods: This involved the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method for the identification of Candida species. The ethanolic extraction of P. niruri leaves was examined. The agar well diffusion method was used to determine the antifungal activity of the leaf extracts against standard American Type Culture Collection strains as well as clinical isolates of Candida species. Results: Using PCR-RFLP, Candida tropicalis was found to be the most prevalent species of Candida, followed by Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei and Candida parapsilosis. The ethanol extract of P. nirui leaves showed good activity against all the clinical and standard strains of Candida which were comparable to the standard drug fluconazole. The activity of P. niruri against C. albicans was highest followed by C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata and C. krusei at a concentration of 100 mg/ml. Conclusion: The findings of this study support the use of P. niruri plant to treat Candida infections, particularly fluconazole-resistant Candida species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Phyllanthus amarus is an antioxidant plant with numerous beneficial biological activities, but scarce information on its neuroprotective role against potassium dichromate (PDC)-induced neurotoxicity. This research investigated the antioxidant effect of aqueous Phyllanthus amarus leaf extract (APALE) on PDC-induced rats. Materials and methods. Fifty male Wistar rats (120-130g) were randomized into five groups (A-E, n=10). Group A: (Control) distilled water; B: 300mg/kg APALE; C: 17mg/kg PDC; D: 17mg/kg PDC + 400mg/kg APALE; E: 17mg/kg PDC + 200mg/kg APALE. Administrations were once daily via an orogastric cannula for 28 consecutive days. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were obtained for hormonal assay (FSH and LH). The animals were euthanized, and pituitary glands were harvested and homogenized for Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Reductase (GSH) by x-ray crystallography, Malondialdehyde (MDA) by thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) and paraffin embedding sections, for histological and histochemical evaluations. Results. Morphometric analysis revealed that PDC caused a reduction in body and brain weights, volume, and weight of the pituitary gland. Masson trichrome demonstrates excessive accumulation of collagen fibers on PDC-treated tissues resolved by APALE. There was a significant increase in MDA in the PDC group and a decrease in the APALE groups compared to the control. In APALE groups, the SOD, CAT, GSH, and T-Protein levels significantly increased compared to the control group. PDC significantly decreased LH and FSH levels compared to the control. However, APALE restored these changes. Conclusions. APALE demonstrated potent protective activity against PDC-induced pituitary toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was investigated to synthesis the iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) using the leaf extract of Phyllanthus reticulatus. The phytosynthesized FeNPs exhibited UV–visible absorption peaks at 229 nm and its crystalline nature was confirmed through XRD. FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of various functional groups which are responsible for the bioreduction of FeNPs. The SEM results showed that FeNPs were aggregated, irregular sphere shaped with rough surfaces and EDX spectrum recorded densely occupied iron nanoparticles region. The particle size range of the synthesized iron nanoparticles was 185.6 nm. The FeNPs showed potential methylene blue decolourisation activity which was visually observed by gradual colour change in the dye solution from deep blue to colorless. The control exhibited no change in coloration during exposure to sunlight and the iron nanoparticles completely disintegrated the methylene blue within 10 s in 10 mg/L methylene blue (98%), whereas the color change was decreased when the concentration of the dye increased. In addition, the phyto-synthesized FeNPs exhibited extensive antibacterial and antifungal activity against the selected pathogens. Phytotoxicity assay confirms the potential of biosynthesized iron nanoparticles as a fertilizer for the growth of green gram seeds. Thus the present study leads to development of cost-effective green synthesis, reduction of toxic chemicals and its extensive applications in the biological sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: and purpose: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a significant global health concern with limited pharmacotherapy options. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a standardized extract of Phyllanthus niruri in mild-to-moderate NAFLD. Materials and methods: This was a 12-month randomized controlled trial, in which adults with a controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) score >250 dB/m and a fibrosis score

The Phyllanthus genus exhibits a broad distribution spanning across the majority of tropical and subtropical regions. Due to their ability to synthesize medicinal bioactive compounds such as lignans, they have been utilized historically in traditional medicine to treat a wide range of ailments. This review discusses the current knowledge on the potency of lignans for medicinal purposes, the benefit of lignans for plants, various lignans produced by Phyllanthus, and how lignan synthesis could be increased through biotic and abiotic elicitation. Finally, we present a set of connected hypotheses to explain how signaling crosstalk between endophytic microbes and drought stress responses regulates lignan production. Although the mechanisms of lignan synthesis in Phyllanthus are not fully explored, this review strongly supports the view that endophytic fungi and drought stress can increase lignan production in plants belonging to the genus Phyllanthus. The medicinal plant–endophyte–drought stress relationship helps to improve the lignan yield of Phyllanthus, which is crucial for human health and can be optimized under in vitro and in vivo conditions.