Search

The article focuses on the confidentiality management of tax accrual working papers. It states that in interim, taxpayers are advised to take necessary measures that may help them in protecting confidentiality of their tax accrual working papers. It mentions the legal framework of the disputes in Canada, U.S., and Great Britain on the ability of tax authorities to access the subjective analysis of taxpayers and the analysis of their professional advisers.

Papers on the collection and processing of official or government documents which were presented at the 1982 International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) conference include: (1) "The Definition of Official Publications" by E. Johansson (United Kingdom), which provides a proposed definition and a 1979 IFLA discussion paper on official publications; (2) "CODOC: A Canadian System for Processing Government Publications," a description by Virginia Gillham (Canada) of a simple computer-based system--originally called the Guelph Document System--which permits nonprofessional library staff to create bibliographic records for individual government publications; (3) "Study of the Availability and Use of Official Publications in Libraries," a report by J. J. Cherns and E. Johansson (United Kingdom) on the interim results of a questionnaire survey of 593 libraries in 72 countries, covering the acquisition, availability, and use of official publications within libraries; (4) "Libyan Official Publications," a description by Abubaker M. El-Hush (Libya) of the type, number, source, and subject coverage of Libyan government documents; and (5) "Bringing U.S. Government Publications into the Mainstream of Library Cataloging Systems," a discussion by Bernadine E. Abbott Hoduski (United States) of problems in both Library of Congress (LC) and Superintendent of Documents (SuDoc) cataloging of government publications, and the recent cooperation between libraries, bibliographic utilities, and government agencies in the cataloging of government documents. (ESR)

Distance higher education for adults, media selection, and country profiles are considered in conference papers. Titles and authors are as follows: "Distance Education, Trends Worldwide" (Lord Perry of Walton); "Adults in Higher Education: Lowering the Barriers by Teaching and Learning at a Distance" (Hans G. Schutze); "Distance Education for Adults: Old and New Barriers for Participation" (Kjell Rubenson); "Distance Education for Adult Students: From Old to New Barriers for Participation?" (Ger van Enckevort); "Distance Education in OECD Member Countries"; "The Open University of the Netherlands"; "Background and Objectives" (Pierre Morin); "Basic Concepts" (Henk de Wolf); "The First Students" (G. van Enckevort); "The Open University of the United Kingdom" (Keith Harry); "The German Distance University: Its Main Features and Functions" (Jorn Bartels, Otto Peters); "The Instituto Portugues de Ensino a Distancia, Portugal" (Armando Rocha Trindade); "The Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Spain" (Doina Popa-Lisseanu); "Distance Education in Yugoslavia" (Ana Kranjc); "Towards a Contextual Rationale in Distance Higher Education: The Small Scale Cases of Australia and Sweden" (Urban Dahllof); "Adult Learning and the Consequences for the Selection of Media: The Japanese Approach" (Yoshiya Abe); "Technology-Based Distance Education for Adults in the United States of America" (Marilyn Kressel); "Distance Education, a Critical View from Canada" (Ian Morrison); "The Impact on Higher Education of New Information and Telecommunication Technologies" (Pamela Christoffel); "Selection of Media at the Dutch Open University" (G. van Enckevort, Freek Gastkemper)"; "Development of Computer-Based Learning Materials" (Jef Moonen); and "Computer Communication: A New Tool for Distance Education" (Norman D. Kurland). (SW)

Papers on the education and training of librarians, which were presented at the 1983 International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) conference, include: (1) "The Role of New Technology in the Librarianship Syllabus," in which J. A. Large and R. F. Guy (United Kingdom) describe possible problems related to the integration of new technology in library school curricula and the experience of introducing such instruction at the College of Librarianship Wales; (2) "Teaching New Technologies: Whose Role Is It?" in which G. Edward Evans (United States) outlines his view that library schools must teach students about operations, applications, and use of information/telecommunications technology; (3) "The Codified System of Post-School Training of Librarians in the Slovak Socialist Republic," a report by Horst Hogh (Czechoslovakia) on that country's permanent cyclical continuing education system for librarians; (4) "Comparative Trends in Library and Information Science Curricula in the USA, Canada, and the Federal Republic of Germany--A Study Originating from the IFLA Project 'Equivalency and Reciprocity'," in which Diann D. Rusch focuses on educational requirements and specializations and on the response of library schools to changes in the job market; and (5) "The Training of Librarians for Technological Society. Polish Experience and Problems" by Stefan Kubow (Poland). (ESR)

Papers on information technology which were presented at the 1985 International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) conference include: (1) "Technology in the Public Library: The Impact on our Community" (Kenneth E. Dowlin, United States); (2) "Software Evaluation: Sources and Resources in the United Kingdom" (Stephen Flood, United Kingdom); (3) "Exploiting Technology to Build a Canadian Library and Information Network" (Cynthia J. Durance, Canada); (4) "Linked Systems Project in the United States" (Sally H. McCallum, United States); (5) "Assimilating the Micro: The Use of Microcomputers in Public Library Services" (Leena Siitonen, United States); and (6) "Statistical Measures for Library Accountability" (Daniel O. O'Connor, United States). (THC)

Papers on the impact of information technology on library services and the provision of library services to ethnic and linguistic minorities which were presented at the 1982 International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) conference include: (1) "The Challenge of Electronic Technologies to the Information Society: A Call for Policy-Planning in the Library Field" by Alex Eisenberg (Denmark), which discusses the adjustment to new information technology required of the library profession, the principle of free services for all users regardless of type of information medium, and the role of libraries in the national and international information society; (2) "Multitype Library Cooperation in Illinois, USA," a description by Eva R. Brown (United States) of the development and services of the Illinois Library and Information Network (ILLINET); (3) "Library Services to Ethno-Cultural Minorities: Philosophical and Social Basis and Professional Implications," a discussion by Leonard Wertheimer (Canada) of heterogeneous societies and appropriate library services for immigrants and migrant workers; (4) "Networks: A General Principle of Library Development" by Gotthard Ruckl (German Democratic Republic), which lists fundamental aspects of public library networks in East Germany; and (5) reports of the IFLA Working Group on the Impact of Information Technology Upon Libraries Serving the General Public and the IFLA Working Group on Library Service to Ethnic and Linguistic Minorities. (ESR)

Papers on the application of statistics to library research and library administration which were presented at the 1982 International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) conference include: (1) "Price Indexes for Library Materials: Steps toward International Standardization" by Frederick C. Lynden (United States); (2) "Australian Census of Library Services: A Pragmatic Approach" by Nick Mayman and G. G. Allen (Australia); (3) "Statistical Model for Data Analysis and Networks" by Daniel O. O'Connor (United States), which presents an evaluation model based on the probability of satisfying a request for services, and the average waiting time and average cost of satisfying a request; (4) "Viewpoint of a Network Administrator and a University Library Administrator," a review by Glyn T. Evans (United States) of the availability of statistical reports from bibliographic utilities and the use of OCLC distribution tapes as a source of management data; (5) "Aspects of Library Statistics in Brazil" by Maria Beatriz Pontes de Carvalho; (6) "Standardization of Statistics: The Experience of the Quebec University Libraries" by Claude Bonnelly (Canada) and other members of a statistics task force; and (7) "Library Management Information Systems: Concept, Potential, and Plan of Action" by Neal K. Kaske (United States), which discusses library management information systems at local, state, regional, national, and international levels. (ESR)

Papers on the conservation of library materials and the training of conservators and restorers which were presented at the 1982 International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) conference include: (1) "Conservation Training in Schools of Library and Information Science and as Continuing Education in the United States," an overview of American conservation training by Josephine Riss Fang with a case study of such training at Simmons College; (2) "Organization of Restoration and Conservation of Library Stocks in the USSR," a report on the development of these activities by Z. P. Dvoriashina; (3) "Training of Restorers," a description by Z. P. Dvoriashina of book restoration training at art educational institutions and in libraries in the USSR; (4) "Conservation Organization and Activities in Italy" by Maria L'Abbate Widmann, which describes Italian research laboratories and other institutions involved in book conservation; (5) "Organization of Conservation Services in the United States: A Case Study in Regional Cooperation," a report by Ann Russell on the Northeast Document Conservation Center (NEDCC); (6) "Conservation Organization and Activities in Canada: An Overview" by Joyce M. Banks, which describes various Canadian conservation programs; and (7) "The Training of Conservators in Recognized Training Programs in the United States," a review by Doris C. Freitag of the academic and practical experience programs for training conservators in the United States. (ESR)

Papers on school and children's libraries which were presented at the 1982 International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) conference include: (1) "Learning to Learn in the Street," a description by B. Lang (France) of "street libraries" and other institutions designed to introduce economically disadvantaged children to books and other sources of knowledge; (2) a report on recent activities of IFLA's Children's Libraries Section; (3) "Library Services for the Disadvantaged Children in the United States of America," an overview of these services by Nita Vegamora Norman (United States) based on a 1982 survey of 652 randomly selected public libraries and information published in library literature from 1975 on; (4) "The Centralized Automation of National Centres to Networking in School Libraries," a discussion by D. Reumer (Netherlands) of the benefits and services of national institutions which provide central services to school libraries such as publication acquisition, storage, retrieval, processing, and loan; (5) "Orientation and Extension of a Programme of Mini-Libraries in Venezuela," a description by Bruno Renaud (Venezuela) of Venezuelan cultural aims and the development of the fledgling mini-library program which provides library services for Venezuelan children and adults; and (6) "School Libraries and Networking in North America: Principles and Problems of Participation," an overview by Donald C. Adcock (United States) of factors which inhibit school participation in networks. (ESR)

Thirteen essays discussing how teachers are trained to teach geography in various countries are presented. The papers are: "Teacher Education in Geography: The Comparative View" (W. E. Marsden); "The Training of Geography Teachers in the People's Republic of Bulgaria" (Paulina Vekilska and Dimitar Kantchev); "Note Sur la Formation des Maitres Enseignant la Geographie en France" (Jacques Bethemont; in French); "Geography and Teacher Training in Canada" (Dennis Milburn); "Educating Geography Teachers: The Experience of England and Wales" (Norman Graves); "Teacher Education in Geography: The New Zealand Model in the Eighties" (John MaCauley); "Teacher Education in Geography in the Republic of Ireland" (P. McGloin and J. Heywood); "Teacher Education for Australian Geography Teachers" (Rod Gerber); "Geography Teacher Education Programme in Nigerian Universities and Implications for Secondary School Geography" (Julie Okpala); "Geographical Teacher Education Models in West Berlin" (Joachim Barth); "Geography Teacher Education in West Germany with Special Reference to Rheinland-Pfalz" (Hans-Martin Closs); "Teacher Education in Geography in the United States" (Barbara Winston); and "The System of Preparing Students at the Pedagogical Institutes for Geography Teaching, USSR" (Lydia Pancheshnikova). (RM)

The five papers compiled here cover topics related to electronic publishing, library collections and services, interlibrary loan, and serials. In "The Impact of Electronic Publishing on Library Collection and Services: An American View," Joseph W. Price considers possible consequences on library collections and services in the United States of developments in electronic publishing. In "The Impact of Electronic Publishing on Library Collection and Services: A British View," Brian J. Perry discusses the same topic from the British perspective. In "Interlending and Conservation: Friends or Foes?", Maurice B. Line argues that local library use can damage books as much or more than interlibrary loan and suggests methods of conservation. In "The Use of Electronic Mail and Interlibrary Loan Automation in Canada," Carrol D. Lunau highlights the experiences of the National Library of Canada, focusing on automation developments and their impact on interlibrary loan operation. In "Bibliographic Access to Serials: A Study for the British Library," Philip Bryant describes a study of British Library users' requirements and understanding of the catalogs when searching for serials. (MES)

Four papers on geography and map libraries were presented at the 1986 International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) conference. "Generation and Utilization of Maps and Atlases in Japan," by Takashi Morita of Japan, presents an overview of the making and uses of maps and atlases in Japan and concludes that a comprehensive national map cataloging system is needed as well as a nationwide map library or museum. Related statistics are presented in graphic format. In "Report on the Library of Congress and Other Federal Agencies' Optical Disc Development for Cartography," Ralph E. Ehrenberg (United States) presents a status report on the Library of Congress Optical Disc Pilot Program and the development of optical disk technology projects for cartographic materials at several official mapping organizations. "Map Libraries and Optical Disks" (Lorraine Dubreul, Canada) describes optical disk technology as well as applications at the National Library of Canada and the U.S. Library of Congress. Finally, "Digital Maps and Map Libraries" (Sarah Tyacke, United Kingdom) considers the issues involved in establishing a series of national geographic/cartographic databases, including monitoring database production, new forms of storage and information retrieval systems for archiving, legal deposit and copyright laws, the organization of an archive at the national level, and the necessity for setting up a consultative body. (KM)

These proceedings contain the following 12 papers on comparative adult education: "Adult Education as Concept and Structure: An Agenda for Research" (Colin Titmus); "Report on the Context and State of Comparative Adult Education and on Four Publications" (Alexander N. Charters); "Comparative Adult Education Research: Methods and Materials" (Dilnawaz A. Siddiqui); "Adult Education and Social Change: A Comparison of Canada and Sweden" (Kjell Rubenson); "Comparative Study of Adult Education Institutions and Organizations between the United States and Japan by the Use of Characteristics Mirroring Analyses" (Alexander N. Charters and Seiichiro Miura); "Andragogy and China: Cross-Cultural Considerations" (Daniel D. Pratt); "Participatory Research: Are Adult Education Graduate Programs Ready for It?" (Beverly Benner Cassara); "A Comparative Analysis of Recent North American Research on Women and Minorities" (Jovita Martin Ross); "Agricultural Extension Worldwide: Socio-Political, Organizational and Programmatic Characteristics" (William M. Rivera); "A Comparative Study of Andragogy (Adult Education) as a Field of Academic Study in the World" (Claude Touchette); "The Adult Education Center in Germany as a Case of Social Change and Cross-Cultural Comparison" (Klaus Harney); and "Adult Education World-Wide--Revisited" (Jost Reischmann). (KC)

Two naturalistic research studies observed 45 eleventh grade students carrying out research paper assignments, and a third such study focused on 26 third grade students. The studies took place in Alberta (Canada) in 1993, Texas in 1996, and Washington state in 1999. From data analyzed in the interviews and written documents, the initial findings indicated that third grade and eleventh grade students feel and think about research writing activities similarly. The younger students seemed more process oriented than the older ones. The third grade students commented on enjoying reading the information on their topic and telling the facts they had learned. The older students used methods of citation and more sophisticated paraphrasing techniques. The younger students did not use any citations. The amount of blatant copying for the Texas study and the Washington study were comparable. The mental models of both age groups were surprisingly similar. (Contains 15 references.) (Author/MES)

Presentations on NCIP (North American Collections Inventory Project) program developments and future program directions are combined with business meeting minutes in this report from the Association of Research Libraries (ARL). The text of remarks presented as part of a panel discussion on the program theme includes: (1) "Development and Use of the RLG (Research Libraries Group) Conspectus" (David H. Stam); (2) "NCIP in the United States" (Robert C. Miller); (3) "NCIP in Canada" (Marianne Scott); (4) "Internal Uses of the RLG Conspectus" (Anthony W. Ferguson); and (5) "The Conspectus: Issues and Questions" (Millicent D. Abell). In addition, brief reports on group discussions of concerns relating to the NCIP are presented by Donald Koepp, Irene B. Hoadley, Charles E. Miller, David Bishop, and Susan Cote. Business meeting coverage includes reports from the President's Task Force on Membership Criteria, the Executive Director, the Office of Management of Studies, and the President. Reports on the following activities are also presented: (1) the ARL Recon (Retrospective Conversion) Project; (2) the ARL Library Index; (3) the Library of Congress DEZ (diethyl gas diffusion) Project; (4) the Library of Congress Cooperative Cataloging Project; and (5) the Council on Library Resources Commission on Preservation and Access. Appendices provide background information on the NCIP; an ARL activities and status report; an OMS (Office of Management Studies) status report; and lists of meeting participants, members of the ARL board, task forces and committees, and member libraries. (KM)

Globalization is an evolving concept characterized by economic, technological, social, and political dimensions. Vocational education and training (VET) practitioners and the VET system must make more conscious efforts to lead thinking about the social dimension of globalization. The mission of Australian VET today is largely couched in economic terms--to ensure a skilled work force capable of helping the country's industries become globally competitive. In Australia, much of the debate about globalization has focused on economics and technology, and the social and political dimensions of globalization have largely been side-stepped. The Australian education and training system has worked very hard to ensure that technology is pressed to the service of VET rather than falling for the trap of technological determinism. The challenge is not so much to invest in the technologies but to more quickly and effectively apply the technologies for the purposes of vocational learning and for using them to transact VET business. The following issues related to the social dimensions of globalization remain vitally important to the development and delivery of VET: access; Australian cultural identity; and community. Australia's VET practitioners and leaders must support a community-building purpose for VET and work to enhance the stock of social capital in their communities. (MN)

This document presents excerpts from position statements and resolutions of 15 U.S. and Canadian national associations on the inclusion of students with disabilities in the regular classroom and funding to support inclusion. Analysis of the position statements indicates the organizations' support for the inclusion of exceptional children in the least restrictive environment as currently stipulated in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act regulations. Twelve associations support a full continuum of services, and three support full inclusion. The position of the three associations that support full inclusion is that all children with disabilities should be educated in the regular classroom, where they should receive any additional supports and services needed through collaboration of teachers, parents, and special services providers. Twelve associations support inclusion of children with disabilities in the regular classroom to the degree that it benefits the child and that the child is able to receive appropriate services there. However, they find many children with disabilities cannot have their needs met in this setting. Three tables provide further detail on the positions of the associations. The appendix contains position statements on inclusion from 14 associations. (SW)

The Conference proceedings include an Introduction by Demetrios Papademetriou. Two panels presented speakers as follows: Panel I: Elementary and Secondary (K-12) Education: (1) Immigrant Integration and "Bilingual" Education (Alec Ian Gershberg); (2) Absent Policies: Canadian Strategies for the Education and Integration of Immigrant Children and Youth (Fariborz Birjandian); (3) Commentary: Policies in the United States (Margaret McHugh); (4) Commentary: Policies in Canada (Charles Ungerleider). Panel II: Adult Literacy and Workforce Training: (5) Adult Literacy and Workforce Training in the United States (Heide Spruck Wrigley); (6) The Role of Colleges in Integrating Internationally Trained Immigrants (Sabra Desai); (7) Commentary: Policies in the United States (B. Lindsay Lowell); (8) Commentary: Policies in Canada (Howard Duncan). The Keynote Address: Immigration and Diversity in Ontario (Dr. Marie Bountrogianni). [These proceedings also produced by Migration Policy Institute.]