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Fish nocardiosis is a chronic disease mainly caused by Nocardia seriolae , which occurs in a variety of economically cultured freshwater and marine fish. Studies have shown that DNA vaccine is an effective treatment to protect fish from bacterial infection. In our previous experiment, an in vivo -induced gene of N. seriolae , encoding phosphoketolase (PK) family protein, was identified by in vivo -induced antigen technology. In the present study, the antigenic gene encoding PK family protein was analyzed by bioinformatics and further inserted into the eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1-myc-his-A for DNA vaccine development. The immunological effects of pcDNA-PK DNA vaccine were assessed in hybrid snakehead (Channa maculata ♀ × Channa argus ♂), showing induction in several serum enzyme activity parameters (including LZM, SOD, ACP and AKP), increasing in specific-antibody IgM levels, as well as up-regulation in six immune-related genes (CD4 , CD8α , TNFα , IL-1β , MHCIα and MHCIIα). Moreover, an immune-protection with a relative survival rate was provided at 53.82 % following artificial challenge with N. seriolae in vaccinated fish in comparison to the control group. In summary, these results indicate that pcDNA-PK DNA vaccine could boost strong immune responses in hybrid snakehead and show preferably protective efficacy against N. seriolae , which may be applied in aquaculture to control fish nocardiosis. • An in vivo -induced antigenic gene, PK of Nocardia seriolae was used for DNA vaccine development. • The pcDNA-PK DNA vaccine can induce humoral as well as cellular immune responses in hybrid snakehead. • There was relative percentage survival at 53.82 % of pcDNA-PK DNA vaccine against N. seriolae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nocardia seriolae has been identified as the causative agent of fish nocardiosis, resulting in serious economic losses in aquaculture. With an aim to screen potential candidates for vaccine development against N. seriolae , the in vivo -induced genes of N. seriolae in hybrid snakehead (Channa maculate ♀ × Channa argus ♂) model were profiled via in vivo -induced antigen technology (IVIAT) in the present study, and 6 in vivo -induced genes were identified as follows: IS701 family transposase (is701), membrane protein insertase YidC (yidC), ergothioneine biosynthesis glutamate-cysteine ligase (egtA), molybdopterin respectively-dependent oxidoreductase (mol), phosphoketolase family protein (Ppl), hypothetical protein 6747 (hp6747). Additionally, the yidC was inserted into eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1-myc-his-A to construct a DNA vaccine named as pcDNA-YidC to evaluate immunoprotection in hybrid snakehead after artificial challenge with N. serioale. Results showed that the transcription of yidC was detected in spleen, trunk kidney, muscle and liver in vaccinated fish, suggesting that this antigenic gene can be recombinantly expressed in fish. Meanwhile, indexes of humoral immunity were evaluated in the vaccinated fish through assessing specific-antibody IgM and serum enzyme activities, including lysozyme (LZM), superoxide dismutase (SOD), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP). Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that pcDNA-YidC DNA vaccine could notably enhance the expression of immune-related genes (CD4 、 CD8α 、 MHCIIα 、 TNFα 、 IL-1β and MHCIα) in 4 tissues (spleen, trunk kidney, muscle and liver) of the vaccinated fish. Finally, an immuno-protection with a relative survival rate of 65.71 % was displayed in vaccinated fish in comparison to the control groups. Taken together, these results indicate that pcDNA-YidC DNA vaccine could boost strong immune responses in hybrid snakehead and show preferably protective efficacy against N. seriolae , indicating that IVIAT is a helpful strategy to screen the highly immunogenic antigens for vaccine development against fish nocardiosis. • Six antigenic genes of Nocardia seriolae were screened via IVIAT technology. • The pcDNA-yidC was constructed and used as DNA vaccine to induce immune responses. • The trials of pcDNA-yidC DNA vaccine could provide 65.71 % RPS. • IVIAT can be used as a strategy to study the antigenic genes for vaccine development against N. seriolae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish nocardiosis is a widespread chronic granulomatous disease in aquatic environment, which was particularly caused by Nocardia seriolae. The phage shock protein A (PspA) and tellurium resistance protein D (TerD) were identified to be the immunodominant antigens of the wild-type N. seriolae strain ZJ0503 in our previous study. In an attempt to develop effective DNA vaccines against this pathogen, PspA and TerD were used as candidates to ligate with pcDNA3.1-Flag plasmids, respectively. In addition, the abilities of these two DNA vaccines to elicit various immune responses in hybrid snakehead and supply protective efficacy against artificial challenge with N. seriolae were determined in the present study. The results showed that intramuscular injection with pcDNA-PspA and pcDNA-TerD did not exhibit cytotoxic activities in hybrid snakehead via histopathological examination. Besides, hybrid snakehead immunization with pcDNA-PspA and pcDNA-TerD could increase several non-specific immune paraments in serum, including LYZ, POD, ACP, AKP and SOD activities. Meanwhile, the pcDNA-TerD DNA vaccine could induce strongly specific antibody (IgM) titer in hybrid snakehead with a relative percent of survival (RPS) value of 83.14% against N. seriolae , while that of pcDNA-PspA DNA vaccine was displayed comparably low IgM titer with RPS value of 57.83%. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR assays presented that the expression of immune-related genes (MHCIα , MHCIIα , CD4 , CD8α , IL-1β and TNFα) were up-regulated to various degrees after vaccination with pcDNA-PspA or pcDNA-TerD, indicating that these two DNA vaccines were able to boost humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in hybrid snakehead. Taken together, both the pcDNA-PspA and pcDNA-TerD DNA vaccines were proved to be safe, immunogenic and effective in protecting hybrid snakehead against N. seriolae infection, which can promote the development and application of DNA vaccines to control fish nocardiosis in aquaculture. • Two DNA vaccines were prepared by utilizing the ribosomal proteins (PspA and TerD) as antigens for treatment of fish nocardiosis. • Both DNA vaccines not only did not exhibit cytotoxic activities but also could boost the innate, humoral and cellular immune response in hybrid snakehead. • Two DNA vaccines show highly protective efficacy against N. seriolae infection in hybrid snakehead with relative percentage survival (RPS) of 57.83% and 83.14%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish nocardiosis is a chronic granulomatous bacterial disease and three pathogens have been reported so far, including Nocardia asteroids , N. seriolae and N. salmonicida. However, the absence of antigen markers is a bottleneck for developing effective vaccines against fish nocardiosis. In this study, the antigenicity of whole-cell protein of these three pathogenic Nocardia species were profiled by immunoproteomic analysis and 7 common immunogenic proteins were identified as follows: molecular chaperone DnaK (DnaK), molecular chaperone GroEL (GroEL), 30 S ribosomal protein S1 (RpsA), TerD family protein (TerD), FHA domain-containing protein (FHA), 50 S ribosomal protein L7/L12 (RplL) and PspA/IM30 family protein (PspA). Furthermore, the DNA vaccine encoding FHA gene against fish nocardiosis was developed and its efficacy was investigated in hybrid snakehead. The results suggested that it needed at least 7 d to transport pcDNA-FHA DNA vaccine from injected muscle to head kidney, spleen and liver and stimulate host's immune system for later protection. In addition, non-specific immunity paraments (serum lysozyme (LYZ), peroxidase (POD), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities), specific antibody (IgM) titers production and immune-related genes (MHCIα , MHCIIα , CD4 , CD8α , IL-1β and TNFα) were used to evaluate the immune response induced in pcDNA-FHA vaccinated hybrid snakehead, it proved that all these mentioned immune activities were significantly enhanced after immunization. The results also showed hybrid snakehead vaccinated with pcDNA-FHA had higher survival rate (79.33%) compared with the controls after challenge with N. seriolae , indicating that the pcDNA-FHA DNA vaccine can supply immune protection against N. seriolae infection. Taken together, this study may warrant further development of these common immunogenic proteins as the antigens for vaccine or diagnosis and facilitate the prevention and treatment of fish nocardiosis. Image 1 • The antigenicity of whole-cell protein of three pathogenic Nocardia species (Nocardia serioale , N. asteroids , N. salmonicida) were profiled by immunoproteomic analysis. • The 7 common immunogenic proteins of three pathogenic Nocardia species were identified. • A DNA vaccine was prepared by applying one of the common immunogenic proteins (FHA) as antigen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]