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Vertical transmission of Renibacterium salmoninarum has been well-documented in anadromous salmonids but not in hatchery-reared inland trout. We assessed whether the bacterium is vertically transmitted in cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) from a Colorado, USA hatchery, and assessed the rate of transmission from male and female brood fish. Adult brood fish were killed, tested for R. salmoninarum in kidney, liver, spleen, ovarian fluid, blood and mucus samples, then stripped of gametes to create 32 families with four infection treatments (MNFN, MNFP, MPFN, MPFP; M: male, F: female, P: positive, N: negative). Progeny from each treatment was sampled at 6 and 12 months to test for the presence of R. salmoninarum with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Our study indicated that vertical transmission was high and occurred among 60% of families across all infection treatments. However, the average proportion of infected progeny from individual families was low, ranging from 1% (MNFP, MPFN and MPFP treatments) up to 21% (MPFP treatment). Hatcheries rearing inland salmonids would be well suited to limit vertical transmission through practices such as lethal culling because any amount of transmission can perpetuate the infection throughout fish on a hatchery.

While prevailing marketing practice is to encourage ever-stronger relationships between consumers and brands, such relationships are rare, and many consumers are relationship-averse or content with the status quo. The authors examine how marketers can more effectively manage existing brand relationships by focusing on the psychological distance between consumers and brands in order to match close (distant) brands with concrete (abstract) language in marketing communications. Through such matching, marketers can create a beneficial mindset-congruency effect leading to more favorable evaluations and behavior, even for brands that are relatively distant to consumers. Study 1 demonstrates the basic mindset-congruency effect, and Study 2 shows that it is capable of affecting donation behaviors. Study 3 documents two brand-level factors (search vs. experience goods, brand stereotypes) that moderate this effect in managerially relevant ways. Study 4 shows that activation of the mindset-congruency effect influences consumers to spend more and that these behaviors are moderated by consumer category involvement. The authors conclude with marketing and theoretical implications.

A particular point in time can be framed as either the start or end of a given time period. However, limited research is available on how such temporal landmarks influence consumers' judgments. This research addresses this issue by investigating how start vs. end temporal landmarks influence consumers' attentional focus and subsequent judgments. Six studies demonstrate that framing a temporal landmark as the start of a time period shifts visual attention to the left, while framing a temporal landmark as the end of a time period shifts visual attention to the right. By changing attentional focus within the visual-spatial environment, a temporal-spatial congruity between a temporal landmark (start vs. end) and the location of a target object (left vs. right) increases people's preference for that target object. Overall, these findings provide valuable implications for marketing theory and practice.

In this research, we identify health-based weight stereotypes in advertising and demonstrate that they can perpetuate unhealthy outcomes within overweight populations. We show that advertisements f...

Although the use of crowdsourced online panels for behavioral data collection is commonplace in media and advertising research, only recently have software advancements made it possible for researc...

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore a range of key deliberations with regards to adopting participatory action research (PAR) and privileged access interviewer (PAI) approaches and methodologies within research on substance use.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is a reflective piece; it adopts a mixture of applied practice and theory considerations. These conceptualisations capture what are still relatively early understandings and uses of such methodologies, acquired across several decades of research and service provision experiences. The paper is structured around some of the sequences of the research process and as such provides a broad framework for such approaches.FindingsPAR and PAI approaches utilise several key theoretical considerations. There are many critical issues associated with adopting these approaches, including those of ethics, funding, involvement, language, resources and support. Three key principle reasons (moral, political and research based) help explain why the authors should see more adoption of such approaches in substance use-related research.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper represents authors’ views which are by their nature very subjective.Practical implicationsImplementation of the key considerations highlighted within this paper can lead to an active adoption of PAR and PAI methodologies within alcohol and drug research. Increasing the use of such methodologies will allow commissioners, researchers and service providers to develop a more nuanced understanding of the experiences of and responses to alcohol and drug use.Originality/valueThis paper captures critical conversations at a time of increased calls for service user involvement across all aspects of alcohol and other drug provision, including evaluation and research

This research suggests that experiencing action regret induces a change in psychological and physical warmth, motivating individuals to ameliorate that change via interaction with objects that are perceived to be physically or psychologically opposite in temperature. Experiment 1 revealed individuals experiencing action regret felt more self-conscious emotions, and subsequently preferred cold (versus hot) drinks. Experiment 2 replicated this effect and ruled out arousal as a possible alternative explanation. Experiment 3 furthered this link by demonstrating that those feeling more self-conscious emotions felt warmer and subsequently preferred cold (versus hot) drinks. Finally, experiment 4 found that advertisements manipulated for temperature (e.g., cold climate) mitigated the psychological effects of action regret. We interpret the results of these four studies within the emerging field of embodied cognition, which argues that our understanding of emotional concepts is grounded in, and can be influenced by, physical experiences.

The use of ethnic imagery in visual identities of brands, such as those used by professional sports franchises, has long been a contentious issue in American society. This research investigates the oft-voiced argument that ethnic brand imagery perpetuates negative stereotypes (a claim that has been subject to very little empirical scrutiny) and identifies conditions under which encountering such brand imagery strengthens both positive and negative implicit stereotypes. Within the context of American Indian brand imagery, two laboratory experiments (Studies 1 and 2) and a quasi-experimental field study (Study 3) revealed that the effects of ethnic brand imagery on stereotypes depend on the viewer's political identity. Exposure to ethnic brand imagery strengthened implicit stereotypes only among more liberal individuals, consistent with the idea that liberals tend to hold more malleable views. These findings demonstrate measurable negative effects of ethnic brand imagery on implicit stereotypes and support the view that the use of such imagery can carry detrimental societal consequences.

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is characterized by the accumulation of transformed immature myeloid blasts. While most AML patients treated with standard therapy have poor outcomes, in the APL disease subtype retinoic acid induces leukaemia maturation and can be curative in combination with arsenic trioxide. Recently approved mutant IDH1/2 inhibitors also induce AML maturation, renewing interest in AML differentiation therapy. To examine differentiation therapy dynamics in vivo we have generated a novel mouse AML model driven by reversible RNAi-mediated knockdown of the myeloid transcription factor PU.1. Restoration of endogenous PU.1 in established AML in vivo triggers synchronous differentiation of leukemic blasts and disease clearance. However, despite near-complete remission, mice reproducibly relapse with immature AML. Notably, in vivo time course studies reveal that one week after PU.1 restoration leukemic blasts differentiate into two mature myeloid lineages with distinct immunophenotype and morphology. AML-derived SSClowLy6G+ cells resembling neutrophils initially predominate but are rapidly eradicated in vivo. In contrast, high resolution flow and imaging indicates that mature AML-derived SSChighF4/80+SigF+ eosinophil-like cells persist at low numbers in specific organs during disease remission and appear to seed relapse. In mice transplanted with AML blasts lacking the essential eosinophil lineage transcription factor GATA1, in vivo PU.1 restoration triggers neutrophil but not eosinophil lineage differentiation and thereby eliminates residual disease. These results demonstrate that AML differentiation therapy can produce long-lived sublineages of mature AML-derived cells from which relapse can originate. Understanding the multilineage potential of AML blasts in individual patients may inform new strategies to improve differentiation therapy outcomes.

Some undergraduate programmes require evidence of baseline numeracy skills as a condition of entry. With a widened entry gate into higher education and a recognised ‘mathematics problem’ in society, students wishing to enrol onto degree programmes that require evidence of numeracy often find it difficult to provide such evidence. Numeracy skills of pre‐registration nursing students are an issue of particular concern. Some undergraduate nursing programmes require prospective students who are applying for places to undertake a numeracy entrance test as part of the selection process. Evidence from numeracy selection tests conducted at one university indicated that many applicants struggled to demonstrate competence in basic numerical concepts. On the basis of this evidence, the School of Nursing at Kingston University/St George’s University of London (KU/SGUL), in partnership with Merton College of Further Education, designed and delivered an innovative pre‐entrance test numeracy development programme for pr...

Researchers are focusing on developing implicit measures of personality to address concerns related to the faking of self-report measures. The present study examined the validity and fakeability of Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures of personality self-concept in a repeated-measures design (N = 33). People’s predictions about how they represented themselves on the measures were also assessed. Results indicated that participants were able fake self-report measures when instructed to do so and that they could accurately predict how they represented themselves on these measures. Participants were also able to fake an IAT measure of Extraversion, but were unable to fake an IAT measure of Conscientiousness or predict how they represented themselves on either IAT measure.

Although past research has repeatedly demonstrated that the implicit self–concept contains a wide variety of attributes, the underlying basis of these associations is less clear. Four studies assess the extent to which self–associations are premised on semantic meaning and valence. In each study, subjects generated self–descriptive attributes and then completed identity IATs that measured the relative strength of association between their self and different versions of the generated attributes. Subjects demonstrated stronger self–associations with their personally generated attributes than with (1) attributes that differed in semantic meaning but not valence (Experiments 1 and 2) and (2) attributes that differed in valence but not semantic meaning (Experiment 3). Finally, subjects exhibited stronger self–associations with attributes that shared semantic meaning (but not valence) with their generated attributes than with attributes that shared valence (but not meaning). These results suggest that although ...

An experiment reveals that the relationship between celebrity attitude and attitude toward brands paired with the celebrity’s voice is moderated by identification of the celebrity but only when attitude is measured explicitly. Using explicit measures, celebrity attitude was positively (negatively) related to brand attitude change when the evaluator could not (could) identify the celebrity. This finding is attributed to “resetting,” a correction of the perceived influence from irrelevant cues. On implicit measures, a positive relationship between celebrity and brand attitude was observed regardless of celebrity identification. The disassociation between the explicit and implicit results suggests that resetting requires explicit evaluation.

A study was conducted to determine the level of perceived similarity by consumers among college students viewing two products with similar trade dress—the recently litigated Kendall-Jackson “Vintner’s Reserve” and Gallo “Turning Leaf” brands of Chardonnay table wine. Using an Internet-based data collection method, this study found only one significant difference out of several variables in a comparison between groups defined by their wine purchase frequency and wine knowledge. Perceived similarity is substantially apparent; consumers did not identify differences between the two brands based on their various components of trade dress. Based on these findings, the authors suggest that brand loyalty is less likely and switching behavior may become common in a market that includes such competitive behavior.

Corporate Strategy (CS) has traditionally played a pivotal role in the undergraduate business curriculum and is normally a required final year course. While the managerial experience of students at postgraduate level provides a clear justification for requiring students to study CS, the decline of work experience and the massification of UK higher education raises question marks regarding the relevance of CS in undergraduate business education. CS may also be criticised as being overly concerned with simplified and abstract theories inappropriate in a rapidly changing post‐Fordist economy. In response to these challenges there needs to be a re‐conceptualisation of CS as a preparation for empowered and informed employees rather than as a preparation for potential senior managers. The teaching of CS also needs to take greater account of changes in the economic environment such as the growth of smaller businesses and the importance of ethics.

In three experiments, nonvolitional self-association is shown to improve implicit attitude, self-reported attitude, purchase intention, and product choice for both product categories and fictional brands. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrate that arbitrary categorization of self-related content with novel stimuli improved evaluations by creating new self-object associations in memory and that the influence of self-association is moderated by implicit self-esteem. Experiment 3 shows that such implicit self-referencing does not require conscious self-categorization and occurs even when novel stimuli are simply presented in close proximity to self-related content. In this final experiment, subjects responded more positively to brands featured in banner ads on a personal social networking webpage than when featured on an equivalent nonpersonal social networking page. This automatic self-association effect was mediated by the degree to which the advertising prompted an implicit association between the self and the advertised brands.

Policy discussions concerning pharmaceutical promotion often assume that small promotional items are unlikely to influence prescribing behavior. Our experiment measures whether exposure to these items results in more favorable attitudes toward marketed products and whether policies that restrict pharmaceutical marketing mitigate this effect.This is a randomized controlled experiment of 352 third- and fourth-year medical students at two US medical schools with differing policies toward pharmaceutical marketing. Participants assigned to treatment were exposed to small branded promotional items for Lipitor (atorvastatin) without knowledge that the exposure was part of the study. We measured differences in implicit (ie, unconscious) attitudes toward Lipitor and Zocor (simvastatin) in exposed and control groups with the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Self-reported attitudes were also measured, and a follow-up survey was administered measuring attitudes toward marketing.Fourth-year students at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine exposed to Lipitor promotional items had more favorable implicit attitudes about that brand-name drug compared to the control group (IAT effect: 0.66 vs 0.47; P = .05), while the effect was reversed at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine (IAT effect: 0.22 vs 0.52; P = .002) where restrictive policies are in place limiting pharmaceutical marketing (interaction effect: P = .003). No significant effect was observed among third-year students. On a "skepticism" scale, University of Miami students held more favorable attitudes toward pharmaceutical marketing compared to University of Pennsylvania students (0.55 vs 0.42; P.001) but the results were similar to those of a previously published national study (0.42 vs 0.43; P = .53).Subtle exposure to small pharmaceutical promotional items influences implicit attitudes toward marketed products among medical students. We observed a reversal of this effect in the setting of restrictive policies and more negative school-level attitudes toward marketing.