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A study was undertaken to analyse farmers' access to various agricultural extension service sources, their preferences and to delineate underlying determinants for their access. The study used NSSO 77th survey dataset of 14,782 households of IGP states (Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal). Farmers' preferences varied, with private agencies--particularly input dealers-- emerging as the top choice, followed by traditional mass media channels and the public extension system. Utility of Cooperative model, and farmer-based organizations have not yet been fully explored for information needs. The inputs (seeds, fertilizers, plant protection) were the most sought-after information. However, in an era of changing needs, farmers should strive to acquire additional information on aspects such as marketing, climate change, and post-harvest functions. The type of information sought by the farmers, influences their preferred sources of extension services. Irrespective of the source, the degree of access diminishes with the decreasing landholding. Among the five IGP states, Haryana emerged as the champion of information access for farmers, while Bihar lagged. Multivariate probit analysis reported that the likelihood of access to agricultural information sources was positively influenced by age, gender, education, size of operational landholding, irrigated area, and sale of produce at MSP. The study suggests making the extension services for small and socio-economically marginalized farmers more inclusive. Inclusiveness of extension services is essential for sustainability because it ensures that all farmers, regardless of their landholding, gender, age, caste, etc., have access to knowledge and resources they need to adopt improved agricultural practices and thus, secure prosperous livelihoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural determination of ultrasmall clusters remains a challenge due to difficulties in crystallisation. Often the atomically precise clusters undergo structural change under the influence of the environment. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) can be an attractive tool to study the electronic and geometric properties of such clusters deposited onto various supports under in situ conditions. Herein, [Au6(dppp)4](NO3)2, [Au9(PPh3)8](NO3)3, [Au13(dppe)5Cl2]Cl3, and Au101(PPPh3)21Cl5 clusters were studied using XAS. The clusters exhibited distinct features compared to bulk gold. XANES results show a systematic increase in the absorption edge energy and white line intensity, with a decrease in cluster nuclearity. The EXAFS of clusters are sensitive to nuclearity and ligands and were fitted with their known crystal structures. This study advances the understanding of the phosphine-ligated metal clusters relevant to practical applications in catalysis and sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of IoT devices has provoked the curiosity of a few foes searching for an alternate means to acquire unapproved admittance to frameworks or for other unlawful reasons. Therefore, it is fundamental to safeguard these gadgets. Vehicular ad hoc network (VANETs) has acquired wide notoriety with the end goal that consolidating trust among every hub in the network is important. Nonetheless, trust the executives among vehicles is a difficult undertaking as vindictive hubs are inclined to upset information transmission among various vehicles. The point of this work is to lay out the reality of agreement, to recognize the malignant hubs with no further postponement, by taking into account the choice of every vehicle on finding the trust values. The IDS acts as an second layer of protection against the intruders and not letting any attack to the network. This paper presents a Consistent Interference Acknowledgment Structure that has been set up for the IoT centre to foresee assault. In our paper we have trained and tested the model from the dataset, this has been attempted with consistent association traffic. Thus, in our proposed work we have evaluated the precision, recall and F1score to analyse the data used from dataset and enhance the performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent developments in deep learning techniques have produced significant improvements in long-standing AI jobs like drug discovery, gene analysis, and speech and image recognition. Although deep learning has numerous benefits, the identical training dataset that has did it so reliable also raises serious privacy concerns to address these privacy concerns, McMahan et al. created Federated Deep Learning, a together distributed deep learning paradigm for the mobile devices (FDL). Deep learning and distributed computation are essentially combined in FDL, where several parties get involved into the process of distributed training and parameter server records track of a deep learning model that needs to be built. The central parameter server first distributes a pre-trained model globally on a common set of data to each participant. Then, in each cycle, each party utilizes a local dataset to the train and improve the current global model. The gradients are gathered from each party by the central parameter server, which then utilises them to build a new global oriented model for upcoming iteration. At final stage the different parties and the central parameter of server repeat the aforementioned procedure till the global modelling attains a particular accuracy or ideal convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive brain tumour with a dismal prognosis. Very few studies on its diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutics have been attempted in the past on Indian population. Standard treatment of this highly aggressive tumour yields little survival benefit; hence, greater attention is now being paid to personalised treatment and, correspondingly, to the expression of specific molecular markers with the goal of assessing their possible therapeutic as well as prognostic significance. Aim: To estimate the proportion of Tumour Protein 53 (TP53) and PTEN (Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog) expression in GBM patients of Western Rajasthan, India. Materials and Methods: This study was a ambispective, single institutional observational study done on 35 brain tissue biopsies of histopathologically diagnosed and confirmed cases of GBM based on the World Health Organisation (WHO) classification, 2007 received in Department of Pathology, Dr. Sampurnanand Medical College (Dr. SNMC), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India, from January 2015 to December 2020 (January 2015 to September 2018:Retrospective and October 2018 to December 2020:Prospective) after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis was done for TP53 and PTEN markers in all cases of GBM. The results were then applied for statistical analysis using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 software package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The association between age and gender with TP53 and PTEN positive cases, respectively, was analysed by using Fisher’s-exact test and the results of the same were compiled. Results: The TP53 expression was seen in 32 cases (91.4%). The mean age of presentation of TP53 positivity was 50.3 years. Most of the TP53 cases occurred in the 41 to 50 and 61 to 70 years of age groups. In TP53 mutated cases, males were found more commonly affected as compared to females. Overall, the majority of cases (eight cases) occurred in the temporal region of the brain (25%). The relationship between age and gender with TP53 expression was found to be insignificant. PTEN expression was found absent (mutation positive) in 11 cases (32.4%). Mean age of these patients was 52.5 years. The male to female ratio was found to be 1.8:1. Regarding tumour location in the brain, most of the cases occurred unilaterally, with 45.4% (n=5) of cases occurring in the temporal region. The association between PTEN mutation with age and gender was not found to be significant. Conclusion: The higher prevalence of TP53 expression in the population suggests distinct genetic pathways that need to be studied in detail to have a better understanding of this highly aggressive tumour. The PTEN mutation was discovered to be prevalent in the population of Western Rajasthan and needs to be studied further on a large scale. The simultaneous presence of molecular markers in GBM cases would need to be considered before initiating any gene therapy for its improved effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]