225 results on '"phytotoxic"'
Search Results
2. Antimicrobial, Herbicidal and pesticidal potential of Tunisian eucalyptus species: Chemoprofiling and biological evaluation
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Khedhri, Sana, Polito, Flavio, Caputo, Lucia, Khammassi, Marwa, Dhaouadi, Ferjani, Amri, Ismail, Hamrouni, Lamia, Mabrouk, Yassine, Fratianni, Florinda, Nazzaro, Filomena, and De Feo, Vincenzo
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- 2024
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Catalog
3. Impact nano- and micro- form of CdO on barley growth and oxidative stress response
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Kirill Azarin, Alexander Usatov, Tatiana Minkina, Ilya Alliluev, Nadezhda Duplii, Saglara Mandzhieva, Abhishek Singh, Vishnu D. Rajput, Sandeep Kumar, Marwa A. Fakhr, Mohamed S. Elshikh, M. Ajmal Ali, and Karen Ghazaryan more...
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Antioxidant enzymes ,Gene expression ,Phytotoxic ,NPs ,HMs ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 - Abstract
The objective was investigated the effects of CdO and nano-CdO as potential toxic pollutants on growth and redox response of barley. CdO and nano-CdO have been found to cause significant phytotoxicity in barley seedlings, with nano-CdO increasing plant tissue cadmium accumulation. This accumulation is linked to growth retardation and oxidative stress. Low molecular weight antioxidants like restored glutathione and ascorbate have been found to increase the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione-S-transferase (GSTs), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in green tissues. Catalase (CAT) activity increased from 50 % with 100 mg/l CdO to 70 % with 1000 mg/l and nano-CdO. The observed disturbance in redox balance signals the upregulation of corresponding genes. Antioxidant enzyme isoform gene transcripts increased for SODB, CAT2, and APX. Cadmium buildup in root cells causes oxidative stress, leading to upregulation of SOD, CAT, GR, and GSTs isoform genes as well as protein carbonylation, sulfhydryl group degradation, and MDA accumulation. CdO and nano-CdO have similar phytotoxic effects, but bioavailability affects biochemical and molecular responses. more...
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- 2024
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4. Cowpea aphid resistance in cowpea line CB77 functions primarily through antibiosis and eliminates phytotoxic symptoms of aphid feeding
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MacWilliams, Jacob R, Chesnais, Quentin, Nabity, Paul, Mauck, Kerry, and Kaloshian, Isgouhi
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Zoology ,Biological Sciences ,Plant resistance ,Electrical penetration graph ,Phytotoxic ,Insect performance ,Antibiosis ,Antixenosis ,Entomology ,Forestry - Abstract
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is one of the most important crops in semiarid areas of the world, where it thrives in hot, dry conditions. While cowpea is able to withstand abiotic stresses, it suffers serious losses from biotic antagonists, including infestation by the cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora). Cowpea aphid infestations are highly destructive, especially on young plants. However, it is unclear whether cowpea aphid damage is the result of aphids having phytotoxic effects on their hosts, or simple density effects. To better understand cowpea aphid damage and the potential for resistance traits to mitigate aphid impacts, we evaluated phenotypic changes in cowpea in response to variable aphid densities and systemic versus local infestations. Low aphid densities induced leaf distortions and pseudogalling, suggesting that cowpea aphids are phytotoxic to cowpea. Resistance to the cowpea aphid has been previously identified in an African cowpea germplasm, and near isogenic lines (NILs) containing resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) were generated in the California blackeye cultivar background. Using a series of performance assays, we determined that resistance conferred by the two QTL counteracts aphid phytotoxicity and severely limits aphid growth and fecundity. Using choice assays, a preference by cowpea aphids for the susceptible NIL was observed. Electrical penetration graph analysis revealed that the resistance phenotype includes weak surface level deterrence and strong phloem-based resistance that manifests during the sap ingestion phase. Our study provides evidence of phytotoxic traits in A. craccivora while identifying a viable means of counteracting aphid damage and reproductive potential through resistance. more...
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- 2023
5. Investigation of bioactive constituents and evaluation of in vitro bioactivities of different Setaria glauca extracts
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Shumaila Ijaz, Javed Iqbal, Banzeer Ahsan Abbasi, Sobia Kanwal, Mahboobeh Mahmoodi, Mohammad Raish, and Tariq Mahmood
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Phytochemical ,Antioxidant ,Cytotoxic ,Phytotoxic ,Antibacterial ,Biopharmacological ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 - Abstract
The aim of this research was to look at the various biological potentials and phytochemical components of S. glauca. Utilizing FT-IR spectroscopy, different functional groups were identified. Tests for total reducing power (TRP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and DPPH were employed to assess the antioxidant qualities of a specific medicinal plant. The antibacterial activity of five different strains of bacteria were assessed using the disc diffusion method. Laboratory-cultured nauplii were killed in the brine shrimp lethality experiment to assess the cytotoxic capability. Statistical software version 8.1 was utilized to conduct an analysis of variance (ANOVA), with each experiment being repeated three times. In S. glauca, ten distinct functional groups were found. TAC (SGM = 20.07 AAE/g) and DPPH scavenging capacity (IC50 = 28.38 µg/mL) were noted in the methanol extract of S. glauca (SGM) as well as the total reducing power (TRP) of 62.87 GAE/g was found in SGM. The antibacterial activity was evaluated using several types of bacteria. The maximum zone of inhibition (MI) against P. aeruginosa (ATCC) was found in SGC (12 ± 1.0 mm mean value). The chloroform extract of S. glauca (SGC) exhibited the highest cytotoxic potential, with an LC50 of 31.12 µg/mL. The present investigation examined the remarkable biological capabilities exhibited by S. glauca. Future research in therapeutic development could potentially be enhanced by the isolation and characterization of these bioactive compounds through further research. more...
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- 2024
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6. Allelopathic Potential and Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from the Invasive Plant Acmella radicans.
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Yang, Kexin, Yang, Yunhai, Wu, Xiaohan, Zheng, Fengping, Xu, Gaofeng, Yang, Shaosong, Jin, Guimei, Clements, David Roy, Shen, Shicai, and Zhang, Fudou
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ESSENTIAL oils , *BOK choy , *INVASIVE plants , *CHEMICAL potential , *CHINESE cabbage , *GERMINATION - Abstract
Acmella radicans (Jacquin) R.K. Jansen is a new invasive species recorded in Yunnan Province, China, and little is known about its allelopathic potential and allelochemicals. In this study, the allelopathic effects of the essential oil (EO) of A. radicans on seed germination and seedling growth of four common plants, Brassica napus, Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis, Digitaria sanguinalis, and Lolium multiflorum, were explored. The results showed that the seed germination index, germination rate, root length, stem length, and biomass of B. napus and B. rapa ssp. chinensis were significantly inhibited at all EO concentrations of A. radicans, but there was a 'low-promotion and high-inhibition effect' on the root length of D. sanguinalis and L. multiflorum at low concentrations of 0.5 μL·mL−1 and 0.5–1.0 μL·mL−1, respectively. With increasing concentrations of EO, the inhibition rates of seed germination and seedling growth of four common plants gradually increased, and D. sanguinalis and L. multiflorum were the most inhibited, followed by B. rapa ssp. chinensis, and the least inhibited was B. napus. Thirty-two components were identified using GC–MS, representing 99.07% of the EO in A. radicans. The major components were 2-tridecanone (30.46%), caryophyllene oxide (19.18%), 4,8,11,11-tetramethylbicyclo[7.2.0]undec-3-en-5-ol (7.84%), β-caryophyllene (7.67%), and widdrol (4.7%). Among the compounds we identified, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, 2-tridecanone, γ-cadinene, δ-cadinene, (E)-α-cadinol, spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide, and widdrol have been previously reported as having possible allelopathic effects. Our study was the first to show that A. radicans could potentially release allelochemicals to influence neighboring plants during its invasion and expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
- Full Text
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7. Antimicrobial, Herbicidal and pesticidal potential of Tunisian eucalyptus species: Chemoprofiling and biological evaluation
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Sana Khedhri, Flavio Polito, Lucia Caputo, Marwa Khammassi, Ferjani Dhaouadi, Ismail Amri, Lamia Hamrouni, Yassine Mabrouk, Florinda Fratianni, Filomena Nazzaro, and Vincenzo De Feo
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Eucalyptus ,Essentials oil ,Antibiofilm ,Phytotoxic ,Cholinesterases ,α-amylase ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Abstract
The Eucalyptus genus, characterized by its imposing stature and fragrant foliage, has been a source of fascination for humanity over the centuries. The focus of the present investigation was directed towards the essentials oils (EOs) of five Eucalyptus trees cultivated in Tunisia. The GC-MS analysis unveiled unique compositional profiles, a finding substantiated by both Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) conducted on the leaves EOs. These analyses resulted in the formation of discrete HCA clades, delineating 23 significant components. Notably, the percentage of eucalyptol emerged as the pivotal factor demarcating the separation between three distinct groups. The statistical analysis revealed a dose-dependent relationship in both phytotoxicity evaluation and antibacterial activity. The EOs from Eucalyptus loxophleba and E. salubris exhibited the highest phytotoxicity, inhibiting radical elongation and germination of various seeds, especially Sinapis arvensis and Raphanus sativus. The antimicrobial assessment demonstrated significant inhibitory effects of the EOs on bacterial strains, with MIC values spanning from 14 to exceeding 50 mg/ml. The EOs also affected biofilm formation and cellular metabolism, displaying varied efficacy among different Eucalyptus species against some bacterial strains. The EOs exhibited selective inhibition against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), α-amylase, and α-glucosidase. E. campaspe EO showed the highest AChE activity, while E. loxophleba and E. salubris EOs were most potent toward α-amylase. E. loxophleba EO demonstrated notable activity against α-glucosidase. Overall, these findings provide important data about the diverse biological activities of Eucalyptus EOs, suggesting potential applications in agriculture, medicine, and pharmacy. more...
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- 2024
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8. Phytotoxicity effect of a highly toxic isolate of Alternaria alternata metabolites from Iran
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Atefeh Sedighi and Abbas Mohammadi
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Detached leaves ,Inoculation ,Pelargonium ,Phytotoxic ,Toxin ,Toxicology. Poisons ,RA1190-1270 - Abstract
Alternaria species produce several mycotoxins, such as alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT), altertoxin (ATX), tentoxin (TTX) and tenuazonic acid (TeA). This research aimed to isolate and identify mycotoxins from highly toxic Alternaria alternata (w19) and A. tennuisima isolates and their phytotoxicity effects. Fungal metabolites were extracted from 21-day cultures of Alternaria in a Czapek broth medium with the organic solvent chloroform/acetone and identified using the HPLC method. Alternaria metabolites were infiltrated in vivo into several plant leaves for phytotoxicity detection. The study investigated the impact of temperature, time, and metabolite concentration on phytotoxicity using the detached leaf infiltration technique. Five mycotoxins (TTX, TeA, ALT, AOH, and AME) were detected in A. alternata W19 isolate with 959.24, 102.03, 24.01, 9.04, and 2.44 ppm, respectively. A. tennuisima produce these toxins in a lower concentration. Infiltration of fungal metabolites induced leaf chlorosis and necrosis, which differs based on temperature, concentration and plant species. Based on our knowledge, this is the first report of Alternaria mycotoxins in Iran and a highly toxic isolate of A. alternata with rapid phytotoxicity on a wide range of susceptible hosts. more...
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- 2024
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9. Investigation of bioactive constituents and evaluation of different in vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity potentials of different Portulacaria afra extracts
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Shumaila Ijaz, Javed Iqbal, Banzeer Ahsan Abbasi, Sobia Kanwal, Maryam Tavafoghi, Mohammad Z. Ahmed, and Tariq Mahmood
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P. afra ,Phytochemical ,Antioxidant ,Antibacterial ,Cytotoxic ,Phytotoxic ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 - Abstract
The use of medicinal plants exists before the existence of humans. Healing with herbal treatments is of utmost significance because medicinal plants contain bioactive compounds. The objective of the current investigation was to evaluate the biological potential of methanolic (PAM) and chloroform (PAC) extracts of Portulacaria afra root, leaf, seed and flower. FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) spectroscopy was completed to detect the different functional groups. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total reducing power (TRP) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, were done for the determination of antioxidant potential of medicinal plant P. afra. Five different bacterial strains were used to evaluate the antibacterial potential using disc diffusion method. Cytotoxicity assay was used to test the cytotoxic potential against brine shrimps and shown the maximum cytotoxic potential with lowest IC50 value (41.41 ± 0.80 µg/mL) in PAM. Radish seed germination phytotoxicity assay was performed and revealed the highest phytotoxic potential in PAM extract. ANOVA was applied via statistics version-8.1, and experimentations were done in triplicates. Maximum DPPH scavenging potential was observed in methanol extract of P. afra (PAM). The PAM extract has the highest flavonoid concentration (30.70 mg/g). PAM demonstrated maximum total reducing power (73.46 gallic acid equivalents per gram (GAE/g). Antibacterial activity was performed against different bacterial strains and PAM shown the best antibacterial activity with largest zone of inhibition (17 mm) contrary to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bioactive compounds found in P. afra extracts have antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties, revealing their ability to induce cell death in cancerous cell lines, indicating potential anticancer agents and making them intriguing candidates for future research and the possible creation of new therapeutics. we advise the use of these extracts against biofilms as these extracts have shown significant antibacterial activity against gram negative bacteria“. more...
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- 2024
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10. Valorization of the essential oil from Drypetes gossweileri S. Moore (Putranjivaceae): in vitro, in vivo, and in silico nematicidal activity.
- Author
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Mbula, Jean Pierre, Andres, Maria Fe, Kitete, Emmanuel M., Kasiama, N. G., Tshilanda, D. D., Ngbolua, K. N., Tshibangu, D. S. T., Onautshu, O., González-Coloma, Azucena, and Mpiana, Pius T.
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ESSENTIAL oils ,SPODOPTERA littoralis ,RHOPALOSIPHUM padi ,INSECT pests ,GREEN peach aphid ,TOMATOES ,RYEGRASSES - Abstract
The chemical composition, insect antifeedant, in vtro/in vivo nematicidal activity, phytotoxicity, and in silico nematicidal activity of the essential oil (EO) of the African medicinal plant Drypetes gossweileri were studied. Chemical analysis using GC/MS indicated that benzyl isothiocyanate (96.23%) was the major compound, followed by benzyl cyanide (1.38%). The biocidal effects of this oil were tested against insect pests and root-knot nematodes. All the insect species tested were significantly affected by the oil according to their feeding adaptations (Spodoptera littoralis and Myzus persicae were less affected than Rhopalosiphum padi) with efficient doses (EC50) of 29.4 8.3 mg/cm2, 14.744 8.3 mg/cm², and 8.3 mg/cm
2 , respectively. The oil was highly effective against juveniles J2 of the nematode Meloidogyne javanica, with LC50 –LC90 values of 0.007 mg/mL–0.0113 mg/mL. D. gossweileri EO at minimum lethal concentrations (MLC) and below strongly inhibited egg hatching in vitro, whereas soil treatment caused a strong suppression of nematode population, infection frequency, and multiplication rate. The EO inhibited ryegrass (Lolium perenne) germination at 0.4 mg/mL, while at 0.1 mg/mL, its effects on germination, root and leaf growth were moderate (32.4%, 8.4%, and 18.3%, respectively). The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) germination was not affected by the EO, but the root growth was reduced (56% at 0.1 mg/mL) at a dose 10 times higher than the LD50 calculated for M. javanica J2 mortality. Molecular docking of the nematicidal effects of the oil using PyRx revealed a strong interaction between potassium chloride transporting KCC3 (PDB ID: 7D90) and benzyl cyanide at a distance of 2.20 A° with GLN C:350, followed by benzyl isothiocyanate at a distance of 2.78 A° with ARG B:294. The in vivo nematicidal effects of D. gossweileri EO on M. javanica penetration and reproduction in tomato roots further support the potential of this EO as a nematicidal agent with insect antifeedant effects, which could be used by local farmers for crop protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...- Published
- 2023
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11. Bio-Monitoring of Metal(loid)s Pollution in Dry Riverbeds Affected by Mining Activity.
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Cuevas, José, Faz, Ángel, Martínez-Martínez, Silvia, Gabarrón, María, Beltrá, Juan, Martínez, Jacinto, and Acosta, José A.
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RIVER channels ,SOIL pollution ,MINING districts ,METALS ,SOIL sampling ,FENNEL - Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the most abundant native plants that could be used as a bio-monitor of metal(loid) concentration in dry riverbeds affected by mining activities. Three plants species and their respective rhizospheric soils were sampled from the El Beal (Piptatherum miliaceum, 15 samples), La Carrasquilla (Foeniculum vulgare, 10 samples), and Ponce (Dittrichia viscosa, 12 samples) dry riverbeds from the mining district of Cartegena-La Unión (SE Spain). There is scanty bibliography of the capacity of these species to be used as bio-monitors in the dry riverbeds. Plants categorized as a bio-monitor were established according to the bioaccumulation factor (BF), mobility ratio (MR), and linear correlations between metal(loid) concentrations in plants tissues (root or stem)-rhizospheric soils. The rhizospheric soils were highly contaminated for As, Cd, Pb, and Zn (Cf ≥ 6), and moderately contaminated for Mn (1 ≤ Cf < 3). Piptatherum miliaceum presented on Cd similar mean concentrations on rhizospheric soil and root, BF = 1.07, with a strong correlation soil–root (r = 0.61, p = 0.02). Therefore, of the three species with the capacity to grow in the area, Piptatherum miliaceum showed characteristics to be considered as a bio-monitor for Cd, with a BF > 1, and a positive–significant correlation between the rhizospheric soil and roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2023
- Full Text
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12. Valorization of the essential oil from Drypetes gossweileri S. Moore (Putranjivaceae): in vitro, in vivo, and in silico nematicidal activity
- Author
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Jean Pierre Mbula, Maria Fe Andres, Emmanuel M. Kitete, N. G. Kasiama, D. D. Tshilanda, K. N. Ngbolua, D. S. T. Tshibangu, O. Onautshu, Azucena González-Coloma, and Pius T. Mpiana
- Subjects
Drypetes gossweileri ,essential oil ,insect antifeedant ,nematicidal activity ,phytotoxic ,molecular docking ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 - Abstract
The chemical composition, insect antifeedant, in vtro/in vivo nematicidal activity, phytotoxicity, and in silico nematicidal activity of the essential oil (EO) of the African medicinal plant Drypetes gossweileri were studied. Chemical analysis using GC/MS indicated that benzyl isothiocyanate (96.23%) was the major compound, followed by benzyl cyanide (1.38%). The biocidal effects of this oil were tested against insect pests and root-knot nematodes. All the insect species tested were significantly affected by the oil according to their feeding adaptations (Spodoptera littoralis and Myzus persicae were less affected than Rhopalosiphum padi) with efficient doses (EC50) of 29.4 8.3 μg/cm2, 14.744 8.3 μg/cm2, and 8.3 μg/cm2, respectively. The oil was highly effective against juveniles J2 of the nematode Meloidogyne javanica, with LC50–LC90 values of 0.007 mg/mL–0.0113 mg/mL. D. gossweileri EO at minimum lethal concentrations (MLC) and below strongly inhibited egg hatching in vitro, whereas soil treatment caused a strong suppression of nematode population, infection frequency, and multiplication rate. The EO inhibited ryegrass (Lolium perenne) germination at 0.4 mg/mL, while at 0.1 mg/mL, its effects on germination, root and leaf growth were moderate (32.4%, 8.4%, and 18.3%, respectively). The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) germination was not affected by the EO, but the root growth was reduced (56% at 0.1 mg/mL) at a dose 10 times higher than the LD50 calculated for M. javanica J2 mortality. Molecular docking of the nematicidal effects of the oil using PyRx revealed a strong interaction between potassium chloride transporting KCC3 (PDB ID: 7D90) and benzyl cyanide at a distance of 2.20 A° with GLN C:350, followed by benzyl isothiocyanate at a distance of 2.78 A° with ARG B:294. The in vivo nematicidal effects of D. gossweileri EO on M. javanica penetration and reproduction in tomato roots further support the potential of this EO as a nematicidal agent with insect antifeedant effects, which could be used by local farmers for crop protection. more...
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- 2023
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13. Phytochemical Screening, Phytotoxic and Antimicrobial Prospective of Rangoon Creeper (Combretum indicum L.) Against Known Plants Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens.
- Author
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Ur Rehman, Khushnood, Ullah, Saqib, Butt, Zahid Ali, Muhammad, Murad, Yaseen, Tabassum, Khan, Shahab Saeed, and Khan, Asad Ali
- Abstract
Currently, the world is facing a very serious issue of antibiotic resistance, the scientist is trying to develop new techniques and advance drug to compete with them. For this purpose, drug production from medicinal plants is a top trending act around the world. Keeping in view this idea the crude ethanolic extract and fractions of ethyl acetate and chloroform were screened to assess the preliminary phytochemical, phytotoxic and antimicrobial potential of leaves of Combretum indicum and also the same activities were carried out for the essential oil of Combretum indicum. The presence of various secondary metabolites in terms of alkaloids, proteins, carbohydrates, phenols, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and steroids determined through phytochemical screening. A comparison of the results were made with standard nystatin against Alternaria alternate, Aspergillus flavus, Polysphondylium pallidum and Fusarium oxysporum and tetracycline against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans and Methicillin-resistant and Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Serratia marcescens. The highest antibacterial activity among leaves extracts was shown by ethyl acetate with an 18.33 mm zone of inhibition at a concentration of 15 µg/mL of inhibition and the highest activity by of essential oil was obtained with 14.67 mm zone of inhibition at a concentration of 20 µg/mL, while among the ethanolic leaves extracts and fraction of essential oil the highest antifungal activity was shown at 80 µg/mL each, with inhibition zones 12.67 mm and 13.33 mm, respectively. An efficient phytotoxic effect was shown by extracts of both leaves and essential oil against Lemna minor at 2000 µg/mL, while their activity was low at 20 µg/mL. Ethyl acetate leaves extracts showed the highest activity with 70.21% inhibition. A fraction of essential oil showed significant activity with 57.44% inhibition. The tested medicinal plant thus proved by the current research can be used to cure many diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2023
14. Toksisitas minyak Azadirachta indica, Ricinus communis, dan campurannya: Pengaruhnya terhadap indeks nutrisi larva dan oviposisi imago Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) pada tanaman jagung
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Retno Wulansari, Yusup Hidayat, and Danar Dono
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antioviposition ,fall army worm ,food utylization ,phytotoxic ,toxicity ,Zoology ,QL1-991 - Abstract
Toxicity of oil ofAzadirachta indica, Riccinus communisn, and its mixture: Effect on nutritional indices larvae and oviposition imago of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) on maize. Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) merupakan hama invasif yang menyebabkan dampak ekonomi yang besar pada tanaman jagung. Alternatif pengendalian yang relatif aman bagi serangga non-target perlu dikembangkan dan dapat dipadukan dengan pengendalian lainnya, yaitu pengendalian menggunakan insektisida nabati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi toksisitas minyak Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae), dan campurannya (1:1) serta pengaruhnya terhadap indeks nutrisi dan oviposisi S. frugiperda. Pengujian toksisitas ekstrak dan campurannya serta pengaruhnya terhadap indeks nutrisi dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode celup pakan, sedangkan pengujian oviposisi dengan penyemprotan ekstrak pada tanaman. Data hubungan konsentrasi minyak nabati dengan kematian serangga uji dianalisis menggunakan analisis probit, sedangkan peubah lainnya dianalisis dengan sidik ragam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan minyak A. indica, R. communis, dan campurannya bersifat toksik dengan nilai LC50 terhadap larva (II–VI) berturut-turut 0,039 (0,017–0,100)%, 0,144 (0,094–0,221)%, serta 0,034 (0,021–0,061)%, dan pada LC95 berturut-turut 0,391 (0,134–16,671)%, 4,379 (1,986–15,516)%, serta 0,219 (0,104–1,251)%. Toksisitas campuran tersebut meningkat 4,2 kali hingga 20,0 kali masing-masing pada LC50 dan LC95. Perlakuan minyak mengakibatkan penurunan laju konsumsi relatif, laju pertumbuhan relatif, efisiensi pemanfaatan makanan, dan peningkatan perkiraan jumlah makanan yang dicerna larva S. frugiperda. Selain bersifat insektisida, minyak nabati dapat berperan sebagai antioviposisi S. frugiperda. Namun, minyak A. indica, R. communis, dan campurannya terindikasi fitotoksik pada tanaman jagung. Oleh karena itu, potensi campuran minyak A. indica dan R. communis untuk digunakan sebagai insektisida perlu dievaluasi atau dapat digunakan pada tanaman lain yang lebih toleran. more...
- Published
- 2022
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15. Low pH stress activates several genes for lateral root formation and detoxification of aluminum ions in Cotton plants
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Atreyee Kundu and Markkandan Ganesan
- Subjects
Abiotic stress ,Phytotoxic ,Aluminum tolerance ,Lateral root ,Low pH tolerance ,Plant ecology ,QK900-989 - Abstract
In low pH condition of soils (pH
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- 2023
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16. Allelopathic Potential and Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from the Invasive Plant Acmella radicans
- Author
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Kexin Yang, Yunhai Yang, Xiaohan Wu, Fengping Zheng, Gaofeng Xu, Shaosong Yang, Guimei Jin, David Roy Clements, Shicai Shen, and Fudou Zhang
- Subjects
alien plants ,bioassays ,phytotoxic ,competitive ability ,GC-MS ,extraction ,Agriculture - Abstract
Acmella radicans (Jacquin) R.K. Jansen is a new invasive species recorded in Yunnan Province, China, and little is known about its allelopathic potential and allelochemicals. In this study, the allelopathic effects of the essential oil (EO) of A. radicans on seed germination and seedling growth of four common plants, Brassica napus, Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis, Digitaria sanguinalis, and Lolium multiflorum, were explored. The results showed that the seed germination index, germination rate, root length, stem length, and biomass of B. napus and B. rapa ssp. chinensis were significantly inhibited at all EO concentrations of A. radicans, but there was a ‘low-promotion and high-inhibition effect’ on the root length of D. sanguinalis and L. multiflorum at low concentrations of 0.5 μL·mL−1 and 0.5–1.0 μL·mL−1, respectively. With increasing concentrations of EO, the inhibition rates of seed germination and seedling growth of four common plants gradually increased, and D. sanguinalis and L. multiflorum were the most inhibited, followed by B. rapa ssp. chinensis, and the least inhibited was B. napus. Thirty-two components were identified using GC–MS, representing 99.07% of the EO in A. radicans. The major components were 2-tridecanone (30.46%), caryophyllene oxide (19.18%), 4,8,11,11-tetramethylbicyclo[7.2.0]undec-3-en-5-ol (7.84%), β-caryophyllene (7.67%), and widdrol (4.7%). Among the compounds we identified, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, 2-tridecanone, γ-cadinene, δ-cadinene, (E)-α-cadinol, spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide, and widdrol have been previously reported as having possible allelopathic effects. Our study was the first to show that A. radicans could potentially release allelochemicals to influence neighboring plants during its invasion and expansion. more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Isolation of herbicidal compounds, quercetin and β-caryophyllene, from Digera muricata
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Muhammad Akbar, Ali Raza, Tayyaba Khalil, Nasim Ahmad Yasin, Yasir Nazir, and Aqeel Ahmad
- Subjects
Digera muricata ,Herbicidal ,Phytotoxic ,Quercetin ,β-caryophyllene ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Synthetic herbicides are available to control weeds but these herbicides have many concerns. Eco-friendly herbicides obtained from plants is a better alternative to synthetic ones. Despite that the herbicidal activity of Digera muricata extracts have been reported but there are no studies regarding the isolation and identification of herbicidal compounds from D. muricata. Herein, we are reporting the identification of two herbicidal compounds from chloroform extract obtained from D. muricata. The chloroform extract was initially tested on the germination and early growth of two weeds; Avena fatua and Melilotus indicus as well as wheat where a significant decline in % age germination and growth of both weeds was observed. Among the 8 different fractions obtained using different chromatographic techniques, fractions 2 and 7 were found to be phytotoxic to both test weeds. The herbicidal efficacy was tested at 200, 150, 100, 50, 25 μg/ml. These two fractions were further purified on Reversed Phase High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC). Fraction 2 yielded 3 sub-fractions (2A, 2B & 2C), while fraction 7 yielded 2 sub-fractions (7A, 7B). Fraction 2B caused 43%, 53%, and 57% decline in seed germination, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight of A. fatua, while these values against M. indicus were 50%, 81% and 84%, respectively. Fraction 7A caused 25%, 36%, and 42% decline in seed germination, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight of A. fatua, while these values against M. indicus were 35%, 62% and 69%, respectively, at 200 μg/ml conc. Cyanazine caused 61% and 50% reduction in seed germination of A. fatua and M. indicus, respectively. The herbicidal effects of these two fractions were found nonsignificant against wheat. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis (C,H) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonanace (NMR) analyses of these two fractions depicted the presence of quercetin (Fraction 2B) and β-caryophyllene (Fraction 7A). In post emergence bioassays, the isolated compounds caused significant decrease in the biomass of both weeds. Plasma membrane integrity assays revealed electrolyte leakage in treated leaf discs of both weeds. It was concluded that quercetin and β-caryophyllene isolated from D. muricata exhibited toxicity towards both test weeds without harming wheat. more...
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Parthenium hysterophorus alleviates wilt stress in tomato plants caused by Ralstonia solanacearum through direct antibacterial effect and indirect upregulation of host resistance.
- Author
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Najeeb, Saba and Yan Li
- Abstract
Heavy damage to tomato crops due to wilt stress caused by the pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum and the insufficient availability of management strategies with desired control levels urged the researchers to investigate more reliable control methods to manage this issue in tomato and other horticultural crops. In this study, Parthenium hysterophorus, a locally and freely available herbaceous plant, was successfully used to manage bacterial wilt of tomatoes. The significant growth reduction ability of P. hysterophorus leaf extract was recorded in an agar well diffusion test and its ability to severally damage the bacterial cells was confirmed in SEM analysis. In both greenhouse and field trials, soil amended with P. hysterophorus leaf powder at 25 g/kg soil was found to effectively suppress the pathogen population in soil and significantly reduce the wilt severity on tomato plants, resulting in increased growth and yield of tomato plants. P. hysterophorus leaf powder at concentrations greater than 25 g/kg soil caused phytotoxicity in tomato plants. The results showed that P. hysterophorus powder applied through the mixing of soil for a longer period of time before transplanting tomato plants was more effective than mulching application and a shorter period of transplantation. Finally, the indirect effect of P. hysterophorus powder in managing bacterial wilt stress was evaluated using expression analysis of two resistance-related genes, PR2 and TPX. The upregulation of these two resistance-related genes was recorded by the soil application of P. hysterophorus powder. The findings of this study revealed the direct and indirect action mechanisms of P. hysterophorus powder applied to the soil for the management of bacterial wilting stress in tomato plants and provided the basis for including this technique as a safe and effective management strategy in an integrated disease management package. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Bio-Monitoring of Metal(loid)s Pollution in Dry Riverbeds Affected by Mining Activity
- Author
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José Cuevas, Ángel Faz, Silvia Martínez-Martínez, María Gabarrón, Juan Beltrá, Jacinto Martínez, and José A. Acosta
- Subjects
Mar Menor lagoon ,bio-monitoring ,native plant ,dry riverbed ,phytotoxic ,Botany ,QK1-989 - Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the most abundant native plants that could be used as a bio-monitor of metal(loid) concentration in dry riverbeds affected by mining activities. Three plants species and their respective rhizospheric soils were sampled from the El Beal (Piptatherum miliaceum, 15 samples), La Carrasquilla (Foeniculum vulgare, 10 samples), and Ponce (Dittrichia viscosa, 12 samples) dry riverbeds from the mining district of Cartegena-La Unión (SE Spain). There is scanty bibliography of the capacity of these species to be used as bio-monitors in the dry riverbeds. Plants categorized as a bio-monitor were established according to the bioaccumulation factor (BF), mobility ratio (MR), and linear correlations between metal(loid) concentrations in plants tissues (root or stem)-rhizospheric soils. The rhizospheric soils were highly contaminated for As, Cd, Pb, and Zn (Cf ≥ 6), and moderately contaminated for Mn (1 ≤ Cf < 3). Piptatherum miliaceum presented on Cd similar mean concentrations on rhizospheric soil and root, BF = 1.07, with a strong correlation soil–root (r = 0.61, p = 0.02). Therefore, of the three species with the capacity to grow in the area, Piptatherum miliaceum showed characteristics to be considered as a bio-monitor for Cd, with a BF > 1, and a positive–significant correlation between the rhizospheric soil and roots. more...
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- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Indicators of restoration strategies in land uses: metallic and non-metallic elements
- Author
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Jorge Alonso Alcalá Jáuregui, Yadira López Mendoza, Juan Carlos Rodríguez Ortiz, María Flavia Filippini, Eduardo Martínez Carretero, Gabriela Moreno, Alejandra Hernández Montoya, Ángel Natanael Rojas Velázquez, and Felix Alfredo Beltrán Morales more...
- Subjects
soil organic matter ,soil depth ,land use ,phytotoxic ,Agriculture ,Food processing and manufacture ,TP368-456 - Abstract
Land management practices can have an impact on the environmental quality of soil and contribute to identifying the source of its pollution. The objective of this study was to determine presence of metallic and non-metallic elements as indicators of land use impact (livestock management, restoration strategies and without management practices) in the Monte Caldera communal lands located in Cerro de San Pedro, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Eighteen samples were collected at depths of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm for each land use. Total concentrations of Zr, Sr, U, Th, Pb, As, Rb, Cr, V, Ti, Zn, and Cu were determined by X-ray fluorescence. Mean concentrations ranged in the following order: Ti>Zr>Rb>V>Sr>Zn>Cr>Pb> Cu>Th>U>As, with concentrations for Ti, Cr, Th, U and As exceeding technical reference values for phytotoxic soils. Significant differences were evidenced by ANOVA between land use (Th, Pb, Rb, Cu) and soil depth (U, Pb, and As). Land use practices associated with restoration resulted in a positive environmental impact. These findings underscore the need to conduct follow-up studies in the area and further examine the relationship of such practices with other environmental factors. Highlights: • Soil management practices can affect the environmental quality of this resource and help diagnose the source of its contamination. • It is necessary to evaluate the Impact of land use on livestock management, restoration strategies, and without management or conservation areas. • By X-ray fluorescence technique the total concentration of Zr, Sr, U, Th, Pb, As, Rb, Cr, V, Ti, Zn, and Cu was determined. • Ti, Cr, Th, U and As exceed the technical reference values for consideration as phytotoxic in soils. • Land use associated with reclamation practices is an indicator of a positive influence on improving soil quality. more...
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- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Parthenium hysterophorus alleviates wilt stress in tomato plants caused by Ralstonia solanacearum through direct antibacterial effect and indirect upregulation of host resistance
- Author
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Saba Najeeb and Yan Li
- Subjects
IDM ,phytotoxic ,genes ,soil ,horticulture ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 - Abstract
Heavy damage to tomato crops due to wilt stress caused by the pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum and the insufficient availability of management strategies with desired control levels urged the researchers to investigate more reliable control methods to manage this issue in tomato and other horticultural crops. In this study, Parthenium hysterophorus, a locally and freely available herbaceous plant, was successfully used to manage bacterial wilt of tomatoes. The significant growth reduction ability of P. hysterophorus leaf extract was recorded in an agar well diffusion test and its ability to severally damage the bacterial cells was confirmed in SEM analysis. In both greenhouse and field trials, soil amended with P. hysterophorus leaf powder at 25 g/kg soil was found to effectively suppress the pathogen population in soil and significantly reduce the wilt severity on tomato plants, resulting in increased growth and yield of tomato plants. P. hysterophorus leaf powder at concentrations greater than 25 g/kg soil caused phytotoxicity in tomato plants. The results showed that P. hysterophorus powder applied through the mixing of soil for a longer period of time before transplanting tomato plants was more effective than mulching application and a shorter period of transplantation. Finally, the indirect effect of P. hysterophorus powder in managing bacterial wilt stress was evaluated using expression analysis of two resistance-related genes, PR2 and TPX. The upregulation of these two resistance-related genes was recorded by the soil application of P. hysterophorus powder. The findings of this study revealed the direct and indirect action mechanisms of P. hysterophorus powder applied to the soil for the management of bacterial wilting stress in tomato plants and provided the basis for including this technique as a safe and effective management strategy in an integrated disease management package. more...
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Indicators of restoration strategies in land uses: metallic and non-metallic elements.
- Author
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Alcalá Jáuregui, Jorge Alonso, López Mendoza, Yadira, Rodríguez Ortíz, Juan C., Flavia Filippini, María, Martínez Carretero, Eduardo, Moreno, Gabriela, Hernández Montoya, Alejandra, Rojas Velázquez, Ángel Natanael, and Beltrán Morales, Felix Alfredo more...
- Subjects
- *
LAND use , *NONMETALS , *LAND management , *METALS , *ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis , *ORGANIC soil pollutants , *SOIL degradation , *X-ray fluorescence , *COMMONS , *PHYTOTOXICITY , *SOIL classification , *SOIL quality , *HUMUS - Abstract
Land management practices can have an impact on the environmental quality of soil and contribute to identifying the source of its pollution. The objective of this study was to determine presence of metallic and non-metallic elements as indicators of land use impact (livestock management, restoration strategies and without management practices) in the Monte Caldera communal lands located in Cerro de San Pedro, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Eighteen samples were collected at depths of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm for each land use. Total concentrations of Zr, Sr, U, Th, Pb, As, Rb, Cr, V, Ti, Zn, and Cu were determined by X-ray fluorescence. Mean concentrations ranged in the following order: Ti>Zr>Rb>V>Sr>Zn>Cr>Pb> Cu>Th>U>As, with concentrations for Ti, Cr, Th, U and As exceeding technical reference values for phytotoxic soils. Significant differences were evidenced by ANOVA between land use (Th, Pb, Rb, Cu) and soil depth (U, Pb, and As). Land use practices associated with restoration resulted in a positive environmental impact. These findings underscore the need to conduct follow-up studies in the area and further examine the relationship of such practices with other environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Nanotechnology for agricultural transformation: A review
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Koshraj Upadhyay, shambhu katel, Honey Raj Mandal, Shubh Pravat Singh Yadav, Ayush Kharel, and Rijan Dahal
- Subjects
agriculture ,nano technology ,phytotoxic ,sub-atomic ,Agriculture - Abstract
The agribusiness has been confronting a wide array of complications encompassing; stasis crop yields, climatic variation, water inaccessibility, agrochemicals buildup, less supplement use proficiency, reduced soil organic matter which has subsequently influenced the worldwide food demand. For the annihilation of those aforesaid concerns, there is a prerequisite of a pioneer innovation, such as Nanotechnology to be incorporated in the plant breeding sector, which can alleviate those snags alongside securing environmental parameters. Basically, nanotechnology is an emerging innovation that is doled out at a sub-atomic level, particle by iota for fabricating a structure, apparatuses, or gadgets forced with a new sub-atomic collection that can sustain and remediate the current status of plant breeding. The application of nanotechnology in plant breeding comprehends; disease and vermin control, seed technology, plant genetic modification, monitoring of plant growth stages, incitement of hormonal impacts, and precise farming. Other than this wide relevance of nanotechnology, a few investigations show that nanotechnology imparts phytotoxicity effects, which can be a restrictive risk for the environment, beings, and natural boundaries. However, if we can vanish the potential risks and outcomes of this innovation, it can potentially reform the entire agricultural cosmos. Furthermore, this review apportions the synopsis of innumerable nanotechnological applications in plant breeding, recompensing specific consideration to its current utilization, and moreover, scans the opportunities, potential advantages, associative risks, deterrents, and conceivable prospective changes. [Fundam Appl Agric 2021; 6(4.000): 403-414] more...
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Phytochemical Profile, In Vitro Bioactivity Evaluation, In Silico Molecular Docking and ADMET Study of Essential Oils of Three Vitex Species Grown in Tarai Region of Uttarakhand.
- Author
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Karakoti, Himani, Mahawer, Sonu Kumar, Tewari, Monika, Kumar, Ravendra, Prakash, Om, de Oliveira, Mozaniel Santana, and Rawat, Dharmendra Singh
- Subjects
MOLECULAR docking ,ESSENTIAL oils ,GAS chromatography/Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) ,VITEX ,GERMINATION ,SPECIES - Abstract
A comparative study of volatiles, antioxidant activity, phytotoxic activity, as well as in silico molecular docking and ADMET study, was conducted for essential oils from three Vitex species, viz., V. agnus-castus, V. negundo, and V. trifolia. Essential oils (OEs) extracted by hydrodistillation were subjected to compositional analysis using GC-MS. A total number of 37, 45, and 43 components were identified in V. agnus-castus, V. negundo, and V. trifolia, respectively. The antioxidant activity of EOs, assessed using different radical-scavenging (DPPH, H
2 O2 and NO), reducing power, and metal chelating assays, were found to be significant as compared with those of the standards. The phytotoxic potential of the EOs was performed in the receptor species Raphanusraphanistrum (wild radish) and the EOs showed different levels of intensity of seed germination inhibition and root and shoot length inhibition. The molecular docking study was conducted to screen the antioxidant and phytotoxic activity of the major and potent compounds against human protein target, peroxiredoxin 5, and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase protein (HPPD). Results showed good binding affinities and attributed the strongest inhibitory activity to 13-epi-manoyl oxide for both the target proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Investigation of bioactive constituents and evaluation of in vitro bioactivities of different Setaria glauca extracts.
- Author
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Ijaz, Shumaila, Iqbal, Javed, Ahsan Abbasi, Banzeer, Kanwal, Sobia, Mahmoodi, Mahboobeh, Raish, Mohammad, and Mahmood, Tariq
- Abstract
The aim of this research was to look at the various biological potentials and phytochemical components of S. glauca. Utilizing FT-IR spectroscopy, different functional groups were identified. Tests for total reducing power (TRP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and DPPH were employed to assess the antioxidant qualities of a specific medicinal plant. The antibacterial activity of five different strains of bacteria were assessed using the disc diffusion method. Laboratory-cultured nauplii were killed in the brine shrimp lethality experiment to assess the cytotoxic capability. Statistical software version 8.1 was utilized to conduct an analysis of variance (ANOVA), with each experiment being repeated three times. In S. glauca , ten distinct functional groups were found. TAC (SGM = 20.07 AAE/g) and DPPH scavenging capacity (IC 50 = 28.38 µg/mL) were noted in the methanol extract of S. glauca (SGM) as well as the total reducing power (TRP) of 62.87 GAE/g was found in SGM. The antibacterial activity was evaluated using several types of bacteria. The maximum zone of inhibition (MI) against P. aeruginosa (ATCC) was found in SGC (12 ± 1.0 mm mean value). The chloroform extract of S. glauca (SGC) exhibited the highest cytotoxic potential, with an LC 50 of 31.12 µg/mL. The present investigation examined the remarkable biological capabilities exhibited by S. glauca. Future research in therapeutic development could potentially be enhanced by the isolation and characterization of these bioactive compounds through further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. EXPLORING THE PHYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF Glycyrrhiza glabra L. ON EMERGENCE AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF Pisum sativum L.
- Author
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Maqbool, Rizwan, Anwar, Iqra, Nadeem, Muhammad Ather, Inqalabi, Talou-E.- Islam, Raza, Ali, Khan, Bilal Ahmad, Irfan, Muhammad, Ur Rehman, Attiq, and Abbas, Muhammad
- Abstract
Chemical weed regulator process may source ecological hazards and produce residual effects in crops as well as in soil. Another method to switch weeds is accomplishment special treatment in bearable production scheme. Practice of liquid residue of produces is receiving systematic consideration as environmental substitute to copied weed-killer specifically below rapid scheme of growing herbicide refusal in the production of weeds. Therefore, current research was directed at Science Laboratory of weed, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad during winter 2018 to determine the phytotoxic impact proceeding Glycyrrhiza glabra on winter vegetable crop Pisum sativum. The trials were placed out further down an entirely randomized plan, showing three replicates. Some experiments comprised of seven treatments with different concentrations of extract. The wood of G. glabra extracts comprised 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, and 80% concentration applied on P. sativum. Data on seed sprouting, the measurement of shoot and original mass of weed and pea was recorded following standard procedures. Data stayed investigated through Fishers Study of Variance. The differences among treatments were divided with the action of a least significant difference test (LSD). Results revealed that aqueous extracts were possessed phytotoxic chemicals that cause phytotoxic effect to P. sativum and result in maximum propagation ratio (%), Mean Sprouting period (Days), Period to 50% germination and minimum, the length of root (mm), shoot dimension (mm), root fresh weight (mg), shoot fresh weight was recorded at 80 % concentration of G. glabra. It is concluded that there are phenolic compounds in the wood extract of G. glabra which cause allelopathic effects on P. sativum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Allelopathic potential aqueous extract of tubers of tiririca in the growth and development of lettuce
- Author
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D. O. Souza, R. Agustini, G. S. Romero, P.E. S. Rueda, and V. C. Galati
- Subjects
lactuca sativa ,cyperus rotundus ,phytotoxic ,auxin ,General Works - Abstract
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) belongs to the asteraceae family, known worldwide and appreciated for generations. Due to the great acceptance, the lettuce is a vegetable of high consumption. In search of solutions for high productivity some techniques have been researched to reduce the stress suffered by the plant to the environment. This study aimed to verify that the aqueous extract of tiririca, in different strengths, present some allelopathic effect on the development of the lettuce. The use of the aqueous extract, which has in its composition the Indole Acetic Acid-AIA (Auxin), was used by capillary irrigation, with the following treatments: T0-control; T1- 25% of concentration; T2- 50% of concentration; T3- 100% of concentration. This study consisted of five replicates and five plants per treatment, with a total of 100 plants. The design was completely randomized. The analyzes were root size, shoot development by fresh mass plant, number of leaves and chlorophyll content. According to the data, it was observed that the concentration of the 100% root extract resulted in higher values of root development, however, affected shoot growth, a result verified in the fresh mass, in which the plants presented reduced weight when compared to the other treatments, and consequently affected the amount of leaves produced by the plants submitted to this treatment, the chlorophyll content was also lower for the plants treated with the maximum concentration of the extract. Therefore, it can be concluded that high dosages of the tiririca extract had an allelopathic effect inhibiting the growth and development of the lettuce plants, and did not present a satisfactory result. more...
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Fungi in the main vegetable crop seeds and their fungal biological characteristics
- Author
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Zuparova Dilobar, Ablazova Mokhichekhra, and Zuparov Mirakbar
- Subjects
seed ,fungus ,phytotoxic ,strain ,tomato ,bell pepper ,onion ,cabbage ,metabolite ,toxin ,Microbiology ,QR1-502 ,Physiology ,QP1-981 ,Zoology ,QL1-991 - Abstract
Fungal contamination in vegetable crop seeds poses a significant threat to agricultural productivity and food security. This manuscript investigates the presence of fungi in the main vegetable crop seeds and explores their fungal biological characteristics. The study employed a comprehensive approach involving sample collection, fungal isolation, morphological identification, and molecular characterization. The research collected a diverse range of vegetable crop seeds from different locations of Uzbekistan and examined them for the presence of fungal pathogens. Aseptic techniques were utilized to isolate and culture fungi from the seed samples. Morphological characteristics, including colony appearance, spore production, and hyphal structure, were evaluated to identify the fungal species. In cases where morphological identification was challenging, molecular techniques were employed for accurate species determination. The research of 36 species of fungal phytotoxic qualities was done using seeds that were collected and preserved during the growing of vegetable crops in farms in the Tashkent region of Uzbekistan. The findings are presented in this paper. Based on the impact on vegetable crop root and stem growth and seed germination, phytotoxic characteristics were identified. Phytotoxic fungi were defined as those that lowered these markers by 30% when compared to the control. more...
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Phytochemical Profile, In Vitro Bioactivity Evaluation, In Silico Molecular Docking and ADMET Study of Essential Oils of Three Vitex Species Grown in Tarai Region of Uttarakhand
- Author
-
Himani Karakoti, Sonu Kumar Mahawer, Monika Tewari, Ravendra Kumar, Om Prakash, Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira, and Dharmendra Singh Rawat
- Subjects
natural products ,bioactive compounds ,antioxidant ,phytotoxic ,molecular modeling ,virtual ligand screening ,Therapeutics. Pharmacology ,RM1-950 - Abstract
A comparative study of volatiles, antioxidant activity, phytotoxic activity, as well as in silico molecular docking and ADMET study, was conducted for essential oils from three Vitex species, viz., V. agnus-castus, V. negundo, and V. trifolia. Essential oils (OEs) extracted by hydrodistillation were subjected to compositional analysis using GC-MS. A total number of 37, 45, and 43 components were identified in V. agnus-castus, V. negundo, and V. trifolia, respectively. The antioxidant activity of EOs, assessed using different radical-scavenging (DPPH, H2O2 and NO), reducing power, and metal chelating assays, were found to be significant as compared with those of the standards. The phytotoxic potential of the EOs was performed in the receptor species Raphanusraphanistrum (wild radish) and the EOs showed different levels of intensity of seed germination inhibition and root and shoot length inhibition. The molecular docking study was conducted to screen the antioxidant and phytotoxic activity of the major and potent compounds against human protein target, peroxiredoxin 5, and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase protein (HPPD). Results showed good binding affinities and attributed the strongest inhibitory activity to 13-epi-manoyl oxide for both the target proteins. more...
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Phytotoxic Activities of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Datura metel on Germination and Seedlings of Zea mays and Phaseolus vulgaris.
- Author
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Komolafe, Ige Joseph, Fajobi, Adeniyi Oluwadare, Dare, Christianah Adebimpe, Morakinyo, Adetoun Elizabeth, and Oyedapo, Oluokun Oluboade
- Abstract
This study examined the phytotoxicity of the extract of Datura metel. It involved the planting of seeds of monocot, yellow maize (Zea mays) and a dicot, brown bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), growth and analysis of seedlings of the two plants. Seeds of Z. mays were collected at the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&T), Ibadan and the seeds of P. vulgaris were collected at International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria. The leaf of D. metel was collected. The plant was identified and authenticated (FHI 111862) at Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN) Ibadan, Nigeria. The collected leaves were carefully washed under running tap water and air-dried at room temperature for four weeks. The dry leaves were milled into a fine powder and extracted. The phytotoxic potentials of the extract were evaluated using a standard method. At the end of the experiment, seedlings were harvested, stem and leaf were separately collected, and shoot length of seedlings was measured, and kept frozen for the estimation of total protein, soluble sugar, free amino acids, proline, and plant pigments. The findings revealed that different concentrations of aqueous extract of the leaf of D. metel retarded the rate of germination of seeds, significantly inhibited the shoot length of P. vulgaris and Z. mays and reduced concentrations of chlorophyll, free amino acids, protein, sugar, and proline. In conclusion, this study revealed that the extract exhibited a deleterious effect on germination, growth and biochemical parameters in seedlings of P. vulgaris and Z. mays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Chemical composition, phytotoxic potential, biological activities and antioxidant properties of Myrcia hatschbachii D. Legrand essential oil
- Author
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Larissa Junqueira Gatto, Natasha Tiemi Fabri, Angela Maria de Souza, Natasha Stopinski Triaquim da Fonseca, Alethéia dos Santos Furusho, Obdulio Gomes Miguel, Josiane de Fatima Gaspari Dias, Sandra Maria Warumby Zanin, and Marilis Dallarmi Miguel more...
- Subjects
Essential oil ,Phytotoxic ,Antioxidant ,Antibacterial ,Hemolysis ,Artemia salina ,Pharmacy and materia medica ,RS1-441 - Abstract
Myrcia hatschbachii D. Legrand (Myrtaceae) is a native and endemic species from Brazil. This study investigated the essential oil composition, phytotoxic potential, in vitro toxicity, antioxidant properties and antibacterial activity of species. Chromatographic analysis of essential oil identified trans-calamanene, (E)-caryophyllene and spathulenol as major components. Antioxidant capacity was determined by the DPPH• scavenging method and phosphomolybdenum complex formation assay. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration test, demonstrating that the essential oil was active toward Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. Phytotoxic activity of essential oil was analyzed by testing interference on germination and growth of Lactuca sativa, demonstrating significant inhibition of the hypocotyls and radicles of seeds. Preliminary toxicity studies were determined using Artemia salina, resulting in an LC50 of 409.92 µg/mL, and through hemolytic activity. The results of the phytotoxic activity point to a possible application for Myrcia hatschbachii in the development of natural herbicides and the in vitro toxicity assays suggests the performance of antitumoral activity tests, having in mind the prospection of antineoplastic drugs. more...
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Fungal Naphthalenones; Promising Metabolites for Drug Discovery: Structures, Biosynthesis, Sources, and Pharmacological Potential
- Author
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Sabrin R. M. Ibrahim, Sana A. Fadil, Haifa A. Fadil, Bayan A. Eshmawi, Shaimaa G. A. Mohamed, and Gamal A. Mohamed
- Subjects
naphthalenones ,fungi ,polyketides ,biosynthesis ,phytotoxic ,bioactivities ,Medicine - Abstract
Fungi are well-known for their abundant supply of metabolites with unrivaled structure and promising bioactivities. Naphthalenones are among these fungal metabolites, that are biosynthesized through the 1,8-dihydroxy-naphthalene polyketide pathway. They revealed a wide spectrum of bioactivities, including phytotoxic, neuro-protective, cytotoxic, antiviral, nematocidal, antimycobacterial, antimalarial, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory. The current review emphasizes the reported naphthalenone derivatives produced by various fungal species, including their sources, structures, biosynthesis, and bioactivities in the period from 1972 to 2021. Overall, more than 167 references with 159 metabolites are listed. more...
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Daphne mucronata-mediated phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their novel biological applications, compatibility and toxicity studies
- Author
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Asma Shah, Ghosia Lutfullah, Kafeel Ahmad, Ali Talha Khalil, and Malik Maaza
- Subjects
Daphne mucronata ,silver nanoparticles ,antimicrobial ,phytotoxic ,antioxidant ,Science ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
This contribution reports the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous leaf extracts of D. mucronata and their diverse applications. Synthesized AgNPs were characterized using diverse techniques, i.e. UV, XRD, EDS, SEM, TEM, FTIR and TGA/DTA. These techniques confirmed the authenticity of the synthesized nanoparticles. The bimodulated AgNPs revealed the highest radical scavenging potential, i.e. 86.4% relative to plant extract at 600 μg/ml. Escherichia coli was found to be the most susceptible strain to AgNPs. Growth of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was also inhibited. Hemolytic activity revealed negligible hemolysis, indicating the biocompatible nature of biomodulated AgNPs. Furthermore, no mutagenic properties were shown by the biogenic AgNPs. Synthesized nanoparticles possessed promising insecticidal potential and had no phytotoxic activity. No haemagglutination was observed for biogenic AgNPs. more...
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. PHYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF Sonchus oleraceus ON EMERGENCE AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF Echinocloa cruss-galli.
- Author
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Nadeem, Muhammad Ather, Khan, Bilal Ahmad, Anwar, Saima, Abbas, Hasnain, Yasin, Muhammad, Maqbool, Rizwan, Amin, Muhammad Mohsin, Aziz, Amir, Hayyat, Muhammad Sikander, and Javed, Muhammad Shozib
- Abstract
The study was aimed to explore the phytotoxic potential of Sonchus oleraceus L. on the emergence and seedling growth of Echinocloa cruss-galli L. and quantification of allelochemicals present in leaves, stem and fruit of S. oleraceus weed. The experiment comprised of aqueous extracts of leaf, roots and fruits applied at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8% (w/v) along with a control (0%). Data regarding seed emergence, emergence index, emergence percentage, root length, shoot length and seedling dry weight were recorded. All the tested concentrations of all the parts of S. oleraceus significantly inhibited the seed emergence, emergence index, emergence percentage (%), growth and delayed mean emergence time and time taken to 50% emergence of E. cruss-galli. However, maximum mean emergence time (5.20 days) and time taken to 50% emergence (3.49 days), were noted at 8% concentration of fruit and leaf aqueous extracts, respectively. Fruit aqueous extract at 8% concentration caused the lowest germination index (1.70), germination percentage (40%), root length (0.09 cm), shoot length (0.45 cm) and dry weight (0.16 g) of E. cruss-galli. Results suggested that the extract of S. oleraceus weed at concentration (8%) can be used as potential bio-herbicide for the control of E. crussgalli weed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2020
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35. ALLELOPATHIC INFLUENCE OF POPPY (Papaver somniferum L.) ON EMERGENCE AND INITIAL SEEDLING GROWTH OF RED RICE (Oryza punctata L.).
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Nadeem, Muhammad Ather, Khan, Bilal Ahmad, Afzal, Sadia, Abbas, Hasnain, Khuram Dar, Muhammad, Safdar, Muhammad Ehsan, Hassan, Ishtiaq, Asif, Muhammad, Adnan, Muhammad, and Aziz, Amir
- Abstract
Allelopathy plays crucial role in effective weed control. Opium (Papaver somniferum L.) crop release different allelochemicals at maturity which have potential to act as natural weed killer in different crops. Phytotoxic effect of poppy (P. somniferum) was examined on emergence and initial seedling growth of red rice (Oryza punctate L.). Aqueous extract of different plant parts (leaves, stem and flower) was used at various concentrations (0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4% and 8%) along with distilled water as control. The aqueous extracts of leaves, stem and flower of P. somniferum significantly inhibited the emergence, seedling growth as well as root length (cm), shoot length (cm), fresh weight (g) and dry weight (g) of O. punctata. Maximum mean emergence time (9.18 days) and minimum shoot length (1.13 cm) emergence index (0.89) and emergence percentage (6.67%) was observed under fruit extract at 8% concentration. P. somniferum aqueous extract of stem at 8% concentration took maximum time to complete 50% emergence and gave minimum root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of O. punctata. Based on these finding it can be concluded that the phyto-chemicals present in P. somniferum can be used as eco-friendly O. punctata growth inhibitor to manage this weed in crops especially under organic cropping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2020
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36. Investigation of bioactive constituents and evaluation of different in vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity potentials of different Portulacaria afra extracts.
- Author
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Ijaz, Shumaila, Iqbal, Javed, Abbasi, Banzeer Ahsan, Kanwal, Sobia, Tavafoghi, Maryam, Ahmed, Mohammad Z., and Mahmood, Tariq
- Abstract
The use of medicinal plants exists before the existence of humans. Healing with herbal treatments is of utmost significance because medicinal plants contain bioactive compounds. The objective of the current investigation was to evaluate the biological potential of methanolic (PAM) and chloroform (PAC) extracts of Portulacaria afra root, leaf, seed and flower. FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) spectroscopy was completed to detect the different functional groups. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total reducing power (TRP) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, were done for the determination of antioxidant potential of medicinal plant P. afra. Five different bacterial strains were used to evaluate the antibacterial potential using disc diffusion method. Cytotoxicity assay was used to test the cytotoxic potential against brine shrimps and shown the maximum cytotoxic potential with lowest IC 50 value (41.41 ± 0.80 µg/mL) in PAM. Radish seed germination phytotoxicity assay was performed and revealed the highest phytotoxic potential in PAM extract. ANOVA was applied via statistics version-8.1, and experimentations were done in triplicates. Maximum DPPH scavenging potential was observed in methanol extract of P. afra (PAM). The PAM extract has the highest flavonoid concentration (30.70 mg/g). PAM demonstrated maximum total reducing power (73.46 gallic acid equivalents per gram (GAE/g). Antibacterial activity was performed against different bacterial strains and PAM shown the best antibacterial activity with largest zone of inhibition (17 mm) contrary to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bioactive compounds found in P. afra extracts have antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties, revealing their ability to induce cell death in cancerous cell lines, indicating potential anticancer agents and making them intriguing candidates for future research and the possible creation of new therapeutics. we advise the use of these extracts against biofilms as these extracts have shown significant antibacterial activity against gram negative bacteria". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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37. Evaluation of Zanthoxylum armatum Roxb for in vitro biological activities
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Fiaz Alam and Qazi Najam us Saqib
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Zanthoxylum armatum ,Antimicrobial ,Cytotoxic ,Phytotoxic ,Insecticidal ,Anti-leishmanial ,Medicine - Abstract
Zanthoxylum armatum fruits are used traditionally as a spice in various food preparations. The aim of this study was analysis of antimicrobial, cytotoxic, phytotoxic, insecticidal, and anti-leishmanial activity. The crude extract showed 86 ± 10% antifungal activity (Agar tube dilution method) against Trichophyton longifusis while n-hexane, chloroform, and aqueous-methanol fractions inhibited this pathogen by 90 ± 7, 85 ± 10 and 70 ± 9% respectively. The n-hexane and aqueous-methanol fraction also, respectively, showed 40 ± 10 and 87 ± 9% inhibition of Microsporum canis. Chloroform fraction also displayed antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus (60 ± 10%) and aqueous-methanol fraction against F. solani (40 ± 8%). The crude ethanolic extract and its chloroform and aqueous-methanol fraction exhibited significant toxicity (Brine shrimps lethality assay) against brine shrimps having LC50 value of 6.66 ± 1.1, 21.4 ± 3.3 and 29.6 ± 3.9 μg/ml, respectively. The crude ethanolic extract and its n-hexane soluble portion exhibited good anti-leishmanial activity (well serial dilution method) each having IC50 values of 50 ± 5 μg/ml. The crude extract and various fractions possessed excellent herbicidal activity (Lemna minor assay), and caused more than 90% inhibition of the plant growth at 1000 μg/mL. The ethanolic extract, n-hexane and chloroform soluble portions caused 90% mortality in insecticidal activity (direct contact method) of Rhyzopertha dominica. The ethanolic extract and its n-hexane soluble portion, respectively, caused 80 and 90% mortality of Callosobruchus analis. The present study showed that the tested fruit extracts of Z. armatum exhibited strong antifungal, cytotoxic, phytotoxic, insecticidal, and anti-leishmanial effects. more...
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- 2017
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38. Phytotoxic effects of seaweed mediated copper nanoparticles against the harmful alga: Lyngbya majuscula
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Hala Yassin El-Kassas and Mohamed Abd El-Aziz Okbah
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Phytotoxic ,Copper nanoparticles ,Corallina officinalis ,Corallina mediterranea ,Lyngbya majuscula ,Biotechnology ,TP248.13-248.65 ,Genetics ,QH426-470 - Abstract
In this study, copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) were synthesized using Corallina officinalis Linnaeus and Corallina mediterranea Areschoug aqueous extracts. Transmission Electron microscope indicated that the biosynthesized Cu-NPs averaged 12.7 nm and 13.6 nm for C. Officinalis and C. mediterranea, respectively. As reported by the FT-IR analyses, the algal extracts contain phyto-chemicals such as proteins, carboxylic acids, complex carbohydrates; these compounds will act as encapsulating agents and be reduced from copper sulphate to Cu-NPs. Energy-dispersive analyses X-ray (EDX) confirmed the copper composition in the synthesized Cu-NPs. The biosynthesized Cu-NPs arrested the growth of Lyngbya majuscula and presented in time and concentration dependent trends. At a concentration of 2 μg/mL, Cu-NPs, synthesized by C. officinalis exerted 85 ± 4% reduction of the algae dry weight. Increasing Cu-NPs concentration led to excellent reduction, which is a very promising result. Cupper-NPs synthesized by C. mediterranea produced moderate effects on L. majuscula. The results also indicated that there were sharp decreases in chlorophyll a content in L. majuscula with the increase in Cu-NPs concentrations. Using 4 μg/mL of Cu-NPs derived from C. officinalis, chlorophyll a decreased by 48 ± 5%. On the other hand, lower reductions in chlorophyll a were recorded upon using Cu-NPs synthesized using C. mediterranea (36 ± 3% and 41 ± 5% reductions at concentrations of 2 μg/mL and 4 μg/mL, respectively). The results of this study suggested that the bioactive and allelopathic compounds derived from the two algal extracts coating the (Cu2+) together with (Cu2+) are responsible for the inhibitive impacts of Cu-NPs on L. majuscula. more...
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- 2017
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39. Bio-monitoring of metal(loid)s pollution in dry riverbeds affected by mining activity
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Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), Cuevas Bencosme, José Gregorio, Faz Cano, Ángel, Martínez Martínez, Silvia, Gabarrón Sánchez, María, Beltrá Castillo, Juan Carlos, Martínez Carlos-Roca, Jacinto, Acosta Avilés, José Alberto, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), Cuevas Bencosme, José Gregorio, Faz Cano, Ángel, Martínez Martínez, Silvia, Gabarrón Sánchez, María, Beltrá Castillo, Juan Carlos, Martínez Carlos-Roca, Jacinto, and Acosta Avilés, José Alberto more...
- Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the most abundant native plants that could be used as a bio-monitor of metal(loid) concentration in dry riverbeds affected by mining activities. Three plants species and their respective rhizospheric soils were sampled from the El Beal (Piptatherum miliaceum, 15 samples), La Carrasquilla (Foeniculum vulgare, 10 samples), and Ponce (Dittrichia viscosa, 12 samples) dry riverbeds from the mining district of Cartegena-La Unión (SE Spain). There is scanty bibliography of the capacity of these species to be used as bio-monitors in the dry riverbeds. Plants categorized as a bio-monitor were established according to the bioaccumulation factor (BF), mobility ratio (MR), and linear correlations between metal(loid) concentrations in plants tissues (root or stem)-rhizospheric soils. The rhizospheric soils were highly contaminated for As, Cd, Pb, and Zn (Cf ≥ 6), and moderately contaminated for Mn (1 ≤ Cf < 3). Piptatherum miliaceum presented on Cd similar mean concentrations on rhizospheric soil and root, BF = 1.07, with a strong correlation soil–root (r = 0.61, p = 0.02). Therefore, of the three species with the capacity to grow in the area, Piptatherum miliaceum showed characteristics to be considered as a bio-monitor for Cd, with a BF > 1, and a positive–significant correlation between the rhizospheric soil and roots. more...
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- 2023
40. Allelopathic effects of Lantana Camara Extract on weeds and cultivated crops: A systematic review
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NTAILA, Yamikani Willie, MBEYA, Ruth Agather, NTAILA, Yamikani Willie, and MBEYA, Ruth Agather
- Abstract
The current review was aimed at investigating the potential of Lantana camara extract as an effective alternative for synthetic herbicides to control weeds and also establishing the effects of allelochemicals in the extract on the germination and growth of cultivated crops. The researchers assessed abstracts and articles published from 2011 to 2022. The review has established that although L. camara extract has allelopathic properties to suppress the germination and growth of weeds in the fields. However, the extract is not entirely selective for the plants it inhibits; as a result, it also suppresses the growth of cultivated crops. Therefore, the review recommends that the extract should only be used on crops whose germination and growth cannot be suppressed by it. There is a need to establish the proper timing of the application of the extract to avoid the suppression of germination and early seedling growth in cultivated crops. More studies have been done on the effects of extract on plants in the Poaceae, Fabaceae, and Brassicaceae families. Therefore, more research has to be done to evaluate the allelopathic effects of L. camara extract on agronomic crops under Onagraceae , Solanaceae, Asteraceae, Convolvulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, and Amaranthaceae families.There is limited information on the effects of the L. camara extract on the yields of the crops; as such, this review recommends that further research be conducted to evaluate the effects of the allelochemicals of L. camara on the yields of the cultivated crops in the fields where the extract has been applied. more...
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- 2023
41. Recycling flower waste to humus rich compost using effective microbial consortium and mechanical intervention
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LIVLEEN SHUKLA, SATISH D LANDE, ROAF AHMAD PARRAY, ARCHNA SUMAN, K ANNAPURNA, INDRA MANI, and VIKRAM VIKRAM
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Humus ,Microbial Consortium ,Phytotoxic ,Self-heating ,Agriculture - Abstract
The importance of organic manure as soil amendment is increasing day by day especially for the improvement of soil health. Flower waste has a high moisture content and easily degradable carbon content. A long duration leachate and odour problem arises during accumulation of flowers. The study aimed on changes in the physico-chemical parameters during the pit method composting of flowers using effective microbial consortium. Four different composting mixturemarigold flower waste + Dried Leaves (1:1), Marigold flower waste + Dried leaves (1:1) + Microbial consortium, Rajnigandha flower waste + Dried leaves(1:1) and Rajnigandha flower waste + Dried leaves (1:1) + Microbial Consortium were prepared. Results revealed that the temperature profile in all the treatments in cemented pits showed a rapid procedure from ambient temperature of 32ºC to 55ºC. The maximum temperature obtained was 55ºC within six days in the pits and pH varied from 4.5 to 5.5 and after 30 days it was found to be 7.0. The measurement of humus content was observed more in the treatments where fungal inoculants were applied as compared to un-inoculated treatments. The final product was rich in carbon, nitrogen content and was found non-phytotoxic. more...
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- 2019
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42. Phytotoxicity effect of a highly toxic isolate of Alternaria alternata metabolites from Iran.
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Sedighi A and Mohammadi A
- Abstract
Alternaria species produce several mycotoxins, such as alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT), altertoxin (ATX), tentoxin (TTX) and tenuazonic acid (TeA). This research aimed to isolate and identify mycotoxins from highly toxic Alternaria alternata (w19) and A . tennuisima isolates and their phytotoxicity effects. Fungal metabolites were extracted from 21-day cultures of Alternaria in a Czapek broth medium with the organic solvent chloroform/acetone and identified using the HPLC method. Alternaria metabolites were infiltrated in vivo into several plant leaves for phytotoxicity detection. The study investigated the impact of temperature, time, and metabolite concentration on phytotoxicity using the detached leaf infiltration technique. Five mycotoxins (TTX, TeA, ALT, AOH, and AME) were detected in A. alternata W19 isolate with 959.24, 102.03, 24.01, 9.04, and 2.44 ppm, respectively. A. tennuisima produce these toxins in a lower concentration. Infiltration of fungal metabolites induced leaf chlorosis and necrosis, which differs based on temperature, concentration and plant species. Based on our knowledge, this is the first report of Alternaria mycotoxins in Iran and a highly toxic isolate of A. alternata with rapid phytotoxicity on a wide range of susceptible hosts., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.) more...
- Published
- 2024
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43. Seletividade de herbicidas pós-emergentes na cultura da soja e sua eficácia no controle de Conyza spp
- Author
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Silva, Paulo V. da, Medeiros, Elias S. de, Schedenffeldt, Bruna, Vendruscolo, Marlon A., Zamignam, Daniel, Salmazo, Pedro A. V., Dias, Roque de C., Mauad, Munir, Bicalho, Carolina C., and Monquero, Patricia A. more...
- Subjects
advanced phenological stage ,phytotoxic ,chlorimuron ,flumetsulam ,fitotoxicidade ,estádio fenológico avançado - Abstract
The management of Conyza spp. is becoming increasingly challenging in soybean, especially post-emergence; therefore, it must be linked to the effectiveness of control with selectivity. This study aimed to evaluate the phytotoxic effects on soybean and the control of Conyza spp. at an advanced phenological stage through different post-emergence herbicides registered for soybean. The experimental design was randomized blocks with plots divided in time with 4 replications, consisting of 14 treatments: cloransulam at three different doses (30, 35, and 40 g a.i. ha-1); fomesafen (250 g a.i. ha-1); imazethapyr (100 g a.i. ha-1); chlorimuron in three different doses (15, 18, and 20 g a.i. ha-1); flumetsulam (108 g a.i. ha-1); lactofen (180 g a.i. ha-1); bentazon (720 g a.i. ha-1); and flumiclorac (60 g a.i. ha-1). All were associated with glyphosate (1080 g a.i. ha-1), in addition to two controls, one weeded and the other without. Visual assessments of phytotoxicity in the soybean crop and weed control were performed at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after treatment (DAT). Bentazon stood out among all treatments, showing adequate selectivity in soybean, in addition to effective weed control at 14 DAT. No dose of cloransulam or chlorimuron herbicide was effective in controlling Conyza spp. The phenological stage of Conyza spp. and water availability impacted weed control of post-emergence herbicides and selectivity in soybean. RESUMO O manejo de Conyza spp., se torna cada vez mais desafiador em soja, principalmente na pós-emergência, logo, deve-se atrelar eficácia de controle com seletividade. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos fitotóxicos na cultura da soja e o controle de Conyza spp. em estágio fenológico avançado, através de diferentes herbicidas registrados em pós-emergência para a cultura da soja. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdividadas no tempo com 4 repetições, sendo composto por 14 tratamentos: cloransulam em três diferentes doses (30, 35 e 40 g.i.a.ha-1); fomesafen (250 g i.a. ha-1); imazethapyr (100 g i.a. ha-1); chlorimuron em três diferentes doses (15,18 e 20 g i.a. ha-1);flumetsulam (108 g i.a. ha-1); lactofen (180 g i.a. ha-1); bentazon (720 g i.a. ha-1) e flumiclorac (60 i.a. ha-1). Todos foram associados com o glifosato (1080 g i.a. ha-1), além de duas testemunhas,uma capinada e outra sem. Foram realizadas avaliações visuais de fitotoxicidade na cultura da soja e de controle na planta daninha nos 7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 dias após tratamento (DAT). O bentazon se destacou entre todos os tratamentos, apresentando adequada seletividade na soja, além de efetivo controle de plantas daninhas aos 14 DAT. Nenhuma dose dos herbicidas cloransulam e chlorimuron foram eficazes no controle de Conyza spp. O estádio fenológico de Conyza spp. e a disponibilidade hídrica impacta o controle de plantas daninhas em herbicidas de pós-emergência e seletividade em soja. more...
- Published
- 2023
44. Bioactive Diterpenes from the Brazilian Native Plant (Moquiniastrum pulchrum) and Their Application in Weed Control
- Author
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Fátima Vela, Simoni Anese, Rosa M. Varela, Ascensión Torres, José M. G. Molinillo, and Francisco A. Macías
- Subjects
Moquiniastrum pulchrum ,flavones ,diterpenes ,phytotoxic ,coleoptiles ,weeds ,Organic chemistry ,QD241-441 - Abstract
Even today, weeds continue to be a considerable problem for agriculture. The application of synthetic herbicides produces serious environmental consequences, and crops suffer loss of their activity due to the appearance of new resistant weed biotypes. Our aim is to develop new effective natural herbicides that improve the problem of resistance and do not harm the environment. This work is focused on a bioassay-guided isolation and the characterization of natural products present in Moquiniastrum pulchrum leaves with phytotoxic activity and its preliminary application in weeds. Moquiniastrum pulchrum was selected for two reasons: it is an abundant species in the Cerrado region (the second most important ecosystem in Brazil, after the Amazon)—the explanation behind its being a dominant species is a major focus of interest—and it has traditional employment in folk medicine. Six major compounds were isolated in this plant: one flavone and five diterpenes, two of which are described for the first time in the literature. Four of the six compounds exhibited phytotoxic activity in the bioassays performed. The results confirmed the phytotoxic potential of this plant, which had not been investigated until now. more...
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- 2021
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45. Secondary Metabolites from Artemisia Genus as Biopesticides and Innovative Nano-Based Application Strategies
- Author
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Bianca Ivănescu, Ana Flavia Burlec, Florina Crivoi, Crăița Roșu, and Andreia Corciovă
- Subjects
antifungal ,antibacterial ,insecticidal ,nematicidal ,phytotoxic ,herbicidal ,Organic chemistry ,QD241-441 - Abstract
The Artemisia genus includes a large number of species with worldwide distribution and diverse chemical composition. The secondary metabolites of Artemisia species have numerous applications in the health, cosmetics, and food sectors. Moreover, many compounds of this genus are known for their antimicrobial, insecticidal, parasiticidal, and phytotoxic properties, which recommend them as possible biological control agents against plant pests. This paper aims to evaluate the latest available information related to the pesticidal properties of Artemisia compounds and extracts and their potential use in crop protection. Another aspect discussed in this review is the use of nanotechnology as a valuable trend for obtaining pesticides. Nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and nanocapsules represent a more efficient method of biopesticide delivery with increased stability and potency, reduced toxicity, and extended duration of action. Given the negative impact of synthetic pesticides on human health and on the environment, Artemisia-derived biopesticides and their nanoformulations emerge as promising ecofriendly alternatives to pest management. more...
- Published
- 2021
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46. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF THE PHYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF THE HEXANE FRACTION FROM THE LEAVES OF Smilax brasiliensis (SMILACACEAE).
- Author
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Costa FONSECA, Juliana, Avelar AMADO, Paula, Fonsêca CASTRO, Ana Hortência, and dos Santos LIMA, Luciana Alves Rodrigues
- Subjects
- *
HEXANE , *PHYTOCHEMICALS , *FLAVONOIDS , *ONIONS , *LETTUCE , *LEAVES , *METABOLITES , *TRADITIONAL medicine - Abstract
The species of Smilax genus are known as sarsaparilla or japecanga, being widely used in folk medicine as a tonic, antirheumatic, anti-syphilitic, antihypertensive and diuretic and for sweating, arthritis and skin conditions. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the phytotoxic activity and to identify the main classes of secondary metabolites present in the hexane fraction obtained from Smilax brasiliensis. The leaves were collected, dried, crushed and extracted by percolation with ethanol, obtaining the ethanol extract. Part of this extract was partitioned with hexane, resulting in the hexane (HEX) fraction. The best results by the phytotoxic activity in Lactuca sativa seeds were for the HEX4 and HEX5 sub-fractions, at concentration of 250 µg per plate. When evaluating the phytotoxicity in Allium cepa seeds, the best results were found for the HEX1 sub-fraction for the radicle and the HEX2 sub-fraction for the hypocotyl, both at concentration of 125 µg per plate. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of coumarins, steroids and flavonoids in the hexane fraction, suggesting that the phytotoxic activity may be attributed at least partially to these compounds; however, additional studies are needed. These results suggest that in the future, the hexane fraction of S. brasiliensis leaves can be used as a natural herbicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2019
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47. Phytotoxic Secondary Metabolites from Fungi
- Author
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Dan Xu, Mengyao Xue, Zhen Shen, Xiaowei Jia, Xuwen Hou, Daowan Lai, and Ligang Zhou
- Subjects
fungi ,plant pathogenic fungi ,phytotoxic ,herbicidal ,phytotoxins ,mycotoxins ,Medicine - Abstract
Fungal phytotoxic secondary metabolites are poisonous substances to plants produced by fungi through naturally occurring biochemical reactions. These metabolites exhibit a high level of diversity in their properties, such as structures, phytotoxic activities, and modes of toxicity. They are mainly isolated from phytopathogenic fungal species in the genera of Alternaria, Botrytis, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Helminthosporium, and Phoma. Phytotoxins are either host specific or non-host specific phytotoxins. Up to now, at least 545 fungal phytotoxic secondary metabolites, including 207 polyketides, 46 phenols and phenolic acids, 135 terpenoids, 146 nitrogen-containing metabolites, and 11 others, have been reported. Among them, aromatic polyketides and sesquiterpenoids are the main phytotoxic compounds. This review summarizes their chemical structures, sources, and phytotoxic activities. We also discuss their phytotoxic mechanisms and structure–activity relationships to lay the foundation for the future development and application of these promising metabolites as herbicides. more...
- Published
- 2021
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48. Phytotoxic effect of the extracts of Parthenium hysterophorus L. on the germination, seedling growth and biomass of some agricultural crops
- Author
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Sheetal Oli, Neha Chopra, Lalit M. Tewari, Brij Mohan, Naveen Pandey, Mamta Bharti, Neetu Bohra, and Geeta Tewari
- Subjects
Phytotoxic ,Parthenium hysterophorus ,germination, seedling growth ,biomass, agricultural crops ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the phytotoxic effect of invasive species: Parthenium hysterophorus L. on the germination, seedling length and biomass of Zea mays, Macrotyloma uniflorum and Triticum aestivum, in order to explore its potential as noxious species. In this study, the allelopathic substances were extracted with distilled water and methanol from the aerial and underground part of P. hysterophorus L. in different concentration (1, 100, 150, 400 mg mL–1). The results of the study revealed that the methanol fraction of roots at 400 mg mL-1 concentration had the highest phytotoxic activity as compared to the double distilled water extract. Germination (%) was observed to be maximum (90%) for Z. mays with double distilled water above ground part extract at 1 mg mL-1 and lowest (10%) for M. uniflorum L. in 400 mg mL-1 both aerial and underground plant extracts at the last day of measurement. Mean shoot and root length were observed highest (17.6cm and 6.1cm respectively) in Z. mays with aerial double distilled water extract at 1 mg mL-1 concentration and it was found lowest (3.2cm and 2.8cm) in M. uniflorum with underground part double distilled water extract at 400 mg mL-1. Biomass was recorded highest (1.97 g/100cm2) in Z. mays in aerial part extract and lowest (0.83 g/100 cm2) in horse gram in underground part extract at concentration of 400mg mL–1 with double distilled water extract. In methanol, both aerial and underground part extracts, the germination observed only at 1mg mL-1 concentration. more...
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- 2018
49. Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils.
- Author
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Tit, Delia Mirela, Bungau, Simona Gabriela, and Tit, Delia Mirela
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Biology, life sciences ,Research & information: general ,(Z)-α-trans-bergamotene ,1,8-cineole ,Amazon ,Amazonian natural products ,Ammi visnaga L. ,Artemia salina ,Artemisia judaica ,Embelia ribes Burm ,FRAP ,GC-MS analysis ,LC-HRMS/MS ,Rosmarinus officinalis ,S. edelbergii ,Salvia officinalis ,Salvia rosmarinus ,TBARS ,Valeriana pilosa ,Vidanga ,allyl compounds ,antibiofilm activity ,antioxidant ,antioxidant activities ,antioxidant activity ,antioxidant enzyme ,antioxidants ,apiaceae family ,aromatherapy ,aromatic herbs ,beef meat ,bioactive compounds ,characterization of citrus EOs ,chemical analysis ,chemical composition ,circular economy ,citrus essential oils ,cold pressing ,colour parameter ,eco-friendly nanotherapeutics ,embelin ,enzymatic activity ,essential oil ,essential oils ,essential oils/extracts ,gas chromatography ,gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ,hydrodistillation ,in vitro and in vivo biological activities ,inflammatory markers ,inhalation ,linseed and vitamin E ,medicinal plant ,medicinal plants ,microbiological profile ,molecular docking ,molecular dynamic ,molecular modeling ,n/a ,natural aromatic compounds ,natural products ,new species ,oregano and rosemary ,oxidative stress ,pharmacology ,phytobiotics ,phytochemical study ,phytochemicals ,phytochemistry ,phytotoxic ,plant-based compounds ,plant-based nanostructures ,polyphenols ,pro-oxidants ,proanthocyanidins ,quorum sensing ,reducing capacity ,residues ,scavenging activity ,sweet orange ,therapeutic effects of citrus EOs ,therapeutics ,vilangin ,virtual ligand screening ,virulence factors ,volatile compounds ,wastes ,wound healing - Abstract
Summary: This reprint presents the published papers of a Special Issue titled Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils, of the journal Antioxidants, MDPI. Obviously, essential oils are a point of huge interest, due to them being rich in bioactive substances (with their recognised antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antibacterial, antiviral, etc., effects) and are also used extensively in the beauty/cosmetic industry, food products, etc. Considering the global trend of "return to nature", both in eating habits/nutrition, and in the adjuvant therapies (implying essential oils) addressed in the case of numerous diseases, and taking into account the interest of the authors who submitted their papers, the current topic can be considered to be of great interest and with increased and promising potential for future research. more...
50. Daphne mucronata-mediated phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their novel biological applications, compatibility and toxicity studies.
- Author
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Shah, Asma, Lutfullah, Ghosia, Ahmad, Kafeel, Khalil, Ali Talha, and Maaza, Malik
- Subjects
- *
DAPHNES , *SILVER nanoparticles , *PLANT extracts , *CHEMICAL scavengers , *HEMOLYSIS & hemolysins , *THERAPEUTICS - Abstract
This contribution reports the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous leaf extracts of D. mucronata and their diverse applications. Synthesized AgNPs were characterized using diverse techniques, i.e. UV, XRD, EDS, SEM, TEM, FTIR and TGA/DTA. These techniques confirmed the authenticity of the synthesized nanoparticles. The bimodulated AgNPs revealed the highest radical scavenging potential, i.e. 86.4% relative to plant extract at 600 μg/ml. Escherichia coli was found to be the most susceptible strain to AgNPs. Growth of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was also inhibited. Hemolytic activity revealed negligible hemolysis, indicating the biocompatible nature of biomodulated AgNPs. Furthermore, no mutagenic properties were shown by the biogenic AgNPs. Synthesized nanoparticles possessed promising insecticidal potential and had no phytotoxic activity. No haemagglutination was observed for biogenic AgNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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