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Gulf Pidgin Arabic (GPA) is a simplified communication system established by the non-Arabic immigrants to Gulf countries in the Middle East. In the past decades, millions of people with no Arabic skills have come from countries such as Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Pakistan and the Philippines for job opportunities. They needed to try to speak Arabic in order to communicate with their employers and this communication system has evolved into a pidgin. GPA is based on Gulf Arabic (GA), the variety of Arabic spoken in the Gulf states: Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, and nearby areas.

The current article argues that the multiple nominative constructions of the Japanese type do not exist in Standard Arabic. Based on evidence from binding, A′-interception and Case, the article shows that the so-called ‘broad subject’ is a clitic left-dislocated element base generated in the A′-domain. The article thus follows the spirit of the analysis proposed by Landau (e.g., Landau, Idan. 2009. Against broad subjects in Hebrew. Lingua 119(1). 89–101), who denies the existence of broad subjects in Hebrew, concluding that broad subjects do not exist in Semitic languages at all.

Wearable technologies have developed relatively quickly in the modern years. This development has impacted the management of personal health and wellness to a considerable extent. The purpose of this study is to understand to what extent the interest of individuals in health and fitness, coupled with their general orientation towards technology, affects the acceptance of wearable technologies and related applications in the Saudi Arabian environment. Utilizing the UTAUT model, the research examines six hypotheses, revealing that health information-seeking behavior (ß = 0.316, p < 0.001) and personal innovativeness in IT (ß = 0.273, p < 0.001) are strong predictors of behavioral intention (BI) to adopt wearables. Performance expectancy (ß = 0.186, p = 0.030) also significantly influences BI, while facilitating conditions (ß = 0.267, p < 0.001) and BI (ß = 0.528, p < 0.001) are crucial for actual use behavior (UB). These findings provide valuable insights for healthcare practitioners promoting wearable fitness devices, as they underscore the importance of enhancing public understanding of exercise benefits and active living. These would have significant implications for healthcare practitioners when promoting wearable fitness gadgets to the general population. In that respect, healthcare professionals could play significant roles in enhancing the general population's understanding of physical exercise benefits and an active life by disseminating information and knowledge gained from these equipment and gadgets. Wearable technology companies can subsequently learn from and integrate such valuable inputs. At the same time, designers and marketing strategists design plans to satisfy the unique needs and tastes of the Saudi market. The results may further explain how personal health concerns and technical trends interact in embracing new, creative, health-focused solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the potential ameliorating murine reproductive effects of herbal tea extracts against bisphenol A-induced (BPA) cytotoxicity. A comparative study was applied among red, green, and blue teas in mice groups. Samples were coded as RTE, GTE and BTE groups, respectively. Several evaluations of murine reproductive were detected, such as diameters of uterine layers, pregnancy percentage, uterine, and offspring weights. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), oxytocin and cortisol were detected in plasma. The pregnancy percentage in the BTE + BPA group was 100% in the negative control group. The uterine weights of the mice groups with herbal teas ranged from 4.12g to 4.77 g. The offspring weights of litter from dams after exposure to BPA and various herbal teas ranged from 17.53g to 25.12 g and from 20.01 g to 28.19 g for females and males, respectively. The BPA toxicity exposure increased MDA levels to reach 19.18ng/ml in the BTE + BPA group as compared with the negative control group of 14.32ng/ml. The exposure to BPA toxins decreased the oxytocin level in the negative control group from 32.55ng/ml to 25.55ng/ml in the RTE + BPA group, while the cortisol levels reached 31.39ng/ml in the GTE + BPA group. The appearance of the luminal epithelial cells and endometrium in the BTE + BPA group was close to normal. It was indicated that herbal teas, particularly blue tea can be able to improve murine reproduction, while the harmful effects of BPA cannot entirely be mitigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colon cancer (CC) is a significant cause of death worldwide, particularly in Saudi Arabia. To increase the accuracy of diagnosis and treatment, it is important to discover new specific biomarkers for CC. The main objectives of this research are to identify potential specific biomarkers for the early diagnosis of CC by analyzing the expressions of eight cancer testis (CT) genes, as well as to analyze how epigenetic mechanisms control the expression of these genes in CC cell lines. Tissue samples were collected from 15 male patients with CC tissues and matched NC tissues for gene expression analysis. The expression levels of specific CT genes, including ADAD1, DMRTC2, PRSS54, SYCE1, SYCP1, TEX101, TEX48, and TMPRSS12, were assessed using quantitative techniques. To validate the gene expression patterns, we used publicly available CC statistics. To investigate the effect of inhibition of DNA methylation and histone deacetylation on CT gene expression, in vitro experiments were performed using HCT116 and Caco-2 cell lines. There was no detected expression of the genes neither in the patient samples nor in NC tissues, except for TEX48, which exhibited upregulation in CC samples compared to NC tissues in online datasets. Notably, CT genes showed expression in testis samples. In vitro, experiments demonstrated significant enhancement in mRNA expression levels of ADAD1, DMRTC2, PRSS54, SYCE1, SYCP1, TEX101, TEX48, and TMPRSS12 following treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine and trichostatin A in HCT116 and Caco-2 cell lines. Epigenetic treatments modify the expression of CT genes, indicating that these genes can potentially be used as biomarkers for CC. The importance of conducting further research to understand and target epigenetic mechanisms to improve CC treatment cannot be overemphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a monomer widely used in our living environment to manufacture many chemical products. Mammalian cells are exposed to it at high levels, which has toxic and estrogenic consequences. Moreover, BPA exposure during prenatal and neonatal development results in defects in the male and female reproductive systems, abnormal meiotic development in fetal oocytes, and pregnancy complications. The aim of the current study was to study the adverse effects of the oral administration of BPA on the liver and testis of adult male rats with the protective roles of herbal teas. A comparative study was conducted on 40 adult male Wistar rats (six weeks old, weighing 100-120 g). Groups were coded as RT/BPA, GT/BPA, and BT/BPA, for red, green, and blue herbal teas, respectively. Several evaluations such as weights, hepatic enzyme markers, lipid profile, and oxidative nitrosative stress for the liver and testis were conducted. Results indicated that exposure to BPA significantly increased oxidative nitrosative stress and damaged the hepatic tissue on the liver and testis. The ALT GT/BPA group detected the highest values for AST (61.87 mU/mL), ALP (2.48 mU/mL), LDH (1153.11 U/L), and GGT (49.72 U/L); RT/BPA group detected the lowest values for AST (58.71 mU/mL), ALP (1.51 mU/mL), and GGT (21.12 U/L). Similarly, the RT/BPA and BT/BPA groups were detected (4.11 and 4.12 mg/100 mL) for creatinine levels as compared to the vehicle control group. While rats in the BT/BPA and GT/BPA groups showed similar values to the vehicle group (45.02 and 118.28 mg/dI) for HDL and TC quantities, respectively. The present research established the protective role of herbal teas due to the antioxidant properties, especially of green tea, which preserved GPx value (88.22 nmol/mg), testosterone (1.80 ng/mL); and red tea, which preserved CAT value (101.18 U/mg); while blue tea preserved MDA and SOD values (0.81 nmol/mg and 7.18 U/mg), respectively. BPA oral administration with herbal teas reduced toxicity on the liver and testis due to free radical scavenging effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of Things (IoT) devices often operate with limited resources while interacting with users and their environment, generating a wealth of data. Machine learning models interpret such sensor data, enabling accurate predictions and informed decisions. However, the sheer volume of data from billions of devices can overwhelm networks, making traditional cloud data processing inefficient for IoT applications. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of recent advances in models, architectures, hardware, and design requirements for deploying machine learning on low-resource devices at the edge and in cloud networks. Prominent IoT devices tailored to integrate edge intelligence include Raspberry Pi, NVIDIA's Jetson, Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense, STM32 Microcontrollers, SparkFun Edge, Google Coral Dev Board, and Beaglebone AI. These devices are boosted with custom AI frameworks, such as TensorFlow Lite, OpenEI, Core ML, Caffe2, and MXNet, to empower ML and DL tasks (e.g., object detection and gesture recognition). Both traditional machine learning (e.g., random forest, logistic regression) and deep learning methods (e.g., ResNet-50, YOLOv4, LSTM) are deployed on devices, distributed edge, and distributed cloud computing. Moreover, we analyzed 1000 recent publications on "ML in IoT" from IEEE Xplore using support vector machine, random forest, and decision tree classifiers to identify emerging topics and application domains. Hot topics included big data, cloud, edge, multimedia, security, privacy, QoS, and activity recognition, while critical domains included industry, healthcare, agriculture, transportation, smart homes and cities, and assisted living. The major challenges hindering the implementation of edge machine learning include encrypting sensitive user data for security and privacy on edge devices, efficiently managing resources of edge nodes through distributed learning architectures, and balancing the energy limitations of edge devices and the energy demands of machine learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, tandem mass spectrometry-based newborn screening (NBS), which examines targeted biomarkers, is the first approach used for the early detection of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) in newborns, followed by confirmatory genetic mutation tests. However, these diagnostic approaches have limitations, demanding the development of additional tools for the diagnosis/screening of MUSD. Recently, untargeted metabolomics has been used to explore metabolic profiling and discover the potential biomarkers/pathways of inherited metabolic diseases. Thus, we aimed to discover a distinctive metabolic profile and biomarkers/pathways for MSUD newborns using untargeted metabolomics. Herein, untargeted metabolomics was used to analyze dried blood spot (DBS) samples from 22 MSUD and 22 healthy control newborns. Our data identified 210 altered endogenous metabolites in MSUD newborns and new potential MSUD biomarkers, particularly L-alloisoleucine, methionine, and lysoPI. In addition, the most impacted pathways in MSUD newborns were the ascorbate and aldarate pathways and pentose and glucuronate interconversions, suggesting that oxidative and detoxification events may occur in early life. Our approach leads to the identification of new potential biomarkers/pathways that could be used for the early diagnosis/screening of MSUD newborns but require further validation studies. Our untargeted metabolomics findings have undoubtedly added new insights to our understanding of the pathogenicity of MSUD, which helps us select the appropriate early treatments for better health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constitutively active KRAS mutations are among the major drivers of lung cancer, yet the identity of molecular co‐operators of oncogenic KRAS in the lung remains ill‐defined. The innate immune cytosolic DNA sensor and pattern recognition receptor (PRR) Absent‐in‐melanoma 2 (AIM2) is best known for its assembly of multiprotein inflammasome complexes and promoting an inflammatory response. Here, we define a role for AIM2, independent of inflammasomes, in KRAS‐addicted lung adenocarcinoma (LAC). In genetically defined and experimentally induced (nicotine‐derived nitrosamine ketone; NNK) LAC mouse models harboring the KrasG12D driver mutation, AIM2 was highly upregulated compared with other cytosolic DNA sensors and inflammasome‐associated PRRs. Genetic ablation of AIM2 in KrasG12D and NNK‐induced LAC mouse models significantly reduced tumor growth, coincident with reduced cellular proliferation in the lung. Bone marrow chimeras suggest a requirement for AIM2 in KrasG12D‐driven LAC in both hematopoietic (immune) and non‐hematopoietic (epithelial) cellular compartments, which is supported by upregulated AIM2 expression in immune and epithelial cells of mutant KRAS lung tissues. Notably, protection against LAC in AIM2‐deficient mice is associated with unaltered protein levels of mature Caspase‐1 and IL‐1β inflammasome effectors. Moreover, genetic ablation of the key inflammasome adapter, ASC, did not suppress KrasG12D‐driven LAC. In support of these in vivo findings, AIM2, but not mature Caspase‐1, was upregulated in human LAC patient tumor biopsies. Collectively, our findings reveal that endogenous AIM2 plays a tumor‐promoting role, independent of inflammasomes, in mutant KRAS‐addicted LAC, and suggest innate immune DNA sensing may provide an avenue to explore new therapeutic strategies in lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fumonisin B1 (FB1), a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides, is one of the most common pollutants in natural foods and agricultural crops. It can cause chronic and severe health issues in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the transgenerational effects of FB1 exposure on the structure and function of the kidneys in offspring. Virgin female Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: group one (control) received sterile water, and groups two and three were intragastrically administered low (20 mg/kg) and high (50 mg/kg) doses of FB1, respectively, from day 6 of pregnancy until delivery. Our results showed that exposure to either dose of FB1 caused histopathological changes, such as atrophy, hypercellularity, hemorrhage, calcification, and a decrease in the glomerular diameter, in both the first and second generations. The levels of the antioxidant markers glutathione, glutathione S-transferase, and catalase significantly decreased, while malondialdehyde levels increased. Moreover, autophagy was induced, as immunofluorescence analysis revealed that LC-3 protein expression was significantly increased in both generations after exposure to either dose of FB1. However, a significant decrease in methyltransferase (DNMT3) protein expression was observed in the first generation in both treatment groups (20 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg), indicating a decrease in DNA methylation as a result of early-life exposure to FB1. Interestingly, global hypomethylation was also observed in the second generation in both treatment groups despite the fact that the mothers of these rats were not exposed to FB1. Thus, early-life exposure to FB1 induced nephrotoxicity in offspring of the first and second generations. The mechanisms of action underlying this transgenerational effect may include oxidative stress, autophagy, and DNA hypomethylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutritional deficits in one's diet have been established as the key risk factor for T2DM in recent years. Nutritional therapy has been demonstrated to be useful in treating T2DM. The current study was carried out to assess the nutritional composition of bovine (12 months), chicken (4 months), sheep (13 months), and goat (9 months) femur bone extracts, as well as their potential therapeutic effects on T2DM regression in a Wistar albino rat model (500 mg/kg b.wt.). The proximate composition of the different extracts, their fatty acid composition, their amino acids, and their mineral contents were identified. In vivo data indicated considerably improved T2DM rats, as seen by lower serum levels of TL, TG, TC, ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin, creatinine, urea, IL-6, TNF-α, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and MDA. Low levels of HDL-C, GSH, and total proteins were restored during this study. Histological investigations of liver and pancreatic tissue revealed that the distribution of collagen fibers was nearly normal. The bovine extract, on the other hand, was the most active, followed by the sheep, goat, and finally chicken extract. This research could result in the creation of a simple, noninvasive, low-cost, and reliable method for T2DM control, paving the way for potential early therapeutic applications in T2DM control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tamarindus indica Linn (tamarind, F. Leguminosae) is one of the most widely consumed edible fruits in the world. Phytochemical investigation of tamarind pulp n-butanol fraction yielded one new (+)-pinitol glycoside compound 1 (25% w/w), and 1D, 2D NMR, and HRESIMS investigation were used to confirm the new compound's structure. (+)-Pinitol glycoside showed anti-Alzheimer potential that was confirmed in prophylactic and treatment groups by decreasing time for the T-maze test; decreased TAO, brain and serum AChE, MDA, tau protein levels, and β amyloid peptide protein levels; and increasing GPX, SOD levels, and in vivo regression of the neurodegenerative features of Alzheimer's dementia in an aluminum-intoxicated rat model. The reported molecular targets for human Alzheimer's disease were then used in a network pharmacology investigation to examine their complex interactions and identify the key targets in the disease pathogenesis. An in silico-based analysis (molecular docking, binding free energy calculation (ΔGBinding), and molecular dynamics simulation) was performed to identify the potential targets for compound 1. The findings of this study may lead to the development of dietary supplements for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impaired skin wound healing is still a major challenge, especially with immunocompromised patients who express delayed healing and are susceptible to infections. Injection of rat-derived bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) via the tail vein accelerates cutaneous wound healing via their paracrine activity. The present work aimed to investigate the combined wound-healing potential of BMMSCs and Halimeda macroloba algae extract in immunocompromised rats. High-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HR-LC-MS) investigation of the extract revealed the presence of variant phytochemicals, mostly phenolics, and terpenoids, known for their angiogenic, collagen-stimulating, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The BMMSCs were isolated and characterized for CD markers, where they showed a positive expression of CD90 by 98.21% and CD105 by 97.1%. Twelve days after inducing immunocompromise (40 mg/kg hydrocortisone daily), a circular excision was created in the dorsal skin of rats and the treatments were continued for 16 days. The studied groups were sampled on days 4, 8, 12, and 16 after wounding. The gross/histopathological results revealed that the wound closure (99%), thickness, density of new epidermis and dermis, and skin elasticity in the healed wounds were considerably higher in the BMMSCs/Halimeda group than the control group (p < 0.05). RT-PCR gene expression analysis revealed that the BMMSCs/Halimeda extract combination had perfectly attenuated oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokines, and NF-KB activation at day 16 of wounding. The combination holds promise for regenerative medicine, representing a revolutionary step in the wound healing of immunocompromised patients, with still a need for safety assessments and further clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Colon cancer (CC) has a high mortality rate and is often diagnosed at an advanced stage in Saudi Arabia. Thus, the identification and characterization of potential new cancer-specific biomarkers are imperative for improving the diagnosis of CC by detecting it at an early stage. Cancer-testis (CT) genes have been identified as potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis of various cancers. Among the CT genes are those belonging to the SSX family. In order to assess the usefulness of SSX family genes as cancer biomarkers for the detection of early-stage CC, the goal of this research was to validate the expressions of these genes in patients with CC and in matched patients with normal colons (NCs). Materials and Methods: RT-PCR assays were used to analyze the SSX1, SSX2, and SSX3 family gene expression levels in 30 neighboring NC and CC tissue samples from male Saudi patients. Epigenetic alterations were also tested in vitro using qRT-PCR analysis to determine whether reduced DNA methyltransferase or histone deacetylation could stimulate SSX gene expression via 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine and trichostatin treatments, respectively. Results: The RT-PCR results showed SSX1 and SSX2 gene expression in 10% and 20% of the CC tissue specimens, respectively, but not in any of the NC tissue specimens. However, no SSX3 expression was detected in any of the examined CC or NC tissue samples. In addition, the qRT-PCR results showed significantly higher SSX1 and SSX2 expression levels in the CC tissue samples than in the NC tissue samples. The 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine and trichostatin treatments significantly induced the mRNA expression levels of the SSX1, SSX2, and SSX3 genes in the CC cells in vitro. Conclusions: These findings suggest that SSX1 and SSX2 are potentially suitable candidate biomarkers for CC. Their expressions can be regulated via hypomethylating and histone deacetylase treatments, subsequently providing a potential therapeutic target for CC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic polymorphism in long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) HOTAIR is linked with the risk and susceptibility of various cancers in humans. The mechanism involved in the development of CRC is not fully understood but single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be used to predict its risk and prognosis. In the present case-control study, we investigated the relationship between HOTAIR (rs12826786, rs920778, and rs1899663) polymorphisms and CRC risk in the Saudi population by genotyping using a TaqMan genotyping assay in 144 CRC cases and 144 age- and sex-matched controls. We found a significant (p < 0.05) association between SNP rs920778 G > A and CRC risk, and a protective role of SNPs rs12826786 (C > T) and rs1899663 (C > A) was noticed. The homozygous mutant "AA" genotype at rs920778 (G > A) showed a significant correlation with the female sex and colon tumor site. The homozygous TT in SNP rs12816786 (C > T) showed a significant protective association in the male and homozygous AA of SNP rs1899663 (C > A) with colon tumor site. These results indicate that HOTAIR can be a powerful biomarker for predicting the risk of colorectal cancer in the Saudi population. The association between HOTAIR gene polymorphisms and the risk of CRC in the Saudi population was reported for the first time here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Herbs are excellent sources of medicinal substances, and their curative abilities have been recognized to treat many ailments and are used for example as antioxidants, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, antipyretics, and many other medicinal uses. The properties of natural compounds and their health effects have been studied extensively, especially those that originate from plant sources such as ginger. The ginger plant contains many chemical compounds, such as 6-gingerol, which is characterized by containing active groups such as carbonyl and hydroxide, which can be attached to metal molecules. This is what was done in this study, where the formation of complexes with a group of metals was studied and their effect on cancer cells was investigated. These complexes will open new horizons for further study of medicinal uses. Methods: The synthesis of gingerol-metal complexes was carried out by conjugating gingerol molecules with Ag, Au, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, and Zn metal ions. The extracted gingerol was transferred to culture tubes and deionized water-DMSO were added followed by sonication. The tubes were incubated at 90°C for two days as well as the control sample. The samples were then filtered and the complex solutions were transferred into new tubes for further studies. Different characterization techniques such as FT-IR, UV-vis spectroscopy, FESEM, and EDX are used to confirm the formation of the complexes. The in vitro of the complexes was tested by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay against the human colorectal cancer cell lines HCT116 and HT29 which exhibited strong cytotoxicity. Results: The gingerol-metal complexes showed an enhancement as an anticancer agent compared to the control. The in vitro anticancer activity showed that the Ag-gingerol complex showed the most activity among the other complexes. Discussion: Gingerol-metal complexes can inhibit cancer cells, noting that the potency of the complex depends on the type of metal used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The expression of human germline genes is restricted to the germ cells of the gonads, which produce sperm and eggs. The germline genes involved in testis development and potentially activated in cancer cells are known as cancer-testis (CT) genes. These genes are potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers, as well as drivers of the oncogenic process. CT genes can be reactivated by treatment with drugs that demethylate DNA. The majority of the existing literature on CT gene activation focuses on X-chromosome-produced CT genes. We tested the hypothesis that epigenetic landscape changes, such as DNA methylation, can alter several CT gene expression profiles in cancer and germ cells. Methods: Colon cancer (CC) cell lines were treated with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (DNMTi) 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, or with the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) trichostatin A (TSA). The effects of these epigenetic treatments on the transcriptional activation of previously published CT genes (CTAG1A, SCP2D1, TKTL2, LYZL6, TEX33, and ACTRT1) and testis-specific genes (NUTM1, ASB17, ZSWIM2, ADAM2, and C10orf82) were investigated. Results: We found that treatment of CC cell lines with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine or TSA correlated with activation of X-encoded CT genes and non-X-encoded CT genes in somatic (non-germline) cells. Conclusion: These findings confirm that a subset of CT genes can be regulated by hypomethylating drugs and subsequently provide a potential therapeutic target for cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study discusses the stylistic properties of the introductory sentence with which scholars begin their introduction in the literature field. The study draws upon a dataset of 624 introductory sentences, half of which are collected from high-impact Web of Science indexed journals and the other half are drawn from presumably predatory journals. The study shows that the introductory sentence written by authors of high-impact journals is a work-based sentence with a high number of references whereas that composed by authors of presumably predatory journals is a reference-less author-based sentence. Although Swales (1990, 2004) argues that less experienced writers may begin their introductions with Move 2/3-type sentences, the study shows that there is no difference between the two sets of scholars in terms of the usage of Move 2/3. However, authors of high-impact journals tend to describe their study, state their purpose, indicate research gaps and raise questions in their Move-2/3 sentences whereas authors of presumably predatory journals prefer definitional clarifications the most. The study also reveals that the introductory sentence produced by authors of presumably predatory journals is shorter in word count, full of repetitions and grammatical/punctuation errors and sometimes presented as a full paragraph. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper argues that there are three types of nominal appositions, i.e. two juxtaposed noun phrases (NPs), in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). Each type shows special properties in terms of the nominal category of the two units, the deletion of the NP, word order, case agreement, and semantic relation. For each type, we propose a separate structural analysis. An adjunction analysis is motivated for Type I appositions which consist of a common noun followed by a proper name. For Type II appositions which involve two common nouns, we propose that they take a spec-head structure. A head-complement structure is finally proposed for Type III appositions which involve a pronoun followed by an accusative-marked NP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Saudi Arabia, colon cancer (CC) is the most prevalent cancer in men and the third most common cancer in women. Rather than being detected through screening programs, most CC cases are diagnosed mainly during clinical exams. Because of the slow growth of CC and its ability to be treated at an early stage, screening for CC can reduce the incidence of death and mortality. Consequently, there is an urgent need to identify a potential new cancer-specific biomarker for detecting early illness. Much research has been conducted on distinct antigen classes as potential new cancer-specific biomarkers for the early identification of malignancy. The cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) are one such category of antigens, with protein presence largely normally confined to human germ line cells in the testis and aberrantly produced in some cancer cells. CTAs are potentially valuable for use as cancer biomarkers and in cancer therapeutics due to their distinctive expression pattern. The aim of this current study was to identify potential cancer-testis (CT) gene biomarkers in Saudi Arabian CC patients. In this study, a total of 20 matching CC and normal colon (NC) tissues were obtained from the Saudi population. Any genes that showed expression in CC tissues but not in matching NC tissues were subsequently verified for mRNA expression in eight breast and eight leukemia malignancies using RT-PCR to determine the specificity of any CC biomarkers. CTAG1A, SPZ1, LYZL6, SCP2D1, TEX33, and TKTL2 genes were expressed in varying numbers of CC tissues compared to no measurable expressions in all NC tissue specimens, making these genes suitable potential candidates for CC markers. The most frequently expressed CT genes in CC patients were CTAG1A (35%) and SCP2D1 (35%), followed by TKTL2 (25%), SPZ1 (20%), LYZL6 (15%), and TEX33 (5%). The LYZL6 gene shows a weak RT-PCR product in 25% of breast cancer (BC) patients but not in leukemia patients. The SCP2D1 gene appears to display expression in all leukemia patients but not in the BC patients. TKTL2 expression was also observed in 50% of leukemia samples but not in the BC samples. More experiments at the protein level and with a larger cohort of patients are required to evaluate this finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide, causing 15% of cancer-related deaths among women. Breast cancer incidence rate is increasing in most countries. In Saudi Arabia, breast cancer constitutes nearly 22% of the newly diagnosed cancer cases in women. Breast cancer incidence in the women population of Saudi Arabia is 25.9%, with 18.2% mortality. In this study, targeted sequencing of 164 selected genes was performed on germline and somatic DNA derived from the blood and tissue samples of 50 breast cancer patients using customized panel on Ion torrent platform. This study focused on the identification of genetic variations of different cancer-causing genes, raising the hope for identification of personalized prognosis. After final filtration and validation, we found protein-truncating, non-synonymous missense, and splice site mutations in the known susceptibility genes for breast cancer. We identified a total of 14 point mutations and one deletion in BRCA1 , BRCA2 , and RAD50 genes from the BRCA panel analysis of breast cancer samples. In the customized panel analysis, we identified 37 potential mutations in 25 breast cancer risk associated genes. Out of these, most mutations were observed in TP53. After filtration, we observed 7 mutations in TP53 genes (n = 7:- one stop gain (p.R81X), four non-synonymous (p.R81X, p.Y88C, p.R141H, and p.V25D), and two deletions (c.59delC and c.327delC)). Among the mutations detected in our study, TP53 (p.R81X), VHL (p.E52X), and BRCA2 (p.K3326X) mutations, which lead to an aberrant transcript with a premature stop codon, were reported for the first time in breast cancer patients from Saudi Arabia. Our study will help in identifying the damaging mutations and predisposing genes in Saudi breast cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LncRNA Prostate cancer non-coding RNA (PRNCR1) is downregulated in many types of cancer. The current case-control study was performed on 144 patients with colorectal cancer and 130 matching controls. Genotyping was performed using TaqMan assays for four Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in PRNCR1. RNAsnp Web Server was used to detect variations in the secondary structure for each SNP. The genotyping analysis for SNP rs1456315 showed increased association with colorectal cancer with the homozygous CC variant allele (OR: 2.09; χ2 = 4.95; CI: 1.08–4.02; p = 0.02), the minor allele frequency, and additive genotype, respectively (OR: 1.55; χ2 = 6.24; CI: 1.09–2.19; p = 0.01) & (OR: 1.64; χ2 = 4.04; CI: 1.01–2.67; p = 0.04). A risk association was also observed among younger age patients (≤57) and in female patients as well as in patients with tumors of the colon. For the other SNPs tested (rs16901946, rs13252298, rs1016343), no significant association was observed. The secondary structure of the rs1456315 mutant is different from that of the wild-type. Our findings suggest that the upregulation of PRNCR1 and its variants is associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer in Saudi patients, indicating that PRNCR1 might be a unique and valuable signature for predicting the risk of colorectal cancer in a Saudi population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, and multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms of DNA repair genes have been found to be associated with CVD. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of the genetic variants of RAD51 recombinase (RAD51) and 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) on CVD through genotyping and statistical analysis. Regardless of whether there is a significant association or not, the genotyping data on these two polymorphisms are valuable, because there is limited availability of it in certain populations. A total of 240 blood samples were analyzed and genotyped using TaqMan genotyping; 120 were obtained from cases with a history of CVD, and 120 from cases with no history of CVD. A questionnaire was administered to gather information on age, demographics, sex and clinical features, and confirmation was carried out using medical records. The results of the present study confirmed that the polymorphism rs1052133 in OGG1 had no significant association with CVD. On the other hand, the polymorphism rs1801321 in RAD51 exhibited a significant association with CVD. Collectively, the results of the present study revealed that the polymorphism rs1801321 in RAD51 exhibited a significant association with CVD, however a larger sample size to confirm the present findings, may allow for the early identification of CVD and may aid in the decision-making process concerning treatments for CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inflammation is a fundamental factor that contributes to the development and progression of several types of cancer including colon cancer. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their signaling pathways have been reported to be associated with chronic inflammation and thereby induced cancer. Our aim was to investigate the expression and polymorphisms of TLR2 and their association with colon cancer. Methods: Real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to investigate TLR2 gene expression and to evaluate the potential risk of predisposition to colon cancer caused by three tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on TLR2, including rs3804100, rs4696480, and rs3804099. TaqMan assay was conducted on samples from 115 patients with colon cancer and 102 age- and sex-matched normal individuals. Results: We found that, TLR2 was highly expressed in epithelial colon cancer cells and both TLR2 mRNA and protein levels, and significantly decreased in tumor tissues compared to normal tissues. Two of three TLR2 SNPs increased the risk of colon cancer. However, TLR2 rs3804099 increased the risk of colon cancer development by more than 3.8- and 5-fold in female patients and patients aged less than 57 years, respectively. The T allele of TLR2 rs3804100 showed a significant association with patients less than 57 years. In silico analysis of the TLR2 nucleotide substitution in SNP rs3804100 and rs3804099 determined that 67% and 70% probability of these single nucleotide variants alter splicing phenotypes, rs3804100 more specifically result on activating an additional splice site. Genotype and allele frequencies of rs4696480 were similar between the overall study populations. Thus, TLR2 rs4696480 appear to be not involved in colon cancer in our study population. Conclusions: There was a significant link between innate immunity deregulation through disruption of the TLRs and potential development of colon cancer. These SNPs can be used as screening markers for predicting colon cancer risk earlier in life to implement necessary prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]