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Researchers have explored primary colour–geometric shape associations since Kandinsky’s correspondence theory. However, there is a gap in the literature regarding interior colour applications on surface shapes. To address this gap, an online study was employed to gather data with 100 participants who were asked to choose their preferred colours for shapes on bedroom walls with follow-up questions on the colour–shape semantic associations, their preference of colours and shapes on bedroom walls independently in addition to their favourite colour, their favourite shape, and colour–shape pairs without interior context. The results revealed that colour–shape preferences in interiors differ from those found in psychology studies, other colour applications on bedroom walls, and other preferences, indicating that colour preference is context-dependent. Interestingly, the most popular colour for surface shapes on bedroom walls is purple, followed by brown and blue. The study contributes to the existing literature by providing colour charts for bedroom applications for professionals in the industry, their clients/users, and future studies. The study presents a preliminary exploration of the topic. Further research could compare various demographic properties (such as gender, age, and culture), different colour attributes (including saturation and lightness), and complex geometric shapes.

Researchers have explored primary colour–geometric shape associations since Kandinsky's correspondence theory. However, there is a gap in the literature regarding interior colour applications on surface shapes. To address this gap, an online study was employed to gather data with 100 participants who were asked to choose their preferred colours for shapes on bedroom walls with follow-up questions on the colour–shape semantic associations, their preference of colours and shapes on bedroom walls independently in addition to their favourite colour, their favourite shape, and colour–shape pairs without interior context. The results revealed that colour–shape preferences in interiors differ from those found in psychology studies, other colour applications on bedroom walls, and other preferences, indicating that colour preference is context-dependent. Interestingly, the most popular colour for surface shapes on bedroom walls is purple, followed by brown and blue. The study contributes to the existing literature by providing colour charts for bedroom applications for professionals in the industry, their clients/users, and future studies. The study presents a preliminary exploration of the topic. Further research could compare various demographic properties (such as gender, age, and culture), different colour attributes (including saturation and lightness), and complex geometric shapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Res Rhetorica is the property of Polish Rhetoric Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to identify nursing students’ fears and emotions and to concretise the metaphors they used to describe their feelings towards the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This study was conducted with nursing students at a foundation university between December 2021 and February 2022 using a sequential mixed methods research design. In the quantitative part of the study, 323 nursing students answered the ‘Positive and Negative Emotion Scale’ and the ‘COVID-19 Fear Scale’. In the qualitative part, students were asked to metaphorise COVID-19 with a colour and 21 in-depth interviews were conducted on the reasons for choosing this colour. Results The average age of the students participating in the study was 21.41 ± 1.97 years and 78% of them were female. It was observed that 15.8 of the students had previously tested positive for COVID-19. Most of the participants (98.5%) were vaccinated against COVID-19 and 31.9% had a relative who died due to COVID-19. When the participants were asked which colour they compared COVID-19 to, it was observed that more than half of them chose red (51.4%) among bright colours and 13% chose black among dark colours. In this study, it was determined that students who chose dark colours to describe COVID-19 had higher COVID-19 Fear and Negative Emotion Scale scores. In in-depth interviews, it was observed that students who chose dark colours were more deeply affected by the COVID-19 process, while students who chose light colours associated this period with negative emotions. Conclusion In this study, it was observed that nursing students’ feelings and thoughts about the COVID-19 period in line with their experiences affect the choice of colour in metaphorisation.

Background: The aim of this study was to identify nursing students' fears and emotions and to concretise the metaphors they used to describe their feelings towards the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This study was conducted with nursing students at a foundation university between December 2021 and February 2022 using a sequential mixed methods research design. In the quantitative part of the study, 323 nursing students answered the 'Positive and Negative Emotion Scale' and the 'COVID-19 Fear Scale'. In the qualitative part, students were asked to metaphorise COVID-19 with a colour and 21 in-depth interviews were conducted on the reasons for choosing this colour. Results: The average age of the students participating in the study was 21.41 ± 1.97 years and 78% of them were female. It was observed that 15.8 of the students had previously tested positive for COVID-19. Most of the participants (98.5%) were vaccinated against COVID-19 and 31.9% had a relative who died due to COVID-19. When the participants were asked which colour they compared COVID-19 to, it was observed that more than half of them chose red (51.4%) among bright colours and 13% chose black among dark colours. In this study, it was determined that students who chose dark colours to describe COVID-19 had higher COVID-19 Fear and Negative Emotion Scale scores. In in-depth interviews, it was observed that students who chose dark colours were more deeply affected by the COVID-19 process, while students who chose light colours associated this period with negative emotions. Conclusion: In this study, it was observed that nursing students' feelings and thoughts about the COVID-19 period in line with their experiences affect the choice of colour in metaphorisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social relationships have been and are the basis for achieving objectives of all kinds, whether altruistic or lucrative. Among the aspects that make up non-verbal communication are physical appearance in general, clothing, and, in particular, colour combinations. In this article, we analyse whether colour combinations can be established in individuals' clothing that maximise their chances of success for a specifically established social objective. To measure this objective, we use multivalent logics, which are characterised by their great flexibility and adaptability. Within the framework of fuzzy logic, we extract evaluations for various colours based on the judgements of experts, provided by recognised authors in the literature, and compare these with the results obtained in a survey conducted by the authors. For the purposes of contrast, we employ two instruments with accredited validity: Similarity by Direct Computation (SDC) and the Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS multicriteria method). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Street corridors in a historical area are vital in forming an element of the city's image. Dr Radjiman's corridor in Surakarta is part of a historical area containing residents' daily activities. Physically, humans can visually perceive colour, ornament and material elements as a building's facade on two sides of the corridor. This study aims to trace the visual elements in the corridor, which can be seen from the physical aspect. The method used in the research is mixed-methods based, and the respondent data sample obtained is probability sampling. This research can provide a physical description of what is found around the corridor. This research found that visually, the colour, material and ornamental aspects create a diverse mix and match the dominance of white, fabricated materials and cultural acculturation ornaments such as Dutch, Chinese Peranakan and Javanese heritage ornaments. The results of this research can become scientific findings to support efforts to revitalize street corridors in Surakarta.

Demographic changes, the growing number of people with disabilities, and the demands on architecture and design are posing new challenges for designers. The space in which older adults live should be safe, not only from a legal point of view but especially to facilitate their daily activities. Modern society prioritizes the integration of older adults into everyday life so that as people grow older, they are not forced to abandon their daily routines because of obstacles in the space. It is said that a person is not handicapped because of their illness, but because society fails to prepare conditions for them to be able to move and live without restrictions. Moving in space is a multisensory experience. People use most of their senses such as sight, hearing, smell, and touch in addition to moving their bodies. How we feel indoors depends on the indoor climate, lighting, surface colours, air quality, floor plan, and furniture layout. Studies show that the materials and colour of products have an impact on how we navigate a space, how we feel and, in some cases, they can even have healing effects. The aim of our study is to investigate the association between colours in the environment and the orientation of people, especially older adults, in the space they live in. Several studies, experiments, and observations of foreign researchers serve as the basis of the paper. The analysis of case studies proved that colours in the environment have a significant impact on orientation in space and can be an effective tool for spatial orientation and drawing attention to a particular place. In surveys that have been conducted with older adults, warm colour tones such as yellow, orange, and red are preferred over cold ones. Red tones are some of the most easily recognizable for older adults who suffer from loss of colour recognition. They have lower cognitive abilities as a result of aging. Therefore, the achromatic environment does not sufficiently stimulate their brain function, leading to longer reaction times. Colour and contrast indoors play a big role in the perception of space and can help in drawing attention to a particular place.

Colour symbolism plays an important role in everyday life and science. The subject is interdisciplinary and receives significant attention in the literature. It is increasingly entering the field of economics and finance. The authors are the first to research the connotations and symbolism of colours in finance. The following research aims to: identify and determine the meaning of colours in connection with the word “finance”, determine the popularity of the use of particular colours in relation to the word “finance”, and identify the most popular subject areas in the literature related to the most commonly used colour in finance. Bibliometric and textual analyses were adopted as research methods. The main research conclusions are as follows. Of the 14 colours examined, only green, blue, brown, black and white showed connotations accurately portrayed in the text. Apart from the colour black, the symbolism is universal and unambiguous. For black, the symbolism is twofold, with one of the meanings going back to historical times. The dominant colour is green. The main research areas pursued under “green finance” include investing in and financing environmentally friendly projects (including various types of technology), developing financial instruments to support environmentally friendly activities and supporting clean energy projects.

Understanding the numerous roles that colouration serves in the natural world has remained a central focus in many evolutionary and ecological studies. However, to accurately characterise and then compare colours or patterns among individuals or species has been historically challenging. In recent years, there have been a myriad of new resources developed that allow researchers to characterise biological colours and patterns, specifically from digital imagery. However, each resource has its own strengths and weaknesses, answers a specific question and requires a detailed understanding of how it functions to be used properly. These nuances can make navigating this emerging field rather difficult. Herein, we evaluate several new techniques for analysing biological colouration, with a specific focus on digital images. First, we introduce fundamental background knowledge about light and perception to be considered when designing and implementing a study of colouration. We then show how numerous modifications can be made to images to ensure consistent formatting prior to analysis. After, we describe many of the new image analysis approaches and their respective functions, highlighting the type of research questions that they can address. We demonstrate how these various techniques can be brought together to examine novel research questions and test specific hypotheses. Finally, we outline potential future directions in colour pattern studies. Our goal is to provide a starting point and pathway for researchers wanting to study biological colour patterns from digital imagery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current article presents the importance of colours in day-by-day life of online marketing. With the accelerating progress in science as well as information and technology, marketing is always changing. The neuroscience of colour in relation to customer conviction is one of the numerous topics studied in marketing. As a starting point, the paper opens with a brief theoretical presentation of the consumer behaviour as the central element of marketing, while in the second part, a study of colours is clarifying the link between them and the perception of the customers. A good reason for everything that follows is represented by the fact that colour is pervasive and a source of knowledge. The paper presents the level of importance that colours represents in everyday online marketing. Marketing is permanently changing with rapid advances in science, information and technology.

Demographic changes, the growing number of people with disabilities, and the demands on architecture and design are posing new challenges for designers. The space in which older adults live should be safe, not only from a legal point of view but especially to facilitate their daily activities. Modern society prioritizes the integration of older adults into everyday life so that as people grow older, they are not forced to abandon their daily routines because of obstacles in the space. It is said that a person is not handicapped because of their illness, but because society fails to prepare conditions for them to be able to move and live without restrictions. Moving in space is a multisensory experience. People use most of their senses such as sight, hearing, smell, and touch in addition to moving their bodies. How we feel indoors depends on the indoor climate, lighting, surface colours, air quality, floor plan, and furniture layout. Studies show that the materials and colour of products have an impact on how we navigate a space, how we feel and, in some cases, they can even have healing effects. The aim of our study is to investigate the association between colours in the environment and the orientation of people, especially older adults, in the space they live in. Several studies, experiments, and observations of foreign researchers serve as the basis of the paper. The analysis of case studies proved that colours in the environment have a significant impact on orientation in space and can be an effective tool for spatial orientation and drawing attention to a particular place. In surveys that have been conducted with older adults, warm colour tones such as yellow, orange, and red are preferred over cold ones. Red tones are some of the most easily recognizable for older adults who suffer from loss of colour recognition. They have lower cognitive abilities as a result of aging. Therefore, the achromatic environment does not sufficiently stimulate their brain function, leading to longer reaction times. Colour and contrast indoors play a big role in the perception of space and can help in drawing attention to a particular place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colour symbolism plays an important role in everyday life and science. The subject is interdisciplinary and receives significant attention in the literature. It is increasingly entering the field of economics and finance. The authors are the first to research the connotations and symbolism of colours in finance. The following research aims to: identify and determine the meaning of colours in connection with the word "finance", determine the popularity of the use of particular colours in relation to the word "finance", and identify the most popular subject areas in the literature related to the most commonly used colour in finance. Bibliometric and textual analyses were adopted as research methods. The main research conclusions are as follows. Of the 14 colours examined, only green, blue, brown, black and white showed connotations accurately portrayed in the text. Apart from the colour black, the symbolism is universal and unambiguous. For black, the symbolism is twofold, with one of the meanings going back to historical times. The dominant colour is green. The main research areas pursued under "green finance" include investing in and financing environmentally friendly projects (including various types of technology), developing financial instruments to support environmentally friendly activities and supporting clean energy projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores how colours can underpin critical research in people's well-being and life. Following a brief introduction to the principles of colours and Colour Mirrors system, the paper elaborates on how the coloured oils and essences' principles can drive healing and well-being in a spa, wellness, and life. We used EMADEL (emission-absorption near-electric field detection of biofield) in the experiments. This method measures the organisms' response to near-field exposure markedly different from the expected behaviour. As the second method, we used Bio-resonance, where the researcher uses a device to analyse the person's electromagnetic waves and alter them before returning them to the body.

Taking various documentary sources from the archive as its basis, and particularly inventories, dowries, wills and paintings of the 16th century, this article presents an analysis of the bed: its location in the house, some of its forms and denominations, what it meant to the men and women who lived in the house, and some ways it was experienced. As this is a broad topic, the focus here falls on the colours with which the bed was dressed, given that it is perhaps the element of the house that tends to best described in inventories, hinting at the central importance placed on this household item. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colours can draw an identity to all living things. Natural colours can either calm down or disturb a person's inner Self. At the times of crisis, it tends to give the individual soul wit and hope. Colours also have alchemical significance and can impact every man's mind in certain ways. Colour representations have been used by many symbolists throughout literary history from the past to the present. Symbolists point out the importance of symbols in the poems of symbolist poetry. Moreover, the use of colour symbolism in literature contributes to the treasure of literary forms. In Canadian literature, Yann Martel holds a prominent position for his adaption of symbols and uses them to portray the inner quest of his characters. Frequently, his symbolism embodies a deep search for a spiritual quest with a religious component. Colour is one of the most important aspects in deciphering the psyche of his heroes. He has constructed various symbolic interpretations that exhibit the spiritual longing of individuals. Many colours like red, black, white, green, orange, etc have been used as symbolic representations to decode the mindset and religious beliefs. Among them, black and white colours play a vital role in an in-depth portrayal of the leading characters. The religious quest of the characters has been satisfied through the identification of colour representations and ancient relics. They were satisfied at the end. Hence, his works depict that colours have symbolic dramatic elements that naturally novelize the central theme of the search for Self. It also emphasizes the development of the Self with the supremacy of faith in the Almighty God. This paper deciphers the black and white colour symbols in the novels, "Self", "Life of Pi", "Beatrice and Virgil", and "The High Mountains of Portugal" of Yann Martel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many centuries, the settlements had a fairly uniform image, which was the result of the use of local materials, technology and the economic condition of the population. With the development of the construction profession and the improvement of material conditions, building materials and construction technology also began to change, the market supply has diversified, which led to changes in the appearance of buildings. The roof, also known as the fifth facade, affects to the external image of the settlement. According to Fister et al., the design of roofs and their colour (roofing) are among the most recognizable components of architecture as criteria for the identity of architectural landscapes. The roof changes were the most drastic in the last 150 years. As the covering changed, so did the colour. The development of roofs in Slovenia with an emphasis on the key influencers of the development is presented in the paper. We limited ourselves to individual houses as carriers of the landscape's architectural identity. We compared the colour of the roofs on a sample of over 700 houses in the architectural region Savinjsko-Kozjansko, which data were obtained as part of the research project V5-2111: Architectural typologies and architectural landscapes and regions of Slovenia. We compared the obtained data with the requirements of spatial plans of municipalities and the characteristics described by Fister et al. The results showed the differences between the situation 30 years ago, the requirements of spatial acts and the current situation. Although the research involved a small sample, we can conclude that the situation is similar in most Slovenian places. The obtained results enable a broader view of this problem and open the possibility of appropriate action. Settlements that are recognized for their high-quality settlement architecture are shown as examples of excellent practice.

Copyright of Al-Academy is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

D. H. Lawrence is one of the most important writers of the twentieth century who excelled in various fields of literature, including poetry. The research attempts to tackle one of Lawrence's tools utilized in writing his early poems which is colour imagery relying on the close study of 'Love Poems and Others'. The research also highlights how Lawrence has managed to connect utilized colours to the main themes of the poems in order to reflect the extent of these colours impact on understanding the image depending on the thematic analytical approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review offers analytic information on the interdisciplinary conference held in Bulgaria (with participants from Northern Macedonia, Russia, Germany, India) on the socialist period as perceived through the fi ve senses. All the papers took into account relevant binary oppositions such as “self — others”, “socialist — capitalist”, “holiday — everyday life”, “home — offi ce space”, and “Bulgarian — Turkish”. There were many papers dedicated the sense of taste, and these discussed socialist-period tastes, culinary practices, and typical and non-typical menus at home and outside the home. The visual medium was approached using the contexts of fashion, interiors, and souvenir production, with or without an ideological aura. Discussions confi rmed the main thesis of the organisers that in ethnology the role of refl ection and personal experience is growing, and that obtaining analytic memoirs of those scholars who lived in the socialist period is also gaining importance, so that generations of younger scholars are provided with the context of the socialist epoch.

Let the light leak in.

This paper explores the range of colour names, their frequency and functions, in the poetry of Stanisława Plewińska from Deszczno, Poland. The research material comprises 46 colour names w 131 text occurrences, representing 13 semantic fields, including one general field and 12 specialised ones. In her poems, Plewińska uses a diverse range of colours. Her poetry is full of all shadesof the canonical colour set. She favours colour expressions from the following semantic fields: green (30 occurrences), white (29 occurrences), and black (20 occurrences), which indicates her love for achromatic colour schemes and the colour which is imminent in nature. The analysis also shows that the poet uses: gold (15 occurrences) and blue (7 occurrences). She rarely mentions colours from the semantic field of yellow (4x), grey (4x), silver (4x), red (3x), purple (2x) or brown (1x). The poet never uses the colours from the semantic fields of orange or pink.

Copyright of Historia y Comunicación Social is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios de Traducción is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current article presents the importance of colours in day-by-day life of online marketing. With the accelerating progress in science as well as information and technology, marketing is always changing. The neuroscience of colour in relation to customer conviction is one of the numerous topics studied in marketing. As a starting point, the paper opens with a brief theoretical presentation of the consumer behaviour as the central element of marketing, while in the second part, a study of colours is clarifying the link between them and the perception of the customers. A good reason for everything that follows is represented by the fact that colour is pervasive and a source of knowledge. The paper presents the level of importance that colours represents in everyday online marketing. Marketing is permanently changing with rapid advances in science, information and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores how colours can underpin critical research in people's well-being and life. Following a brief introduction to the principles of colours and Colour Mirrors system, the paper elaborates on how the coloured oils and essences' principles can drive healing and well-being in a spa, wellness, and life. We used EMADEL (emissionabsorption near-electric field detection of biofield) in the experiments. This method measures the organisms' response to near-field exposure markedly different from the expected behaviour. As the second method, we used Bio-resonance, where the researcher uses a device to analyse the person's electromagnetic waves and alter them before returning them to the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edvard Munch (1863-1944) left behind a vast selection of artist materials. This paper presents an overview of this reference collection, now located in a brand-new building in Oslo (Munch museum, MUNCH). The variety and the significant number of items in this unique collection represent an asset that is useful for advancing knowledge of Munch's art, in addition to historic paint and drawing materials. This paper focuses on historical artists' materials, discussing the challenges, the opportunities, and the impact of scientific study. Preliminary investigations indicate that the production of the paint tubes span pre1890s through to at least the 1920s and could stem from the whole period of Munch's career. This collection consists of 956 paint tubes from 20 different manufacturers. Most of them are labelled as oil colours but some as watercolour and tempera paint. Preliminary investigations of a selection of paint samples show that there is a discrepancy between the chemical composition and the brand specification on the labels. In addition to these paint tubes, there are watercolours in the form of dry cakes, and approximately 300 pastels and crayons in all colours from at least seven different brands. This collection provides a unique and important source for future research in modern artists materials from the turn of centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing waste, using byproducts, and natural food additives are important sustainability trends. In this context, the aim of this study was to produce and evaluate a natural food dye, extracted from pumpkin byproducts, powdered and protected by spray-chilling (SC) and a combination of spray-drying and spray-chilling techniques (SDC). The extract was obtained using ethanol as solvent; vegetable fat and gum Arabic were used as carriers. Formulations were prepared with the following core:carrier ratios: SC 20 (20:80), SC 30 (30:70), SC 40 (40:60), SDC 5 (5:95), SDC 10 (10:90), and SDC 15 (15:85). The physicochemical properties of the formed microparticles were characterised, and their storage stability was evaluated over 90 days. The microparticles exhibited colour variation and size increase over time. SDC particles exhibited the highest encapsulation efficiency (95.2–100.8%) and retention of carotenoids in the storage period (60.8–89.7%). Considering the carotenoid content and its stability, the optimal formulation for each process was selected for further analysis. All of the processes and formulations produced spherical particles that were heterogeneous in size. SDC particles exhibited the highest oxidative stability index and the highest carotenoid release in the intestinal phase (32.6%). The use of combined microencapsulation technologies should be considered promising to protect carotenoid compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is an attempt to revise the long-established belief in the alabaster-white exterior shape of Roman antiquity, which in fact turns out to be full of colours that bring life to its image. The authors implement this intention by indicating how intensely the colour red was present in the reality described by classical Latin authors – contrary to the accusation that one of the participants of the discussion on this subject in Aulus Gellius’ Attic Nights (Gell. Noc. Att. 2.26) makes of the alleged poverty regarding various shades of red in Latin terminology. The material presented contradicts the opinion expressed in Gellius’ text, and at the same time makes us realise how colourful and lively the world that emerges from the literary works of the classical Roman period was. In comparison with it, the reality witnessed by the literature of the Christian era – this parallel is what the authors of the article focus on, concluding their deliberations – in which red becomes almost exclusively a sign of shame, turns out to be ascetically sterile and depressingly colourless.

The meaning of the names of Greek-Roman collyria is often confusing. Indeed, these names are generally neologisms known to us through a single handwritten or epigraphic occurrence. However, there is no doubt that several of these names have been chosen for their for their commercial value, as “ambrosial”, “inimitable” or “invincible”. Did the names of collyria evoking colours have the same value? By virtue of the principle of analogy that prevailed in ancient medical reasoning, were not green, white and yellow considered to be the active ingredients of certain ancient collyria?

The therapeutic methods of the Salernitan doctors were based on the “medicine of opposites”. From the end of the 11th century, thanks to the translations of Constantine the African, they have been enriched by a theoretical framework seeking to define more precisely the effect of the remedies. A graduated evaluation of the raw qualities (hot-cold-dry-wet) of the simple ingredients entering into the composition of pharmacological preparations is then set up. However, the works of the practice report prescriptions which seem to fall under another framework of reading, of the old tradition of an “analogical medicine” in which a relation is established between the name, the aspect, the color of a cure and those of the disease to be treated. This article tries to see how these two approaches overlap or not by studying some colored elements of the Salernitan pharmacopoeia.

Based on a survey references to colours in Greek hippiatrics text—especially in the Hippiatrica and in book 16 of the Geoponica—this paper examines the lexicon used by horse-doctors to designate colour and the contexts in which it appears, in order to better understand the importance given to colour terms. Colour adjectives are used in three sections of the texts : the external description of the animal (especially the coat and eyes), body fluids and pharmacology (simple and compound drugs).

If colour is one of the observation criteria taken into account by the Egyptian doctor within the medical diagnosis, its role in the choice of materia medica is more difficult to estimate. The situation is quite different in the field of magic. Considering the role of colour in therapeutic and prophylactic practices, this contribution distinguishes between different aspects : colour understood as brightness and light, colour as a material, and colour as a classificatory tool.

Mesopotamian medicine offers a rich set of data related to the subject of colour, noted not only in diagnosis, but also in therapy. This contribution addresses the question of chromatic associations between given curative elements and symptomatologies, despite the methodological problems related to this line of research. A selection of health problems characterized by clear nuances has been presented : on the one hand, bodily fluids, such as blood and pus ; on the other, cutaneous ailments, for which cuneiform sources provided us with descriptions. The results reveal shared beliefs about the colour of certain ingredients, but also principles of chromoanalogy, similia similibus curantur, as well as their opposites.

According to some researchers, a narrow meaning of the adjective χλωρός, polysemous in both early and classical Greek literature, is observable already in the Hippocratic corpus. We would like to show that this adjective did acquired a narrower meaning in the medical literature, but much later, since our earliest extant evidence does not go beyond the 1st century A.D.

The subject of this paper is the link between jaundice and birds, according to the bond between the yellow colour and jaundice. For Ancient people, origin of the Greek name of this illness, ikteros, is the one of the kite (iktinos), whose eyes are yellow and black like those of the patient, or the one of a bile-coloured animal, perhaps the ikteros. Two birds, the ikterus and the charadrius, not well identified, are the only animals, known to us, which are prescribed in a method for transferring the jaundice, i.e the staring of yellow colour by the patient. Investigation about these points and on likely identifications for the two birds shows that many less or more yellow birds can be used against jaundice and that importance of the glance of the bird in the staring therapy is probably the origin of the ancient etymological explanations.

Minerals, or “stones” in the wide sense, are associated to herbal and animal substances to form the corpus of medicinal simples. Sources about it are to be not only looked for in the textbooks of medicine and pharmacology, but also in the treaties of alchemy and in lapidaries which draw from local or foreign traditions sometimes marked by superstitions, magical practices and legendary stories and have medicines of various origins as references. The study concerned some remarkable gemstones. One wondered about the influence of old concepts on medical thought and about the possibility that the medicinal virtues attributed to stones are related to their color, transparency or brilliance in accordance with the famous doctrine of signatures also known for plants and various parts of animals. We tried to answer this question by grouping together the gemstones under study according to their dominant color and comparing their medical virtues described in Arabic medical texts.

Considered as signum of poisoning by treatises on poisons written in Western Late Medieval Europe, colour takes also place among the skills that help preserving from poisoning because some stones are seen as able to reveal the presence of poison by changing or losing its colour when they are put on table, near-by plates or glasses. From several specialized texts and books of natural philosophy, this paper aims to know how the authors explained chromatic changes of stones in front of poison, if they believed in it and if their advices were heard and followed in late medieval courts.

Plutarch’s theological dialogue De sera numinis vindicta ends with an eschatological myth narrating the afterlife vision of Thespesius (22-33, 563b-568a), centred on the souls’ “purification” from their earthly vices – obtained by means of punishments – and on the process of their reincarnation. This myth includes symbolic images of metallurgic interest. The most elaborate of these corresponds to the description of the chastisement of the “insatiable” and “greedy” souls, which are cyclically immersed into lakes of gold, lead, and iron, enduring painful transformations in each lake (30, 567c-d). This article focuses on the analysis of the implications and literary genesis of this scene, in the frame of the rest of the myth and of the dialogic part of De sera num., of Plutarch’s ethical and scientific ideas, of his culture, and of the tendencies of his metaphorical and analogical prose (as evidenced by his other works). It begins with an introduction to Plutarch’s religious thought and use of Platonic myths, defending the assumption that these should be treated as non-literal “enigmatic” tales and thus interpreted symbolically. A section is then dedicated to the narrative frame of Thespesius’s vision – the story of the moral conversion of an unscrupulously hedonist and greedy man – and to Plutarch’s symbolic presentation of the stains of vice (26, 565b-d), each associated with a colour, focusing on the stain of “miserliness and greed”. After an overview of the other punishments witnessed by Thespesius, mainly to be interpreted as forms of contrapasso and exhibitions of the souls’ hidden, wicked selves, the analysis of Plutarch’s treatment of greed is completed with an extensive discussion of the scene of the metallic lakes. Previous scholarly treatments of the scene are also discussed, with a focus on those which connected it with alchemy. Considering a recently proposed comparison between Plutarch’s scene and some of the images used by the alchemist Zosimus in his allegorical dreams (MA X, XI, XII Mertens), the hypothesis of their affinity is explored with mainly negative results. However, a further hypothesis is suggested without full endorsement: namely, that the symbols used by Plutarch, like those used by Zosimus, were influenced by the aesthetics of Egyptian and/or Jewish religion in the syncretising environment of 1st-cent. CE Alexandria.

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In the current world, ecology and sustainability are emerging as a concept. In this context, there is a tendency toward a cleaner industry with better use of energy, replacing synthetic chemicals with raw materials derived from natural and renewable resources, so that they can be preserved in nature. In this regard, the attention of researchers and industry is focused on natural products from nature, such as natural fabrics and natural dyes, which have a remarkable potential. The paper presents the results of an experimental research aimed at developing an ecological process of dyeing hemp fabric and obtaining a chromatic palette with 16 variants by using the natural dyes Weld (Reseda Luteola L.) and Madder (Rubia Tinctorum L.) in different combinations and concentrations. Also, the influence of two types of pre-treatment applied to the samples was analysed, which were applied in order to improve the absorption capacity of the dye, namely scouring with enzyme and scouring and bleaching in one step process. By applying the treatments before the dyeing process and by combining the two natural dyes in different combinations and concentrations, the aim was to obtain a chromatic palette. Wash fastness was evaluated according to ISO 105-C06 standard procedure. The experimental research in this paper is in line with current trends and concepts, offering real solutions in the development of an ecological and sustainable textile finishing process, by using natural hemp fabric and natural dyes in the dyeing process.

Background/Aim. Blue light might be harmful to the retina. The nano-material based on fullerene C60 and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) transforms the light into harmonized light and absorbs violet, blue, and ultraviolet (UV) wavelength. The aim of the study was to evaluate the subjective and objective impact of the spectacles on daily activities. Methods. Twenty-five healthy participants were sub-mitted to contrast sensitivity (CS) and visual field (VF) testing and a questionnaire about the influence of spectacles on daily activities: two spectacles with different concentrations of fullerene C60 vs. two commercially available blue-blocking spectacles. Results. There was no statistical difference in CS (p = 0.83), in VF parameters: mean deviation (MD) (p = 0.36), pattern standard deviation (PSD) (p = 0.25), number of relative scotomas (p = 0.31), while the number of absolute scotomas showed a statistically significant decrease (p < 0.05). Spectacles B (with a lower concentration of fullerene – 0.025%) had the best overall comfort mean score (p < 0.00001): four-fifths of participants performed better only during the day, while two-thirds performed better both during the day and night. Spectacles B were also superior in overall satisfaction regarding all combined daily activities (4.04 ± 1.1) (p = 0.0008). Conclusion. Blue-blocking filters with fullerene C60 increase the overall comfort of daily tasks during and after their use. These filters might be an effective mechanism that can protect us from ocular pathologies while providing better comfort in daily activities.