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Introduction The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is characterised by major health disparities and complex migration flows. Yet, because of a lack of epidemiological data, there is an urgent need to strengthen routine data collection around migrant health and to define key indicators towards migrant health monitoring. To address this problem, we aim to design and pilot test the Migrant Health Country Profile tool (MHCP-t) which can collate country-level data collection around migration health data, policies and healthcare provision.Methods and analysis The MHCP-t development is a stepwise process that will integrate a process evaluation model with active involvement and engagement of multilevel stakeholders. First, towards the generation of indicators, qualitative field activities will be conducted in different regions in Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt with migrants (n=50 per region), migrant community leaders (n=20 per region) and professionals working with them (n=20 per region). Deductive–inductive thematic analysis will be applied to the data collected. Results from the national qualitative studies and a series of systematic reviews in the MENA region will conclude with a first draft of tool indicators which will be reviewed by national and international experts using the Nominal Group Technique. The revised indicators will be entered into an electronic data capture system and the tool will be pilot-tested by applying a mixed-methods process evaluation to examine its relevance, comprehensiveness, comprehensibility and other practical issues, such as completion time and ease of responding. Mechanisms of change will be assessed on how the participative interactions towards the tool development can trigger change at national and regional levels.Ethics and dissemination The study protocol has been approved by the institutional review boards at the Hospital Clinic in Barcelona, Spain, the University of Sousse in Sousse, Tunisia, the University Hospital of Tanger, Morocco and Badr University of Cairo in Egypt. Findings will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and communications to national and regional congresses.

Introduction The Middle East and North African (MENA) region is characterised by high and complex migration flows, yet little is known about the health of migrant populations, their levels of underimmunisation and access to healthcare provision. Data are needed to support regional elimination and control targets for key diseases and the design and delivery of programmes to improve health outcomes in these groups. This protocol describes a suite of seven systematic reviews that aim to identify, appraise and synthesise the available evidence on the burden and health outcomes, policies and access (barriers and facilitators) related to these mobile populations in the region.Methods Seven systematic reviews will cover three questions to explore the: (1) burden and health outcomes, (2) policies and (3) healthcare barriers and facilitators for the following seven disease areas in migrants in the MENA region: tuberculosis, HIV and hepatitis B and C, malaria and neglected tropical diseases, diabetes, mental health, maternal and neonatal health, and vaccine-preventable diseases. We will search electronic databases for studies in any language (year 2000–2023), reference-check relevant publications and cross-check included studies with experts. We will search for grey literature by hand searching key databases and websites (including regional organisations and MoH websites) for country-specific guidelines and talking to our network of experts for local and regional reports and key datasets. We will assess the studies and policies for their quality using appropriate tools. We will meta-analyse the data by disease outcome if they are of sufficient volume and similarity. Where meta-analysis is not possible and where data are on policy or access, we will narratively synthesise the evidence using summary tables, figures and text.Dissemination We anticipate disseminating the findings through peer-reviewed publications, conferences and other formats relevant to all stakeholders. We are following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and protocols will be registered on International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews.

Abstract Introduction Adverse events (AEs) that occur in hospitals remain a challenge worldwide, and especially in intensive care units (ICUs) where they are more likely to occur. Monitoring of AEs can provide insight into the status and advances of patient safety. This study aimed to examine the AEs reported during the 20 months after the implementation of the AE reporting system. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of a voluntary ICU AE reporting system. Incidents were reported by the staff from ten ICUs in the Sahloul University Hospital (Tunisia) between February 2020 and September 2021. Results A total of 265 reports were received, of which 61.9% were deemed preventable. The most frequently reported event was healthcare-associated infection (30.2%, n = 80), followed by pressure ulcers (18.5%, n = 49). At the time of reporting, 25 patients (9.4%) had died as a result of an AE and in 51.3% of cases, the event had resulted in an increased length of stay. Provider-related factors contributed to 64.2% of the events, whilst patient-related factors contributed to 53.6% of the events. As for criticality, 34.3% of the events (n = 91) were unacceptable (c3) and 36.3% of the events (n = 96) were ‘acceptable under control’ (c2). Conclusions The reporting system provided rich information on the characteristics of reported AEs that occur in ICUs and their consequences and may be therefore useful for designing effective and evidence-based interventions to reduce the occurrence of AEs.

Abstract Background Tunisia has been engaged in the Societal Dialogue (SD) for Health process since 2012, a participatory health governance process aimed at bringing in people’s voice into health policy-making. Its first success was the recently released National Health Policy 2030. This paper aims to document the SD process and to bring out the lessons learned to inspire other countries. Methods This study was based essentially on a qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with citizen jury members and health experts that took place from May to September 2018. The qualitative analysis adopted an inductive-deductive approach according to a cross-matrix between the themes of the interview of the two groups of interviewees. Results The qualitative analysis of the data highlighted that the Societal Dialogue created a health democracy dynamic with inclusive dialogue spaces for the population, communities, and civil society to participate in health system design. It constituted a multi-actor and multidisciplinary coordination platform to increase consensus building among actors. Initial government support and high levels of volunteer commitment allowed the process to achieve a certain level of sustainability. However, this process faced and still faces many challenges such as overreliance on volunteers; a crisis of trust; political instability and the lack of an effective communication strategy. These challenges negatively influence the policy uptake of recommendations made by the Societal Dialogue for Health. Conclusion The Tunisian societal dialogue experience highlights both the successes and challenges of a structured participatory platform, as well as the effort and perseverance it takes to keep such a process functional and relevant. A key lesson from this study is that this model of participatory health governance eventually reaches a stage where population, community, and civil society participation needs to be more institutionalized within the government routine so that it can credibly feed into health policy review processes and inform decision-makers on a regular basis.

Abstract Background Routine assessments of patient safety culture within hospitals have been widely recommended to improve patient safety. Experts suggested that mixed-methods studies can help gain a deeper understanding of the concept. However, studies combining quantitative and qualitative approaches exploring patient safety culture are still lacking. This study aimed to explore patient safety culture as perceived by operating room professionals of two university hospitals in Sousse, Tunisia. Methods Based on a mixed-methods approach, a cross-sectional survey followed by semi-structured interviews were conducted over a period of two months (December 2019 to January 2020). This study took place in all the operating rooms of two public university hospitals in the district of Sousse, Tunisia. To collect data for this survey, the French version of the Hospital Survey On Patient Safety Culture was used. For interviews, 13 participants were selected purposively using a critical case sampling approach and a topic guide was prepared. Anonymity and confidentiality were respected. Results Overall, twelve operating rooms, with different surgical specialties, were included in the study. Survey feedback was provided by 297 professionals representing a response rate of 85.6%. Concerning patient safety culture, the 10 dimensions had low scores (below 50%) and were considered “to be improved”. The highest score was found in ‘teamwork within units’ (45%). Whereas, the lowest scores were allocated to ‘non-punitive response to error’ (22.9%), followed by “frequency of adverse event reported” (25.6%) and “communication openness” (26.3%). Per qualitative data, participants provided a more detailed picture of patient safety issues such as underreporting, absence of an effective reporting system, lack of freedom of expression, and an existing blame culture in operating rooms. Conclusions The findings of this study showed a concerning perception held by participants about the lack of a patient safety culture in their operating rooms. It seems essential to design, implement and evaluate strategies that promote a positive patient safety culture and obliterate punitive climate in operating rooms.

Abstract Background Evidence-based practice (EBP) is an important competency of undergraduate nursing students which should be cultivated before graduation by increasing future healthcare providers’ knowledge, skills and attitudes towards EBP. This study aimed to describe nursing students’ competencies (attitudes, knowledge, skills) in Evidence-based practice (EBP) and to determine factors predicting EBP competency. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Higher School of Health Sciences and Techniques of Sousse (Tunisia) among 365 nursing students. Data were collected using the validated Evidence Based Practice Competencies Questionnaire (EBP-COQ). Multiple linear regression was performed to determine factors predicting EBP competencies. Results The overall score of EBP-COQ questionnaire was 3.26 ± 0.53 out of 5. The attitude, skills and knowledge subscales received 4.04 ± 0.41; 3.05 ± 0.77 and 2.70 ± 0.74 as mean scores respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis (table 4) revealed that significant related factors were academic level (β = 0.271, p = 0.001), English-language reading skills (β = 0.435, p

Abstract Background Within hospitals, intensive care units (ICUs) are particularly high-risk areas for medical errors and adverse events that could occur due to the complexity of care and the patients’ fragile medical conditions. Assessing patient safety culture (PSC) is essential to have a broad view on patient safety issues, to orientate future improvement actions and optimize quality of care and patient safety outcomes. This study aimed at assessing PSC in 15 Tunisian ICUs using mixed methods approach. Methods A cross-sectional mixed methods approach using a sequential explanatory design was conducted from December 2019 to January 2020. The first quantitative stage was conducted in 15 ICUs belonging to the two university hospitals in the region of Sousse (Tunisia). All the 344 healthcare professionals (clinical staff) working for more than 1 month in these ICUs were contacted in order to take part in the study. In the second qualitative stage 12 participants were interviewed based on purposive sampling. Results All of the PSC dimensions had a score of less than 50%. The developed dimension was ‘teamwork within units’ (48.8%). The less developed dimensions were ‘frequency of event reporting’ (20.8%), ‘communication openness’ (22.2%) and ‘non-punitive response to error’ (19.7%). Interviews’ thematic analysis revealed four main themes including “Hospital management/system failure”, “Teamwork and communication”, “Error management” and “Working conditions”. Conclusion This research revealed that PSC is still in need of improvement and provided a clearer picture of the patient safety issues that require specific attention. Improving PSC through the use of quality management and error reporting systems may help to improve patient safety outcomes.

Perinatal depression is a major public health problem having serious negative impacts on personal, family, and child developmental outcomes. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) and its associated factors in working pregnant women. This descriptive, cross-sectional study was performed on 389 working pregnant women enrolled from four Tunisian public maternity hospitals. Data collection tools were the sociodemographic, obstetric, family relationships, and work environment questionnaire, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). The mean score of depression was 27.39 ± 6.97 and 76.1% of women had major depressive symptoms using cutoff points on the CES-D ≥ 23. Family income, diagnosis with a chronic illness, history of depression, and employment categories were associated with major depressive symptoms. In multivariate analyses, family income and work posture were significantly associated with MDD. These results suggest an increased burden of MDD during pregnancy in Tunisian women. Prevention, early detection, and interventions are needed to reduce the prevalence of perinatal depression.

INTRODUCTION: Emergency obstetric care (EmOC) is a high-impact priority intervention strongly recommended for improving maternal health outcomes. The objectives of this study were to assess the availability, utilization, and quality of emergency obstetric care services in the Governorate of Sousse (Tunisia). METHODS: a cross-sectional study was conducted among public health facilities which performed deliveries in Sousse in 2017. Data were collected by consulting clinical records and registers and interviewing staff using WHO EmOC tools. Emergency obstetric care (EmOC) indicators were calculated. RESULTS: only the University maternity unit functioned as full comprehensive EmOC facility. No otherpublic facility provided all the 7 Basic EmOC signal functions 3 months prior to the survey. The unperformed signal functions were: administration of parenteral antibiotics, manual removal of placenta and assisted vaginal delivery. The number of EmOC facilities was 0.72 per 500,000 inhabitants. The met need for EmOC was 89.5%. The proportion of caesarean section was 24.2%. The direct obstetric case fatality rate was 0.159% and intrapartum and very early neonatal death rate was 0.65%. CONCLUSION: raising maternity facilities to a minimum level of basic EmOC status would be a major contributing step towards maternal mortality reduction.

INTRODUCTION: An effective referral system is considered as a key to saving mothers' and children's lives. The aims of this study were to determine the frequency and the indications of obstetric referrals in a Tunisian tertiary care maternity and to assess the conformity of referral mechanisms with the National Perinatality Programme (NPP) guidelines.

INTRODUCTION: parmi les événements indésirables, ceux liés au circuit des médicaments occupent une place importante et risquent de causer un préjudice grave aux patients. Dans ce contexte, nous avons mené cette étude dans l'optique de décrire et d'évaluer le circuit des médicaments anticancéreux dans un hôpital régional tunisien. METODS: il s'agit d'une étude évaluative du risque lié aux médicaments anticancéreux, type '' visite de risque '' menée sur une période de 15 jours au cours de l'année 2014 au service de cancérologie de l'hôpital régional de Gafsa (Tunisie). Cette méthode d'évaluation est inspirée de celle conduite par le projet '' SECURIMED développé par le Comité de Coordination de l'Evaluation Clinique et de la Qualité en Aquitaine (CCECQA), en France. RESULTS: dans notre étude, l'observation du circuit des médicaments anticancéreux a révélé certaines insuffisances. On a noté que la répartition des missions des différents acteurs est sujette parfois à des glissements de tâches. Un manque important ainsi que une inadéquation aux normes au niveau des équipements nécessaires pour la préparation et la protection des professionnels manipulant ces médicaments ont été également décelés. CONCLUSION: la sécurisation du circuit des médicaments devrait être une priorité inscrite dans l'ensemble des démarches nationales et partagée par tous les intervenants et ce dans l'optique d'atteindre un objectif prémium : la qualité de la prise en charge globale et la sécurité des patients.

INTRODUCTION: la mortalité maternelle est un problème majeur de santé mondiale. Une grande proportion de ces décès serait évitable par des soins adéquats, une aide à l'accouchement, la disponibilité des soins d'urgence et l'utilisation des outils d'aide à la décision tels que le partogramme. L'objectif était d'évaluer l'écart entre ce qui est censé être fait et ce qui est fait réellement pour les différents paramètres situés dans le partogramme au sein d'une maternité de 3ème niveau et élaborer des recommandations pour la mise en place d'un plan d'action. METHODES: il s'agit d'une étude descriptive rétrospective par audit clinique, effectuée sur un échantillon de 400 dossiers obstétricaux des parturientes ayant accouchées dans la maternité du CHU Farhat Hached durant l'année 2011. Le référentiel utilisé est celui réalisé par l'Agence Nationale d'Accréditation et d'Evaluation en Santé en l'an 2000, concernant la qualité de la tenue du partogramme. RESULTATS: la majorité des critères d'évaluation portant sur la présentation du partogramme était conforme. Deux critères concernant la variété de la présentation et le rythme cardiaque f�tal étaient non conformes parmi ceux portant sur la surveillance du f�tus. Plusieurs critères en rapport avec la surveillance de la mère étaient non conformes. Aucun des critères portant sur les traitements administrés et les marqueurs d'évènements n'est conforme. Les critères portant sur la naissance et la surveillance immédiate qui étaient non conformes sont : le début des efforts expulsifs, le mode d'accouchement, l'état du périnée, la délivrance et la révision utérine. CONCLUSION: la véritable démarche de l'audit clinique se doit d'aller au-delà du recueil et de l'analyse des données, le but final étant l'amélioration des pratiques.

INTRODUCTION: Les étudiants en début du cursus suivent la même formation hospitalo-universitaire, cependant, ils sont peu nombreux à choisir délibérément la médecine générale comme discipline d'exercice médical. notre objectifest de préciser auprès des étudiants en médecine, les facteurs qui déterminent le choix de la médecine générale comme carrière et leur vision de cette discipline. METHODES: Etude descriptive transversale menée auprès d'un échantillon d'étudiants inscrits à la faculté de médecine de Sousse (Tunisie) pour l'année universitaire 2012-2013. Le recueil des données a été pratiqué par l'intermédiaire d'un questionnaire conçu pour les fins de ce travail. La saisie et l'analyse des données ont été effectuées par le logiciel SPSS 18.0. RESULTATS: Notre étude a porté sur 388 étudiants dont 69,5% étaient du genre féminin. L'âge moyen était de 22,1 2,8 ans. Cent étudiants (25,8%) avaient un parent cadre de santé sans que cela n'ait une influence sur le choix de carrière. A l'entrée à la faculté, seulement 7,1% (n=27) voulaient faire de la médecine générale leur carrière. Le changement de choix vers la médecine générale est statistiquement différent à l'entrée et à la sortie de la faculté chez les internes finissants. CONCLUSION: Afin d'attirer davantage les étudiants vers la médecine générale, il serait judicieux d'adopter des changements majeurs touchant l'enseignement théorique et pratique et de modifier les conditions de travail en fonction des attentes des générations futures.

INTRODUCTION: Il est admis que la satisfaction des patients est un indicateur de la qualité des soins. l'objectif de ce travail était de mesurer la satisfaction des patientes du service de gynécologie obstétrique du CHU Farhat Hached de Sousse. METHODES: Une étude transversale a été menée entre mai et octobre 2005. La collecte des données a été faite par trois internes grâce à des entrevues structurées avec des patientes et à partir d'un questionnaire validé. RESULTATS: 600 patientes ont été interviewées. l'Âge médian était de 30 ans. Prés de quatre vingt cinq pour cent des femmes étaient instruites. Les patientes analphabètes ont exprimé une meilleure satisfaction (score de 56,6 %) par rapport aux autres (p less than 10 greater than o less than -3/). Par ailleurs, nous avons noté : un niveau de satisfaction globale moyen (score de 51 %); un faible niveau de satisfaction pour la restauration et les conditions de séjour ; un bon niveau de satisfaction pour les soins médicaux et paramédicaux. Les patientes les plus satisfaites étaient celles qui avaient l’impression que leur état de santé s'est amélioré, celles qui s'attendaient à des services de qualité moindre ou de qualité similaire, et celles qui avaientl'intention de recommander l’Hôpital leurs proches. CONCLUSION: Il est difficile de transposer les résultats de travaux étrangers au contexte tunisien, en raison des différences entre les systèmes de santé d'une part et les caractéristiques socio-démographiques des patientes, d'autre part. En revanche, certains domaines devraient être examinés par des professionnels de la santé afin d'assurer la qualité requise.

BACKGROUND:Primary health care is one of the most important pillars of the Tunisian health care system. However, very little information is available regarding the specificities of general practice and the patterns of morbidity encountered. METHODS:We conducted a descriptive study from June 2002 to May 2003 in 85 primary health centres in Sousse during 12 randomly selected weeks in order to describe the variability of the morbidity in all seasons;(3 weeks were randomly selected in each season). Each working day of selected weeks, a systematic sample of patients was identified in each health centre by taking every fifth registered patient. There were 16271 consultations. The International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC-2) was used to code recorded data of the consultation. RESULTS:There were 24,882 reasons for encounter, a total of 18,097 problems managed by general practitioners (GPs), and 40,190 interventions. There was a predominance of females (62%) and a relatively young population attending the primary health care settings as 50% was aged less than 25 years. According to ICPC-2 chapters, we found that respiratory diseases were the main problems managed in primary health care (43%), followed by digestive (10.1%), locomotive (8.9%), cardiovascular affections (8.7%) and skin diseases (8.4%). These five conditions alone constituted about 80% of the total cases. However, genital conditions for both males and females (1%) as well as psychological and social problems (0.85%) were rarely managed in primary care. CONCLUSION:The findings will be useful in helping to revise the educational curriculum of medical studies as required in general practice and to plan relevant vocational training for GPs. They will also be important for health policy makers in Tunisia

Background Illicit substance use among college students represents one of the most complicated social problems. Studying its predictors could help deal with this problem more efficiently. Aims To determine the prevalence of life time illicit substance use and its predictors among Tunisian college students. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in five colleges in the region of Sousse, Tunisia in the 2012-2013 school year. A sample of 556 college students responded to an anonymous self-administrated questionnaire. Collected data concerned socio-demographic characteristics and substances use. Results The mean age of students was 21.8 ± 2.2 years. Females represented 51.8% of participants. Among respondents: 31 (5.6%) had used illicit substance at least once. Cannabis was the main substance used by 26 (4.7%) students. The average age of the illicit substance use initiation was 19 (±2.5) years while it was almost 17 (±3) years for both tobacco and alcohol use initiations. Proportions of male students and academic failure were significantly more important among illicit substance users than among non users. While the most influential factors on illicit substance use were: alcohol use, tobacco use and low socioeconomic level. Conclusion This study highlights the strong association between the other risk behaviors and illicit drug use. Future interventions should focus on the whole risk behaviors simultaneously at late adolescence with regard to the environmental context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]